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INTRODUCTION
Each sensor pair (coil and Hall element) is mounted on a small circuit board
that performs the necessary preamplification and integration and provides output
signals proportional to magnetic flux density and field strength. By digitizing these
values as the tool or test bed vehicle passes, the degree of pipe magnetization, the
flux density, and the remanent magnetization can be determined. These data can be
used to assess the effects of various magnet strengths, MFL inspection velocity, and
pipe stress in the case of the flow loop. Each sensor pair measures the magnetization
over a one-inch section of the pipe circumference.
B Flux H Field
Hall Generator
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For internal MFL inspection of pipelines, most systems use permanent magnets.
The magnetization process is shown schematically in Figure 2. A magnetic field
sensor and a flux density sensor are fixed at one location of the pipe. The
magnetization curve in Figure 2 starts at the origin, which means the pipe has no
previous magnetic inspections or that it has been demagnetized. The curve moves
through the following points:
Position A: As the magnetizing assembly approaches, a negative
magnetic field and flux density are produced due to air-coupled fields.
Position B: As the forward leg of the magnet passes the sensor location,
the applied field changes orientation and increases significantly.
Position C: The maximum field intensity is achieved when the sensor is
between the pole pieces, although not necessarily at the half way point.
Position P: As the trailing leg of the magnet passes the sensor location,
the field decreases significantly and changes orientation.
Position E: The applied field reaches a maximum negative value before
the magnetizing assembly leaves the sensor region.
Position F: The applied field now is zero but some flux density remains
in the pipe. This remaining flux density is the remanent magnetization.
The effects of multiple passes on the applied field can be seen in a measurement
program using an instrumented pipe without metal-loss regions. Selected results from
the instrumented measurements are shown in Figure 3. Subsequent passages of a
magnetizing assembly created different magnetization curves. Two important changes
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Flow Loop Pipe
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can be observed. First, the maximum field and flux density are less for each passage.
Second, these reductions of field level become less significant after the first passage
and the level asymptotically approaches a final level.
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Resultant decrease:
in the flux density ;
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CO due to remanent
_ magnetization
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Resultant decrease
density results in a
aiter 3"5 magnetizations
:::J in the flux density
u:::() in the pipe, Similar results for
:a; thick wall, other
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; Decrease in applied :
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,-
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..
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ANALYSIS OF DEFECT SIGNALS
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research for this paper was funded by the Gas Research Institute using the
NDE Laboratory of the GRI Pipeline Simulation Facility.
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Figure 5. Test bed vehicle data from initial magnetization of pull rig defect set.
Figure 6. Test bed vehicle data after fourth magnetization of pull rig defect set.
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REFERENCES
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