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Concrete Design Training

2016-09-18
Design Modules

1. RC Beams & Slabs


2. PT Beams & Slabs
3. Transfer Beams
4. Ram Concept Modelling
5. Columns
6. Walls
7. Pad Footings
8. Lateral Design
1. RC Beam & Slab Design
Strength - Moment
Strength - Shear and punching shear
Deflection - Long term <1/250
Deflection - Incremental <1/500
1.1 Rapt - Start up
Important for
effective width

choose not important


beam or
slab here Column
information,
normally pinned
at base

Load width

Transverse
beam info

SDL and
LL input
1.2 Rapt - General

Help file 7.2.2 for


introduction of this
interface

Affect concrete
properties including
shrinkage

Need to consider
slab reos
1.3 Rapt - Spans

load width

span
slab thickness
1.4 Rapt - Columns
To see column
shape in scale

use 25% stiffness so


that column does not
take too much slab
moment. Change as
Column needed, but normally
size I use 25%

Normally pinned
at bottom.
1.5 Rapt - Transverse Beams
1.6 Rapt - Steps
1.7 Rapt - Loads: Cases

Point Load
UDL Load

Seldom use this.


Line Load it is for local area
load, can use
panel load
instead
1.8 Rapt - Loads: Combinations

Default load combinations,


normally no need to change
1.9 Rapt - Outputs: Deflections

warnings and errors


will be reported here
1.10 Rapt - Outputs: Reinforcement Layout
1.11 Rapt - General

Nominal width: output


results based on
1000mm wide slab
Full width: output
results based on full
width
1.12 Rapt - Spans

slab design width


1.13 Rapt - Drop Panel

usually flat slab with drop


panel is a two - way slab

here is one-way slab,


Length right just for introduction only
Width
Length left
depth
Q&A
2. PT Beam & Slab Design

Strength - Moment
Strength - Shear
Deflection - Long term <1/250
Deflection - Incremental <1/500
2.1 Rapt - Start up

No need to input here


can do this later
2.2 Rapt - General

Bonded Post-Tensioned: Bonded


post-tensioning has prestressing tendons
permanently bonded to the surrounding
concrete by the in situ grouting of their
encapsulating ducting following tendon
tensioning.

Unbounded Post-Tensioned: Unbonded


post-tensioning differs from bonded
post-tensioning by allowing the tendons
permanent freedom of longitudinal movement
relative to the concrete.
2.3 Rapt - Design Data

This value affect deflection a lot. In general,


1) for RC, 0.6
2) for PT Slab & Beam, 1.0
2.4 Rapt - Add Tendons
Number of tendons
Generally, 2400mm wide beam can
have 6 tendons, we need to allow
150mm edge distance, 100mm
Number of strand
clear space between each tendon
Anchorage size per tendon
horizontally, 200mm vertically.

Live end Dead end

Tendon length
generally I will make
tendon at least 10-12m
to avoid too much
percentage of
prestress loss due to
anchorage draw back
2.5 Rapt - Calculate Default Profile

Tendon
Shape
Maximum drape

Automatically set up
tendon profile and
numbers first
2.6 Rapt - Adjust Tendon Profile
2.7 Rapt - P/A
Economical Design:
Slab: 1.2~1.6Mpa
Beam: 1.6~2.4 Mpa
Q&A
4. Ram Concept Modelling
4.1 New
4.2 Import Drawing
4.3 Draw Slab

Move

stretch joint

slab setdowns add joint

delete joint

in overlapped area,
bigger priority govern
the section

draw slab
Draw a slab with priority 2 will overwrite
slab in that location, this can be used in

1) balcony with set downs General good practice modelling


2) folder between balcony slab and is to start with large perimeter
internal slab slabs and work inwards.
3) other bands etc.
4.4 Draw Column

Column stiffness can


be changed to
reduce the moment
on columns

check means
moment connection
of column to slab

draw
column
4.5 Draw Walls

draw
wall
4.6 Draw Penetrations

penos overwrite any


slab in that location
biggest priority
number

draw
peno
4.7 Mesh and Element Layer

Mesh
4.8 Add SDL (other dead loading plan)

positive value
for SDL and LL

Point Load
Line Load
Perimeter Line Load
Area Load
4.8 Add Live Load (unreducible)

Run Model

1.5kpa overall

0.5

additional 0.5kpa
for balcony gives
2kpa live load

Usually use reducible. The program


will not reduce loads unless you
specifically set it up to do so, but
default load cases for serviceability are
set up correctly for reducible but
conservative for unreducible.
4.9 Deflection Check

Sydney Office think


if we control
deflection under DL
(uncracked analysis)
is less than 6-8mm,
the incremental and
long term deflection
will meet the
requirement.
4.10 Reactions for load run downs
4.10 Reactions for load run downs

show vertical
reaction only
4.10 Reactions for load run downs

Note:
Selfweight of columns
is not included
4.11 Include Column Selfweight

Menu->Criteria->Calc Options:
Model Column Over to Include
Column Selfweight
Q&A
5. Column Design
5.1. General
5.2. Design procedures
5.3. Design of short columns
5.4. Design of slender columns
5.5. Slenderness
5.6. Strength of columns in combined M & N
5.7. Column fire design
5.8. Reinforcement requirement
5.9. Transmission of axial force through floor systems
5.1 General
>> Design Load
Axial force and moment
Additional moment due to slenderness

>> Minimum Moment


N* x 0.05 D in each direction

>> Definitions
Braced column
Short column (no moment magnify)
Slender column
5.2 Design Procedures
>> Using linear elastic analysis

>> Incorporating secondary bending moments

>> Using rigorous analysis


5.3 Design of Short Columns
>> Definition of short and slender columns
Braced columns
Le/r <=25 (short column)
Le/r > 25 (slender column)
Unbraced columns Generally we don't
Le/r <=22 (short column) have unbraced
column in design
Le/r > 22 (slender column) unless it is a frame
structure
where
r=(I/A)^0.5, radius of gyration of cross-section
Le= Lu (braced column restrained by flat slab)
Le=0.9Lu (braced column restrained by beams)
Lu is unsupported length
can be reduced to
0.85 from table in
next page
>> Effective Length Table
5.4 Design of Slender Columns
>> Moment magnifier need to be applied to both
calculated moment and minimum moment
>> Moment magnifier for a braced column:

Buckling Load
>> Moment magnifier for an unbraced column:
(unbraced column is very rare)
5.5 Slenderness
>> Le/r <=120

>> r=0.3D (Rectangular, actually 0.289D)


r=0.25D (Circular)

>> Effective length factor k


(can be different for each direction)

>> Determine effective length factor k


Usually use Figure 10.5.3(A)
Figure 10.5.3(B) & (C) to get more accurate
results, but generally we don't use that.
5.6 Strength design with N & M
>> P-M Curve
Design based on each bending moment
acting separately

D/b<=3 and
Design for biaxial bending and
compression

Need to use PM Curve to


get FaiMux and FaiMuy
5.7 Column Fire Design
>> Definitions:
Structural adequacy
Ability of a member to maintain its structural function
when exposed to fire
Integrity
Ability of a fire-separating member to resist passage
of flames or hot gases through the member when
exposed to fire on one side.c
Insulation:
Ability of a fire-separating member to limit the surface
temperature on one side of the member when exposed
to fire on the other side.
>> Definitions:
Axial distance: as
Fire resistance period: FRP
(Structural adequacy, integrity and insulation,
eg. 90/90/90)
>> Insulation and integrity
>> Structural adequacy check

Table 5.6.3 (Braced column)

Table 5.6.4 (Braced column)

Table 5.7.2 (Braced column, h/b>=4)


Table 5.6.3

>> Required criteria:

Small cross-sectional dimension <= Table value


Axis distance <=Table value
Load level = Nf*/PhiNu
Nf*=DL+0.4LL normal, DL+0.6LL for storage
When As>=0.2Ac and FRP>=90, the bar are distributed
all along all surfaces
Effective length under fire <= 3m (means unsupported
length <=6m)
Maximum eccentricity <=0.15b
Table 5.6.3
interpolation is applicable

Only applicable when


columns are in walls
and walls are able to
take load

PM cure load line


calculation to get
Phi*Nu

=min(b,d) of
rectangular column
=diameter of circular
column

min 8 bars
Table 5.6.4

>> Required criteria:

Small cross-sectional dimension >= Table value


Axis distance >=Table value
Eccentricity under fire: e=Mf*/Nf*
e/b<0.25 and emax<=100mm
Effective length under fire = 0.5Lu
Slenderness under fire <=30
Table 5.6.4
Table 5.7.2
5.8 Reinforce Requirements
>> Reo% Try to increase column size to
>=1%, <=4% get 1% reo to work unless
required by Arch

>> Restraint of longitudinal reinforcement


Single bars
each corner bar
all bars spaced over 150mm
every alternate bar spaced 150mm and less

Bundled bars
each bundle
>> Restraint of longitudinal reinforcement
>> Fitments and helices diameter

(N12, N16, N20)


(N24)
(N28,N32,N36)
(N40)

>> Fitments and helices spacing


Single bars
<=Dc (smaller column cross-sectional dimension)
<=15db (db= diameter of the smallest bar)
bundle bars
<=0.5Dc (smaller column cross-sectional dimension)
<=7.5db (db= diameter of the smallest bar)
>> Detailing of fitments and helices

>> Splicing of longitudinal reinforcement


tension-lap length
slope of inclined bar <= 1:6
5.9 Transmission of Axial Force
Through Floor Systems
>> Deem to be provided
Concrete strength: slab >=0.75 * column

>> Otherwise Not practical, and calculation is not clear in AS3600


calculate equivalent concrete strength f'ce
add more longitudinal reinforcement
providing confining reinforcement
puddling: column strength concrete is placed
within the slab-column connection and the
surrounding region.

The puddled column concrete should


occupy the full slab thickness and extend
beyond the face of the column the greater of
600 mm and twice the depth of the slab or
beam at the column face.
customise reo
arrangement

CLAUSE
10.7.3 NOT
APPLIED IN
THIS
PROGRAM

Engineer to
determine final FRP
Q&A
6. Wall Design
6.1. General
6.2. Design Procedures
6.3. Braced Walls
6.4. Effective Height
6.5. Simplified Design Method for Walls Subjected to
Vertical Compression Forces
6.6. Design of Walls for In-plane Shear Forces
6.7. Wall Fire Design
6.8. Reinforce Requirement
6.1 General
>> Braced walls subjected to in-plane & out-of-plan load
Design as slab when
1) Stress under M & N <= min(0.03f'c,2MPa)
2) Second-order deflections considered in M & N
calculations
3) Ratio of effective height to thickness < 50
Design as column otherwise

>> Braced walls subjected to in-plane load only


Refer to next page 6.1
6.2 Design Procedures
>> Compression over the entire section

Use simplified method (Cl.11.5)

Design as columns but restraint provisions of


Cl.10.7.4 is not required if either of the following
conditions is met:
1) N*<=0.5*Phi*Nu
2) f'c<=50MPa and either
i) Vertical reo is not used as compression reo
ii) Vertical reo ratio <=0.01 and
Horizontal reo ratio >=0.0025
6.2 Design Procedures
>> Tension on part of the section

Use beam theory to design for moment &


Use Cl.11.6 to design for shear

OR

Strut and Tie Model to design non-flexural member


as Section 12 of AS3600-2009
6.3 Braced Walls
>> Definition

Does not rely on out-of-plan strength and stiffness


and
Connection to rest of the structure can transmit:
1) any calculated load effects
2) 2.5% of total vertical load and >=2kN/m
6.4 Effective Height (Hwe=kHw)
Double layer reinforced
in in-situ walls Single layer reinforcement
in in-situ walls;
>> One-way buckling Dincel, OZM, AFS walls

k=0.75 (restrain against rotation at both ends)


k=1 (no restrain against rotation at one or both ends)

>> Two-way buckling (3 sides support)

>=0.3 & <= k from one-way buckling


6.4 Effective Height (Hwe=kHw)
>> Two-way buckling (4 sides support)
6.5 Simplified Design Method
>> Provided Hwe/tw<=30

=tw/6 (discontinuous floor)


=0 (continuous floor)

&
>=0.05tw
6.6 Design of Walls for
In-plane Shear Forces
>> Critical section for shear
min(0.5Lw, 0.5Hw) above base

>> Capacity = 0.7Vu <=0.7Vumax, where


Vuc

Vus
6.7 Fire Design
>> Design for Insulation
6.7 Fire Design
>> Design for structural adequacy
6.8 Reinforcement Requirement
>> Minimum reinforcement ratio (pw)
Vertical >=0.0015 Can be reduced for
special cases in code
Horizontal >=0.0025
(when tw>=500, can use 250mm to design minimum reo
for each surface)
200mm wall,
>> Horizontal reinforcement for crack control N12-300 will get
0.0037, normally this
Exposure classification A1 & A2 is the minimum reo
we use for core walls
1) minor degree of control: >=0.0025
2) medium degree of control: >=0.0035
3) strong degree of control: >=0.006 Generally this

Exposure classification B1, B2, C1 & C2


case is for the
case when there

>=0.006
is no finish over
when design for the concrete, but
water retaining or it is up to PE
others decision
6.8 Reinforcement Requirement
>> Spacing of reinforcement

minimum spacing: 3db

maximum spacing: min(2.5tw, 350)

must provide double reinforcement when


1) tw >=200mm
or
2) tensile stress > concrete tensile capacity
or
3) wall designed as two-way buckling
Nf*= DL + 0.4LL
N*=1.2DL + 1.5LL
Normally N*~= 1.2 Nf*
for fire design, we need Nf*/faiNu<=0.7
which means N*/1.2/PhiiNu<=0.7,
therefore, N*/PhiNu<=0.7*1.2=0.84,
use 0.85 for preliminary design is ok
Q&A
7. Pad Footing Design
7.1. General
7.2. Single Pad Footing
7.3. Strip Footing
7.4. Corewall Footing
7.1 General
>> Allowable bearing pressure (p)
Geotechnical engineer report will give allowable
bearing pressure.

>> Working load:


Dead + Live (axial force and moment)
Corewall take the overturning moment and shear force,
Single columns will only have axial dead and live load
For special cases, there will be tensile and compression
force from wind and earthquake load.
7.2 Single Pad Footing
7.2.1 Column is in pad centre (only axial force)

7.2.2 Column is in pad centre (axial force and moment


in one direction)

7.2.3 Column is not in pad center (axial force and moment


in two directions)
7.2.1 Column is in pad centre (only N)
MOST COMMON CASE

N
L

dom
h
b

W
D

Ideal design:
Check 1: bearing pressure L-h=W-b
7.2.1 Column is in pad centre (only N)
Check 2: Punching shear check
0
um

dom L
A1=(h+dom)*(b+dom)
h
b
W

dom/2

AS3600-Figure 9.2.1(A)
if h+dom>=L or b+dom>=W,
punching check is not needed
punching force: V*=q*(W*L-A1), where q is ultimate recation
pressure
7.2.1 Column is in pad centre (only N)
Check 3: Beam shear check

dom L

1.0

dom
h
b

Beam Shear
Check Location

if h+2*dom > L, no need to check L direction beam shear


if b+2*dom > W, no need to check W direction beam shear
7.2.1 Column is in pad centre (only N)
Check 4: Pad footing depth need to meet reinforcement
develop length requirement

to meet develop length of column vertical reo

Footing depth D
D >= 0.5Lsy,t+cover
7.2.2 Column is in pad centre
(N & Mx or My)
N N
M M L

dom dom h
b

W
D

Check 1:
max bearing pressure <= allowable bearing pressure

Check 2,3,4: SIMILAR as before

Similar, not same


7.2.3 Column is not in pad centre
(N & Mx & My)

L
A B

h
W

D C

Stress in A,B,C,D is different

Need FEM analysis to get the stress distribution


7.3 Strip Footing
>> Normally for single walls

>> Use 1000mm long to check

>> Similar as pad footing

>> beam shear is only for one direction when need to check
7.4 Core Wall Footing

7.4.1 Sliding check (design for shear)

V*

Passive
pressure

Base friction

Base friction + Passive pressure >= V*


>> Base friction
Dead Load

Load Factor 0.9 Internal angle of


friction refer to
geotechnical report

>> Passive pressure

Active pressure

Passive pressure

Angle of shear
resistance
7.4.2 Overturning check
(design for moment)

M*

Passive
pressure

Base friction
7.4.3 Base bearing check

M*

Passive
pressure

Similar as pad footing


7.4.4 Footing punching shear and
beam shear check

Similar as pad footing


Q&A

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