Nomenclature

a Speed of sound (m/s); constant coefficient of enthalpy i Specific irreversibility (exergy destruction) (kJ/kg);
and entropy equations time step increment (s); current density (A/m2);
A Surface area (m2); cell active area (m2) interest rate (%)
AP Air pollution I Irreversibility (exergy destruction) (kJ); current (A)
Ar Archimedes number I_ Irreversibility rate (exergy destruction rate) (kW)
Av Reaction surface area density m2/m3 Isc Short circuit current (A)
c Specific heat (kJ/kg K); absolute velocity relative to _
IP Improvement potential rate
the fixed reference environment (m/s); unit cost ($/GJ J0 Reference exchange current density (A/m3)
or $/kg) J Current density (A/m2)
cp Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg K) J0 Volumetric current density (A/m3)
cv Specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg K) k Thermal conductivity (W/m K); number of zones; loss
C Heat capacity rate; concentration (%); cost ($); cost coefficient
per unit exergy ($/MJ); molar concentration (mol/m3) K Capital cost ($); permeability (m2)
C_ Cost rate ($/h) ke Specific kinetic energy (m2/s2)
C A_ Annual capital cost ($/y) KE Kinetic energy (kJ)
C_ D Cost of exergy destruction rate ($/s) L Ratio of lost exergy to incoming exergy;
cf Cost of fuel per unit of energy ($/MJ) thermodynamic loss ratio; width (m); length scale (m)
Ca Specific heat of air (kJ/kg K) L_ Loss rate ratio
CI Cost index LHV Lower heating value (kJ/kg)
COP Coefficient of performance m Mass (kg)
CRF Capital recovery factor M Molar mass (mol); moisture content (%); molecular
D Mass diffusivity of species (m2/s); fuel cost ($/y); weight (g/mol)
depletion number MW Molecular weight (kg/kmol)
e Specific energy (kJ/kg); standard chemical exergy of m_ Mass flow rate (kg/s); mass flux (kg/m2 s)
a pure chemical compound i; (kJ/kmol); difference in n Number of values in a set; number of moles; number
inflation rates (%) of solar cells in module; number of electrons; number
E Energy (kJ); voltage (V) of years
E_ Energy rate (kW) n_ Molar flow rate (mol/s)
EEQ Exergy equivalent N Number of moles; annual number of operation hours
El Electricity cost ($) N_ Molar flow rate (mol/s)
_
En Energy rate (kW) P Pressure (kPa); power (kW); static pressure (atm)
EOP Operating exergy Pm Electrical power (W)
ex Specific exergy (flow or non-flow) (kJ/kg) PT Thrust power (kW)
Ex Exergy (kJ) pe Specific potential energy (kJ)
_
Ex Exergy rate (kW) PE Potential energy (m2/s2)
exdest Specific irreversibility (exergy destruction) (kJ/kg) Pe Total fuel cost for n years ($)
Exdest Irreversibility (exergy destruction) (kJ) Pg Saturation pressure of water (kPa)
_ dest
Ex Irreversibility rate (exergy destruction rate) (kW) Pv Vapor pressure (kPa)
ExQ Exergy transfer associated with heat transfer (kJ) PWF Present worth factor
ExW Exergy transfer associated with work (kJ) PW Present worth ($)
f Fraction; mean height fraction; exergetic factor; q Specific heat transfer (kJ/kg); electron charge
figure of merit; fuel-to-air ratio (coulomb)
F Fraction of storage fluid mass in liquid phase; Faraday Q Heat transfer (kJ); transferred heat rate (W)
constant (J/V) Q_ Heat transfer rate (kW)
_ r Inflation rate (%)
FA Annual fuel cost rate ($/y)
FF Fill factor R Gas constant (kJ/kg K); thermal resistance (m2 K/W);
g Gravitational acceleration (m/s2) energy grade function; ratio of thermodynamic loss
gf0 Molar free enthalpy (kJ/mol) rate to capital cost; universal gas constant (J/mol K);
G Gibbs free energy (kJ); natural gas consumption, kg rejection rate
GHG Greenhouse gas RED Rate of exergy decrease
h0 Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg); specific base enthalpy (kJ/ RH Relative humidity rate (%)
kg); height (relative to TES bottom) (m); solar radiation RI Relative irreversibility
ratio Renergy Net station condenser energy (heat) rejection rate
h Specific enthalpy of formation (kJ/kmol) (kW)
H Enthalpy (kJ); TES fluid height (m); higher heating Rexergy Net station condenser exergy rejection rate (kW)
value (kJ/kg) s Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
HHV Higher heating value (kJ/kg) S_ Salvage value ($)

519
520 Nomenclature

S Entropy (kJ/K); thickness (m); stoichiometry; source s Exergetic temperature factor; annual number of hours of
term system operation
s Specific entropy of formation (kJ/kmol K) m Chemical potential; dynamic viscosity (kg/m s)
ST Hourly measured total solar irradiation (W/m2);
q Parameter; incidence angle (o)
incident solar intensity on inclined module surface
(W/m2) u Specific humidity or humidity ratio (kg/kg)
SD Standard deviation x Productivity lack, chemical exergy/energy ratio
SExI Specific exergy index z Specific exergy function
t Time (s) c Relative irreversibility
T Temperature (K or  C) P Entropy creation (kJ/K)
TPZ Adiabatic temperature in combustion chamber
primary zone (K) D Difference
u Specific internal energy (kJ/kg); superficial gas X Exergy (J)
velocity (m/s) s Electric conductivity (S/m)
U Total internal energy (kJ); overall u Humidity ratio
heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K);
flight vehicle velocity (m/s)
!
u Gas velocity (m/s); specific internal
energy (kJ/kg)
v Specific volume; duct air velocity (m/s)
SUBSCRIPTS
V Volume (m3); velocity (m/s); voltage (V)
Voc Open circuit voltage (V) a Air; anode
V_ Volumetric flow rate (m3/s)
abs Absorption, absorber
w Specific work (kJ/kg)
W Shaft work (kJ); weight (kg); width scale (m) AC Air compressor
W_ Work rate or power (kW) act Actual
x Mass fraction (%); mole fraction (%); vapor fraction agc Anode gas constant
(%); concentration of ammonia-water amb Ambient
(kg ammonia/kg solution)
ASU Air separate unit
X Humidity ratio; thickness (m); molar fraction;
equipment size av Average
xv Mole fraction of vapor in air b Boundary
y Molar fraction (%); fraction of gas liquefied BHE Borehole heat exchanger
Z Elevation (m) BW BHE side water/glycol solution
Z_ Capital cost rate ($/hr); sum of capital investment and
c Solar cell; cathode/carbonate ion;
operating and maintenance cost rate ($/h)
Carnot; condenser; charging;
Zk Component purchase cost
cooling; commercial
ca Charity associations
cc Combustion chamber
cgc Cathode gas channel
GREEK LETTERS ch Chemical; chiller
chem. Chemical
a Constant parameter; thermal diffusivity (m2/s); ratio of cmb Combustion
costs for hydrogen and natural gas; transfer coefficient; cold Cold fluid
scaling exponent
comb Combined
b Ratio of electricity production prices; fuel consumption
comp Compressor
reduction; mass constituent; reaction order; fraction of
incident solar radiation that enters pond con Condenser; concentration
d Thickness (m); fuel depletion rate cond Condenser
Heat exchanger effectiveness; ratio of efficiencies; specific CT Condensing turbine
flow exergy (kJ/kg); porosity; overall utilization factor cum Cumulative
l Excess air fraction cv Control volume
l Molar fuel-air ratio CW Cooling water
h Energy efficiency; overpotential (V) d Duct; destroyed; drying process;
g Capital investments efficiency factor; oxygen fraction; destruction; discharge
exergy grade function; specific heat ratio D Destruction
j Exergy efficiency da Drying air
f Zone temperature distribution; relative humidity, dest Destruction
maintenance factor; electric potential (V); factor of OM DB Duct burner
r Density (kg/m3) db Dry product
Nomenclature 521

DCS Desiccant cooling system irr Irreversible

dir Fuel exergy directly transformed into is Isentropic
final products iso Isobutane
ds Drying system j jth term
DW Desiccant wheel k Component, kth term
e Exit condition; electrical; electronic; ke Kinetic energy
evaporator; energy
kin Kinetic
E Evaporator
L Loss; low-temperature medium; liquefied
E1 Crude heating furnace
la Leaking air
ea Exhaust air
LFC Life cycle fossil fuel
EC Evaporative cooler
liq Liquid
eff Effective
LPT Low-pressure turbine
el Electrical
m Mass fraction; mean; mosques
elec Electric
ma Moist air
en Energy
max Maximum
env Environment
MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cell
equiv Equivalent
mech Mechanical
ev Evaporation
mf Minimum fluidization
eva Evaporator
min Minimum
evap Evaporator
mix Mixture
ew Exhaust water
n nth term; nominal
ex Exergy
NCZ Nonconvective zone
ExpV Expansion valve
ng Natural gas
f Liquid phase; fuel; formation; saturated
o Out; chemical; ambient; overall
liquid state; final
oc Open circuit
F Fuel
od Outdoor
Fc Fuel cell
out Outlet of duct; outlet
furn Furnace
p Pump; product
g Combustion gases; gas; gas phase;
P Product
saturate vapor state; governmental;
gasoline Ph Physical
G Generator PHX Plate heat exchanger
GE Gas engine pot Potential
gen Generation ps Painted sheet
GEN Generation; geothermal Q Heat transfer
GH Generated electricity at highest energy q Heat transfer related
content of electron qf Quadruple flash system
GHG Greenhouse gas r Reversible heat loss coefficient;
GT Gas turbine reversible
h Hospitals R Heat rejection; reactant; Rankine
H High-temperature medium; heat RR Rotary regenerator
HE Heat exchanger re Return
hot Hot fluid ref Reference
HP Heat pump regen Regeneration
HPT High-pressure turbine rel Relative
HS Heating system rev Reversible
HSZ Heat storage zone s Solid; saturation; heat source; streets
HTG High-temperature generator sc Short circuit
hw Hot water sep Separation; separable technologies
HX Heat exchanger ser Station services
i In; ith component; initial st Storage
in Inlet condition; inlet of duct ST Steam turbine
ind Fuel exergy consumed through being Std Standard
embodied in construction materials and surr Surrounding
equipment sup Supply
522 Nomenclature

sys System Qc Condenser heat

th Thermal rev Reversible
T Total; thrust S Stepped
T1 Atmospheric distillation unit sep Separable
Tot Total T Total; three zone
trans Transformer u Utilize
tur Turbine VCL Vehicle
Turb Turbine w Water; work
u Momentum equation 0 Dead state
UCZ Upper convective zone
v Vapor
vap-pre Vaporize preheater
vel Velocity
VHTG Very high temperature generator
w Water; work
ABBREVIATIONS
wa Upper layer
wb Wet-bulb a Air
wp Wet product AC Air compressor
1.41 state numbers ADU Atmospheric distillation unit
0 Ambient or reference condition AF Air-fuel ratio
fe Electronic charge equation AGC Anode gas channel
fc Carbonate ion charge equation Amb Ambient
N Reference state AP Air pollution
ASHRAE American Society for Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers
ASU Air separate unit
BTES Borehole thermal energy storage
SUPERSCRIPTS CC Combustion Chamber; combined
cycle power plants
. Rate with respect to time CFC Chlorofluorocarbon
 Mean CFBG Circulating fluidized bed gasifier
0 CGC Cathode gas channel
Modified case
$ Rate CHX Condenser heat exchanger
* Hypothetical term COP Coefficient of performance
a Anode CRF Capital recovery factor
A Case A CT Condensing turbine
B Case B CV Coefficient of variation
c Cathode D Moisture diffusivity; depletion number
C Continuous-linear DEACS Double effect absorption cooling system
Ch Chemical DFT Density functional theory
CHP Cooling, heat and power DG Downdraft gasifier
CI Capital investment EE Exergy efficiency
cmp Compress EEQ Exergy equivalent of materials and devices
comb Combined EER Energy efficiency ratio
e Exit ELCAS Exergy life cycle assessment and sustainability
eng Engine EIA Environmental impact assessment
gt Gas turbine EIR Exergetic improvement ratio
i ith component EOP Operation exergy
l Limiting value ExLCA Exergetic life cycle assessment
L Linear FF Fill factor
LHV Lower heating value FLT First Law of Thermodynamics
LFC Life cycle of fossil fuel GE Gas engine
OM Operating and maintenance GHG Greenhouse gas
q Heat GSHP Ground source heat pump
Nomenclature 523

GT Gas turbine OF Objective function

GTIT Gas turbine inlet temperature OM Operating and maintenance
HC Hydrocarbon PDC Professional development courses
HEN Heat exchanger network PEC Purchased equipment cost
HHV Higher heating value PEM Proton exchange membrane
HHX High-temperature heat exchanger PER Primary energy ratio
HPT High-pressure turbine PG Plasma gasifier
HRSG Heat recovery steam generator PSA Pressure swing adsorption
HSPF Heating season performance factor PV Photovoltaic
HTG High-temperature generator QEACS Quadruple effect absorption cooling system
HTS High-temperature shift QEAS Quadruple effect absorption system
HVAC Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning QFPP Quadruple flash power plant
HX Heat exchanger r Pressure ratio
ICE Internal combustion engine RDF Refuse derived fuel
IGCC Integrated plasma gasification combine cycle Re Reynolds number
IP Improvement potential RF Radio frequency
IPCC Integrated plasma gasification combined cycle SEER Seasonal energy efficiency ratio
LCA Life cycle assessment SEACS Single effect absorption cooling system
LEED Leadership in energy and environmental design SLT Second Law of Thermodynamics
LHV Lower heating value SMR Steam methane reforming
LHX Low-temperature heat exchanger SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas SPECO Specific exergy cost
LTG Low-temperature generator SPI Sustainable process index
LTS Low-temperature shift TEACS Triple effect absorption cooling system
MFA Material flux analysis TES Thermal energy storage
MFC Molten carbonate fuel cell VDU Vacuum distillation unit
MHX Medium-temperature heat exchanger VOC Volatile organic compound
MTG Medium-temperature generator uf Utilization factor
MTS Medium-temperature shift