Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Incompressible
The effect of pressure on the density of a liquid and gases:
fluid??
Specific Weight () : =.g,
liquid gas
Specific Gravity (S) : S liquid S gas
( water ) 4o C ( air ) 4o C
1
Ideal Gas Law:
pv RT
p RT
2
Compressibility of Fluids: Can we compress liquids?!
Bulk Modulus: A property of fluids that characterize how easily the volume of a specific mass
of the fluid (and thus the density) can be changed when there is a change in the pressure.
The dimension of the Bulk Modulus is the same as the dimension of Pressure.
Examples: for water En = 2.2 GN/m2. for Ideal Gas En = P. (using ideal gas law and for an
isothermal process). 14
Vapor Pressure: Why dont we like cavitation?
What is the cause of damage of pumps blades?
Vapor Pressure (Saturation Pressure): The pressure exerted by the fluids vapor in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature. ( the pressure at which the fluid starts to
evaporate at a specific temperature).
Cavitation: the formation and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles in a flowing liquid as the
bubbles are transported from low pressure region to high pressure region.
Cavitation is to be avoided because it can cause structural damage of the piping system,
valves and pumps.
Saturation
Pv Psat Pressure??
Saturation
Temperature??
13
Viscosity:
Viscosity is a property that measure the resistance to flow.
(Dimensions and units?)
5
Viscosity:
6
For the common linear fluids
F F
V
A
u
h
Shearing stress
y Dimensions and Units?
du du
dy dy Absolute viscosity, or
Rate of shearing strain, or dynamic viscosity, or
velocity gradient viscosity
Kinematic viscosity = n ( L2 / T )
7
Effect of temperature on viscosity
The effect of temperature on viscosity (see figure below) can be closely approximated
using two empirical formulas:
S = Sutherlands constant
C eb / T
8
Newtonian and non-newtonian fluids:
Fluids for which the shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of strain are
called Newtonian. All other fluids are called non-newtonian fluids.
Toothpaste,
Mayonnaise
Latex paint
Most common fluids
Quick sand
dV
dy
9
Viscosity Measurement in the Lab
The velocity of an object moving through a real fluid is inversely proportional to the viscosity
of the fluid.
FD FB FD 6 V r
4
FB f g r3
3
4
Free- W s g r 3
L 3
falling
ball
V W
r g s f
2 2
9V
10
Problems involving viscosity
11
Surface tension (or interfacial Tension)
12
Surface tension (or interfacial Tension)
Contact angle: the angle formed between two immiscible fluids when they come in contact
with a solid surface.
11b
Surface tension (or interfacial Tension)
Capillary action in a
small tube
12
Surface tension (or interfacial Tension)
Chapter 2 (Problems)
Viscosity
P1:
17
P2:
Surface tension
18
Viscosity P3:
19
20