Appendix C

Thermophysical Properties

TABLE C.1 Thermophysical Properties of Pure Water at Atmospheric Pressure

T ( C) r (kg/m3) m  103 (kg/m$s) n  106 (m2/s) k (W/m$K) b  105 (1/K) cp (J/kg$K) Pr

0 999.84 1.7531 1.7533 0.5687 6.8140 4209.3 12.976
5 999.96 1.5012 1.5013 0.5780 1.5980 4201.0 10.911
10 999.70 1.2995 1.2999 0.5869 8.7900 4194.1 9.2860
15 999.10 1.1360 1.1370 0.5953 15.073 4188.5 7.9910
20 998.20 1.0017 1.0035 0.6034 20.661 4184.1 6.9460

25 997.07 0.8904 0.8930 0.6110 20.570 4180.9 6.0930

30 995.65 0.7972 0.8007 0.6182 30.314 4178.8 5.3880
35 994.30 0.7185 0.7228 0.6251 34.571 4177.7 4.8020
40 992.21 0.6517 0.6565 0.6351 38.530 4177.6 4.3090
45 990.22 0.5939 0.5997 0.6376 42.260 4178.3 3.8920
50 988.04 0.5442 0.5507 0.6432 45.780 4179.7 3.5350

60 983.19 0.4631 0.4710 0.6535 52.330 4184.8 2.9650

70 977.76 0.4004 0.4095 0.6623 58.400 4192.0 2.5340
80 971.79 0.3509 0.3611 0.6698 64.130 4200.1 2.2010
90 965.31 0.3113 0.3225 0.6759 69.620 4210.7 1.9390
100 958.35 0.2789 0.2911 0.6807 75.000 4221.0 1.7290

Source: Kukulka, D.J. (1981). Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Pure and Saline Water, MSc Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo.

TABLE C.2 Thermophysical Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure

T (K) r (kg/m3) cp (J/kg$K) m  107 (kg/m$s) n  106 (m2/s) k  103 (W/m$K) a  106 (m2/s) Pr
200 1.7458 1.007 132.5 7.59 18.10 10.30 0.737

250 1.3947 1.006 159.6 11.44 22.30 15.90 0.720

300 1.1614 1.007 184.6 15.89 26.30 22.50 0.707
350 0.9950 1.009 208.2 20.92 30.00 29.90 0.700
400 0.8711 1.014 230.1 26.41 33.80 38.30 0.690
450 0.7740 1.021 250.7 32.39 37.30 47.20 0.686
500 0.6964 1.030 270.1 38.79 40.70 56.70 0.684

(Continued)

513
514 Appendix C

TABLE C.2 Thermophysical Properties of Air at Atmospheric PressuredContd

T (K) r (kg/m3) cp (J/kg$K) m  107 (kg/m$s) n  106 (m2/s) k  103 (W/m$K) a  106 (m2/s) Pr
550 0.6329 1.040 288.4 45.57 43.90 66.70 0.683
600 0.5804 1.051 305.8 52.69 46.90 76.90 0.685
650 0.5356 1.063 322.5 60.21 49.70 87.30 0.690
700 0.4975 1.075 338.8 68.10 52.40 98.00 0.695
750 0.4643 1.087 354.6 76.37 54.90 109.00 0.702
800 0.4354 1.099 369.8 84.93 57.30 120.00 0.709

850 0.4097 1.110 384.3 93.80 59.60 131.00 0.716

900 0.3868 1.121 398.1 102.90 62.00 143.00 0.720
950 0.3666 1.131 411.3 112.20 64.30 155.00 0.723

Source: Dincer, I. (1997). Heat Transfer in Food Cooling Applications, Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC; Borgnakke, C., Sonntag, R.E. (1997). Thermodynamic
and Transport Properties, Wiley, New York.

TABLE C.3 Thermophysical Properties of Ammonia (NH3) Gas at Atmospheric Pressure

T (K) r (kg/m3) cp (J/kg$K) m  107 (kg/m$s) n  106 (m2/s) k  103 (W/m$K) a  106 (m2/s) Pr
300 0.6994 2.158 101.5 14.70 24.70 16.66 0.887

320 0.6468 2.170 109.0 16.90 27.20 19.40 0.870

340 0.6059 2.192 116.5 19.20 29.30 22.10 0.872
360 0.5716 2.221 124.0 21.70 31.60 24.90 0.870
380 0.5410 2.254 131.0 24.20 34.00 27.90 0.869
400 0.5136 2.287 138.0 26.90 37.00 31.50 0.853
420 0.4888 2.322 145.0 29.70 40.40 35.60 0.833
440 0.4664 2.357 152.5 32.70 43.50 39.60 0.826

460 0.4460 2.393 159.0 35.70 46.30 43.40 0.822

480 0.4273 2.430 166.5 39.00 49.20 47.40 0.822
500 0.4101 2.467 173.0 42.20 52.50 51.90 0.813
520 0.3942 2.504 180.0 45.70 54.50 55.20 0.827
540 0.3795 2.540 186.5 49.10 57.50 59.70 0.824
560 0.3708 2.577 193.5 52.00 60.60 63.40 0.827

580 0.3533 2.613 199.5 56.50 63.68 69.10 0.817

Source: Dincer, I. (1997). Heat Transfer in Food Cooling Applications, Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC; Borgnakke C., Sonntag, R.E. (1997). Thermodynamic
and Transport Properties, Wiley, New York.
Appendix C 515

TABLE C.4 Thermophysical Properties of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gas at Atmospheric Pressure

T (K) r (kg/m3) cp (J/kg$K) m  107 (kg/m$s) n  106 (m2/s) k  103 (W/m$K) a  106 (m2/s) Pr
280 1.9022 0.830 140.0 7.36 15.20 9.63 0.765
300 1.7730 0.851 149.0 8.40 16.55 11.00 0.766

320 1.6609 0.872 156.0 9.39 18.05 12.50 0.754

340 1.5618 0.891 165.0 10.60 19.70 14.20 0.746
360 1.4743 0.908 173.0 11.70 21.20 15.80 0.741
380 1.3961 0.926 181.0 13.00 22.75 17.60 0.737
400 1.3257 0.942 190.0 14.30 24.30 19.50 0.737
450 1.1782 0.981 210.0 17.80 28.20 24.50 0.728

500 1.0594 1.020 231.0 21.80 32.50 30.10 0.725

550 0.9625 1.050 251.0 26.10 36.60 36.20 0.721
600 0.8826 1.080 270.0 30.60 40.70 42.70 0.717
650 0.8143 1.100 288.0 35.40 44.50 49.70 0.712
700 0.7564 1.130 305.0 40.30 48.10 56.30 0.717
750 0.7057 1.150 321.0 45.50 51.70 63.70 0.714

800 0.6614 1.170 337.0 51.00 55.10 71.20 0.716

Source: Dincer, I. (1997). Heat Transfer in Food Cooling Applications, Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC; Borgnakke C., Sonntag, R.E. (1997). Thermodynamic
and Transport Properties, Wiley, New York.

TABLE C.5 Thermophysical Properties of Hydrogen (H2) Gas at Atmospheric Pressure

T (K) r (kg/m3) cp (J/kg$K) m  107 (kg/m$s) n  106 (m2/s) k  103 (W/m$K) a  106 (m2/s) Pr
100 0.2425 11.23 42.1 17.40 67.00 24.60 0.707
150 0.1615 12.60 56.0 34.70 101.00 49.60 0.699
200 0.1211 13.54 68.1 56.20 131.00 79.90 0.704
250 0.0969 14.06 78.9 81.40 157.00 115.00 0.707
300 0.0808 14.31 89.6 111.00 183.00 158.00 0.701
350 0.0692 14.43 98.8 143.00 204.00 204.00 0.700

400 0.0606 14.48 108.2 179.00 226.00 258.00 0.695

450 0.0538 14.50 117.2 218.00 247.00 316.00 0.689
500 0.0485 14.52 126.4 261.00 266.00 378.00 0.691
550 0.0440 14.53 134.3 305.00 285.00 445.00 0.685
600 0.0404 14.55 142.4 352.00 305.00 519.00 0.678
700 0.0346 14.61 157.8 456.00 342.00 676.00 0.675

800 0.0303 14.70 172.4 569.00 378.00 849.00 0.670

900 0.0269 14.83 186.5 692.00 412.00 1030.00 0.671

Source: Dincer, I. (1997). Heat Transfer in Food Cooling Applications, Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC; Borgnakke C., Sonntag, R.E. (1997). Thermodynamic
and Transport Properties, Wiley, New York.
516 Appendix C

TABLE C.6 Thermophysical Properties of Oxygen (O2) Gas at Atmospheric Pressure.

T (K) r (kg/m3) cp (J/kg$K) m  107 (kg/m$s) n  106 (m2/s) k  103 (W/m$K) a  106 (m2/s) Pr
100 3.9450 0.962 76.4 1.94 9.25 2.44 0.796
150 2.5850 0.921 114.8 4.44 13.80 5.80 0.766

200 1.9300 0.915 147.5 7.64 18.30 10.40 0.737

250 1.5420 0.915 178.6 11.58 22.60 16.00 0.723
300 1.2840 0.920 207.2 16.14 26.80 22.70 0.711
350 1.1000 0.929 233.5 21.23 29.60 29.00 0.733
400 0.9620 0.942 258.2 26.84 33.00 36.40 0.737
450 0.8554 0.956 281.4 32.90 36.30 44.40 0.741

500 0.7698 0.972 303.3 39.40 41.20 55.10 0.716

550 0.6998 0.988 324.0 46.30 44.10 63.80 0.726
600 0.6414 1.003 343.7 53.59 47.30 73.50 0.729
700 0.5498 1.031 380.8 69.26 52.80 93.10 0.744
800 0.4810 1.054 415.2 86.32 58.90 116.00 0.743
900 0.4275 1.074 447.2 104.60 64.90 141.00 0.740

Source: Dincer, I. (1997). Heat Transfer in Food Cooling Applications, Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC; Borgnakke C., Sonntag, R.E. (1997). Thermodynamic
and Transport Properties, Wiley, New York.

TABLE C.7 Thermophysical Properties of Water Vapor (Steam) Gas at Atmospheric Pressure

T (K) r (kg/m3) cp (J/kg$K) m  107 (kg/m$s) n  106 (m2/s) k  103 (W/m$K) a  106 (m2/s) Pr
380 0.5863 2.060 127.1 21.68 24.60 20.40 1.060
400 0.5542 2.014 134.4 24.25 26.10 23.40 1.040
450 0.4902 1.980 152.5 31.11 29.90 30.80 1.010
500 0.4405 1.985 170.4 38.68 33.90 38.80 0.998
550 0.4005 1.997 188.4 47.04 37.90 47.40 0.993

600 0.3652 2.026 206.7 56.60 42.20 57.00 0.993

650 0.3380 2.056 224.7 66.48 46.40 66.80 0.996
700 0.3140 2.085 242.6 77.26 50.50 77.10 1.000
750 0.2931 2.119 260.4 88.84 54.90 88.40 1.000
800 0.2739 2.152 278.6 101.70 59.20 100.00 1.010
850 0.2579 2.186 296.9 115.10 63.70 113.00 1.020

Source: Dincer, I. (1997). Heat Transfer in Food Cooling Applications, Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC; Borgnakke C., Sonntag, R.E. (1997). Thermodynamic
and Transport Properties, Wiley, New York.
Appendix C 517

TABLE C.8 Thermophysical Properties of Some Solid Materials

Composition T (K) r (kg/m3) k (W/m$K) cp (J/kg$K)

Aluminum 273 673 2720 204 250 895
Asphalt 300 2115 0.0662 920

Bakelite 300 1300 1.4 1465

Brass (70% Cu + 30% Zn) 373 573 8520 104 147 380
Carborundum 872 d 18.5 d
Chrome brick 473 3010 2.3 835
823 d 2.5 d
Diatomaceous silica, fired 478 d 0.25 d

Fire clay brick 478 2645 1.0 960

922 d 1.5 d
Bronze (75% Cu + 25% Sn) 273 373 8670 26.0 340
Clay 300 1460 1.3 880
Coal (anthracite) 300 1350 0.26 1260
Concrete (stone mix) 300 2300 1.4 880

Constantan (60% Cu + 40% Ni) 273 373 8920 22 26 420

Copper 273 873 8950 385 350 380
Cotton 300 80 0.06 1300
Glass
Plate (soda lime) 300 2500 1.4 750
Pyrex 300 2225 1.4 835

Ice 253 d 2.03 1945

273 920 1.88 2040
Iron (C z 4% cast) 273 1273 7260 52 35 420
Iron (C z 0.5% wrought) 273 1273 7850 59 35 460
Lead 273 573 d d d
Leather (sole) 300 998 0.159 d

Magnesium 273 573 1750 171 157 1010

Mercury 273 573 13400 8 10 125
Molybdenum 273 1273 10220 125 99 251
Nickel 273 673 8900 93 59 450
Paper 300 930 0.18 1340
Paraffin 300 900 0.24 2890

Platinum 273 1273 21400 70 75 240

Rock
Granite, Barre 300 2630 2.79 775
Limestone, Salem 300 2320 2.15 810
Marble, Halston 300 2680 2.80 830

(Continued)
518 Appendix C

TABLE C.8 Thermophysical Properties of Some Solid MaterialsdContd

Composition T (K) r (kg/m3) k (W/m$K) cp (J/kg$K)
Rubber, vulcanized Soft 300 1100 0.13 2010
Sandstone, Berea 300 2150 2.90 745
Hard 300 1190 0.16 d
Sand 300 1515 0.27 800
Silver 273 673 10520 410 360 230
Soil 300 2050 0.52 1840

Steel (C z 1%) 273 1273 7800 43 28 470

Steel (Cr z 1%) 273 1273 7860 62 33 460
Steel (18% Cr + 8% Ni) 273 1273 7810 16 26 460
Snow 273 110 0.049 d
Teflon 300 2200 0.35 d
Tin 273 473 7300 65 57 230

Tissue, human
Skin 300 d 0.37 d
Fat layer (adipose) 300 d 0.2 d
Muscle 300 d 0.41 d
Tungsten 273 1273 19350 166 76 130
Wood, cross grain

Fir 300 415 0.11 2720

Oak 300 545 0.17 2385
Yellow pine 300 640 0.15 2805
White pine 300 435 0.11 d
Wood, radial
Fir 300 420 0.14 2720

Oak 300 545 0.19 2385

Zinc 273 673 7140 112 93 380

Source: Dincer, I. (1997). Heat Transfer in Food Cooling Applications, Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC; Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P. (1998). Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer, Wiley, New York.