Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse

1
 Analysis of the Structure

2
 Analysis of the Structure

3.1 ACTIONS

Permanent Actions: Structural weight

cladding
partitions etc

Variable Actions: occupants

wind
earth pressure etc

3
 Analysis of the Structure

3.2 LOAD COMBINATION AND PATTERNS

3.2.1 Load combinations at ULS
Permanent + Variable - max 1.35Gk 1.5Qk
- min 1.35Gk

Permanent + Wind 1.35Gk 1.5Wk

Permanent + Variable + Wind (typical)

1.35Gk 1.5Qk 0.75Wk
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 Analysis of the Structure

LOAD COMBINATIONS at ULS

1.35G k + 1.50Q k 1.35G k + 1.50Q k
1.50Qk 1.35G k 1.50Qk
1.35Gk
A C

(a) Loading arrangement for maximum sagging

moment at A and C

(b) Deflected shape

Figure 3.1: Three-span beam

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 Analysis of the Structure

LOAD COMBINATIONS at ULS

1.35G k + 1.50Q k 1.35G k + 1.50Q k 1.35G k + 1.50Q k 1.35G k+ 1.50Q k
1.35G k 1.35G k 1.35G k

(i) Loading arrangements for maximum moments in the spans

1.35G k + 1.50Q k 1.35G k + 1.50Q k 1.35G k + 1.50Q k

1.35G k
1.35G k
A

(ii) Loading arrangements for maximum support moment at A

1.35G k + 1.50Q k
UK National Annex
1.35G k 1.35G k allows alternative of
A
single load case
with all spans
(iii) Loading for design moments at the supports according to EC2 loaded with
Note that when there is a cantilever span the minimum
load on the span adjacent to the cantilever should be 1.0G
maximum load
k
for loading pattern (i)

Figure 3.2: Multi-span beam loading arrangements

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 Analysis of the Structure
Load Combinations: Ex 3.2
Gk = 25 kN/m Q k = 10 kN/m
A B C D

6.0m 4.0m 6.0m

(1.35x25 + 1.50x10)x6
=292.5kN (1.35x25x4) 292.5kN
(1) =135kN

(1.35x25 + 1.50x10)x4
(1.35x25x6)
=202.5kN =195kN 202.5kN
(2)

292.5kN 195kN
(3) 202.5kN

202.5kN 195kN 292.5kN

(4)

Figure 3.5: Continuous beam loading arrangement

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 Analysis of the Structure
First Load Case
A B C D
Stiffness ( k ) 3 I I 3 I
. .
4 L L 4 L
3 1 1 = 0.125
. = 0.125 = = 0.25
4 6 4
Distr. Factors 0.125 0.125
0.125 0.25 0.125 0.25
=1/3 =2/3 2/3 1/3

Load (kN) 292 135 292

292 6 135 4 292 6

F.E.M 0 0
8 12 8
-219.4 +45.0 -45.0 +219.4
Balance +58.1 +116.3 -116.3 -58.1

Carry over -58.1 +58.1

Balance +19.4 +38.7 -38.7 -19.4
Carry over -19.4 +19.4
Balance +6.5 +12.9 -12.9 -6.5
Carry over -6.5 +6.5
Balance +2.2 +4.3 -4.3 -2.2
Carry over -2.2 +2.2
Balance +0.7 +1.5 -1.5 -0.7
M (kN m) 0 -132.5 +132.5 -132.5 132.5 0
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 Analysis of the Structure
Load Combinations:
133
Ex 3.2
133

(1) 65

158 158
108 108
11
(2)

103 103
151
100

(3)

109
151 151
100

(3)

109
151

Figure 3.6: Bending Moment Diagrams (kNm)

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 Analysis of the Structure
Load Combinations: Ex 3.2
124 168
67.5
(1)
67.5
168 124

83 97.5 119
(2)
119 97.5 83

121 118
110
(3)
85 85
171

85 171
85
(4)

110 121
118
Figure 3.7: Shearing Force Diagrams (kN)

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 Analysis of the Structure
BM & SF Envelopes
151 151 Design for hogging moment of
65 25% of midspan moment at endspan
(a) 11 kN.m

158 158

124 171
110

(b) kN

110 124
171

Figure 3.8: Bending-moment and shearing-force envelopes

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 Analysis of the Structure

Continuous beams

Providing that:
there are three or more approximately equal spans
spans differ by no more than 15% of longest span
characteristic live load less than dead load
loading is uniformly distributed
Moments and loads can be obtained from coefficients

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 Analysis of the Structure

Continuous beams
End Span Interior Span
0.11FL 0.10FL 0.10FL
(a)
Bending Moments
0.09FL 0.07FL

(b) 0.45F 0.55F

Shearing Forces

0.60F 0.55F
F= Total ultimate load on span = (1.35G +k 1.50Q )k kN
L = Effective span

Figure 3.9: Bending-moment and shearing-force coefficients for beams

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 Analysis of the Structure

3.4 ANALYSIS OF FRAMES

H2
(1)
H1

Half stiffness Half stiffness

H2
(2)
H1

Half stiffness Half stiffness

H2
(3)
Figure 3.10: Building Frame
H1

14 H1 , H2 = S torey Heights
 Analysis of the Structure
Substitute Frame: Ex 3.3
J K L M

3.5m
A B C D

4.0m
Beam
600x300
E F G H

6.0m 4.0m 6.0m

350
300
Typical column
section
Figure 3.12:Substitute frame
Same Load Cases as previous example

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 Analysis of the Structure

First Load Case

A B C D
Cols AB BA Cols BC CB Cols CD DC Cols
M M M M
D.F.s 0.39 0.61 0.32 0.20 0.48 0.48 0.20 0.32 0.61 0.39
Load kN 292 135 292
+ - + - + -
F.E.M. 146 146 45.0 45.0 146 146
- - + + + - - - + +
Bal. 56.9 89.1 32.3 20.2 48.5 48.5 20.2 32.3 89.1 56.9
+ - - + + -
C.O. 16.2 44.6 24.2 24.2 44.6 16.2
- - + + + - - - + +
Bal. 6.3 9.9 22.0 13.8 33.0 33.0 13.8 22.0 9.9 6.3
+ - - + + -
C.O. 11.0 5.0 16.5 16.5 5.0 11.0
- - + + + - - - + +
Bal. 4.3 6.7 6.9 4.3 10.3 10.3 4.3 6.9 6.7 4.3
+ - - + + -
C.O. 3.4 3.4 5.2 5.2 3.4 3.4
- - + + + - - - + +
Bal. 1.3 2.1 2.8 1.7 4.1 4.1 1.7 2.8 2.1 1.3
M (kNm) - + - + + - - + - +
68.8 68.8 135.0 40.0 95.0 95.0 40.0 135.0 68.8 68.8
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 Analysis of the Structure
BM & SF Diagrams 135 157
135 135
69 69 67.5
95 95
28 (1)
(1) 67.5

157 135

118 118 91 97.5 111

107 107
88 88 (2)
45 45
(2) 91
111 97.5
10 133
77 77 111
106
147
67 115 80 102 (3)
46
(3) 89 92
1 160
79
114 160
147 92 89
102 80 115 67
46 (4)
(4)
1 111 106
79 133
114

Figure 3.13:Beam bending-moment diagrams (kNm) Figure 3.14: Beam shearing-force diagrams (kN)

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 Analysis of the Structure

BM & SF Envelopes
147 147
115 115
69 69
28
kNm
10

118 118
135 160
106

kN

106
160 135

Figure 3.15:Bending-moment and shearing-force envelopes

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 Analysis of the Structure

Column Moments

37 21 21 37
32 19 19 32

Figure 3.16:Column bending-moments (kNm)

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 Analysis of the Structure

Substitute Frame: Ex 3.4

3.5m
1.35G k + 1.50Q k
1.35G k
=292.5 kN =135 kN
A B C
18

4.0m
16 kNm

6.0m 4.0m

Figure 3.17:Substitute frame Figure 3.18:Column moments

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 Analysis of the Structure
Lateral Loads: Ex 3.5
5.25kN

3.5
10.5kN 4th
Lateral load = 3.0kN/m

3.5
10.5kN 3rd

3.5
11.25kN 2nd

4.0
12.0kN 1st

4.0
6.0kN

6.0 4.0 6.0

Figure 3.19: Frame w ith lateral load

See example in text

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 Analysis of the Structure

Shear Wall Structures: Ex 3.6

0.3m 0.3m

0.2m 0.2m

20m
12m
Resultant horizontal
force Fz
10m 10m 10m

15m 15m

F = 100kN
Figure 3.22: Shear Wall Structure Figure 3.23: Symmetrical Arrangement of Shear Walls

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 Analysis of the Structure

3.6 REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS

Increasing load w w/unit length

Load
Load causes plastic hinges to
L
form at A and C when
moment capacity reached wL2 Elastic BMD
12 B M A = MC = Mu
Moments at A and C can not A C
increase. Additional load wL2
induces additional moment at B 24
Additional moments diagram
(Hinges at A and C)
Moment capacity reached at
B. Plastic hinge forms at B in
addition to A and C. Beam Collapse mechanism
collapses
Elastic BMD (Collapse loads)
Collapse and elastic BM wL2 Final Collapse BMD
diagram are same shape. 12
Elastic BM diagram can be
redistributed to give collapse
23diagram Figure 3.28: Moment redistribution - one-span beam
 Analysis of the Structure

REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS

Equilibrium must be maintained

Beams or slabs must be predominantly subject to flexure
Ratio of adjacent spans be between 0.5 & 2
Column design moments must not be reduced
Other restrictions on amount of redistribution see Ch4
30% maximum

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 Analysis of the Structure
Moment Redistribution: Ex 3.9
Redistribute (reduce) by up to 30% which will increase mid-span
sagging moments and change reactions and shear forces
147 Reduce by same amount
so as not to change
67 115 80 102
column moments
46

1
79
Max moment 114 But dont increase sagging moment
from critical load beyond maximum from other critical
case = 118 kNm loading cases

Original Bending Moment Diagram for maximum support moment

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 Analysis of the Structure
Moment Redistribution: Ex 3.9
140
67 108 80 102
46

5
79
118
(b) Redistributed Moments (kNm)

134
111
105

90 92
158.5
(c) Shears (kN)

Figure 3.29:Moments and shears after redistribution

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 Analysis of the Structure
Moment Redistribution: Ex 3.9

With redistribution:
the moment at a section of a beam can be reduced without
exceeding the design moments at other sections
the values of the column moments are not affected
equilibrium is maintained

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 Analysis of the Structure

End of chapter 3

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