Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse

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 Limit State Design

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2.1 LIMIT STATES

Ultimate: collapse
buckling
overturning etc

Serviceability: deflection
cracking
durability etc

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2.2.1 Characteristic Material Strengths

f k f m 1.64s
Mean strength (f m )

Characteristic strength (f k)
Number of test specimens

1.64s

Strength

Figure 2.1: Normal frequency distribution of strengths

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 Limit State Design

Characteristic Material Strengths

Concrete

Based on cylinder strength f ck

Cylinder strength 80% cube strength

Strength class quoted e.gC25/30

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2.2.2 Characteristic Actions

Characteristic load = mean load 1.64 standard deviation

[ Based on EC1 as appropriate ]

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2.3.1 Partial factors of safety for materials

For materials

Design strength = characteristic strength ( f k )

partial factor of safety ( m )
Accounts for:
strength of material in member
severity of limit state

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Partial factors of safety for materials

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2.3.2 Partial factors of safety for actions

For actions
Design load = characteristic load x partial factor of safety ( )
f

Accounts for:
design assumptions & inaccuracy
unusual load increases
unforeseen stress redistribution
constructional errors etc

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Partial factors of safety for actions (ultimate)

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Partial factors of safety for actions

(serviceability)

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 Limit State Design

Example 2.1

Steel cable
ULS

Variable load = 2.0kN

Action = 2.0kN (x 1.50)
(man + equipment)

Action
Permanent load = 3.0kN
= 3.0kN (x 1.35)
(platform + cable)

Figure 2.2: Diagram for example 2.1

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Example 2.2
170kN variable load

beam
permanent load 20kN/m
A B C
foundation

(a) 6m 2m
1.5 x variable load

1.10 x permanent
0.9 x permanent load load
A B C

(b) Loading arrangement for uplift at A at the ultimate limit state

Figure 2.3: Uplift calculation example

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2.4 COMBINATION OF ACTIONS

Examine different combinations to establish most critical
design case

Adjust factored variable actions by further factor

Combination values ( similar probability as single action)
- ULS and SLS
0
Frequent values ULS (accidental) and SLS 1
Quasi-permanent [almost permanent] sustained actions
- ULS (accidental) and SLS 2
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Combination of Actions
Action Combination Frequent Quasi-
permanent

0 1 2
Imposed load in buildings, category (see EN 1991
1.1)
Category A: domestic, residential areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B: office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C: congregation areas
Category D: shopping areas
0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E: storage areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category F: traffic area vehicle weight <30kN 1.0 0.9 0.8
Categort G: traffic area 30kN,vehicle
weight,160kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category H: roofs 0.7 0.5 0.3
0.7 0 0
Snow loads on buildings (see EN 1991-3)
For sites located at altitude H>1000m above sea
level 0.7 0.5 0.2
For sites located at altitude H <= 1000m above 0.5 0.2 0
sea level

Wind loads on buildings (see EN 1991 1-1-4) 0.5 0.2 0

15 Table 2.4: values of for different loading combinations

 Limit State Design

Combination of Actions - Stability

0.7 x 1.5Q k 1.5Q k

1.5Wk 0.5 x 1.5W k

0.9G k 1.1G k 0.9G k 1.1G k

B B

(a) (b)
Figure 2.4: Wind and imposed load acting on an office building

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2.4.1 Design values of actions at ULS

Design value = (factored permanent actions) with

(factored leading variable action) with
(factored remaining accompanying variable actions).

Ed j 1

G , j Gk , j Q,1Qk ,1
i 1
Q,i 0,i Qk ,i (2.1)

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2.4.2 Typical design values of actions and load factors at ULS

Persistent or Transient Permanent actions (Gk) Variable action (Qk,1) Wind
Design Situation Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable
Permanent + Variable
1.35 1.00(1) 1.50 0 -
Permanent + Wind
1.35 1.00 - - 1.50
Permanent + Variable + Wind 0 x1.50
Either of these two cases may
1.35 1.00 1.50 0 =0.5(2)x1.50
be critical both should be =0.75
considered 1.35 1.00 0(3)x 1.50 0 1.50

Table 2.5: Combinations of actions and load factors at ULS

Notes:
1. Including internal beam adjacent to cantilever.
2. Combination value
3. Depends on category of building ( 0.7 most common)

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2.4.3 Design values of actions at SLS

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End of chapter 2

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