CHAPTER 7

MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS
An electrostatic field is produced by
static or stationary charges.
electric charge electrostatic field
A static magnetic field (or magnetostatic
field) is produced if the charges are
velocity
moving with a constant velocity.
direct current magnetostatic field
 Magnetic phonemena is of considerable
importance in advanced technology.
The development of electric motors,
transformers microphones,
transformers, microphones memory
storage devices, magnetic sensors,
magnetically
i ll levitated
l i d high
hi h speed
d
vehicles, etc. involve magnetic
phonemena.
 There is a link between electric and
g
magnetic fields which was established
by Oersted in 1820.
Oersted noticed a compass needle
deflected from magnetic north when an
electric current from a battery was
switched on and off, confirming a direct
relationship between electricity and
magnetism.
Oersteds Experiment
BIOT-SAVART S LAW
BIOT-SAVARTS
Biot-Savarts Law is the general law of
magnetostatics.
magnetostatics
Idl a R
dH = H = dH
4 R 2
Idl a R
H=
L
4 R 2

R
H: magnetic field intensity vector (A/m) aR = | R |

 The direction of H is determined by the right
hand rule:

The right hand

thumb points
the direction of
the current
The right
Th i ht hand
h d encircling
i li
fingers (showing a
circular path) points the
direction of H
 In/out representations:

The dot sign at the centre of a The cross sign in a circle

circle represents that the given represents that the given
direction is through out of the direction is into the page
page (considering the page as a (considering the page as a linear
linear plane) plane)
 Different current distributions:

Line current Volume current

Surface current
We assume We assume that
We assume that
that
h current current flows
current flows
flows through through a volume
through a surface
a linear path
 Different current distributions:

Line current
I : line current (A)
dl: differential line element
Volume current
J : volume current density (A/m 2 )
dv: differential volume element
Surface current
K : surface current density (A/m)
dS : scalar differential area element

Idl KdS Jdv

 Then Biot-Savart
Then, Biot-Savarts
s Law can be extended into:
R : The position vector from the
Idl a R
Line current : H= current source to the point.
4 R 2 R
L aR = | R |

(KdS ) a R
Surface current : H=
S
4 R 2

( Jdv) a R
Volume current : H=
v
4 R 2

scalar vector vector

Attention: Iddl KdS

d Jdv
d
vector scalar scalar
Example: Find the magnetic field intensity at point
P due to a straight current (I ) carrying filamentary
conductor of finite length
g shown below.
How to solve the problem?
We can apply Biot-Savarts law for
the
h line
li current.
Idl a R
dH =
4 R 2
Step-1:
p Choose a suitable coordinate
system,
Step-2: Define dl , R and a R vectors,
Step-3: Apply the formula.
 I
Answer: H fila = ( cos 2 cos1 ) a
4
Special case 1: Semi-infinite line from
the origin to infinity along the z-axis:

I
H semi-inf. fila = a
4

Special case 2: Infinite along the z-axis:

I
H inf.fila = a
2

Example: A current carrying conducting line is
located along the x-axis between 0x2. When
the current is 10 A,, find H at ((0,0,5).
, , )
 For this type of questions,
questions if you need to express
your answer in Cartesian coordinates, you can use
the relation:
al a = a
E
Express b h in
both i Cartesian
C i coordinates
di and
d take
k the
h cross product
d

al : the unit vector along the line current

(the direction through the current flows)
a : the unit vector along
g the pperpendicular
p
line from the current source through the point.
Example:
E l The iti y-axis
Th positive i carries
i a filamentary
fil t
current of 2 A in a y direction. Find H at (3,12,-4).

H
Homework:
k Problem
P bl 7
7.2,
2 77.5
5 and
d 7.6
76
 End of the lecture

Next lecture Amperes circuit law,

Magnetic flux density.
density
Ampere s Circuit Law:
Amperes
The line integral of the tangential component of H
around a closed path is the same as the net current
enclosed by the path

Hdl = Ienc Amperes Circuit Law

L
[ H dl ] = (
I enc =
S
H ) dS = JdS
S

Stoke's Theorem : [ A dl ] = ( A ) dS
L S
Then,
h
H = J
This is
Thi i the
h third
hi d Maxwells
M ll equation
i or it
i iis
essentially Amperes law in differential form.

We should also observe that H = J 0 implies

magnetostatic field is not conservative.
conservative
(Remember: conservative vector fields have the property
g
that the line integral from one p
point to another is
independent of the choice of path connecting the two
points)
Applications of Ampere
Amperess Law:
We can apply Amperes circuit law to determine H
for some symmetrical current distributions (as we
did to determine E in Gausss law)

We will use Amperes law to find H due to

((1)) an infinite line current,,
(2) an infinite current sheet,
(3) an infinitelyy longg coaxial transmission line
A. Infinite Line Current:
A
Consider an infinitely long filamentary line carrying
current I through +z-direction.
direction Let s find H at P.
Lets

H at P = ?
Step-1:
Step 1: Choose a suitable closed path including the
point (amperian path)
Step 2: Apply Gauss
Step-2: Gausss
s law.
law

A . path
Amp th
Hdl = I enc

Answer

I
H inf.fila = a
2

B. Infinite Sheet of Current:
B
Consider an infinite current sheet in the xy-plane
having a uniform current density K = K y a y A/m.
A/m
Lets find H due to this current at some arbitrary
point P.
p
B Infinite Sheet of Current:
B.

1
Answer : H inf.sheet = K an
2
a n : unit normal vector directed from the
h
current sheet h point off interest
to the
Example: Plane y=1 carries current K = 50a z mA/m.
Find H at the origin.
origin

Answer: H = 25a x mA/m

C Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line:
C.
Consider an infinitely long coaxial
transmission line consisting of two
cylinders having their axes along
the z-axis.

The inner conductor has radius a

and carries a current I while the
outer conductor has inner radius b
and thickness t and carries the
return current I.
A coaxial cable
Lets find H everywhere.
C Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line:
C.

4 amperian paths can

be chosen as shown
in the figure (L1-L4).
C Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line:
C.
Answer

Homework: Example 7.5, Problem 7.23.

Example: A toroid whose dimensions are shown in the
figure has N turns and carries current I. Determine H
inside and outside of the toroid.

Answer: (inside)
NI
H= a
2

76
Homework: Practice Exercise 7.6
 End of the lecture

Next lecture Maxwells Equations for static

EM fields,
fields
Magnetic potentials,
Biot Savart &
Exercises on Biot-Savart
Amperes laws.
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

B : Magnetic Flux Density (in Wb/m2 or Teslas (T) )

The magnetic flux density (B) is similar to the electric
flux density D.
D It can be defined as the amount of
magnetic flux through a unit area taken perpendicular
g
to the direction of the magnetic flux.

B = H ( : ppermeabilityy )
Remember: ( D = E )
 Permeability ( ) is the measure of the ability of a
material to support the formation of a magnetic
field within itself. The reciprocal of magnetic
permeability is magnetic reluctivity.

0 = 4 10 7
H/
H/m
0 : permeability of free space (or the magnetic constant)
in free space : B = 0 H
in general : B = H = 0 r
r : relative permeability constant
of the material or medium.
If B represents magnetic flux density,
density then the total
magnetic flux through a surface is given by:

= B dS : magnetic flux (in Webers (Wb))

S

Gauss s Law for Magnetism: The total magnetic

Gausss
flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field is
zero.

= BdS = 0
S
Gausss Law in electrostatics: electric = DdS = Qenc
S

Gausss Law in magnetism: magnetic = BdS = 0

S
This is due to the fact that it is not possible to have
isolated magnetic poles (or magnetic charges).

Successive division of a bar magnet results in pieces with north and

south poles, showing that magnetic poles cannot be isolated.

An isolated magnetic charge does not exist.

exist
 magnetic = BdS = 0
S

(Applying Divergence Theorem )

BdS = ( B ) dv = 0 B = 0
S v The fourth Maxwells equation

Equation suggests that magnetic field lines are always

continuous and magnetostatic fields have no sources or sinks
 MAXWELLS EQUATIONS

James Clerk Maxwell (1831 1879) was a Scottish theoretical physicist.

His most prominent achievement was formulating classical
electromagnetic theory
theory. This unites all previously unrelated observations
observations,
experiments, and equations of electricity, magnetism, and optics into a
consistent theory.
Maxwell's
Maxwell s equations demonstrate that electricity,
electricity magnetism and light are
all manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely the electromagnetic
field.
Subsequently all other classical laws or equations of these disciplines
Subsequently,
became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations.
Maxwell's achievements concerning electromagnetism have been called the
second great unification in physics
"second physics",, after the first one realised by Isaac
Newton.
Ref: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell)
MAXWELLS
MAXWELL S EQUATIONS FOR STATIC EM FIELDS
Differential form Integral form

D = v DdS = v dv
S v
(Gausss law)

BdS = 0
(Nonexistence of
B = 0 magnetic monopole)
S

E = 0 Edl = 0
L
(Conservativeness of
electrostatic field)

H = J Hdl = JdS
L S
(Amperes law)
Magnetic Potentials
The electric potential was a scalar quantity. However, magnetic
potential could be defined as a scalar or vector.
Vm : scalar magnetic potential (in amperes (A))
A : vector magnetic potential (in Wb/m or Vs/m)
The condition for a scalar magnetic potential to be defined is that
the magnetic field must be curl free : H = 0 implies J = 0 .
Then,

H = Vm (for only J = 0)
(remember E = V )
The scalar magnetic potential was defined in exactly the same with
the electric potential.
potential It also satisfies the Laplace
Laplaces
s equation.
equation
2Vm = 0
Magnetic Potentials
Since J 0 is the general case, the more frequently used
magnetic potential is the vector magnetic potential ( A) in Webers
per meter (Wb/m) such that

B = A
Then, magnetic
g flux in terms of vector magnetic
g potential becomes:
p

= BdS = ( A ) dS = Adl
S S L

Stokes theorem

= Adl
L
Biot Savarts
Biot-Savart s Law for the magnetic potential:

0 Idl
A= (due to a line current )

L
4 R
0KdS
A= (due to a surface current )

S
4 R
0 Jdv
A= (due to a volume current )

v
4 R
 2
Example: Given the magnetic vector potential A = az
4
Wb/m, Calculate the total magnetic flux crossing
the surface = 2,
2 1 2 m,
m 0 z 5 m.

Answer: 3.75 Wb
Example: Find the scalar magnetic potential due to
an infinite line current located on the z-axis and
carrying current I.

I
Answer: Vm = + C, C : constant
2

Homework: Practice Exercise 7.3, 7.7, Example 7.8,

Problems 7.31, 7.33, 7.36, 7.37.
Example: A circular loop whose centre is located at
the origin carries a direct current I. Determine the
magnetic field intensity vector at P(0,0,
(0 0 h).
)

I 2a z
Answer: H circ.loop =
2 32
2 + h
2
 I 2a z
H circ.loop =
2 32
2 + h
2

(a) circular current loop, (b) flux lines due to the current loop.
 End of the lecture

Next lecture Chapter 8.