OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION

SUMMARY

DIFFUSION OSMOSIS ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Movement Particles and solvent Water moving from lower Moves against a
moving from Higher solute concentration to concentration gradient
concentration to lower higher solute concentration (Low to high)
concentration
Required - Semi-permeable membrane ATP
Purpose To create energy and to Plants absorption of Potassium intake
help in the exchange of water from soil
particles needed to perform Animals distribution of
cellular functions (ie, nutrients and release of
respiration, etc) metabolic wastes
Duration of process Usually fast Usually slow Usually fast

Effect of Osmosis on Cells Adaptation of Organisms

0.9% NaCl dH20 10% NaCl

Comparisons
PLASMA MEMBRANE

Fluid mosaic model

Fluid mosaic because the membrane is dynamic

 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Quiz:

1. Photosynthesis is a chemical process that converts ____ energy to _____ energy.

2. Which of the following is the proper summary equation for photosynthesis?
a. C6H12O6 + CO2 in the presence of light and chlorophyll yields H2O + O2
b. H2O + CO2 in the presence of light and chlorophyll yields C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
c. H2O + CO2 yields C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
d. CO2 in the presence of light and chlorophyll yields C6H12O6 + O2
3. Plants typically store the sugar produced from photosynthesis in the form of ____.
4. If the Rf value for the paper chromatography of carotene was 0.5 and the value for chlorophyll b was 0.7,
then which of the following choices is true for these two pigments?
a. Carotene was more soluble than chlorophyll b.
b. Chlorophyll b was a larger molecule than carotene.
c. Chlorophyll b traveled farther up the paper.
5.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

4 Stages
1. Glycolysis splitting sugars; occur in the cytoplasm of the cell
-2 phases:
-energy investment phase (2 ATP introduced to glucose form 6C-2P molecule that splits into
two 3CP molecules)
-energy harvesting phase (two 3C molecules are converted to pyruvate and produces 4 ATP)
-net product: 2 ATP and 2 NADH
-needs O2 to proceed to the next stage and enter mitochondria
2. Transition Reaction pyruvate oxidation in which it is converted to Acetyl CoA and produces electrons which
converts NAD into NADH, and release, and a carbon is lost, forming CO2.
3. Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl CoA will initially bind with oxaloacetate and goes through a cycle of redox
reactions; occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-for 1 glucose molecule = 2 cycles (1 for each pyruvate molecule)
-net product: 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2
 4. Electron Transport Chain occurs in the cristae of mitochondria
-electron passes thru certain membrane protein complex (last one having o2 as final acceptor) , and in
turn releases hydrogen ions across the membrane, and thus increasing the concentration and
changing the concentration gradient. This is turn fuel the ATP synthase (where H+ travel back across
membrane) and produce ATP.
-since O2 is the terminal electron acceptor, by accepting the electrons it is reduced to form water, a
final product of ETC.
-32 ATP produced

Total product of Cellular Respiration: 32-36 ATP

Purpose of cellular respiration: Convert food that we eat into energy that the body can utilize
Question: What if there is not enough glucose as source of energy? Are there alternatives?
What if there is not enough oxygen?