(2. CLIMATE OF INDIA *India has a climatic contrast because it has the places like Leh where temperature drops down to -45 degree in winter and goes as high as 55 degrees in western Deserts during summer, Also variation is seen in the amount of precipitation for example: In mawasyram rainfall is highest and in western desert it is very less. *Factors affecting the climate of India: — (5) (\) -Latitude: India is located between 8 degree 4 minutes north to 37 degree 6, minutes north latitude. Tropic of cancer passes through the middle of India dividing it into tropical and temperate zones; hence temperature goes very high during exept in h* the high altitudes and the coastal regions. > gv ) -Himalayas: are responsible for (i) Protecting Indian sub-continent ffoin the cold Siberian winds coming from the north of Asia, (ii) Obstructs the southAvest ‘monsoon winds thereby causing heavy rainfall in the northern plain of India, ( -Distance from the Sea: Coastal regions have equable /modérate type of climate due to the influence of the sea, also have yery less range df ttmperature whereas ,places far from the sea in the plain have extreme typg Ofclimate/very hot or very cold climate according to the season, Major places along the coast are Chennai, Mangalore, Cochin, Vishakapatnam, Mumbai, kanyakumatiy Rolkota, paradeep, Pondicherry, Surat, and Panaji 80.600 Hm, } by Qn CvOAY IGG raf In all 1) -Altitude: Fligher the altitudes lower the tempétatiire. Place like Ooty situated near the equator has low temperature compared to the'Surrounding places situated close to it in the plain.Similary, Himalayas has lage sftimber of hill stations where the temperature is low throughout the year. Somgfithe hill stations are Nainital, Shimla, Darjecling, Gangtok, Almora, and Srinagag, Psy \\\" )) -Relief: Western Ghats lying parallel Ajéng the western coastal plain forces the moist south-west monsoon winds from Atabjan Sea to shed most of its moisture along, the western slope and the western coagtal, flain.the wind ward side of the mountain range also causing less rainfall alohg the lee ward side or rain shadow region. Example: Mumbai receives 190 ciitgafhfall whereas pune about 160 km. receives only fa PAG Ney 50 em rainfall. mm voces *Four Seasons of India: ) -Cold weather ¢e480n from December to February ) -Hot Dry seasomffem March to may © -Season of ¢-Wnénsoon! advancing monsoon from June to September 14) Season of-réffBating monsoon/N-E monsoon from October to November. (°) *Cold weather season from December to February: (i)Chatacteristics: Clear sky, Low temperature and low Humidity, High range of tempegéitute, slow cool winds in the north, . 0! nd GiVemperature conditions in the North: Temperature drops below 21 degree in theHoithern part. January is the coldest month. Temperature in the gangatic plain varie from 2.5 degrees Celsius to 17.5 degree Celsius. Dras valley in the kargil is the + { colélest with minimum -45 degree Celsius. femperature conditions in the South: The areas below tropic of cancer remain warm, The isotherm of 20 degree Celsius runs almost parallel to the tropic. Further south the temperature is above 25 degree Celsius.eeheees (ii)Pressure conditions and wind directions: Due to the apparent migration of (oysctof _ thesun towards south, rays of the sun falling over India is oblique.as a result High so oninon), Pressure is formed over the land due to the low temperature and low pressure is formed over the surrounding water bodies due to high temperature, As such offshore winds starts blowing towards low pressure areas in the sea, These cold dry winds o z blow towards Bay of Bengal due to the peninsular plateau and which are carried by the N-E trade winds to wards the $-E of India. (iv)Rainfall During winter season: Coromandal coast in Tamil nadu: Off shore, Northeast monsoon winds blovéfigm ‘fin 4¢© high pressure region to low pressure centered at Bay of Bengal carry moisture and are carried away by N-E trade winds towards 8-E of India i.e. coromandal, go, Tamil- nadu, S-E tip of Andhra Pradesh get heayy rainfall accompanied by steom winds. +, Rainfall also occurs in eastern part of Kerala and Karnataka. Aver: infall is 70-75) “em. This occurs from October till December. \ow- pre v Rainfall in the North-West: Westerly shallow cyclonic depres; * "Mediterranean Sea are known as western di x. crossing West Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, and Rainfall occurs from December to February. Snow fall Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh occurs, Rainfall occu Pradesh. wyerev vain in C>PPVIAKM a nw > pel ("Hot dry season from March to May: (i)Characti : Dry weather and @&cessfve heat, Sun shines overhead the tropic of cancer, range of temperature is yery high in the N-W region. Thunderstroms - accompanied by the dusty winds are co Jehowe (ii) Temperature conditions ovéPthe Jand: During this season the temperature is very hot over the land hence low megs created whereas high pressure over the surrounding sea. The temperature 45 to 50 degree Celsius in the north and. north-west of India and about sade to 40 degree Celsius in the south. (iii)Pressure conditigns ‘ind directions: Due to the high temperature over the land low pressure troug| fops between the thar and the chotanagpur. High ws pressure develops in th Se seas,Bue to the high pressure development, these 5 a moisture carrying Win acted towards the Indian peninsular region changing q its direction from S-E @NY i. ich N-W of India, They hy ier region of Jammu and injab,haryana, Uttar *Local winds: -Kali Bai ii: Means the calamity in the month of Baishakhi (in Bengali). They are als “norwesters’ because they blow in north-west direction. These y thunderstorms and bring heavy rainfall. Rainfall ‘cours inthe Month of April/May. Ithelps in tea cultivation in Assam, fte,and rice in 10: Loo is hot dusty dry winds some of them called ‘sand storms” which icularly in the month of May and June in the Northem plain, Temperature p to 45 degree to 50 degree which may cause sunstroke, It brings severe wzht conditions. It does not affect the coastal and the areas of high altitude, It gees the states of northem plain like Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 4 -Mango Showers: These occur inGouth India during April/May These are pre- monsoon showers in the south which helps in the growth of mango, tea and coffee plants, In Karnataka It is called ‘Cherry blossom’ because it helps coffee plant to grow berries,as j (0) *The Rainy Season or the Season of the South-West Monsoon: se 6) (i) Characteristics: Distribution ofthe rainfall isnot uniform. Tamil nadu does not receive rainfall. Duration of the monsoon varies from 2to 4 months. Some time it causes flood due to heavy rainfall esp. in Assam, Bihar, U.P, while the other parts may be reeling under severe drought £¥ scanty or no rainfall esp. in Rajasthan, prebey 7atunids./ 2a naga yy -Itis controlled by orography. The effects caused the “Himalayas and Western Ghats on the amount and distribution of rainfall ce e inability ofthe arayalis to cause rainfall in Rajasthan. we - ‘oot -Some time tropical depression (low pressure s@piem) originates in 1 Bay of Bengal due to the local variations of heat and 4 during the month of October and November. (ii)Origination of S-W Monsoon: The sun shines 01 he Tropic of cancer from March to May, the differential heating of the I sea brings about a seasonal low pressure trough centred between thar and \gpur region, As a result high pressure gradient builds up between the ho} India with intense low pressure. The low pressure area attracts the south ea: winds blowing in the southern hemisphere. As such after crossing sua ins are deflected towards Indian sub-continent as south-west mon: ‘These winds blow from south-west to north-east carrying lar; moh of moisture from the Arabian Sea," (iii) Advance of the Monsoon: I ee in the coast of kerala in the rok Malabar in the first week of June. By the id second week they overrun whole of, kerala on the west, Kamataka and An \desh proceeding towards north-east, @ Also, by the beginning of he cod week they reach Mumbai then % Ahmedabad, Bhopal and By July firgithey cover most of kachch, eastern Rajasthan, © Whole of U.P, Haryana, Himan Eastern Punjab, mae ‘The S-W Monsoon Divide QWs branches due to tapering topography of peninsular India: 1-The Arabian Sea Brit 2-The Bay OrBenesl Bp 1. The age Branch: 7 anch of the S-W Monsoon strikes first at the Malabar Coast of ‘causing heavy rainfall along the windward side of the Western ats. JLee ward side of the Western Ghats receives very little rainfall for ample; Mahabaleshwar situated on the windward side of the Western Ghats receives 250 cm of rainfall whereas Pune, only a few km away, receives less than 70 cm, -Amount of rainfall goes on decreasing as Arabian sea branch moves northward. Ree soa Sh Arabian sea branch causes very little rainfall in Rajasthan because: (iAravali’s alignment is parallel to rain bearing Southwest Monsoon winds and as such they do not offer any obstruction. fe ii)Saturation of the moisture laden winds does not occur as the heat in the desert region increases their capacity to hold moisture. 1 Q a LOW ue tardBengal branch due to two reasons: - ©) (Arabian Sea is larger than Bay of Bengal. (ii) Whole Moisture of the Arabian sea is used up by the entire country, Whereas only a part of bay of Bengal branch is used up in the north east of India, rest of the moisture moves to Myanmar and & n ‘Thailand, Gi) Are tue ipobvanchen 2. ‘The Bay Of Bengal Branch: , Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the first to receive rainfall dye to Bay of Bengal branch. -Bay of Bengal branch moves towards North-eastern -Rain is intercepted by the north-east Himalayas in and Jaintia. \f¢ -Mawasynram 16 kilometre west of cherrapunj t annual rainfall in the world (1187.3 cm). This is reliePrainfall. Shillong on the fore other hand lying in the rain shadow of khasi hill le rainfall. ~The remaining portion of the bay of Ben; th is deflected towards west along the Himalayas. However, ralgf keep on decreasing as it proceeds towards the Ganga valley. Oo CAva.Kor 7 *The Retreating South-West Monsoon Kn (i)Characteristics: Low pre feated during summer is weakened with decreasing lenges 'y to high pressure on land and low pressure on surrounding seas, RS: insition period between the hot rainy season and cold dry season ir ionth of October and November. y revi €yelone occurs over bay of Bengal and rarely over the Arabian sea, WI Whe tremendous loss of life and property. Ps Il in Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh is caused mM i ** by retreating mone ing, from bay of Bengal accompanied by north-east " trade winds. Nee cloualys Oui humidity and High tethperature during the month iy = er. Thus this Sultry and oppressive weather is often d to as “October Heat’, * NF ait me In September, with the apparent movement of the Sun OO towar the low pressure in central India starts weakening, and is no longer to attract the monsoon winds towards land. Slowly as the high ° begins to build over mainland and subsequently with low pressure ‘overthe sea, the south-west monsoon begins to withdraw from the mainland dia, South west monsoon had travelled towards the north, now it retreats ;wards south, This process starts in October and is over by the end of November. ‘Amount of rainfall depends upon: — 2? -Direston of moistre laden winds WpeMiege“Rainfall over 200 cm in the north of tropic of cancer: Garo-Khasi, Jaintia and Lushai hills, States: Meghalaya, Assam, West Bengal, Bangladesh and Arunachal Parades: Pradesh, *South of Tropic of Cancer: Konkan coast, Malabar coast States: Kerala, 20a, Kamataka and Maharashtra, Areas with 100 ~ 200 cm rainfall: In the north- Ganga valley, States: Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, In the south- North of Andhra Pradesh and southern parts of Tamilnadu * Areas with 50 — 100 em rainfall: In the North ~ Upper Ganga valley and Eastemn Rajasthan, States: Punjab, Haryana, and Kashmir, In the south ~ Southern Deccan comprising the plateau region of States: Andhra Pradesh and Tamil nadu. *Areas with less than 50 cm rainfall: In the North: Western Rajasthan, Northern most part of Kashmmant? southern Punjab. In the south: Central Deccan region, leeward side wea x Compantcon w/ tugard to tmp. han “rap. tang mighan, ferp oy Low Rarye + mMoctttat fequobue chy emp inte POWs Externe / conti ney RRM Chives & J J +0) 12 Younha ¥ Annuiad Rainfall. we Cun oe al ues Ww y # Average § Ane f ae ' : 7 station) Movithe | J Freel Si ais lo In |p AepC'O W409) 2923 209 Qo B00 my BNE HY by Roinfait ~ i com) 205 5 NB Q 6 9419.3 19.3 08 Ls 02 Lo ern ~ res gu. 24.9 ACY8-9 90.0 209 24.2 04.2 924.2 213 222 20 Ranjan oO com)? & caleutate a Qoinp hange of statin A+ Stahne 9? Cal oylary aunuat kainfall OF Starfon A + StQtionB. > cre average Haiufal! oF StOhon & + StaKons ANS Oy temp. hange Of Str AGB, explain the ‘pe OL china te ~ 1-8 50-6 61.0) 364 94-8 4.8 Lo Inge (PY > 3-3-1. o> IB-VPC 5 Temp. RANG! CBI -> 90-2 U5 5.6% Mr 65 cen Armual Raingart (6) G1. Crm 37 Avg Rain fan (Rd > 65, 92-5or Avg. Rainfall (BY > 181-3 5 aes em Fe > 1B.1cm mean 1 by A> Conting neat egpe ‘af chime B-> Equaple cCimate