C12 Formula Sheet PDF

C12 Formula sheet | IAL Mathematics
Surds
1.
2.
Indices
1. am x an = a m + n
2. am / an = am n
3. (am)n = amn
4. a0 = 1
5. a n =
6. = na
7. = nam = (na)m
Rules of rationalizing
Fractions in the form , multiply the top and bottom by .



Logarithms
1. log a + log b = logab
2. log a log b = log
3. a log x y = log x y a
4. log a a = 1
5. loga =
6. loga1 = 0
7. log a b = a
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Quadratic Equation
Solving quadratic equation
Quadratic equation can be solved by:
1. factorization
2. completing the square:
( ) ( )
3. using the formula

Nature of roots
ax2 + bx + c = 0
1. If b2 4ac > 0, roots are real & different / real and distinct and the curve y = ax2 + bx + c
will cut the x axis at two real and distinct points

2. If b2 4ac < 0, roots are not real/ imaginary / complex and the curve y = ax2 + bx + c will
lie entirely above the x axis if a > 0 and entirely below the x axis if a < 0.
3. If b2 4ac = 0, roots are real and equal / repeated / coincident and the curve y = ax2 + bx
+ c touches the x-axis.
4. If b2 4ac 0, roots are real.
Solving Quadratic Inequality

When and (<) are two roots of (a>0) and
1. If , range of values of :

Co ordinate Geometry
1. The distance between two points A( 1 , 1) and B(x2 , y2) is ( ) ( )
2. The gradient of the line joining A( 1, 1) and B( 2, 2) is
3. The coordinates of the mid-point of the line joining A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) are
( ) ( ).
4. Finding coordinates when a point divides a line internally.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
5. The equation of the straight line having a gradient m and passing through the point ( 1,
2) is given by : 1 = m ( 1).
6. Two lines are parallel if their gradients are equal.
7. Two lines are perpendicular to each other if the product of their gradients is 1.
Equation of circle
Centre( ) and radius =
( ) ( )

Arithmetic Progression (A.P)

1. nth term = ( )
2. Sn = * ( ) +
Geometric Progression (G.P)

1. nth term =
( )
2. Sn = ,r>1
( )
3. Sn = ,r<1
# or .
The series is convergent. It has sum to infinity.
1. S =
Otherwise the series is divergent. It has does not have sum to infinity.

Differentiation
1. For a curve ( ) represents the gradient of the tangent to the curve at any point .
2. If , then , where and n are constants.
3. ( )
4. If is a function of , and us a function of , then (chain rule).
5. If y, and v are functions of and , then (product rule).
6. If and are functions of and , then (quotient rule).
The following are true only when is in radians:
7. ( )
8. ( )
Other formulae
9. ( ) ( )
10. ( ) ( )
Application of Differentiation
11. For an increasing function ( ) in the interval ( ) ( ) in the interval .

12. For an decreasing function ( ) in the interval ( ) ( ) in the interval .
13. Stationary points or turning points of a function ( ) occur when .
14. The second derivative ( ) determines the nature of the stationary points:
(a) If is negative, the stationery point is a maximum point.
(b) If is positive, the stationary point is a minimum point.
(c) If is zero, the point could be either a maximum or a minimum point or a point of
inflexion.
(d) If is zero is not equal to zero, then the stationary point is point of inflexion.
15. To sketch a curve, note
(i) the points where or
(ii) the nature and position of the stationary points
(iii) the direction of the curve as and approach infinity.
(iv) the interval on which the gradient is positive or negative.

Integration
1.
( )
2. ( )
( )
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. ( ) ( )
8. ( ) ( )
9. The area bounded by the curve ( ), the -axis and the lines and is given by
.
10. The area bounded by the curve ( ), the -axis and the lines and is given by
.
11. Area between ( ) and ( ) = ( ) ( )

12. When the area bounded by ( ), the -axis and the lines and is rotated
o
through 360 about the -axis, the volume of solid of revolution is given by
13. When the area bounded by ( ), the -axis and the lines and is rotated
o
through 360 about the -axis, the volume of solid of revolution is given by .
14. The trapezium rule: *( ) ( )+, where
Triangle
Sine rule
Cosine rule

Area of triangle
area =
Circular Measure
1. radian = 1800
2. For a sector of a circle enclosed by two radii that subtend an angle of radians at the
centre, the arc length s is given by
s = r
and the area of the sector A is given by
A=
where r is the radius of the circle.
Binomial Expansion
1. ( )( )( )
( )( )
2. ( )
( ) ( )
3.
( )
4.
( )( )( )
5.
6. ( )
( ) ( )( )
7. ( )
8. (r + 1)th term = ( ncr xn-r yr )

Trigonometry
Rotation
1. sin =
2. cos =
3. tan =
4. sin2 + cos2 x = 1
5. tan A =
Ratios
The trigonometric ratios of 30o, 45o and 60o have exact forms, given below:

sin 30o = cos 30o =

tan 30o =

sin 45o =

cos 45o =
tan 45o = 1
sin 60o =
cos 60o = tan 60o =
Graphs
1.
2.

3.
4. ( )( )( )

4.
5.

6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

Transformation
( ) is a translation of in the -direction.
( ) is a translation of in the -direction.
( ) is a stretch of in the -direction (multiply -coordinates by ).
( ) is a stretch of in the -direction (multiply -coordinates by ).

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C12 Formula sheet | IAL Mathematics

Shawon Notes | www.shawonnotes.com

Shawon Notes | www.shawonnotes.com

4. If b2 4ac 0, roots are real.

Solving Quadratic Inequality

Shawon Notes | www.shawonnotes.com

Shawon Notes | www.shawonnotes.com

Arithmetic Progression (A.P)

Geometric Progression (G.P)

Shawon Notes | www.shawonnotes.com

6. If and are functions of and , then (quotient rule).

The following are true only when is in radians:

11. For an increasing function ( ) in the interval ( ) ( ) in the interval .

(a) If is negative, the stationery point is a maximum point.

(b) If is positive, the stationary point is a minimum point.

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11. Area between ( ) and ( ) = ( ) ( )

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sin 30o = cos 30o =

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( ) is a translation of in the -direction.

( ) is a stretch of in the -direction (multiply -coordinates by ).

( ) is a stretch of in the -direction (multiply -coordinates by ).

Shawon Notes | www.shawonnotes.com

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