Contents

PREFACE AND HOW TO USE THIS Bones of the Leg

BOOK, v Anterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of
the Right Leg, 14
INTRODUCTION, vii Posterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks
of the Right Leg, 15
CHAPTER 1THE SKELETAL SYSTEM, 1
Bones of the Foot
Bones of the Head Dorsal View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of
Anterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks the Right Foot, 16
of the Head, 3 Plantar View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of
Lateral View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks the Right Foot, 17
of the Head, 4
Inferior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks Bones of the Scapula/Arm
of the Head, 5 Anterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of
the Right Scapula/Arm, 18
Bones of the Neck Posterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks
Anterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of the Right Scapula/Arm, 19
of the Neck, 6
Posterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks Bones of the Forearm
of the Neck, 7 Anterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of
the Right Forearm, 20
Bones of the Trunk Posterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks
Anterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of the Right Forearm, 21
of the Trunk, 8
Posterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks Bones of the Hand
of the Trunk, 9 Palmar View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of
the Right Hand, 22
Bones of the Pelvis and Thigh Dorsal View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks of
Anterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks the Right Hand, 23
of the Right Pelvis, 10
Anterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks CHAPTER 2THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM, 25
of the Right Thigh, 11
Posterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks Muscles of the Head
of the Right Pelvis, 12 Occipitofrontalis, 28
Posterior View of the Bones and Bony Landmarks Temporoparietalis, 30
of the Right Thigh, 13 Auricularis Anterior, Superior, and Posterior, 30
Orbicularis Oculi, 32

xix
xx CONTENTS

Levator Palpebrae Superioris, 32 The Erector Spinae Group, 112

Corrugator Supercilii, 34 Iliocostalis, 114
Procerus, 34 Longissimus, 114
Nasalis, 36 Spinalis, 116
Depressor Septi Nasi, 36 The Transversospinalis Group, 118
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi, 38 Semispinalis, 120
Levator Labii Superioris, 38 Multifidus, 120
Zygomaticus Minor, 40 Rotatores, 122
Zygomaticus Major, 40 Quadratus Lumborum, 124
Levator Anguli Oris, 42 Interspinales, 126
Risorius, 42 Intertransversarii, 126
Depressor Anguli Oris, 44 Levatores Costarum, 128
Depressor Labii Inferioris, 44 Subcostales, 128
Mentalis, 46 Pectoralis Major, 130
Buccinator, 46 Pectoralis Minor, 132
Orbicularis Oris, 48 Subclavius, 132
Temporalis, 50 External Intercostals, 134
Masseter, 50 Internal Intercostals, 136
Lateral Pterygoid, 52 Rectus Abdominis, 138
Medial Pterygoid, 52 External Abdominal Oblique, 140
Internal Abdominal Oblique, 140
Muscles of the Neck Transversus Abdominis, 142
Trapezius (The Traps), 62 Transversus Thoracis, 142
Splenius Capitis, 64 Diaphragm, 144
Splenius Cervicis, 64
Levator Scapulae, 66 Muscles of the Pelvis
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, 68 Psoas Major, 156
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor, 68 Iliacus, 158
Obliquus Capitis Inferior, 70 Psoas Minor, 160
Obliquus Capitis Superior, 70 Gluteus Maximus, 162
Platysma, 72 Gluteus Medius, 164
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), 74 Gluteus Minimus, 166
Sternohyoid, 76 Piriformis, 168
Sternothyroid, 76 Superior Gemellus, 170
Thyrohyoid, 78 Obturator Internus, 170
Omohyoid, 78 Inferior Gemellus, 172
Digastric, 80 Obturator Externus, 174
Stylohyoid, 80 Quadratus Femoris, 176
Mylohyoid, 82
Geniohyoid, 82 Muscles of the Thigh
Anterior Scalene, 84 Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL), 188
Middle Scalene, 84 Sartorius, 190
Posterior Scalene, 86 Rectus Femoris, 192
Longus Colli, 88 Vastus Lateralis, 194
Longus Capitis, 88 Vastus Medialis, 194
Rectus Capitis Anterior, 90 Vastus Intermedius, 196
Rectus Capitis Lateralis, 90 Articularis Genus, 196
Pectineus, 198
Muscles of the Trunk Gracilis, 198
Latissimus Dorsi (The Lats), 104 Adductor Longus, 200
Rhomboids Major and Minor, 106 Adductor Brevis, 202
Serratus Anterior, 108 Adductor Magnus, 204
Serratus Posterior Superior, 110 Biceps Femoris, 206
Serratus Posterior Inferior, 110 Semitendinosus, 208
Semimembranosus, 208

Muscles of the Leg
Tibialis Anterior, 222
Extensor Hallucis Longus, 224
Extensor Digitorum Longus, 226
Fibularis Tertius, 226
Fibularis Longus, 228
Fibularis Brevis, 228
Gastrocnemius (Gastrocs), 230
Soleus, 230
Plantaris, 232
Popliteus, 232
Tibialis Posterior, 234
Flexor Digitorum Longus, 236
Flexor Hallucis Longus, 238
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
Extensor Digitorum Brevis, 250
Extensor Hallucis Brevis, 250
Abductor Hallucis, 252
Abductor Digiti Minimi Pedis, 252
Flexor Digitorum Brevis, 254
Quadratus Plantae, 256
Lumbricals Pedis, 256
Flexor Hallucis Brevis, 258
Flexor Digiti Minimi Pedis, 258
Adductor Hallucis, 260
Plantar Interossei, 262
Dorsal Interossei Pedis, 262
Muscles of the Scapula/Arm
Supraspinatus, 276
Infraspinatus, 276
Teres Minor, 278
Subscapularis, 278
Teres Major, 280
Deltoid, 282
Coracobrachialis, 284
Biceps Brachii, 286
Brachialis, 286
Triceps Brachii, 288
Muscles of the Forearm
Pronator Teres, 306
Pronator Quadratus, 306
Flexor Carpi Radialis, 308
Palmaris Longus, 308
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, 310
Brachioradialis, 312
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, 314
Flexor Digitorum Profundus, 314
Flexor Pollicis Longus, 316
Anconeus, 318
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, 320
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, 320
CONTENTS xxi
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, 322
Extensor Digitorum, 324
Extensor Digiti Minimi, 324
Supinator, 326
Abductor Pollicis Longus, 328
Extensor Pollicis Brevis, 328
Extensor Pollicis Longus, 330
Extensor Indicis, 330
Muscles of the Hand
Abductor Pollicis Brevis, 344
Flexor Pollicis Brevis, 344
Opponens Pollicis, 346
Opponens Digiti Minimi, 346
Abductor Digiti Minimi Manus, 348
Flexor Digiti Minimi Manus, 348
Palmaris Brevis, 350
Adductor Pollicis, 352
Lumbricals Manus, 352
Palmar Interossei, 354
Dorsal Interossei Manus, 354
CHAPTER 3OTHER SKELETAL MUSCLES, 361
Anterior Views of the Other Muscles of the
Abdomen, 363
Views of the Muscles of the Perineum, 364
Views of the Muscles of the Tongue, 365
View of the Muscles of the Palate, 366
View of the Muscles of the Pharynx, 367
Views of the Muscles of the Larynx, 368
Views of the Muscles of the Larynx, 369
Views of the Extrinsic Muscles of the Right Eye, 370
View of the Muscles of the Tympanic Cavity, 371
CHAPTER 4THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, 373
Cranial Nerves, 374
View of Spinal Nerve Organization, 375
View of the Cervical Plexus, 376
View of the Brachial Plexus, 377
View of the Lumbar Plexus, 378
Views of the Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses, 379
Views of Innervation to the Right Lower
Extremity, 380
Anterior View of Innervation to the Right
Upper Extremity, 381
CHAPTER 5THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM, 383
Lateral View of Arterial Supply to the Head and
Neck, 384
Anterior View of Arterial Supply to the Trunk and
Pelvis, 385
xxii CONTENTS

Anterior View of Arterial Supply to the Right Lower Venous System, 404
Extremity, 386 Lymphatic System, 406
Anterior View of Arterial Supply to the Right Upper Respiratory System, 408
Extremity, 387 Urinary System, 410
Gastrointestinal System, 412
CHAPTER 6OTHER STRUCTURES AND Immune System, 414
SYSTEMS OF THE BODY, 388 Endocrine System, 416
Sensory System, 418
The Cell, 390 Reproductive System, 420
Bone Tissue, 392
Muscle Tissue, 394 ANSWER KEY, 422
Nerve Tissue, 396
Joints, 398 CREDITS, 454
Integumentary System, 400
Cardiac System, 402
4 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

LATERAL VIEW OF THE BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

OF THE HEAD

SUPERIOR
1* 17
2* 18

4
19

20*
3*

21

22
P
A
O
N
S
T
T
E
E 24*
R
R
I
I
O
O 23* R
R
5 25*

26
6*
27*
7* 8*
28*
9*
10*
29*
12*
11* 30*

13*
31*

14
15* 16*

INFERIOR
 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 5

INFERIOR VIEW OF THE BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

OF THE HEAD

ANTERIOR

2 11*

3
12*

4 13*

5* 14*

15*

16*
6

17*
7
L L
A 18 A
T T
E 19* E
R R
A A
L L
20*
8

21*

22*

23*
10
24*

POSTERIOR
18 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

OF THE RIGHT SCAPULA/ARM

PROXIMAL 13
1* 14*

2*
15*
3*

4*
16
5*

6*
17*

18*
L M
A E
T D
E 7* I
R A
A L
L

8
19*

9*

10*

11 20*
21
22*

12* DISTAL
 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 19

POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE BONES AND BONY LANDMARKS

OF THE RIGHT SCAPULA/ARM
PROXIMAL
1
11*
12*
2*
13*
3*
14*

15*

4*
16*

8*

M 17* L
6*
E A
D T
I E
A R
L A
L
18

7*

19*

9*
20*

10 21
22*
DISTAL
56 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck

ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE NECK (SUPERFICIAL)

SUPERIOR

Digastric

Mylohyoid

Stylohyoid

Digastric

Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid

L Levator scapulae L
Platysma (removed
A on our right) A
T Sternohyoid T
E Sternocleidomastoid
E
R R
A Middle A
Sternothyroid scalene
L Posterior L
scalene
Omohyoid
Anterior
scalene
Trapezius

Pectoralis major Deltoid

INFERIOR
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 57
Muscles of the Neck

ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE NECK (INTERMEDIATE)

SUPERIOR

Mylohyoid

Digastric

Stylohyoid

Digastric

Sternocleidomastoid Sternocleidomastoid (cut)

(cut) Hyoid

Thyrohyoid
Internal jugular
vein
L Levator scapulae L
A Common carotid A
artery Thyroid Omohyoid
T cartilage (cut and reflected T
E on our right) E
Omohyoid R
R Sternothyroid
A Middle A
L Omohyoid
scalene L
Posterior
scalene
Trapezius
Anterior
Trachea scalene

Sternocleidomastoid (cut) Sternohyoid Sternohyoid (cut Pectoralis major Deltoid

on our right)

INFERIOR
58 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck

ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE NECK (DEEP)

SUPERIOR
Longus capitis (cut
on our right)

Rectus capitis anterior

Rectus capitis lateralis Rectus capitis lateralis

Rectus capitis anterior

Longus capitis

L L
A Longus colli A
T Longus colli T
E E
R Middle scalene R
Middle scalene
A A
L L
Anterior scalene (cut
Anterior scalene on our right)

Posterior scalene Posterior scalene

Brachial
plexus

Aorta

Superior
vena cava

INFERIOR
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 59
Muscles of the Neck

LATERAL VIEW OF THE NECK

SUPERIOR
Parotid gland (cut)

Masseter
(cut)

Stylohyoid

Digastric
Mylohyoid

Splenius capitis

Longus capitis
P Sternocleidomastoid Digastric
O A
Submandibular
S Levator scapulae
gland (cut)
N
T T
E Anterior scalene E
Thyrohyoid
R R
I Middle scalene I
Omohyoid
O O
R Posterior scalene R
Sternohyoid

Trapezius Sternothyroid

Sternocleidomastoid
Omohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

INFERIOR
60 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck

POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE NECK

(SUPERFICIAL AND INTERMEDIATE)

SUPERIOR

Semispinalis capitis
Sternocleidomastoid (of transversospinalis)

Splenius capitis
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Splenius cervicis
Trapezius
Levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor
Deltoid
Supraspinatus

L M
A E L
T D
I
A
E A T
R L E
Infraspinatus
A R
L Teres minor A
L
Rhomboid
major

Teres
major
Erector
spinae

Triceps Latissimus dorsi Latissimus dorsi

brachii
Superficial Intermediate
INFERIOR
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 61
Muscles of the Neck

POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE NECK

(INTERMEDIATE AND DEEP)

SUPERIOR Rectus capitis

posterior minor Rectus capitis
posterior major

Semispinalis capitis Obliquus

(of transversospinalis) capitis superior

Longissimus capitis
(of erector spinae)
Obliquus
capitis inferior
Splenius capitis

Splenius cervicis

L Interspinales
A L
T A
E M Rotatores T
R E (of transversospinalis)
Iliocostalis cervicis D
E
A (of erector spinae) I R
L A A
L L
Serratus posterior
superior Levatores
costarum

Iliocostalis
and longissimus
(of erector spinae)
External
intercostals

Intermediate Splenius Deep

cervicis
INFERIOR
66 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck

LEVATOR SCAPULAE
le-vay-tor skap-you-lee

Actions
Elevation of the scapula
at the scapulocostal
joint
Extension of the neck at
the spinal joints
Lateral flexion of the
neck at the spinal
joints
Ipsilateral rotation of the
neck at the spinal
joints Transverse processes
of C1-C4
Downward rotation of
the scapula at the
scapulocostal joint
Retraction (adduction) of Medial border of the
the scapula at the scapula, from the superior
angle to the root of the
scapulocostal joint spine of the scapula

Innervation
Dorsal scapular nerve

Arterial Supply
The dorsal scapular
artery

Posterior view of the right levator scapulae

 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 67
Muscles of the Neck

Levator
scapulae

The levator scapulae has a twist in

its fibers so that the most superior
fibers on the scapula attach the most
inferiorly on the spine, and vice versa.

Levator
scapulae
84 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Neck

ANTERIOR SCALENE
(OF THE SCALENE GROUP)

an-tee-ri-or skay-leen

Actions
Flexion of the neck at the
spinal joints
Lateral flexion of the neck Transverse processes
at the spinal joints of the cervical spine
Elevation of the 1st rib at
the sternocostal and
costovertebral joints
Contralateral rotation of
the neck at the spinal
joints
1st rib

Innervation
Cervical spinal nerves

Arterial Supply
The ascending cervical
artery Anterior view of the right anterior scalene

MIDDLE
SCALENE
(OF THE SCALENE GROUP)

mi-dil skay-leen Transverse processes

of the cervical spine
Actions
Lateral flexion of the neck
at the spinal joints
Flexion of the neck at
the spinal joints
Elevation of the 1st rib
at the sternocostal and
costovertebral joints 1st rib

Innervation
Cervical spinal nerves

Arterial Supply
The transverse cervical
Anterior view of the right middle scalene
artery
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 85
Muscles of the Neck

The brachial plexus of nerves and

subclavian artery run between the
anterior and middle scalenes and can
be compressed if these muscles are
tight. When this occurs, it is called
Middle
anterior scalene syndrome, a type of
scalene thoracic outlet syndrome.
Anterior
scalene
Brachial
plexus
Subclavian
artery

Middle scalene

Anterior
scalene

Middle scalene
Anterior
scalene
168 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Pelvis

PIRIFORMIS
(OF THE DEEP LATERAL ROTATORS OF THE THIGH)

pi-ri-for-mis

Anterior
sacrum

Greater
trochanter
of the femur

Posterior view of the

right piriformis
(sacrotuberous ligament not shown)

Actions
Lateral rotation of the
thigh at the hip joint
Abduction of the thigh at
the hip joint (if the
Anterior
thigh is flexed) sacrum
Medial rotation of the
thigh at the hip joint
(if the thigh is flexed)
Contralateral rotation of Greater
the pelvis at the hip trochanter
joint of the femur

Innervation
The lumbosacral plexus

Arterial Supply
The superior and inferior Anterior view of the
right piriformis
gluteal arteries (sacrotuberous ligament shown)
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 169
Muscles of the Pelvis

Piriformis

A tight piriformis can compress the

sciatic nerve causing symptoms of
sciatica. This condition is called
piriformis syndrome.

Sciatic
nerve
188 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Thigh

TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE (TFL)

ten-sor fash-ee-a la-tee

Actions
Flexion of the thigh at
the hip joint
Abduction of the thigh at
the hip joint
Medial rotation of the
thigh at the hip joint
Anterior tilt of the pelvis
Anterior
at the hip joint superior
Depression (lateral tilt) iliac spine
of the pelvis at the hip (ASIS)

joint
Ipsilateral rotation of the
pelvis at the hip joint
Extension of the leg at
the knee joint
Iliotibial
Innervation band
The superior gluteal (ITB)
nerve

Arterial Supply
The superior gluteal
artery

Lateral view of the

right tensor fasciae latae
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 189
Muscles of the Thigh

Tensor fasciae
latae
The tensor fasciae latae is one of two
muscles that attach into the iliotibial
band.

Iliac crest
(Gluteal
fascia over) Abdominal
gluteus medius aponeurosis

Anterior
superior
iliac spine
(ASIS)

Tensor fasciae
latae

Iliotibial
band

Fibular
Patella
collateral
ligament
Patellar
Head of ligament
the fibula
228 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Leg

FIBULARIS LONGUS
(IN THE LATERAL COMPARTMENT)

fib-you-la-ris long-us

Actions
Eversion of the foot at
the tarsal joints Proximal
lateral
Plantarflexion of the foot fibula
at the ankle joint
Medial
foot
Innervation
The superficial fibular
nerve

Arterial Supply
The fibular artery
Plantar surface of the right foot
(to view the distal tendon of the
fibularis longus) Medial
foot

Anterolateral view of
the right fibularis longus

FIBULARIS BREVIS
(IN THE LATERAL COMPARTMENT)

fib-you-la-ris bre-vis

Actions
Eversion of the foot at
the tarsal joints
Plantarflexion of the foot
at the ankle joint
Distal lateral
Innervation fibula
The superficial fibular
nerve

Arterial Supply
The fibular artery

Lateral foot
Anterolateral view of the
right fibularis brevis
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 229
Muscles of the Leg

The fibularis longus, along with the

tibialis anterior, are often called the
stirrup muscles because their distal
tendons form a stirrup around the foot.

Fibularis
longus

Fibularis
brevis

Fibularis
longus

Fibularis
brevis

The fibularis brevis is located deep to

the fibularis longus and has the same
actions as the fibularis longus.
260 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
(PLANTAR SURFACELAYER III)

ad-duk-tor hal-oo-sis

Distal tendon of
fibularis longus

Metatarsals #2-4
and the distal
tendon of the
fibularis longus

Transverse
Oblique head
head

Plantar metatarsophalangeal
ligaments #3, 4, and 5

Plantar metatarsophalangeal
Big toe ligaments
(toe #1)

Plantar view of the

right adductor hallucis

Actions Innervation Arterial Supply

Adduction of the big toe The lateral plantar nerve Branches of the plantar
(toe #1) at the metatarso- arch
phalangeal joint
Flexion of the big toe
(toe #1) at the meta-
tarsophalangeal joint
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 261
Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

The adductor hallucis occasionally

has attachments onto the 1st meta-
tarsal that can create opposition of
the big toe toward the other toes.
When this occurs, this muscle is
called the opponens hallucis. This
arrangement is common in apes,
whose feet are more handy than
ours .

Adductor
hallucis
286 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Scapula/Arm

BICEPS BRACHII
by-seps bray-key-eye

Actions Supraglenoid tubercle

Flexion of the forearm at the and coracoid process
of the scapula
elbow joint (entire muscle)
Supination of the forearm at
the radioulnar joints
(entire muscle)
Flexion of the arm at the
shoulder joint (entire
muscle)
Abduction of the arm at the
shoulder joint (long head)
Adduction of the arm at the
shoulder joint (short head)

Innervation
The musculocutaneous
nerve
Anterior view of the
Arterial Supply right biceps brachii
The muscular branches of Radial tuberosity and fascia
the brachial artery overlying the ulna

BRACHIALIS
bray-key-al-is

Action
Flexion of the forearm at the
elbow joint

Innervation Distal 1/2 of the anterior

shaft of the humerus
The musculocutaneous
nerve

Arterial Supply
Muscular branches of the
brachial artery

Anterior view of the

right brachialis Ulnar tuberosity
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 287
Muscles of the Scapula/Arm

The bicipital groove of the humerus is

so named because the long head of
the biceps brachii courses through it.

Biceps
Biceps brachii
brachii long head

Biceps
Brachialis
brachii
short head

Biceps Biceps
brachii brachii
short head
(cut)

Biceps
brachii
Brachialis long head
(cut)

Biceps
brachii
bicipital
aponeurosis

Brachialis

The brachialis is a strong and fairly

large muscle, which accounts for
much of the contour of the biceps
brachii being so visible. Behind every Biceps
brachii
great biceps brachii is a great (cut)
brachialis .
306 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Forearm

PRONATOR
TERES Medial epicondyle of
the humerus (via the
common flexor tendon)
pro-nay-tor te-reez and the coronoid
process of the ulna

Actions
Pronation of the forearm
at the radioulnar joints
Lateral radius
Flexion of the forearm at
the elbow joint

Innervation
The median nerve

Arterial Supply
The ulnar artery

Anterior view of the

right pronator teres

PRONATOR
QUADRATUS
pro-nay-tor kwod-ray-tus

Action
Pronation of the forearm
at the radioulnar joints

Innervation
The median nerve Anterior distal
Anterior distal ulna
Arterial Supply radius
The anterior interosseus
artery

Anterior view of the

right pronator quadratus
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 307
Muscles of the Forearm

Pronator
teres

The median nerve runs between the

two heads of the pronator teres and
can be compressed there, resulting in
pronator teres syndrome.

Pronator
quadratus

Pronator
Pronator teres
teres

Although it is not very large, the

pronator quadratus is considered by
most sources to be the prime mover
Pronator of pronation of the forearm at the
quadratus radioulnar joints.
332 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Forearm

ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE RIGHT FOREARM (SUPERFICIAL)

PROXIMAL

9
1

10

Median nerve

Brachial artery
2
Medial epicondyle
of the humerus

Radial artery

3 11

12
4
L
R M
A U
A E
T L
D D
E 13 N
I I
R A
A A
A R
L L
L 5 14

15

16
6

Ulnar artery
7
Ulnar nerve

17
8
Radial artery Transverse fibers of
palmar aponeurosis
Median nerve
Hypothenar musculature
Thenar musculature
Palmar aponeurosis

DISTAL
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 333
Muscles of the Forearm

ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE RIGHT FOREARM (INTERMEDIATE)

PROXIMAL

Median nerve
1
12
Brachial artery (splits to
form radial and ulnar arteries)
13
2 Medial epicondyle
of the humerus

Radial nerve 14

Head of the radius 15

16
3
4 17
5
18
L 6
R M
A U
A E
T L
D D
E N
I I
R A
A A
A R
L 7 L
L

19

20

10 Median nerve

Radial artery Ulnar artery

Ulnar nerve
11
Palmaris longus cut and in 21
reflected fibers of transverse
fibers of palmar aponeurosis
Flexor retinaculum
(transverse carpal ligament)
Thenar musculature
Hypothenar musculature

DISTAL
334 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Forearm

ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE RIGHT FOREARM (DEEP)

PROXIMAL
Brachial artery Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
1
11
12
Lateral epicondyle
of the humerus
Medial epicondyle
Radial nerve of the humerus

13
2 14
15

3 16

17

L
R 4 M
A U
A E
T L
D Ulnar artery D
E N
I I
R A
A 5 A
A R
L Ulnar nerve L
L

18
6

Radius

Radial artery
19
8

9
10

DISTAL
354 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscles of the Hand

PALMAR INTEROSSEI
(OF THE CENTRAL COMPARTMENT)
(There are three palmar interossei, named #1, #2, and #3.)

pal-mar in-ter-oss-ee-i
Actions
Adduction of fingers #2, #4,
and #5 at the metacarpo- The metacarpal
phalangeal joint of fingers #2,
#4, and #5
Flexion of fingers #2, #4, and
#5 at the metacarpo- Proximal phalanx
phalangeal joint of fingers #2, #4,
Extension of fingers #2, #4, and #5 on the
middle finger side
and #5 at the proximal and (and the dorsal
distal interphalangeal digital expansion)
joints

Innervation
The ulnar nerve

Arterial Supply
Branches of the radial and
Anterior view of the
ulnar arteries right palmar interossei

DORSAL INTEROSSEI MANUS

(OF THE CENTRAL COMPARTMENT)
(There are four dorsal interossei manus muscles, named #1, #2, #3, and #4.)

dor-sul in-ter-oss-ee-i man-us

Actions
Abduction of fingers #2, #3,
and #4 metacarpopha-
The metacarpal
langeal joint of fingers #1-5
Flexion of fingers #2, #3, and
#4 at the metacarpopha- Proximal phalanx
langeal joint of fingers #2, #3,
Extension of fingers #2, #3, and #4, on the side
away from the center
and #4 at the proximal and of the middle finger
distal interphalangeal (and the dorsal
digital expansion)
joints

Innervation
The ulnar nerve

Arterial Supply
Branches of the radial and
Posterior view of the
ulnar arteries right dorsal interossei manus
 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 355
Muscles of the Hand

Palmar
interossei

Dorsal
interossei
manus

The main action of the dorsal

interossei manus is abduction of the
fingers at the metacarpophalangeal
joints. The main action of the palmar
interossei is adduction of the fingers
at the metacarpophalangeal joints.
The mnemonic to remember these
actions is DAB PAD; Dorsals ABduct,
Palmars ADduct.

Dorsal
interossei
manus

Palmar
interossei
374 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CRANIAL NERVES
ANTERIOR

1
10

2
11

L L
A 5 A
T T
E E
R R
A 6 A
L L

12

Ventral root
of C1

POSTERIOR
Inferior view of the brain
 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 377

VIEW OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS

From C4

1 C5

2
3 14

C6

4
15

16 C7

17
18
C8

5
19
6
T1

21
7 From T2
22
20

12

13
8
11
9 10
384 THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM

LATERAL VIEW OF ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO THE HEAD AND NECK

11

12

13

14

15

1 16

2
3

5
19
6 20 18 17
7 21

22

23

8 24
25
9
26
27

10 29 28
400 OTHER STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1 11

3 12

4a
4
4b

5 13

7
14

9 15
16
10 17
19 18
Diagram of the skin.

6
4

7
Glands of the skin.
OTHER STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY 401

10
11
12
13 1
3a
3b 3
1 14 3c
4a
2
4b 4
15
3 4c
4
5
6 5

7 2 6
16 7

Hair follicle.

1
2
3
4
5

9 10

7
8 11

13 12

Structure of a nail.
402 OTHER STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

CARDIAC SYSTEM
(THE HEART)

1
8
2

9 Anterior
view
10
3
11

4 12

5 13

14

7
9
10
1
11
2
12
Posterior 3
view 4 13

5 14

15
6

16
7

17

8 18

Anterior and posterior views of the heart.

OTHER STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY 403

7
1
8

9
2
10
11
12
3 13
14
4
15
5
16
17
Interior view of the heart.

1 CO2 O2

2
3

CO2
CO2
O2
O2

CO2 O2

Systemic and pulmonic circulations of the heart.