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Tubular members:
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Imperfections:
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Imperfections:
Out-off straightness
The tolerance shall be measured at all points along the length of
member and the maximum shall be taken for consideration.
DNV code specifies a maximum limit of 0.0015L or L/666 as the limit.
API specifies a maximum limit of L/960 or 9.5 mm
The tolerance is important as this deviation will lead to eccentric
load and corresponding moment.
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Imperfections:
Out-off roundness
Out of roundness is normally specified as,
D D max D min
%
D D mean
API Spec 2B specifies that the above tolerance shall not exceed 2% and
DNV specifies that the tolerance shall not exceed 1%
Dmax
Dmean
Dmin
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Imperfections:
Misalignment of joints
(It includes additional eccentricity in axial loads and stresses).
API allows an eccentricity e of
(a) 0.2 t1; t1 - smaller thickness
(b) e<3.2 mm for welding from one side; and
(c) e<6.4 mm for welding from one side
DNV allows an eccentricity of 0.15 t1 or 4 mm whichever is less
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Design Methods:
Design of structural member
Select a suitable material with sufficient strength
Satisfy the functional requirements with adequate safety
margin
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Load < Resistance
Load = Resistance
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Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Demand Capacity
(Applied stress) (Allowable stress)
Probability ???
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Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD)
Demand Capacity
(Design loads) (Resistance) Resistance factor
based on probability of
failure for different
methods of estimating
the resistance.
Probability
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Probability distribution of Q & R:
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Probability distribution of Q & R:
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Load combinations:
EnL: 1.3-1.4
0.9D1+0.9D2+0.8L1+0.9El
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ASD Design Procedure for Tubular
Members:
Divide the member into sections and calculate axial, bending and
shear forces in each section along the length. At least 3 sections
shall be checked.
Establish geometric properties such as sectional area, moment of
inertia, effective length factors, radius of gyration for each section.
Calculate the applied axial (fa), bending (fbx, fby), hoop (fh) and shear
stresses (fs) using the geometry of the section and the applied axial,
bending, hydrostatic and shear forces.
Establish the slenderness ratio (kL/r) and calculate the allowable
axial stress (Fa) and calculate the elastic buckling stress (F xe) and
inelastic buckling stress (Fxc).
Establish the D/t ratio and calculate the allowable bending stress (F b).
The combined effect of loads is obtained using interaction of these
loads in an appropriate manner using axial, bending, hoop and shear
interaction formulae.
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ASD Design Procedure:
Applied Stresses
Following method shall be used in calculation of applied stresses in
members.
P
Axial Stress, f a
A
Mxy Myy
Bending Stress, f bx ; f by
I xx I yy
V
Shear Stress, f s
0.5A
Ph D
Hoop Stress, f h ( Ph h )
2t
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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses
D/t 60
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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses
For members with a D/t > 60, substitute the critical local
buckling stress (Fxe or Fxc, whichever is smaller) for Fy in
determining Cc and Fa.
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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses
1. Elastic local buckling stress
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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses
2. Inelastic local buckling stress
Axial Tension:
Fa=0.6 Fy
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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses
Bending stress:
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ASD Design Procedure:
Allowable Stresses
For D/t ratios greater than 300, refer to API Bulletin 2U.
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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction of axial compression and bending
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ASD Design Procedure:
Moment Reduction Factor
Meq=CmMB
Values of the reduction factor Cm
referred to in the above table are
as follows (with terms as defined
by AISC):
12 2 E
Fe'
kL / r 2
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ASD Design Procedure:
Elastic hoop buckling stress
The elastic hoop buckling stress determination is based on a linear
stress-strain relationship from:
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ASD Design Procedure:
Critical Hoop Buckling Stress
The material yield strength relative to the elastic hoop buckling stress
determines whether elastic or inelastic hoop buckling occurs and the
critical hoop buckling stress, Fhc, in ksi (MPa) is defined by the
appropriate formula.
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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction equation for axial tension and hydrostatic
pressure
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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction equation for axial tension and hydrostatic
pressure
Safety Factors
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ASD Design Procedure:
Interaction equation for axial compression and
hydrostatic pressure
When longitudinal compressive stresses and hoop compressive
stresses occur simultaneously, the following equations should be
satisfied:
The following equation should also be satisfied when fx > 0.5 Fha
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Ring Design:
Circumferential stiffening ring size may be
selected on the following approximate basis
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Ring Design:
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