Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9a
By
SPRING 2004 Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Axial Compression
Columns are defined as members that carry
loads in compression.
Usually they carry bending moments as well,
about one or both axes of the cross section.
The bending action may produce tensile
forces over a part of the cross section.
Despite of the tensile forces or stresses that
may be produced, columns are Generally
referred to as compression members
because the compression forces or stresses
dominate their behavior.
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 2
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 4
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Ohio River Bridge. Typical cantilever and suspended span bridge, showing
the truss geometry in the end span and cantilevered portion of the
the main
span. (Madison, Indiana)
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 6
Introduction
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Introduction
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 8
Introduction
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Failure of Columns
Failure of columns could occur as a result of
material failure by
Initial yielding of the steel at the tension face;
Initial crushing of the concrete at the compression
face; or
Loss of lateral stability (buckling)
If a column fails due to initial material failure, it
is then considered short or non-slender
column.
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 10
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction
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Figure 1a
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 12
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Figure 1b
Introduction
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 14
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Introduction
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 16
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Columns Bay
The spacing of columns in plan establishes
what is called a Bay.
For example, if the columns are 20 ft on
center in one direction and 25 ft in the
other direction, the bay size is 20 ft 25 ft.
Larger bay sizes increase the users
flexibility in space planning.
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
25 ft
20 ft
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 18
Introduction
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x
Example: x = 16.0 ft, y = 13.0 ft, LL = 62.4 lb/ft2, slab thickness = 4.0 in.
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
B1 B2
B4
RB1 RB2
B1 C1 B2
RB1 RB2
B3
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 20
Introduction
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Types of Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 22
Types of Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Tie Spiral
Longitudinal
steel
s = pitch
Types of Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Composite columns
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 24
Types of Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Types of Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 26
Types of Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Figure 3. Concentrically
Loaded Column
Types of Columns
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P P P P
Mx ey Mx ey
My
y y y y
ex
x x x x
Figure 4a. Axial load plus Figure 4b. Axial load plus
uniaxial moment biaxial moment
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 28
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 30
P Mx y M yx
f = (2)
A Ix Iy
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 32
Example 1
The T-section shown in the figure is used
as a short post to support a compressive
load P of 150 kips. The load is applied on
centerline of the stem at a distance e = 2
in. from the centroid of the cross section.
Determine the normal stresses at points A
and B on a transverse plane C-C near the
base of the post.
Example 1 (contd)
P
z e
6 in 2 in y
y
2 in A B 6 in x
x
C C
Section C-C
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 34
Example 1 (contd)
Computing the cross-sectional properties:
y Area = A = 2[6 2] = 24 in 2
3(6 2) + (6 + 1)(6 2)
xC = = 5 in. from point A
x 24
6 in 2 in
2 in A B 6 in Iy = + = 136 in 4
3 3 3
xC = 5 in
N.A.
Example 1 (contd) f =
P Mx y M yx
A Ix Iy
Equivalent force system:
P = 150 kip acts through centroid
M = Pe = (150 )(2 ) 12 = 3,600 kip in
Computations of normal stresses:
P M yx 150 300(5)
fA = + = + = 4.78 ksi (T)
A Iy 24 136
P M yx 150 300(3)
fB = = = - 12.87 ksi (C)
A Iy 24 136
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 36
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Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Background
The concrete column that is loaded with a
compressive axial load P at zero eccentricity
is probably nonexistent, and even the
axial/small eccentricity combination is
relatively rare.
Nevertheless, the case of columns that are
loaded with compressive axial loads at small
eccentricity e is considered first. In this case
we define the situation in which the induced
small moments are of little significance.
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Notations for Columns Loaded with
Small Eccentricities
Ag = gross area of the column section (in2)
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement (in2)
P0 = nominal or theoretical axial load at zero eccentricity
Pn = nominal or theoretical axial load at given eccentricity
Pu = factored applied axial load at given eccentricity
g = ratio of total longitudinal reinforcement area to
cross-sectional area of column:
Ast (3)
g or t =
Ag
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 38
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Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Strength of Short Axially Loaded Columns
P0
Steel
fy
Stress
f c
Section A-A A A Concrete
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Strength of Short Axially Loaded Columns
P0
[ Fy = 0 ]
P0 = f c(Ag Ast ) + f y Ast
From experiment (e.g., ACI):
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 40
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Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Column Failure by Axial Load
Pu
Heavy spiral
Initial failure
Pu ACI spiral
Light
Tied column spiral
Axial load
0
Axial deformation
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
ACI Code Requirements for Column
Strength
Pn Pu (4)
Spirally reinforced column:
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 42
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Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Table 1. Resistance or Strength Reduction Factors
Structural Element Factor
Beam or slab; bending or flexure 0.90
Columns with ties 0.65
Columns with spirals 0.70
Columns carrying very small axial load 0.65 0.9 or
(refer to Chapter 9 for more details) 0.70 0.9
Beam: shear and torsion 0.75
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
ACI Code Requirements for Column
Strength (contd)
Normally, for design purposes, (Ag Ast) can
be assumed to be equal to Ag without great
loss in accuracy.
Accordingly, Eqs. 5 and 6, respectively, give
Pn
Ag = (7a)
0.68 f c + 0.8 t f y
Ast
t = Pn
Ag Ag = (7b)
0.78 f c + 0.85 t f y
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 44
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
ACI Code Requirements for Column
Strength (contd)
For first trial section, with appreciable
eccentricity, the designer can try the following
equations for assuming gross section area Ag:
Pn (8a)
Ag for tied columns
0.45( f c + f y t )
Pn
Ag for spirally reinforced columns (8b)
0.55( f c + f y t )
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Example 2
A non-slender (short column) column is
subjected to axial load only. It has the
geometry shown and is reinforced with three
No. 9 bars on each of the two faces parallel to
the x axis of bending. Calculate the maximum
nominal axial load strength Pn(max). Assume
that fy = 60,000 psi and f c = 4000 psi.
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 46
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Example 2 (contd)
0.003 in./in.
2.5 in. 0.85 f c
As f y
3 No. 9
3 No. 9
As f y
12 in.
Strain Stress
2.5 in.
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Example 2 (contd)
As = As = 3 in 2
Therefore, Ast = 6 in2. Eq. 6 gives
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 48
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Example 3 (contd)
A 20-in.-diameter, non-slender, spirally
reinforced circular column is symmetrically
reinforced with six No. 8 bars as shown.
Calculate the strength Pn(max) of this column if
subjected to axial load only. Use f c = 4000 psi
and fy = 60,000 psi.
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Example 3
0.003 in./in.
0.85 f c
Ast
fy
3
6 No. 8 Ast
f y + Cc
3
Ast
fy
3
Strain Stress
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 50
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Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
Example 3 (contd)
Ast = 4.74 in 2 (6 No. 8 bars)
Ag = (20)2 = 314 in 2
4
Therefore, Eq. 5 gives
Strength of Non-Slender
Concentrically Loaded Columns
ACI Code Limits on percentage of
reinforcement
A
0.01 g = st 0.08 (9)
Ag
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 52
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 54
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 56
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 58
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Spiral
Ds
Figure 5. Definition of Dc and Ds
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CHAPTER 9a. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 60
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