Aditivos

Integrantes: Daniela Gmez, David Beltrn, Gabriela Llinas, Alejandro Llach

Motivo del tema escogido

En el grupo de aditivos para el concreto, los acelerantes es quizs tal vez el aditivo
ms utilizado y que brinda grandes beneficios en la produccin del concreto, entre
los cuales podemos mencionar:
1. resistencias altas a temprana edad: Este beneficio permite acortar los
tiempos en la construccin de las estructuras de concreto y por
consiguiente de logra una reduccin en los costos finales de las obras.
2. Permiten el acabado mas temprano de la superficie de concreto y la
aplicacin de aislamiento de proteccin, y tambin poner la estructura ms
rpido en servicio.
3. Son tiles en la elaboracin de concreto en clima clido cuando el tiempo
de fraguado normal se acorta por la alta temperatura.

Articulos

1. Enhancing the durability of concrete made of concrete recyclate by additives

and admixtures.

Stehlk, M. (2014). Enhancing the durability of concrete made of concrete recyclate

by additives and admixtures. Journal Of Civil Engineering & Management, 20(2),
270-279. doi:10.3846/13923730.2013.802708

Abstract

The aim of this research is to find an optimum combination of silicate admixtures

and epoxy dispersion additives which would positively influence the durability and
mechanical properties of concretes made of concrete recyclate. The durability of
concrete is dependent on its cover layer permeability and also on the overall
permeability of concrete recyclate. The cover layer permeability was evaluated by
means of three methods, namely the air permeability method TPT and two
methods of measuring water permeability, GWT and ISAT. Fine silicate admixtures
and dispersion additives influence the air and water permeability of concrete made
of concrete recyclate in different ways. The dose of 10% of microsilica or 30% of
slag or fly ash decreases the air permeability of concrete. Water permeability, on
the other hand, is decreased by adding a dose of 12% of pure epoxy dispersion. As
regards improving the mechanical properties of concrete made of concrete
recyclate, it seems to be promising to use a combination of 30% of slag admixture
or 10% of microsilica admixture with 12% of epoxy dispersion additive. However,
the price of admixtures and additives is relatively high. That is why additive
enhanced concretes made of concrete recyclate are intended for special purposes.
Keywords: concrete recyclate, durability, epoxy dispersion, fly ash, microsilica,
penetration, permeability, slag

2. Leaching of Hazardous Substances from Additives and Admixtures in Concrete.

Toger, . (2006). Leaching of Hazardous Substances from Additives and

Admixtures in Concrete. Environmental Engineering Science, 23(1), 102-117.
doi:10.1089/ees.2006.23.102

Abstract

The aim of this work was to study the leaching of hazardous substances in
additives and admixtures that are commonly contained in concrete. Time-
dependent leaching has been analyzed for three types of metal containing
concretes: with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fly ash, and slag. The concretes
had uniform leaching patterns, clearly above detection limits. The prolonged
diffusion test of 1,700 days showed a substantial decline in metal release. There
was no significant difference between the concretes with byproducts and the
concrete with Portland cement. This study proposes an alternative availability test
to NEN 7341, for generation of data for use in models of leaching during the
service life of concrete as a monolithic material. The results of the two different
availability tests are compared for naturally carbonated and noncarbonated
materials and for different particle sizes. The leaching of concrete with admixtures
containing thiocyanate, resin acids, or nonylphenol ethoxylate was also studied,
because of their toxic character. The thiocyanate was leached with an initial fast
dissolution process followed by a slower continuous diffusion process. The leached
amount thiocyanate in the availability test was very high, 71%, due to its high
solubility. Resin acids from tall oil-based air-entraining agents in concrete had a
continuous diffusional leaching that is proportional to the square root of time. The
fraction available for leaching was 17% of the added amount of oil and 2030%
of the added amount of nonylphenol ethoxylates. In addition to nonylphenol
ethoxylate, nonylphenol was determineda more toxic, genotoxic and low-
degradable substance.

Keywords: admixtures, availability, byproducts, concrete, diffusion, hazardous

substances, leaching

3. The effect of chemical admixtures and mineral additives on the properties of

self-compacting mortars

ahmaran, M., Christianto, H. A., & Yaman, . . (2006). The effect of chemical
admixtures and mineral additives on the properties of self-compacting mortars.
Cement & Concrete Composites, 28(5), 432-440.
doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.12.003

Abstract
Mortar serves as the basis for the workability properties of self-compacting
concrete (SCC) and these properties could be assessed by self-compacting
mortars (SCM). In fact, assessing the properties of SCM is an integral part of SCC
design. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various
mineral additives and chemical admixtures in producing SCMs. For this purpose,
four mineral additives (fly ash, brick powder, limestone powder, and kaolinite),
three superplasticizers (SP), and two viscosity modifying admixtures (VMA) were
used. Within the scope of the experimental program, 43 mixtures of SCM were
prepared keeping the amount of mixing water and total powder content (portland
cement and mineral additives) constant. Workability of the fresh mortar was
determined using mini V-funnel and mini slump flow tests. The setting time of the
mortars, were also determined. The hardened properties that were determined
included ultrasonic pulse velocity and strength determined at 28 and 56days. It was
concluded that among the mineral additives used, fly ash and limestone powder
significantly increased the workability of SCMs. On the other hand, especially fly
ash significantly increased the setting time of the mortars, which can, however, be
eliminated through the use of ternary mixtures, such as mixing fly ash with
limestone powder. The two polycarboxyl based SPs yield approximately the same
workability and the melamine formaldehyde based SP was not as effective as the
other two. [

4. Use of Set Accelerating Admixtures in Dry-Mix Shotcrete

Jolin, M., Beaupr, D., Pigeon, M., and Lamontagne, A. (1997). "Use of Set
Accelerating Admixtures in Dry-Mix Shotcrete." J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 10.1061/
(ASCE)0899-1561(1997)9:4(180), 180-184.

Abstract

Tests were carried out to study the influence of set accelerating admixtures on the
properties of dry-mix shotcrete, especially its durability. A total of 27 mixtures were
shot using two different types of cement (ASTM Type I with silica fume as partial
cement replacement and ASTM Type III) and five different accelerators at various
dosages. Half of these mixtures were shot with an air-entraining admixture. In
addition to the determination of the setting time, the following properties were
measured (on the hardened shotcrete): Air void characteristics, compressive
strength, drying shrinkage, rapid freezing and thawing resistance and deicer salt
scaling resistance. Results indicate that although all accelerators can reduce the
initial and final setting times, some of them considerably decrease the durability,
particularly the deicer salt scaling resistance. As a rule, better results were
obtained with the mixtures containing the Type III cement than with those
containing the Type I and silica fume. The tests confirm the importance of the use
of an air-entraining admixture to obtain an adequate frost and deicer salt scaling
resistance.
 Keywords

Acceleration; Activation energy; Concrete additives; Concrete beams and girders;

Concrete pavements; Concrete placing; Concrete testing; Concretes; Cracking
(chemical); Hydration; Mixtures; Reaction kinetics; Repair; Temperature; Tensile
strength; Tensile testing

5. Experimental and statistical analysis of the alkalisilica reaction of accelerating

admixtures in shotcrete

Department of Civil and Environmental System Engineering, Konkuk University,

Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea

Abstract

This study investigated the alkalisilica reaction of accelerating admixtures for

shotcrete. Tests were performed with two types of cement (low- and high-alkali)
and three types of accelerating admixture (alkali-free, cement-based mineral and
aluminate). An expansion test was performed to determine the alkalisilica
reactivity according to ASTM C 1260. The results showed that the expansion
increased with the total equivalent alkali content of the specimens. To examine this
finding statistically, analyses were conducted at the 95% confidence level. When
the low-alkali cement was used, no difference appeared to exist in the expansion
after a reasonable period of time regardless of the accelerating admixture. In
contrast, when the high-alkali cement was applied, the expansion of the specimens
varied with time, although no difference was observed between the expansions of
the plain sample and the specimen using the alkali-free accelerating admixture.

Keywords
U Alkalisilica reaction; Accelerating admixture; Cementitious composites;
Expansion; Shotcrete; Statistical analysis

6. Studies on Compatibility between Slipform Paving Cement Concrete and

Complex Admixtures

Wang, Z., Wang, X., and Xiao, L. (2009). "Studies on Compatibility between
Slipform Paving Cement Concrete and Complex Admixtures." J. Mater. Civ. Eng.,
10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:4(141), 141-147.

Abstract

The slipform paving technique has been utilized widely in the construction of high-
class highway cement concrete pavements in China, resulting in increased use of
complex admixtures. Complex admixtures usually contain various components that
may have potential compatibility issues, not only between admixtures and cement,
but also between admixture components. In order to alleviate or eliminate potential
incompatibility problems, it is necessary to adjust the mix proportions and
admixture chemical components by taking into account the real-life materials and
surrounding conditions. An optimum dosage of the complex admixture should be
determined according to the specific job requirements and construction technique.
Compatibility issues always arise between admixtures and cements. It was found
that Na2 SO4 and Ca Cl2 may increase the early strength, but also may reduce the
slump of the mix. When the resin-based air-entraining agent and water reducers
were used together, they produced a large amount of residue. Water-retaining
polymer can be used as the plasticizing ingredient to slow down hardening without
sacrificing slump loss and setting time. It is necessary to reduce the C3A content
so as to enhance the compatibility between retarders and cements. Retarding
admixtures based on lignosulphonic or hydroxylated carboxylic acids can delay the
setting of cement paste, but also may accelerate the setting when the dosage is
high. Blended cements require much more air-entraining agent than Portland
cements. The air content decreases as the alkalinity and fineness of cement
increase.

Keywords: Concrete pavements, Admixtures, Plasticity, Cements

7. Use of set accelerating admixtures in dry-mix shotcrete

By Marc Jolin,t Denis Beaupre/ Michel Pigeon/ and Ann Lamontagne4

Abstract

Tests were carried out to study the influence of set accelerating admixtures on the
properties of dry-mix shotcrete. especially its durability. A total of 27 mixtures were
shot using two different types of cement (ASTM Type I with silica fume as partial
cement replacement and ASTM Type III) and five different accelerators at various
dosages. Half of these mixtures were shot with an air-entraining admixture. In
addition to the determination of the setting time, the following properties were
measured (on the hardened shotcrete): Air void characteristics. Compressive
strength. drying shrinkage, rapid freezing and thawing resistance and deicer salt
scaling resistance. Results indicate that although all accelerators can reduce the
initial and final setting times, some of them considerably decrease the durability,
particularly the deicer salt scaling resistance. As a rule, better results were
obtained with the mixtures containing the Type III cement than with those
containing the Type I and silica fume. The tests confirm the importance of the use
of an air-entraining admixture to obtain an adequate frost and deicer salt scaling
resistance.

Keywords: admixtures, cement, shortcrete.

Holter, K., Smeplass, S., and Jacobsen, S. (2015). "Freezethaw resistance
of sprayed concrete in tunnel linings." Materials and Structures,
10.1617/s11527-015- 0705-4, 3075-3093. Online publication date: 1-Aug- 2016.

Bamonte, P., Gambarova, P., and Nafarieh, A. (2016). "High-temperature

behavior of structural and non-structural shotcretes." Cement and Concrete
Composites, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.06.009. Online publication date: 1-Jun-
2016.

Colombo, M., di Prisco, M., and Mazzoleni, L. (2009). "Sprayed tunnel

linings: a comparison between several reinforcement solutions." Materials
and Structures, 10.1617/s11527-009- 9528-5, 1295-1311. Online publication date:
1-Nov- 2009.

Park, H., Sung, S., Park, C., and Won, J. (2008). "Influence of a C12A7
mineral-based accelerator on the strength and durability of shotcrete."
Cement and Concrete Research, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.016, 379-385.
Online publication date: 1-Mar- 2008.

Jolin, M. and Lacombe, P. (2000). "Le bton projet : nouveaux

dveloppements et applications." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,
10.1139/l99-088, 383-388. Online publication date: 1-Apr- 2000.

Arditi, D. and Mochtar, K. (2000). "Trends in productivity improvement in the

US construction industry." Construction Management and Economics,
10.1080/014461900370915, 15-27. Online publication date: 1-Jan- 2000.

Jolin, M., Beaupr, D., and Mindess, S. (1999). "Tests to characterise

properties of fresh dry-mix shotcrete." Cement and Concrete Research,
10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00071- X, 753-760. Online publication date: 1-May- 1999.

8. Influence of the Cement Fineness on Strengths of Cement Pastes Containing

High Phosphorus Slag

Tang Jinhui1; Deng Min2; Wang Aiguo3; and Xie Lilan, Ph.D.4

Abstract

Mechanical grinding was used to increase the specific surface area of cement in
order to increase the dosage of phosphorus slag (PS) in Type P O 42.5 cement.
X-ray diffraction, hydration heat, and scanning electron microscopy were used to
analyze the hydration process of cement containing PS. The results show that the
increase of fineness of cement can obviously improve the mechanical property of
PS cement pastes. When specific surface area increased to 460 m2=kg, the
flexural strength and compressive strength of cement mortars mixed with 40% PS
for 3 and 28 days are 3.77, 17.6, 9.89, and 52.0 MPa, respectively, still meeting the
strength requirements of Type PO 42.5 cement. The PS admixture can effectively
lower the hydration heat of cement. Phosphorus slag delayed the hydration
process of cement, inhibited the formation of ettringite and contributed a low
strength of mortars for 3 days curing. The degree of hydration of PS at the early
ages was low, leading to a poor interface between PS particle and cement matrix.

DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001316. 2015 American Society of Civil

Engineers.

Keywords: Phosphorus slag; Cement fineness; Hydration mechanism; Mechanical

property

Allahverdi, A., Pilehvar, S., and Mahinroosta, M. (2016). "Influence of curing

conditions on the mechanical and physical properties of chemically-activated
phosphorous slag cement." Powder Technology.
10.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.053, 132-139. Online publication date: 1-Jan- 2016.

9. Combined Effect of Water ReducerRetarder and Variable Chloride-Based

Accelerator Dosage on Rapid Repair Concrete Mixtures for Jointed Plain
Concrete Pavement

Natallia Shanahan, S.M.ASCE1; Andre Bien-Aime2; Daniel Buidens3; Thomas

Meagher4;Ahmadreza Sedaghat, P.E., S.M.ASCE5; Kyle Riding, P.E.6; and A.
Zayed

Abstract

On-site addition of accelerator to rapid repair concrete mixtures can result in

accidental overdose. Since these mixtures are designed to contain large
accelerator dosages, an overdose will produce concrete with extremely high
accelerator amounts, well above those recommended by the manufacturer. This
study investigated the effect of calcium chloridebased accelerator dosage on the
stresses and cracking behavior of realistic concrete mixtures that contain multiple
chemical admixtures. The findings indicate the effect of accelerator dosage on
increasing the temperatura gradient in concrete leading to higher tensile stress
generation with upward or downward curling. The effect is exacerbated when there
is a simultaneous coincidental occurrence in the maximum of cement paste heat
flow and ambient temperatures. The apparent activation energy determined
through the heat of hydration or strength measurements shows a drop when
chemical retarders are added, whereas for accelerators the effect appears to be
dosage dependent. The results of compressive, tensile strength and elastic
modulus testing indicate a decrease in the mechanical properties of concrete at
high accelerator dosages. Accelerator overdose affects hydration kinetics by
limiting the degree of hydration at high temperatures while accelerating the
reaction at earlier times or lower temperatures. Modeling indicated that the
negative effects of accelerator overdose can be reduced by lowering the concrete
placement temperature and placing concrete during evening hours.
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001544. 2016 American Society of Civil
Engineers.

Keywords: Jointed plain concrete pavement; Concrete pavement repair;

Accelerating

Shanahan, N., Sedaghat, A., and Zayed, A. (2016). "Effect of cement

mineralogy on the effectiveness of chloride-based accelerator." Cement and
Concrete Composites, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.07.015, 226-234. Online
publication date: 1-Oct- 2016.

10. Influence of accelerating admixtures on strength development of concrete

under wet and dry curing

Rezansoff, Telvin; Corbett, J.Reid

Source: ACI Materials Journal, v 85, n 6, p 519-528, Nov-Dec
1988; ISSN: 0889325X

Abstract
The effect of calcium chloride or a chloride-based strength accelerating mixture on
the tensile and compressive strength development of concrete under both wet and
dry curing was evaluated. Tension and compression tests were made at time
intervals to 91 days. Tension tests included split-cylinder, modulus of rupture, and
pullout. Both strength-accelerated concretes showed reduction in the split-cylinder
tensile strength. A single equation for calculating tensile strength from the
measured compressive strength is often given in concrete codes on the basis of
tests on normal (nonaccelerated) concretes. This can lead to overestimation of
the tensile strength for strength-accelerated concrete, since tensile-
strength acceleration may be much less than compressive-strength
acceleration with calcium chloride or a chloride-based accelerator. This is further
complicated with dry curing, since tensile strengths may drop significantly with
time.

Keywords:
Chlorine Compounds--Applications - Concrete Testing - Strength of Materials-
Calculations

Shanahan, N.; Bien-Aime, A.; Buidens, D.; Meagher, T.; Sedaghat, A.; Riding, K.;
Zayed, A.
Combined effect of water reducer-retarder and variable chloride-based
accelerator dosage on rapid repair concrete mixtures for jointed plain concrete
pavement (2016) Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Yi, W.; Zhao, X. Effect of bar corrosion on the performance of reinforced concrete
beams under long-term load (2006) Tumu Gongcheng Xuebao/China Civil
Engineering Journal