Motta Design Report-B-Final 1

15 Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project Mott MacDonald in association with AG Consult
Design Review Report Ministry of Water Resources

Motta Town
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water Resources
PO Box 5744
Addis Ababa
ETHIOPIA
15 Towns Water Supply

and Sanitation Project
Design Review Report
Motta Town
February 2009
Mott MacDonald
Demeter House
Station Road
Cambridge CB1 2RS
UK
Tel : 44 (0)1223 463500
Fax : 44 (0)1223 461007
In Association With:
AG Consult, Consulting Hydrogeologists and Engineers

Addis Ababa
ETHIOPIA
Tel : 251 (0)11 5153397/98
Fax : 251 (0)11 5153552
242968/B /Final/28 February 2009/

/Motta Design Report-B-Final.doc /MM&AG
Motta Town
15 Towns Water Supply

and Sanitation Project
Design Review Report
Motta Town
Issue and Revision Record

Rev Date Originator Checker Approver Description
S. Lulu V.Taylor P.Bolton

A 17/11/08 DRAFT
S. Lulu V.Taylor C. Taylor
B 28/02/09 FINAL
This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or used
for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority
of Mott MacDonald being obtained. Mott MacDonald accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequence of
this document being used for a purpose other than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person using
or relying on the document for such other purpose agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm his
agreement to indemnify Mott MacDonald for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Mott MacDonald accepts no
responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the person by whom it was commissioned.
To the extent that this report is based on information supplied by other parties, Mott MacDonald accepts no liability for any
loss or damage suffered by the client, whether contractual or tortious, stemming from any conclusions based on data
supplied by parties other than Mott MacDonald and used by Mott MacDonald in preparing this report.
242968/B /Final/28 February 2009/

/Motta Design Report-B-Final.doc /MM&AG
Motta Town
List of Contents Page
Chapters and Appendices
1 Executive summary 1-1

1.1 Introduction 1-1
1.2 Population and Water Demand Projection 1-2
1.3 Existing Water Supply System 1-3
1.4 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage I) 1-3
1.5 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage II) 1-5
1.6 Environmental Impact of Scheme 1-6
1.7 Review of Financial and Economic Analysis 1-6
1.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 1-6
2 Introduction 2-1
2.1 Background 2-1
2.2 Data Collection 2-2
2.3 Profile of Motta 2-2
2.4 Climate 2-3
2.5 Infrastructure and Services 2-5
2.6 Demographic Conditions 2-6
2.6.1 Population 2-6
2.7 Economic Situation 2-6
2.8 Future Development of the Town 2-6
2.9 Basic Social Services 2-7
2.9.1 Education 2-7
2.9.2 Health 2-7
2.10 Water Supply Service 2-8
2.11 Sanitation Services 2-8
2.11.1 Solid Waste Management 2-8
2.11.2 Liquid Waste Disposal 2-9
2.11.3 Toilet Facilities 2-9
2.11.4 Sludge Disposal Method 2-10
2.11.5 Sanitation Recommendations 2-10
3 Population and Water Demand Projection 3-1

3.2 Population projection 3-1
3.3 Projected Water Demand 3-2
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3.4 Domestic Water Demand 3-2
3.4.1 Modes of Services 3-2
3.4.2 Domestic Water Demand Projection 3-3
3.4.3 Population Distribution by Mode of Service 3-3
3.4.4 Per Capita Water Demand 3-4
3.4.5 Adjustment for Climate 3-5
3.4.6 Adjustment due to Socio-economic Conditions 3-6
3.4.7 Projected Domestic Water Demand 3-6
3.5 Non-Domestic Water Demand 3-7
3.5.1 Institutional Water Demand 3-7
3.5.2 Commercial Water Demand 3-9
3.5.3 Industrial Water Demand 3-9
3.6 Fire Fighting Demand 3-10
3.7 Non Revenue Water 3-10
3.8 Water Demand Factors 3-10
3.8.1 Maximum Day Water Factor 3-10
3.8.2 Peak Hour Factor 3-10
3.9 Summary of Water Demand 3-11
4 Design Parameters 4-1

4.1 Design Period and Planning Horizon 4-1
4.2 Principal Design Criteria 4-1
4.3 Water Source 4-1
4.4 Pipelines 4-2
4.4.1 Collector and Transmission Mains 4-2
4.4.2 Distribution Mains 4-2
4.4.3 Water Demand Factors 4-3
4.4.4 Pipe Material 4-4
4.4.5 Trench Depth 4-4
4.4.6 Pipe Backfilling and Bedding 4-4
4.5 Pipe Fittings 4-4
4.5.1 Air Valves 4-4
4.5.2 Washout Valves 4-4
4.5.3 Isolating Valves 4-5
4.5.4 Pressure Reducing Valves 4-5
4.5.5 Ancillary Fittings 4-5
4.5.6 Thrust Blocks 4-5
4.5.7 Pipe Supports 4-5
4.5.8 Valve Chambers 4-6
4.5.9 Road and River/Ditch Crossings 4-6
4.6 Public Fountains 4-6
4.7 Disinfection 4-6
4.8 Service Reservoirs 4-6
4.9 Electromechanical System Design 4-6
5 Existing Water Supply System 5-1

5.1 Background 5-1
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5.2 Raw Water Pumps and Controls 5-1
5.3 Transmission System 5-2
5.5 Water Treatment 5-2
5.6 Flow Metering 5-2
5.7 Distribution System 5-2
5.8 Connections and Public Fountains 5-3
5.9 Ancillary Buildings 5-3
5.10 Water Production and Consumption 5-3
5.11 Motta Water Supply Service Office 5-4
6 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage I) 6-1

6.2 Sources (Review and Assessment of Ground and Surface Water Sources) 6-1
6.2.1 Existing Sources 6-1
6.2.2 Geology & Hydrogeology 6-1
6.2.3 Previous Studies 6-2
6.2.4 Water Quality 6-5
6.2.5 Proposed Groundwater Development Areas 6-6
6.3 Outline of Proposed Stage I Scheme 6-8
6.4 Raw Water Pumps and Pump Control 6-9
6.5 Collector and Transmission System and Pipe Sizing 6-10
6.5.1 Collector Pipes 6-10
6.5.2 Transmission/Rising Mains 6-10
6.6 Booster Pumping Station 6-10
6.7 Electromechanical Equipment 6-11
6.8 Power Supplies 6-11
6.11 Water Treatment/Disinfection 6-13
6.12 Distribution System 6-14
6.12.1 Network Design 6-14
6.14 Ancillary Buildings and Access Roads 6-16
6.14.1 Ancillary Buildings 6-16
6.14.2 Access Roads 6-16
6.15 Implementation Plan 6-16
6.15.1 Contract Packaging 6-16
6.15.2 Implementation Programme 6-17
6.16 Engineering Cost Estimate 6-23
7 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage II) 7-1
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7.2 Water Source 7-1
7.3 Raw Water Pumps and Pump Controls 7-1
7.4 Outline of Proposed Stage II Scheme 7-2
7.5 Collector and Transmission System 7-2
7.6 Booster Pump Station 7-2
7.7 Electro Mechanical Equipment 7-2
7.8 Power Supplies 7-2
7.9 Reservoirs 7-2
7.11 Water Treatment 7-3
7.12 Distribution Network 7-3
7.14 Auxiliary Building & Access roads 7-3
7.14.1 Ancillary Buildings 7-3
7.14.2 Access Roads 7-3
7.15 Cost Estimate 7-1
8 Environmental Impact of the Scheme 8-1
9 Financial and Economic Analysis 9-1

9.1 Background 9-1
9.2 General 9-1
9.3 Financial Analysis 9-2
9.3.1 Basic Assumptions 9-2
9.4 Revised Investment Cost and Financing Plan 9-3
9.5 Financial plan 9-4
9.6 Water Sales and Consumption Pattern 9-5
9.6.1 Average Cost of Water 9-5
9.7 Water Tariff 9-8
9.7.1 The Tariff Setting Policy 9-8
9.7.2 Water tariff setting methodology 9-9
9.7.3 Recommended Tariff 9-13
9.8 Projected Financial Statements of the Project 9-17
9.8.1 Projected Income Statement 9-17
9.8.2 Projected Balance Sheet 9-24
9.8.3 Funds Statement 9-27
9.8.4 Risks and Uncertainties Analysis 9-29
9.9 Economic Analysis 9-29
9.9.1 Incremental Water Sales 9-29
9.9.2 Projected Cash Flow Analysis 9-30
10 Conclusions and recommendations 10-1
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Figures
Figure 2.1 Locality of Motta in Ethiopia 2-3
Figure 2.2 Rain Fall Data Recorded in Motta 2-4
Figure 2.3 Temperature as recorded at Motta station 2-5
Figure 5.1 Current Organizational Set Up of Motta Town Water Supply Service Office 5-5
Figure 6.1 Motta Water Supply Program Tentative Implementation Schedule 6-22
Tables
Table 1.1 Population and Water Demand Projections for Design Horizons 1-2
Table 1.2 Full cost recovery differential tariff rates (Average Cost of 9.32 ETB/ m3) 1-6
Table 2.1 Government and Public Organizations 2-5
Table 2.2 Business Institutions in Motta Town 2-6
Table 2.3 Distribution of Schools, Students, and Teachers 2-7
Table 2.4 The Ten Top Diseases 2-8
Table 2.5 Percentage Distributions of Solid Waste Disposal Methods 2-9
Table 2.6 Percentage Distribution of Household Toilet Facilities 2-9
Table 3.1 Population Projection (2008-2030) 3-1
Table 3.2 Current (2008) Modes of Services by Percentage 3-3
Table 3.3 Population Percentage Distributions by Mode of Service 3-4
Table 3.4 Breakdown of Per Capita Water Demand by Purpose (2020) 3-5
Table 3.5 Projected Per-Capita Demand by Mode of Service (2030) 3-5
Table 3.6 Projected Per Capita Demand by Mode of Service (2010 -2030) 3-5
Table 3.7 Population and Domestic Water Demand Projection 3-6
Table 3.8 Number of Students and Teachers in Day Schools 3-7
Table 3.9 Projection of Day School Population 3-8
Table 3.10 Summary of Projected Water Demand 3-11
Table 4.1 Hazen Williams Coefficients 4-2
Table 4.2 Recommended Peak hour Factors 4-3
Table 5.1 Existing Distribution line in Motta WSSS 5-2
Table 5.2 Customers of Water supply service office of Various Types 5-3
Table 5.3 Water Production Consumption and NRW in Motta 5-4
Table 5.4 Existing Water Tariff 5-4
Table 6.1 Existing Boreholes in Motta 6-1
Table 6.2 Summary of Sites Investigated by WWDSE 6-3
Table 6.3 The Sede/ Demet Gedel Wells Test Results 6-4
Table 6.4: Water Quality Results 6-6
Table 6.5 Proposed Boreholes for Stage I 6-7
Table 6.6 Characteristics of Stage I Boreholes 6-8
Table 6.7 Capacity of Submersible Pumps Required 6-9
Table 6.8 Borehole Pump Power Requirements 6-12
Table 6.9 Motta Chemical Dosing 6-14
Table 6.10 Capital Cost Estimate of Stage I 6-23
Table 7.1 Proposed Boreholes for Stage II 7-1
Table 7.2 Capital Cost Estimate of Stage II 7-1
Table 9.1 Economic life of Components 9-3
Table 9.2: Investment Cost 9-4
Table 9.3: Water Consumption Patterns 9-5
Table 9.4 Abridged project costs 9-6
Table 9.5 Present Worth of Water 9-7
Table 9.6 Average Compound cost of water 9-7
Table 9.7 Tariff Bands 9-9
Table 9.8 Category Weighting 9-10
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Table 9.9 DPC Weighting 9-10
Table 9.10 CPC Weighting 9-10
Table 9.11 IPC Weighting 9-11
Table 9.12 Proposed Composite Weight for Water Tariff Structure 9-12
Table 9.13 Full cost recovery differential tariff rates (Average Cost of Water 10.68 ETB/ m3) 9-14
Table 9.14 Recommended Volumetric Tariff 9-15
Table 9.15 Operation and maintenance cost tariff (Average Cost of Water 1.92 ETB/ m3) 9-16
Table 9.16: Projected Income Statement for Full Cost Recovery Tariff 9-18
Table 9.17: Projected Income Statement for O&M Cost Recovery Tariff 9-20
Table 9.18: Projected Income Statement for Partial Cost Recovery Statement 9-22
Table 9.19 Projected Balance Sheet Statement of Town Water Supply Project 9-25
Table 9.20 Projected Funds Statement of Town Water Supply Project 9-27
Table 9.21 Incremental water sales for adjusted economic prices. 9-30
Table 9.22: Projected cash flow analysis (base case full cost recovery tariff) 9-31
Table 9.23: Projected cash flow analysis (An increase in investment cost 15%) 9-34
Table 9.24: Projected cash flow analysis (An increase in O&M cost 15%) 9-36
Table 9.25: Projected cash flow analysis (An increase in investment and O & M costs by 15%) 9-38
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Appendices
Appendix A - Water Supply Scheme Layouts
Appendix B - Reservoir Sizing
Appendix C - Reservoir Structural Analysis
Appendix C1 - Structural Design Report for 800m3 Reservoir
Appendix C2 - Structural Design Report for 250m3 Reservoir
Appendix D - Well Field and Distribution Network Analysis
Appendix D1 - Hydraulic Model Results
Appendix D1.1 - Stage I Results
Appendix D1.2 - Stage II Results
Appendix E - Electromechanical Design
Appendix F Sanitation
Appendix F1 Sanitation Facilities
Appendix F2 BoQ
Appendix F3 Standard Latrine Drawings
Appendix G- Contact Persons
Appendix H - References
Appendix I - Engineers Cost Estimate (Bound Separately in an A4 Booklet)
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Abbreviations
General
asl above sea level
BBL Booster Station Building, Large
BBS Booster Station Building, Small
B/C Benefit cost Relation
BGL Below Ground Level
BH Borehole
BPT Break Pressure Tanker
CE Civil Engineering
CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet
CPC Commercial Pipe Connection
CR Capital Recovery
CRF Capital Recovery Factor
BH Borehole
BOQ Bill Of Quantities
DCI Ductile Cast Iron
dia. Diameter
DN Nominal Diameter
DP Demand Point
DPC Domestic Pipe Connection
Drwg. Drawing
DWL Dynamic Water Level
DW Deep Well
E East
E.C Ethiopian Calendar
Elev Elevation
Eq. Equivalent
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return
ESP Environmental Support project
ETB Ethiopian Birr
EU European Union
EUWI European Union Water Initiative
E&M Electro Mechanical
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Fe/GI Ferrous, DCI or equivalent iron pipes
Fig. Figure
FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return
gen-set Power Generating Set
GH Guardhouse
GL Ground Level
GLR Ground Level Reservoir
GPS Global Positioning System
GS Galvanized Steel
GSBL Generator-Set Building, Large
GSBS Gen-Set Building, Small
GW Ground Water
HCB Hollow Concrete Blocks
HC House Connection
HCU House Connection Users
HTH Calcium/Sodium Hypochlorite
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HTP House tap connection
HTU House Tap Users
HV High Voltage
HW Hazen-Williams
IPC Institutional Pipe Connection
INPC Industrial pipe Connection
IREP Immediate Rehabilitation/Expansion Program
LDC Least Developing Countries
LV Low Voltage
MDG Millennium Development Goal
M&E Mechanical & Electrical
MCB Micro Circuit Breaker
MCC Motor Control Centre
N North
NA Not Applicable
NPSH Net Positive Suction Head
NTC Neighbours Tap Connection
NTU Neighbours tap Users
O&M Operation & Maintenance
Pa Per annum
PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty
PE Polyethylene (HDPE or equivalent polyethylene pipe)
P&F Pipes and Fittings
PHF Peak Hour factor
PL Pit Latrine
PF Public Fountain
PLC Program Logic Controller
PN Nominal Pressure
POTER Network solver software
PTU Public Tap users
PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
PWP Public Water Point
PZ Pressure Zone
RC Reinforced Concrete
RM Raising Main
S South
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SDPPR Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program For Ethiopia
SNNP Southern Nation and Nationalities Peoples
SWL Static Water Level
TDH Total Dynamic Head
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TOR Terms of Reference
TPN Triple Pole Neutral
TVTETC Technical Vocational and Education training College
TWSS Town Water Supply and Sewerage
UFW Unaccounted For Water
uPVC Unplasticised Poly-Vinyl Chloride
USD United States Dollar
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
VES Vertical Electrical Sounding
W West
WP Water Point
WRDF Water Resource Development Fund
Wt Weight
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YCO Yard Connection Own
YCS Yard Connection Shared
YTC Yard Tap connection
YTU Yard Tap Users
Yr Year
Y2005 year 2005
Y2015 year 2015
Y2025 year 2025
Organisations
CSA Central Statistics Authority
EBCS Ethiopian Building Code of Standard
EDF European Development Fund
EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation
ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority
EWWCA Ethiopian Water Works Enterprise
HDMWR Hydrology Department of the Ministry of Water Resources
IDA International Development Association
MCE Metaferia Consulting Engineers Plc.
MoWR Ministry of Water resources
MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
NGO Non Governmental Organization
NMSA National Meteorology Service Agency
NUPI National Urban Planning Institute
RUPI Regional Urban Planning Institute
TAHAL Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd.
WHO World Health Organization
Units
C degrees centigrade
A ampere
cm Centimetre
H, Meter Head in Meter
kg kilogram
km kilometer
km2 square kilometers
kv kilo Volt
KVA kilo Volt Ampere
KW Kilo watt
kwh kilowatt hour
l, lit litres
l/c/d litres per capita per day
l/s litres per second
m meter
m2 square meter
m3 cubic meter
m asl meters above sea level
Max Maximum
m bgl meters below ground level
MCM pa million cubic meters per annum
mg/ Milligram per litre
m/sec meter per second
m3/day cubic meters per day
m3/hr cubic meters per hour
Min Minimum
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mm millimetre
Mpa mega Pascal
mS/cm Micro Siemens per centimetre
PN Nominal pressure category, in bar
Q,m3/hr Discharge rate in meter cube per hour
Q peak Peak Discharge
Qavg Average Discharge Rate
V Volts
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1 Executive summary
1.1 Introduction
The 15 Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project is one of the projects that have been identified to
meet the Millennium Development Goals for 2015, which were established in 2000 by the United
Nations. The project is also a logical follow-up to previous feasibility, design and procurement
projects financed by a variety of sources such as the World Bank, the Netherlands and the Regional
Water Bureaus.
The Federal Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) has
received a loan from the European Investment Bank (EIB) and a grant from the European Union
towards the cost of implementing this project in 15 towns in 4 regions of Ethiopia, through the
Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR).
Though the title of this project includes sanitation, the study of and design of future adequate
sanitation infrastructure was not a part of the Terms of Reference (ToR). As such, the sanitation aspect
of the project has fallen away and this report only briefly covers the condition of the existing sanitation
infrastructure and does not provide any design for future sanitation infrastructure requirements.
The project aims to improve the living conditions of about 500,000 inhabitants by rehabilitating
existing systems and extending the water supply infrastructure as well as providing adequate training
for Town Water & Sanitation Services (TWSS). The project will develop new water sources (deep and
shallow wells and springs), increase the capacity of pipelines and reservoirs, extend the distribution
system to those areas of towns not currently serviced, and provide technical assistance to the TWSS.
Mott MacDonald, in association with AG Consult, have been appointed by the MoWR as technical
assistance and procurement consultants, to undertake design reviews for the 15 towns and finalise
tender documents for ::
4 complete works contracts, 1 in each region, following EDF (European Development
Fund) procurement procedures;
A works supervision contract;
Support for institutional strengthening of TWSS;
A service contract for the Access to water Facility.
The project towns located in four regions of the country are:

Ataye, Kemissie, Shewa Robit, Mersa, Wereillu, Injibara and Motta towns in Amhara
National Regional State.
Dembidolo, Fitchie, Gebre Guracha and Holeta towns in Oromia National Regional State.
Bonga and Sodo towns in SNNP Regional state.
Adigrat and Maychew towns in Tigray National Regional State.
This report covers the town of Motta which is found in the Amhara National Regional State. It is
presently the capital of Huletejenese Administrative district and is located some 370km North of
Adddis Ababa.
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Motta Town
This report is the Design Review Report for the town of Motta, in Amhara Region. The existing
feasibility and designs were prepared by the Waterworks Design and Supervision Enterprise
(WWDSE), for the Amhara Water, Mines and Energy Resources Development Bureau (AWMERDB),
on the basis of an agreement signed on 3rd June 2004. The following report was issued and is reviewed
in this report:
Amhara - Two Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Project Motta Feasibility and Design
Report Issued April 2005
In the current work, the existing designs have been reviewed according to the latest issued design
criteria and best international practice. The designs have been updated to reflect the growth in
population and water demand to the new design horizons, agreed with the MoWR; and to take account
of the latest planning and development information available for each of the towns. Where designs
have been revised or updated, the important concepts of suitability, constructability and operability
have also been taken into account.
1.2 Population and Water Demand Projection
The 1994 population and housing census of Ethiopia was used as a base for population projections.
Population figures and data collected from field visits was used to estimate the maximum daily water
demands for Motta for the current year and the Stage I and Stage II design horizons. These are
presented in Table 1.1
Table 1.1 Population and Water Demand Projections for Design Horizons
Year 2008 2020 2030

Stage I Stage II
Population 34,750 57,870 85,478
Average Daily Water Demand (m3/day) 993 2,230 4,963
Max Daily Water Demand (m3/day) 1,241 2,676 5,956
Max Daily Water Demand (l/s) 14,37 30.98 68.93
Peak Hour Water Demand (l/s) 27.3 52.7 117.2
The water demand estimate for 2008 is based on what the demand should be according to the design
guidelines. The current sources are only producing approximately 218m3/day(calculated from recorded
yearly production refer Table 5.3) which shows that there is a large deficit that needs to be met.
The WWDSE stage I and II maximum day demands (2015 and 2025) were 47.23/s and 123.67l/s. The
revised demand projections in this report (Refer chapter 3) give the maximum day demand of stage I
and II as 30.98l/s and 68.93l/s which are higher than the WWDSE report. Therefore, numerous
changes to the original design have had to be carried out.
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1.3 Existing Water Supply System
The primary source of water is from two borehole sources drilled in 1984 and 1996. The borehole
drilled in 1984 which is known as Motta 1 is located on the south side of the town. It has a depth of 65
meters and yields 3.4 1/s. The second borehole is known as Sede 1 and was drilled in 1996 and is
located about 6 km south of the town. It has a depth of 75 m and yields 3.3 l/s. Water is pumped from
the boreholes to a 75 m3 reinforced concrete reservoir from where it gravitates into the distribution
system. Originally water was pumped from the reservoir to an elevated tank but this is in poor
condition and has been abandoned. The water is distributed to the consumers through house and yard
connections and public fountains.
1.4 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage I)
Due to late implementation of the project which has resulted in different design horizons, population
figures and water demands, it has been necessary to amend the original design proposed by WWDSE
in the previous design and feasibility report.
The revised Stage I will cater for a year 2020 design horizon. It will serve an estimated 57,870 people
and the developed sources will enable a maximum day demand of 30.98l/s or 2,676m3/day to be met.
The estimated capital cost of stage I will be in the region of 43,488,846 Birr (Excl. VAT)
The proposed scheme will be to:

Drill five new boreholes in the Sede/Demet Gedel well field, Equip the existing two test
boreholes with new pumps and along with the existing boreholes currently in operation,
pump to a new 800m3 service reservoir, located adjacent to the existing reservoir where
the water will be disinfected. The existing reservoir will be decommissioned and the two
existing boreholes transmission lines will be connected to the new ground level reservoir.
The cross connection from Motta 1 borehole to the existing distribution network will be
severed.
From the 800m3 service reservoir the water will be pumped to a 250m3 elevated reservoir
adjacent to the existing reservoir. From the elevated reservoir water will gravitate into
the distribution system.
Treatment facilities, ancillary buildings, access roads and distribution pipes will also be
constructed.
A layout drawing of the scheme can be found in Appendix A. The actual Stage I components to be
constructed are described in more detail in Chapter 6 but are summarized briefly below:
5 New boreholes to be drilled and equipped as follows
BHI-1 Of depth +/-180m and estimated 5l/s yield
Equip the following existing boreholes with new submersible pumps
Demet Gedel Of estimated 5l/s yield
Chak2 Of estimated 5l/s yield
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Laying of the following collector and transmission mains:
DCI collector pipes ranging from DN 100 to DN 350mm
DCI 400 mm rising main.
Laying of the following distribution network:
50.32 km of uPVC DN 350 mm
Construction of two new reinforced concrete reservoirs as follows:
800m3 RC Ground level
250m3 RC Elevated reservoir
Construct 7 additional public fountains
Construction of the following ancillary buildings:
1 Office at a convenient location for the town water supply service
1 Managers dwelling at a convenient location
1 Service quarters at the managers dwelling
1 Workshop at a convenient location
4 Borehole control rooms with generator houses
3 Borehole control rooms
1 Booster pump station with generator house at reservoir site
3 Operators dwellings
2 Guardhouses at the reservoir site and the water office
1 Disinfection and chemical storage building
Construction of 7km of class RR50 access road to the new borehole sites
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1.5 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage II)
Stage II will cater for a year 2030 design horizon. It will serve an estimated 85,478 people which is an
increase of approximately 27,608 people from stage I. The additional developed sources will enable a
maximum day demand of 68.9l/s or 5,956m3/day to be met. The estimated capital cost of stage II will
be in the region of 19,221,674 Birr
The proposed scheme will be to:

Drill and equip an additional eight boreholes in the Sede/Demet Gedel Well field. These
boreholes will pump directly into the transmission main constructed in stage I to convey
water to the supply reservoir. Additional storage will be constructed at the same service
reservoir site and the booster pump station will require upgrading to cope with the
increased flow. Additional distribution pipes will be laid to expand the supply area.
A layout drawing of the scheme can be found in Appendix A. The actual Stage II components to be
constructed are described in more detail in Chapter 7 but are summarized briefly below:
8 New boreholes to be drilled and equipped as follows
BHII-1 Of depth 180m and estimated 5l/s yield
Construction of additional reservoir storage at the following sites
1000m3 RC Ground level next to stage I
Replacement of mechanical equipment in booster pump station
Construction of an additional 13.5km of 100 diameter DCI collector pipes
Construct an additional 7.1km of uPVC distribution pipework ranging between 50 and
200mm in diameter
Construct the following additional ancillary buildings
4 Borehole control houses
4 Borehole control houses with generator backup
2 Guard houses at borehole sites
Construction of 1.5km of class RR50 access road to the new borehole sites
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Motta Town
1.6 Environmental Impact of Scheme
An EIA for each town has been consolidated into 4 Regional EIA Reports, as agreed with MoWR.
These reports detail environmental impacts during construction as well as long term impacts. The
relevant EIA report for Motta town can be found in the following document:
15 Towns Water Supply and Sanitation project Environmental Impact Assessment Amhara Region
February 2009 Mott MacDonald/AG Consult
1.7 Review of Financial and Economic Analysis
A financial and economic evaluation of the proposed scheme has been carried out. The evaluation
reviewed expected capital and O&M costs as well as recommending a suitable water tariff structure to
enable full cost recovery by the year 2020 . A summarised version of the tariff structure is presented in
Table 1.2
Table 1.2 Recommended Tariff
Consumption Range m3/M PWP DPC CPC IPC

PWP 8.59
1-5 m3/M 8.68 6.39 4.95
6-10 m3/M 13.02 11.18 11.13
11-25 m3/M 15.19 14.37 12.37
26-40 m3/M 19.53 15.97 13.61
>40 m3/M 21.70 17.57 16.08
1.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
In conclusion it is recommended that the implementation of Stage I be carried out as soon as possible
in order to address current shortages in the Motta water supply system and to allow for short term
growth up to the year 2020.
Since time constraints did not allow for the drilling of test boreholes into the aquifers, and that
borehole yields have been estimated based on previous reports, it is highly recommended that the
drilling portion of the scheme is implemented as quickly as possible as per the implementation plan
recommendations mentioned in chapter 6.15 such that electromechanical works design can be
finalised.
It is also recommended that prior to the end of the Stage I design horizon, and prior to implementation
of Stage II that population, town growth and the associated water demands are reassessed against the
estimates contained in this report and that detailed design and implementation of Stage II is adjusted
accordingly
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Motta Town
2 Introduction
2.1 Background
The 15 Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project is one of the projects that have been identified to
meet the Millennium Development Goals for 2015, which were established in 2000 by the United
Nations. The project is also a logical follow-up to previous feasibility, design and procurement
projects financed by a variety of sources such as the World Bank, the Netherlands and the Regional
Water Bureaus.
The Federal Government of Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) has
received a loan from the European Investment Bank (EIB) and a grant from the European Union
towards the cost of implementing this project in 15 towns in 4 regions of Ethiopia, through the
Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR).
Though the title of this project includes sanitation, the study of and design of future adequate
sanitation infrastructure was not a part of the Terms of Reference (ToR). As such, the sanitation aspect
of the project has fallen away and this report only briefly covers the condition of the existing
sanitation infrastructure and does not provide any design for future sanitation infrastructure
requirements.
The project aims to improve the living conditions of about 500,000 inhabitants by rehabilitating
existing systems and extending the water supply and sanitation infrastructure as well as providing
adequate training for Town Water & Sanitation Services (TWSS). The project will develop new water
sources (deep and shallow wells and springs), increase the capacity of pipelines and reservoirs, extend
the distribution system to those areas of towns not currently serviced, and provide technical assistance
to the TWSS.
Mott MacDonald, in association with AG Consult, have been appointed by the MoWR as technical
assistance and procurement consultants, to undertake design reviews for the 15 towns and finalise
tender documents for :
4 complete works contracts, 1 in each region, following EDF (European Development
Fund) procurement procedures;
A works supervision contract;
Support for institutional strengthening of TWSS;
A service contract for the Access to water Facility.
The project towns located in four regions of the country are:

Ataye, Kemissie, Shewa Robit, Mersa, Wereillu, Injibara and Motta towns in Amhara
National Regional State.
Dembidolo, Fitchie, Gebre Guracha and Holeta towns in Oromia National Regional State.
Bonga and Sodo towns in SNNP Regional state.
Adigrat and Maychew towns in Tigray National Regional State.
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Motta Town
The existing designs made available, have been prepared either by international consultants under the
World Bank projects in Oromia and Tigray Regions, or by the Waterworks Design and Supervision
Enterprise on behalf of the Regional Water Bureaus.
This report is the Design Review Report for the town of Motta, in Amhara Region. The existing
feasibility and designs were prepared by the Waterworks Design and Supervision Enterprise
(WWDSE), for the Amhara Water, Mines and Energy Resources Development Bureau (AWMERDB),
on the basis of an agreement signed on 3rd June 2004. The following report was issued and is reviewed
in this report:
Amhara - Two Towns Water Supply & Sanitation Project Motta Feasibility and Design
Report Issued April 2005
In the current work, the existing designs have been reviewed according to the latest issued design
criteria and best international practice. The designs have been updated to reflect the growth in
population and water demand to the new design horizons, agreed with the MoWR; and to take account
of the latest planning and development information available for each of the towns. Where designs
have been revised or updated, the important concepts of suitability, constructability and operability
have also been taken into account.
2.2 Data Collection
Data was obtained from the National Urban Planning Institute (NUPI) report on Development Plan of
Motta July 2004, results of the 1994 national Census, survey reports, and information made available
by the local administration.
The following stakeholders were identified and discussions were held accordingly.
Officials from the town administration;
Officials from the towns Water Service Office;
Officials from the towns Health Office;
Officials from the towns Education Office.
2.3 Profile of Motta
Motta is located in the East Gojam Zone of Amhara National Regional State about 370km from Addis
Ababa, 120km from Bahir Dar and 200 km from Debre Markos. The town is situated along the main
Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar road. Geographically it is located at latitude 110 0509 north and longitude
370 5324 east. Motta is presently the capital of Huletejenese Administrative district.
The total area of the town is estimated to be 1946 ha and is divided into four urban and four rural
Kebeles. The town lies in a relatively flat area between elevations of 2445 and 2415 masl.
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Motta Town
Figure 2.1 Locality of Motta in Ethiopia
Town Covered in this

Report
Other Towns Forming

15 Towns Project
Map not to scale
2.4 Climate
According to the metrological data obtained from the National Metrological Service Agency, the
average annual rainfall at Motta is 2,961 mm and the mean monthly precipitation is 246 mm. The
highest rainfall occurs in June, July, August and September with December, January and February
being the driest months.
The data shown in Figure 2.2 is based on an average of 13 years records at Motta.
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Motta Town
Figure 2.2 Rain Fall Data Recorded in Motta
Rain Fall characterstics in Motta town
350
300
Mean MonthlyPreciptation (mm)
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Pricipitaion ( mm) 4 5 38 46 98 98 312 288 148 135 37 12
Month
Source: Ethiopian Metrological Service
The mean monthly temperature ranges between 14.9 C and 18.5 C, with the lowest temperature
recorded during the months of December, January and February. The highest temperature occurs
during the spring season (March, April and May). The annual mean temperature is 16.4 C. The
variation of the temperatures is minimal, which is typical for the climatic region. According to the
climatological classification, Motta belongs to the "Woina Dega Temperate Rainy climate.
The data used in compiling Figure 2.3 is based on 10 years of records.
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Motta Town
Figure 2.3 Temperature as recorded at Motta station
Monthly Mean Teamprature
30
25
20
Temp [oC]
15
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Maximum Tempreature 27.7 26.5 26.2 25.7 25.5 23.9 20.4 22.2 21.4 21.9 22.4 23.1
Minimum Tempreature 6.6 7.4 9.8 11.4 11.2 10.8 10.8 10.8 9.5 9.1 7.8 6.7
average tempreature 15.2 16.4 18 18.5 18.3 17.3 15.6 16.5 15.4 15.5 15.1 14.9
range 17.1 18.1 16.4 14.3 14.3 13.1 9.6 11.4 11.9 12.8 14.6 16.4
Month
SOURCE: Ethiopian Metrological service
2.5 Infrastructure and Services
Motta has road connections by either asphalt or all weather gravel roads and is accessible all year.
Motta enjoys the benefits of a digital automatic telephone system. Mobile telephone and postal service
are also available. Motta receives a 24 hour electricity supply from the countrys hydroelectric grid
system. There are about 20km of gravel roads, with 6km with drainage ditches in the town. There are
three banks within the town.
Government and public institutions in Motta are given in the Table 2.1
Table 2.1 Government and Public Organizations
Name of Organization Number

Government offices 24
NGO offices -
Orthodox Churches 4
Protestant church 2
Mosques 5
Abattoirs 1
SOURCE: Motta Town Administration
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Motta Town
2.6 Demographic Conditions
2.6.1 Population
The 1994 Census undertaken by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) gave the population of Motta
town as 18,160. Using this as a base, the 2008 population is estimated at 34,750. Further details of the
population and its predicted growth are given in Chapter 3.
2.7 Economic Situation
Motta is the capital of Huletejenese Administrative district and is therefore an important

administrative and communication centre with a population of more than 34,000 inhabitants. Motta is
a major transit centre and it is located on the main road from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar. The town also
serves as a major marketing centre with thousands of rural people flocking into the town.
The status of Motta as the capital of the district means that administrative and law enforcement
institutions are centred in the town
According to the development plan of Motta, social and personal services are the dominant
employment sectors followed by trade and tourism.
Manufacturing is the other dominant sector providing employment. It is mostly based on grain milling
activities but the potential for diversification and growth is high. Construction is a relatively young
sector linked to the growing demand for modern buildings.
Table 2.2 Business Institutions in Motta Town
Type of Enterprise Number

Hotels 13
Bars and Restaurants 21
Metal and wood work 41
Garages 9
Retail &Wholesale trade 203
Grain Mills 30
Fuel Stations 2
Source: Motta Town Municipality
2.8 Future Development of the Town
A Master Plan for the town was prepared in 2004. According to towns administration the towns
development plan in terms of land use and area is as follows.
Residential 766 hectare;
Commercial 573 hectare;
Institutional 0.14 hectare;
Recreational 150 hectare;
Agricultural 232 hectare;
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Motta Town
Manufacturing 225 hectare.
According to information from the towns administration office the economy of the town is expected
to improve significantly. It is expected that small scale industries will grow substantially followed by
the building sector and hotel industry. Trading and transport sectors are also predicted to grow
significantly. Planned investment projects in the town, according to the information of the
municipality are as follows:
Real estate;
Hotel and tourism;
Social services.
2.9 Basic Social Services
2.9.1 Education
Educational services in Motta comprise four kindergartens, three first cycle elementary schools, nine
second cycle elementary schools, one high school, one preparatory school, one technical college and
one private college. Table 2.3 illustrates the number of students and teachers in Motta as well as the
student/teacher ratios which are quite high for the first cycle through to the 9-10year range.
Table 2.3 Distribution of Schools, Students, and Teachers
Level No of Student No. of Teachers Student/

teacher ratio
Kindergarten 232 13 18
First cycle 1186 16 74
Second Cycle 12306 239 51
9-10 5173 66 78
11-12 729 49 15
Total 22856 765 -
Source: Motta Town Education office
2.9.2 Health
One general hospital, one health centre and eight private clinics are found in Motta town. The hospital
and health centre has 105 and 12 beds respectively. The number and percentage of incidences (Ten top
diseases) in the year 2007/08 is given in Table 2.7.
According to officials of the health institutes in Motta, intestinal parasites and skin infections are the
most common water related diseases linked to poor water quality. High prevalence of these is an
indication of the status of water supply and personal hygiene.
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Motta Town
Table 2.4 The Ten Top Diseases
Name of Disease No of %
patients
Upper respiratory tract infection 1091 17.8
Gastritis 1061 17.3
AFI 841 13.7
Intestinal parasites 808 13.2
Infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue 531 8.7
Arthritis 461 7.5
Other unspecified malaria 435 7.1
Pneumonia 320 5.2
All other diseases of the skin 314 5.1
Iron deficiency Anaemia 274 4.5
Total 2433 100
Source: Health office of Motta Town
2.10 Water Supply Service
According to data from the Water Supply Service Office, the majority of households in Motta are
partially supplied with water from the towns water supply system. It is reported that 95 % of
householders collect part of their total water needs from the towns water supply system fed directly
through private connections or public taps. However, there is insufficient water to meet all demands
and the deficit is made up from other sources including wells and water vendors. The remaining 5%
of householders obtain all their water from protected/unprotected wells and vendors.
This is discussed in more detail in Chapter 3.
2.11 Sanitation Services
The overall sanitation of the town is poor and sanitation associated diseases are prevalent. There is no
system for collecting, transporting, and dumping waste in the town. The existing sanitation conditions
in the town are discussed in the following paragraphs.
2.11.1 Solid Waste Management
The majority of households have no containers for storing garbage. There are few garbage collection
facilities located in the community, therefore, residents of the town dispose of domestic waste in any
open spaces especially on the road verge and in drainage ditches. According to information from the
municipality two solid waste disposal sites have been identified, one in the western periphery and the
second is in the south east of the town along the main Bahir Dar to Addis Ababa road. However,
currently both sites are undeveloped.
Details of the solid waste disposal system of the town are given in Table 2.5.
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Motta Town
Table 2.5 Percentage Distributions of Solid Waste Disposal Methods
Method of Disposal Percentage

Pits in compound 1
Open places in compound -
Open places outside 75
compound
Latrines -
Public pit 24
Source: Town Municipality
2.11.2 Liquid Waste Disposal
There is no liquid waste disposal system in the town. Waste resulting from bathing and other domestic
washing activities is almost entirely thrown out into the streets. There is no specific site for liquid
waste disposal.
2.11.3 Toilet Facilities
Most of the excreta disposal facilities in Motta Town comprise pit latrines which are frequently poorly
constructed, offensive and over filled. According to the towns municipality the majority of
households use toilets in their own compound and about 7 percent use open field. The information
from the municipality is summarized in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6 Percentage Distribution of Household Toilet Facilities
Type of Toilet Facility Percentage

Open defecation 7
Latrine in compound 81
Latrine in other compound 9
Group latrines 3
Total 100
Source: Town Municipality
From the above table, the prevalence of open defecation (7%) is significant and demands
improvement.
Even though 90% of the population uses latrines, the quality of the toilets is questionable. This is
expressed by the fact that only 10 % of the households expressed satisfaction with their toilet facilities.
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Motta Town
2.11.4 Sludge Disposal Method
The municipality does not own a vacuum truck for sludge disposal. However, according to the towns
administration the municipality brings a vacuum truck from Debre Markos once every three months
and provides sludge disposal service for households by charging 75 Birr for a single service.
According to the information from the municipality during the field visit by the Consultant, most
households are unable to afford this facility and few households employ the service. Many households
dig a new pit when the old one is filled.
2.11.5 Sanitation Recommendations
Though the development of adequate sanitation services is not within the scope of this report, it is
apparent from the existing situation that there is a definite need for the provision of a system that will
serve the population of Mota more adequately both in the short and long term. It would therefore be
highly recommended that resources be allocated to enable the design and construction of sanitation
infrastructure that would be far more suitable than the current ones. Typical latrine details and some
sanitation facility recommendations have been included in Appendix F.
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Motta Town
3 Population and Water Demand Projection
3.1 Introduction
The current development plan for Motta Town was prepared in 2004 by National Urban Planning
Institute. The development plan shows that there are areas allocated for residential, commercial,
industrial and service-giving institutions. With the growth of the private sector in the economical
activity of the town, there will be a high demand for basic services among which water is the prime
necessity.
The proposed town development plan supplemented with on-site observation, topographic maps and
consultation with the local community, governmental and non-governmental organizations are among
the basis for water demand computation and design of future water supply system.
3.2 Population projection
The 1994 Census undertaken by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) gave the population of Motta
town as 18,160. The CSA has produced regional growth rates for different periods up to year 2030
and for three alternative scenarios with high, medium and low growth rates. The efforts of
implementing government policies on population regulation (family planning) in the Amhara region
are anticipated to be successful to a moderate extent. Hence, the population of Motta is expected to
show a medium growth rate. Accordingly for the projection of the population, the medium variant
growth rate was used. The following exponential growth rate was used.
Pt = Po ert
Where: Pt is projected population at time t
Po is initial population at time o
r is annual growth rate
t number of years
As part of this project applying the above growth rate in the exponential model, the urban population
of Motta is projected up to year 2030 and is presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Population Projection (2008-2030)
Description 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Annual growth rate (urban) % 4. 50 4.50 4.3 4.10 4.00 3.8
Population 34,750 38,022 47,143 57,870 70,683 85,474
Note: - The 1994: CSA National census figures are used as a base
According to the information from the towns Municipal Administration, the population of the town in
Year 2008 was 68,053. The Municipality also estimated the number of households to be around 7,793.
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Motta Town
The population figure provided by the town administration is significantly different from the projected
population from the 1994 Census. The justification given by the towns Municipal Administration for
this difference is that four rural Kebeles with a total population of about 30,484 were included in the
municipalities estimate. If the four rural Kebles were not included then the difference in predicted
populations would have been very small at about 4,266.
The terms of reference for this project stated that CSA figures should be used. Unfortunately during
the review, CSA information more recent than the 1994 figures were not available and as such, the
1994 figures had to be adopted. Time constraints in the implementation of this project do not allow for
this issue to be re-visited.
The previous report by WWDSE also based its population projections on the 1994 census. However,
it is unclear as to where their annual growth rates came from as the ones used did not match the
recommended rates as used in this report. As a result, the previous report had higher population
figures. A an example it had a population of 73,918 for the year 2011, whereas using the correct
growth rate, a population of 60,235 should be attained.
3.3 Projected Water Demand
Design of water systems require estimates of expected water demands applicable to size the pumping
equipment, transmission and distribution pipe lines and storage facilities. Estimating water demands
for a particular town depends on the size of the population to be served, their standard of living and
activities, the cost of water supplied, the availability of wastewater service and the purpose of demand.
It varies according to the requirement of the domestic population, institutional, industrial and social
establishments, etc. In addition to these, demand allowances need to be included for leakage, wastage,
and operational requirements such as flushing of mains.
Accordingly, the water demand of town is calculated with due consideration of actual conditions of the
town and pertinent to available data. Where gaps are observed in acquiring of data, estimates are made
from general experiences of the country utilised for similar towns.
3.4 Domestic Water Demand
Domestic water demand is the amount of water needed for drinking, food preparation, washing,
cleaning, bathing and other miscellaneous domestic purposes. The amount of water used for domestic
purposes greatly depends on the lifestyle, living standard, and climate, mode of service and
affordability of the users.
3.4.1 Modes of Services
Based on the available data obtained from the Motta Water Supply Service during the field visit in
August 2008, five major modes of service were identified for domestic water consumers. The five
modes are:
House tap connections (HC);
Yard tap connections (YCO;
Neighbour tap Connections (YCS);
Public fountains (PT);
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Motta Town
Other sources.
The current estimate of the modes of services in Motta is as follows in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Current (2008) Modes of Services by Percentage
Mode of Service Percent of population served

HC 5
YCO 20
YCS 6
PT 64
Other sources 5
TOTAL 100
Source: - Motta Town Water Supply Service Estimate
According to the Motta Town Water Supply Service estimation, currently 31% of the total population
is served by house connection and yard connection and 64% uses public fountains while the remaining
5% uses water from other sources such as hand dug wells, springs or vendors. Of the 31% of the
population served by house and yard connections, about 5% are served by a house connection, 20%
are served by their own yard connection and the remaining 6% are served from a neighbours yard
connection.
3.4.2 Domestic Water Demand Projection
In projecting the domestic water demand of Motta the following procedures were followed:
Determining population percentage distribution by mode of service and its future
projection
Establishment of per capita water demand by purpose for each mode of service;
Projected consumption by mode of service;
Adjustment for climate;
Adjustment due to socio-economic conditions
3.4.3 Population Distribution by Mode of Service
The percentage of population to be served by each mode of service will vary with time. The variation
is caused by changes in living standards, improvement of the service level, changes in building
standards and capacity of the water supply service to expand.
Therefore, the present and projected percentage of population served by each demand category is
estimated by taking the above stated conditions and by assuming that the percentage for the house and
yard tap users will increase gradually during the project service period while the percentage of tap
users will dramatically reduce as more and more people will have private connections as the living
standard of people and the socio-economic development stage advance.
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Motta Town
After establishing the connection profile for the base year (2008 refer Table 3.2) a projection was
made for the design year considering the target coverage to be achieved.
In determining the future trends of the modes of service, factors that influence the growth rates were
taken into account, these included:
Willingness to pay and level of affordability of the community in relation to existing and
planned water tariff levels;
Ability to provide sufficient quantity and quality of water;
Institutional capacity of the Motta Town Water Supply Service in terms of qualified staff,
equipment and facilities to offer a sustainable water supply system.
This projection envisaged provision of the traditional source users with public taps, and yard
connections (own & shared). Further decreases in public tap users are expected on the assumption that
more and more people will have private yard connections. Due to this an increase in percentage of
yard connections and house connections is anticipated by the end of the design period.
Taking the above considerations into account the proposed projected modes of services is given in
Table 3.3. At the end of the design period it is planned that all households will receive water from the
Water Supply Service.
Table 3.3 Population Percentage Distributions by Mode of Service
Year
Mode of Service 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
HTC 5% 5.00% 6.80% 8.50% 10.20% 12.00%
YTO 20.00% 20.00% 27.50% 35.00% 43.30% 50.00%
YTS 6.00% 6.00% 7.50% 9.00% 10.40% 12.00%
PT 64.00% 64.00% 54.50% 45.00% 35.30% 26.00%
TOTAL 95.00% 95.00% 96.30% 97.50% 99.20% 100.0%
The connection profiles for the intermediate years were determined by linearly interpolating the values
of the base year and the target year.
3.4.4 Per Capita Water Demand
The per-capita domestic water demand for various demand categories varies depending on the size of
the town and the level of development, the type of water supply scheme, the socioeconomic conditions
of the towns and the climatic condition of the area. The per capita water demand for adequate supply
level has to be determined based on the basic human water requirements for various activities of
demand category.
According to the design criteria prepared in January, 2006 by Ministry of Water Resources, Table 3.4
shows the per capita domestic water demand adopted for Urban Water Supply System for Stage I
(2020) design Horizon.
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Motta Town
Table 3.4 Breakdown of Per Capita Water Demand by Purpose (2020)
Purpose Mode of Service

HTC YTO YTS PT
Total (l/c/day) 50 30 25 20
With an increase in awareness within the community on the advantage of using a clean water supply
and provision of better services by the water supply unit, the consumption level of the community in
each mode of service is expected to increase by the end of the project design period (2030). In view of
this, and as per the recommendation in the MoWR design criteria, the per capita consumption for each
mode of services at the end of the design period was estimated. The expected domestic water demand
for each mode of service by the end of the project period is given in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5 Projected Per-Capita Demand by Mode of Service (2030)
Purpose Mode of Service

HTC YTO YTS PT
Total (l/c/day) 70 40 30 25
It is difficult to estimate how exactly the per capita water demand will grow in between the design
horizons. The values given in Table 3.4 have therefore been used for the first year of design horizon
i.e. 2010 and assumed to remain constant until 2020 though the reality of the situation may be that per
capita demand may gradually grow from existing usage up to the 2020 design horizon per capita
demands.
Between the 2020 and 2030 design horizons, the assumption has been made that there will be a linear
growth in per capita demands. .Per capita demands from 2010 (commissioning of the project) to 2030
(end of stage II design horizon) are presented in Table 3.6.
It should be noted at this point that the reality of the situation will only be able to be determined with
constant monitoring of consumptions and tracking of data over the years between implementation and
the final year of the design horizon. The estimation of these intermediate per capita demand figures
will not have any effect on the design of Stage I and Stage II infrastructure, but may affect the
calculation of water tariffs as presented in Chapter 9.
Table 3.6 Projected Per Capita Demand by Mode of Service (2010 -2030)
Mode of Service Year

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
HTC 50.0 50.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
YTO 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
YTS 25.0 25.0 25.0 27.5 30.0
PT 20.0 20.0 20.0 22.5 25.0
3.4.5 Adjustment for Climate
Motta with a mean annual precipitation of 2,961 mm belongs to Group C as per the design criteria.
Thus, an adjustment factor of 1.0 was taken.
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Motta Town
3.4.6 Adjustment due to Socio-economic Conditions
Motta town is classified as a town of Towns under normal Ethiopian conditions and is therefore,
categorised as a Group C town and was given an adjustment factor of 1.0.
3.4.7 Projected Domestic Water Demand
After considering changes in population and changes in the mode of service, per-capita demand and
applying the adjustment factors, the domestic demands were calculated and are presented in Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Population and Domestic Water Demand Projection
Description Unit Year

2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Population
Growth rate (Town) 4.5% 4.5% 4.3% 4.1% 4.0% 3.8%
Town Population No 34,750 38,022 47,143 57,870 70,683 85,474
Percentage of population
served by Service Type
HTC % 5% 5.0% 6.8% 8.5% 10.2% 12.0%
YTO (Own) % 20.0% 20.0% 27.5% 35.0% 43.3% 50.0%
YTS (Shared) % 6.0% 6.0% 7.5% 9.0% 10.4% 12.0%
PT % 64.0% 64.0% 54.5% 45.0% 35.3% 26.0%
Population served by
HTC 1,738 1,901 3,182 4,919 7,174 10,257
YTO (Own) 6,950 7,604 12,964 20,255 30,606 42,737
YTS (Shared) 2,085 2,281 3,536 5,208 7,351 10,257
PT 22,240 24,334 25,693 26,042 24,951 22,223
Total Population Served 33,013 36,120 45,375 56,424 70,082 85,474
Percentage of Total Population 95.00 95.00 96.30 97.50 99.20 100.0
Domestic Demand
Per capita demand
HTC l/c/d 40 50 50 50 60 70
YTO (Own) l/c/d 30 30 30 30 35 40
YTS (Shared) l/c/d 20 25 25 25 28 30
PT l/c/d 15 20 20 20 23 25
Total Domestic demand m3/d 653 867 1150 1505 2265 3291
Climate Adjustment Factor 1 1 1 1 1 1
Socio-Economic Adjustment 1 1 1 1 1 1
Factor
Adjusted Total Domestic m3/d 653 867 1,150 1,505 2,265 3,291
demand l/s 7.56 10.03 13.31 17.42 26.22 38.09
The water demand estimate for 2008 is based on what the demand should be if demands are
calculated according to the design guidelines. Actual measured current consumption may not reflect
the estimated demands due to insufficient supply.
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Motta Town
3.5 Non-Domestic Water Demand
Non-domestic water demand was also determined systematically. It can be broadly classified into the
following major categories:
Institutional water demand
Commercial water demands
Industrial water demand.
Agricultural demand
Fire fighting demand
3.5.1 Institutional Water Demand
The water required for schools, hospitals, health centre offices, government offices and services,
religious institutions and other public facilities is classified as institutional water demand.
(i) Educational Water Demand
The water demand for educational institutes is classified into day schools and boarding schools and
includes colleges and training centres. The water demand depends on the number of students, teachers
and other supporting staff at the school. Information regarding the number of schools, students, and
teachers was obtained from the Education office in Motta town. The information was used to
determine the demand for the base year. The future demand was estimated based on the CSA forecast
of school aged children for the design period and the governments program in the education sector.
There are 18 day schools in Motta: 4 kindergartens, 12 elementary and 2 high schools. The records of
the education office on the number of students and teachers for the year 2008 are given in Table 3.8
Table 3.8 Number of Students and Teachers in Day Schools
Educational Institution Number Number of students Number of teachers

KG 4 245 13
First cycle 3 833 16
Second cycle 9 11794 239
Grades 9-10 1 5050 66
Grades 11-12 1 729 55
Source: Motta Town Education Office
Of the total number of students, approximately 69% are in the primary school and 31% are in high
school. Currently the total number of students attending school is about 53.67% of the total
population. As per the 1994 Census, the proportion of school aged children is about 45% of the total
population. Therefore it would appear that there are a number of students coming in from outside of
the town
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Motta Town
By assuming a 4% annual increase in the number of school going children and assuming that this
increase will only start from 2010 after implementation of the project has provided better water
supply to the town, the projected water number of students can be estimated and this is shown in Table
3:9.
Table 3.9 Projection of Day School Population
Year 2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Percentage of students attending school 54% 54% 58% 61% 64% 68%
Number of Students 18,650 20,657 27,147 35,209 45,307 58,122
The educational water demand based on the above projection of students is illustrated in Error!
Reference source not found..
(ii) Health Institutions
The water demand for health institutes depends on the number of beds and number of staff working
and residing in the institutes compound. At present there is one general hospital, one health centre and
eight clinics with a total of 117 beds and a total of 95 health personnel and other staffs. The present
total water demand of the hospital and health centre in Motta with a specific water demand of 75 l/bed
is estimated to be 9.44m/day. This demand includes water used by staff and outpatients. As per the
development plan of the town, more health centres and health posts will be built in order to bring the
towns health service to the standard set by the Ministry of Health. To cover the demand of the
additional health centres and health posts, the existing water demand has to be increased by about 5%
annually. The projected water demand is presented in Table 3.10
(iii) Public and Government Offices
According to 1994 CSA Census report, about 48.8% of the total adult population in Motta is
economically active and out of this economically active population, 16.8% are working in public and
government offices. Having estimated the number of people working in public and government
offices, the water demand for this category was obtained by multiplying the estimated number of
employees with a specific demand of 5 l/person as given in the Design Criteria. The projected water
demand is presented in Table 3.10.
(iv) Churches and Mosques
In Motta there are six churches and five mosques. In computing the water demand of mosques and
churches, the average number of visitors per day was estimated as a percentage of the total population.
Taking the socio-cultural situation of the town into account, the average daily visitors to churches and
mosques was taken as 2.5% of the total population. Using a specific demand of 5 l/visitor, the
projected demand of churches and mosques has been calculated.
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Motta Town
(v) Public Baths and Recreations
In Motta there is one sports field but there are no registered public baths or cinemas. Even though no
public baths currently exist one is planned in the future and the future water demand was projected
with the assumption that 1% of the population will visit the public baths every day and about 1.5% of
the population visits a stadium and park every day. Although the demand is estimated as a percentage
of the population, it includes the water required for cleaning and watering of fields.
(vi) Abattoirs
There is one abattoir in Motta. Currently, the average number of cattle slaughtered per day is not more
than five. Applying a specific consumption of 150 l/cattle, the average daily consumption of the
abattoir is about 1.5 m/day. Taking this as a demand for the base year, the water demand for the
abattoir is projected to increase at 4% annually.
(vii) Bus Terminal
Since Motta is the capital of district there are many travellers and there is a busy bus station with
sanitation facilities for visitors coming from other towns. The bus station is expected to serve about
0.5% of the towns population every day. Thus, using this percentage and a specific demand of 5
l/visitor, the future water demand of the bus terminal has been calculated..
3.5.2 Commercial Water Demand
Commercial demands include water required for hotels, restaurants, bars, fuel stations, offices, small
industries (garages, flour mills, workshops, etc), and local drink houses (Tej, Areke, Tella bet).
In Motta there are 13 hotels, 21 restaurants and bars and 2 fuel stations. For the existing commercial
entities, the present water demand is computed applying the specific consumption levels specified in
the Design Criteria. The water demand of traditional wineries is estimated to be 20% of the total
demand for hotels and restaurant/bars as it was not possible to get the exact number of such businesses
from the towns municipality.
The future commercial demand was projected to increase at 2% annually.
3.5.3 Industrial Water Demand
At present there are no industries in Motta. The development plan of the town has allocated areas for
industrial (manufacturing) development but it is not known when these will occur.
The water demand for small scale cottage industries like edible oil production and other workshops are
considered as part of the commercial water demand. It is also assumed that industrial developments
will secure their own sources of water..
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Motta Town
3.6 Fire Fighting Demand
The annual volume required for fire fighting purpose is small. However, during periods of need, the
demand may be exceedingly large and in many cases govern the design of distribution, storage and
pumping requirements. In this case the fire fighting water requirements is considered to be met by
stopping supply to consumers and directing it for this purpose. This demand is taken care of by
increasing the volume of storage tanks by 10%.
3.7 Non Revenue Water
Non Revenue Water(NRV) includes water losses in the water supply system including illegal
connections, reservoir overflows, inaccurate metering, and water used in treatment plants. It also
includes water for which bills have not been collected. The records of the Water Supply Service for
the last three years were studied and the average NRV is calculated to be about 18%. This figure is
actually very high for a town size like Motta. In projecting the future percentage of NRV, it is assumed
that the system will be properly rehabilitated to bring the loss down to 15% by the year 2010.
With proper technical and financial management of the water supply system, it is further assumed that
the NRV can be maintained at 20 and 25% until year 2020 and 2030 respectively.
3.8 Water Demand Factors
3.8.1 Maximum Day Water Factor
A maximum day factor of 1.2 has been adopted for both Stage I and II design periods.
3.8.2 Peak Hour Factor
The MoWR guidelines have generally been used to calculate the peak hour factors. Since the
population size of Motta is between 50,000 and 100,000 up until 2030, a peak factor of 1.8 would
normally have been used. However, a slightly lower factor of 1.7 was deemed to be more suitable for
the town of Mota.
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Motta Town
3.9 Summary of Water Demand
The total water demand used for designing the water supply system components of Motta is
summarized in Table 3.10.
Table 3.10 Summary of Projected Water Demand
Description Unit Year

2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Population
Percentage to be served % 95% 95% 96% 98% 99% 100%
Population No. 34,750 38,022 47,143 57,870 70,683 85,474
Total Population to be Served No. 33,013 36,121 45,375 56,423 70,082 85,474
Demand
Domestic Demand m3/d 653 867 1150 1505 2265 3291
Non-Domestic Demand
Commercial & Institutional m3/d 161 176 223 280 349 432
Industrial Demand m3/d 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Domestic +Non Domestic m3/d 814 1043 1373 1784 2614 3722
Non Revenue Water (NRV) as %of % 18% 15% 18% 20% 23% 25%
production
m3/d 179 184 292 446 759 1241
m3/d 993 1227 1665 2230 3373 4963
Total Average Day Demand
l/s 11.5 14.2 19.3 25.8 39.0 57.4
Max. Day Factor 1.25 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
m3/d 1241 1473 1998 2676 4047 5956
Max. Day Demand
l/s 14.37 17.05 23.12 30.98 46.84 68.93
Peak Hour Factor 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Peak Hour Flow l/s 27.30 28.98 39.31 52.66 79.63 117.19
The water demand estimate for 2008 is based on what the demand should be according to the design
guidelines. The 2008 estimated average day demand should be 993m3/day, but since the existing
supplies can only deliver approximately 218 m3/day (Calculated from yearly production figure refer
Table 5.3) assuming 24 hours supply it would appear that the existing scheme is severely undersized.
Again it should be noted that only the Stage I and II demand estimates will affect the sizing of
infrastructure, and the intermediate years will only have an effect on tariff projections and as such
should be treated with care.
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Motta Town
Comparison of the maximum daily water demand estimated by the WWSDE (67.51l/s at 2021) and the
present design review (30.98l/s at 2020) reveals that the design review estimates are significantly
lower than that of the former detail design. This is can be attributed to the fact that higher population
figures were estimated by WWDSE as well as higher figures for per capita demand for each mode of
service. This report used MoWR guidelines as instructed and it is felt that the guidelines are adequate
for the region. In terms of the design horizons, the Previous reports stage I design required 47.23l/s
(2016) whereas the estimate of this report for stage I (2020) is 30.98l/s.. The differing design horizon
years and figures will result in a significantly different infrastructure design from the original
WWDSE design.
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Motta Town
4 Design Parameters
4.1 Design Period and Planning Horizon
Design criteria issued by the Ministry of Water Resources in 2006 were used as guidelines in the
design of the project and adjustments were made by the Consultant as appropriate. As per the Design
Criteria the design period is 20 years and the water supply scheme will be implemented in two stages.
Stage I will cater for demands up to 2020 and Stage II will cater for demands up to 2030.
4.2 Principal Design Criteria
The main criteria adapted for the design of the water supply system are:
Design period is 20 years in two stages to 2020 and 2030 respectively.
The Drinking Water Quality Standard adopted is the National and WHO water quality
Guidelines;
Maximum static water pressure metres in the distribution system is 70 m.;
Minimum water pressure metres in the distribution system is 15 m;
Minimum velocity is 0.6 m/sec;
Maximum velocity is 2 m/sec;
The opted technology is cost effective and appropriate taking into account the maximum
use of locally available materials, labour force and skills;
Scheme components such as reservoirs and conveyance units were designed as per
accepted standards.
4.3 Water Source
The water source/s will be selected to meet the expected total demand (including unaccounted for
water) for the relevant design period.
The location of the raw water source as well as size and depth requirements will be determined in
accordance with hydrological investigations.
The quality of the borehole raw water will also be tested for turbidity; chemical content and
bacteriological contamination to ensure its suitability and to determine if any treatment is required.
Actual pumped discharge rates will be determined in accordance with required demand and
sustainable pumping yields.
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Motta Town
4.4 Pipelines
4.4.1 Collector and Transmission Mains
Water from each well will be transported to the service reservoir via collector pipes and transmission
mains.
The transmission main was designed for year 2030 maximum day demand. The design was based on
the following criteria: flow rate, maximum design pressure, transient pressure and external pressure.
The pipe size and type was determined based on these design requirements and on the basis of
economical analysis (pipe diameter optimization analysis as per the Design Criteria).
To compute the friction loss in the pipelines the following Hazen Williams coefficients were be
adopted.
Table 4.1 Hazen Williams Coefficients
Pipe Status Pipe Type

uPVC Steel DCI
New Pipe 140 130 130
10 years old 130 120 120
20 years old 122 112 112
The collector and transmission mains were aligned in accordance with the following criteria mainly
for reasons of protection, safety, ease of maintenance and avoidance of pressure due to traffic live
load:
As far as possible the mains were laid on the side of carriageways, footpaths and
pavements;
Mains laid in soil are to have a minimum cover of 0.80m for DCI and GI pipes and 0.9m
for uPVC pipes, maximum cover will shall not exceed 3m
Water mains laid adjacent to roads were located at a minimum distance of 1m from the
edge of the road or the road side drain;
Water mains laid under roads are to have a minimum cover of 1.0m;
Where the minimum cover can not be achieved the pipes will be encased in concrete
surround;
Mains follow the shortest path with deviations only where dictated by topographical
conditions of the area.
4.4.2 Distribution Mains
The distribution network pipes are designed for the peak hour demand of year 2030 maximum day.
The distribution mains were sized using Water Cad computer programme and will be constructed from
2010 onwards. Pipes were sized based on design demands with gravity flow from the reservoir at the
lowest water level while supplying peak hourly demands. A Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient of
130 was used for the proposed pipelines and coefficients of 110 to 100 was used for the existing
mains.
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Motta Town
The distribution system was sized for a minimum head of 15m under peak flow conditions. To prevent
deposits in the pipe and scouring of the pipe, the minimum and maximum velocities were set in the
range of 0.6 to 2.0 m/s. Pipe pressure classes were chosen for the maximum head that may occur
under minimum flow conditions (zero flow) If necessary the distribution system was to be divided into
separate pressure zones so that the maximum possible pressure does not exceed 70 m.
4.4.3 Water Demand Factors
(i) Average Water Demand
The average day demand is taken to be the sum of the demands of domestic, non domestic and Non
Revenue Water (NRW)). The average water demand represents the daily demand of the town averaged
over the year.
(ii) Maximum Day
The daily water demand changes with the season and days of the week. The ratio of the maximum
daily consumption to the mean daily consumption is called the maximum day factor and usually varies
between 1.0 and 1.3. The maximum day demand is used for calculations such as source pumping
requirements.
(iii) Peak Hour
The peak hour demand is the maximum hourly demand in a given day. Such an event is likely to
happen during morning hours when most people use water for bathing, washing utensils and cooking.
Moreover, it could also occur at the end of the day when people need water for the same purpose after
working hours. The peak hour water demand is greatly influenced by the size of the town, mode of
service used and social activity pattern. The ratio of the peak hour demand to the maximum day
demand is called peak hour factor. Table 4.2 shows the recommended peak hour factors in relation to
population size that have been used for this project
Table 4.2 Recommended Peak hour Factors
Population Range Peak hour factor

<20,000 2
20,001 to 50,000 1.9
50,001 to 100,000 1.8
>100,000 1.6
Source-Urban Water Supply Design Criteria by Ministry of Water Resources, January 2006 .
The peak hour demand is used for the design of infrastructure such as distribution pipelines and
service reservoirs.
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Motta Town
4.4.4 Pipe Material
The selection of pipe material will depend upon the nature of the ground in which pipes are to be laid,
over burden soil pressure, surge, type of traffic load and the cost of the pipe. When a pipe is found
technically suitable for particular case the economical pipe materials available for choice are:
Ferrous (Fe) for pipes with DN 300 mm and above

uPVC for pipes with DN 50 to 250 mm
PE for pipes with DN 50 to 150 mm and Secondary distribution lines
GS for pipes DN 12 mm to 100 mm diameter.
The physical characteristics of the pipes must suit the actual service conditions in the water supply
system such as pressure, external load, soil condition and the topography
4.4.5 Trench Depth
Where the pipe is subjected to vehicular traffic the minimum cover provided shall be 1.0 m. In other
areas the minimum depth of cover will be 0.8m or 0.9m depending on the selected material. If the
above depths cannot be obtained, due to the natural ground profiles, the pipes will be encased in
concrete.
4.4.6 Pipe Backfilling and Bedding
A typical trenching, backfilling and bedding design encompassing backfilling material type and
bedding thickness is included in the tender documents.
4.5 Pipe Fittings
4.5.1 Air Valves
On the transmission mains air valves were located at all high points and wherever the rising grade
reduces or the falling grade increases. The maximum spacing between air valves was 800m.
The size and rating of air valves was compatible with the system. In accordance with the Design
Criteria double orifice kinetic air valves of DN 80mm were used for the pipes of diameter above 250
mm and single orifice air valve DN 50mm were used for smaller diameter pipes.
Air valves will not be installed on distribution mains.
4.5.2 Washout Valves
Washout valves were provided at all low points on both transmission and distribution mains to enable
mains to be drained for maintenance and repair. On mains of diameter above 250mm the washout
valves shall be DN 100 or DN80 and for smaller diameter pipes DN 50 valves will be installed.
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Motta Town
4.5.3 Isolating Valves
Isolating valves on transmission mains will be provided to allow a portion of the system to be isolated
for repairs. The locations of the valves were dictated by the profile of the pipeline and were usually
located adjacent to a washout. The maximum spacing between valves shall be 500m.
On distribution mains the number of isolating valves to be installed at a junction will be n-1, where n
is the number of branches at the junction. Valve locations could be at interconnecting pipes, bypass
pipe connections, hydrant connections, washouts and air vents
Gate valves compatible in size, type and pressure ratings to the system were used as isolating valves.
4.5.4 Pressure Reducing Valves

Pressure reducing valve shall be provided along the pipe profile to reduce the pressure and maintain it
within allowable limits.
4.5.5 Ancillary Fittings
(i) Pipeline Fittings (bends, tees, etc.)
Pipeline fittings (bends, tees, etc.) were appropriate for the pipeline material and were similar in size
and class to the pipeline.
Dead ends were provided with a valve that can be used to flush the main.
(ii) Fire Hydrants
Fire hydrants have been placed in the central business development areas at a maximum spacing of
150m. In other areas, fire hydrants will be located on road junctions.
A minimum pressure under maximum flow conditions of 15m has been allowed for at the fire hydrant
connection node.
Notwithstanding the above, it shall be agreed by the Employer that the number of fire hydrants should
be limited to avoid misuse and wastage
4.5.6 Thrust Blocks
If the pipeline was unrestrained (i.e. spigot and socket joints are used) then concrete thrust blocks were
provided to resist thrust forces at all bends, tapers, junctions or valves.
4.5.7 Pipe Supports
Concrete supports for pipes were provided whenever the pipe was to be laid above the ground surface
and also in situations where the ground conditions are poor. Lateral transverse anchors were
provided when the pipe is to be laid on a steep slope.
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Motta Town
4.5.8 Valve Chambers
Concrete / Masonry valve chambers shall be provided for each valve location for protection and to
provide easy access.
4.5.9 Road and River/Ditch Crossings

Whenever a pipeline crosses gravel, asphalted or concrete roads and river/ditch crossing, ferrous pipes or
structures which will protect the pipe shall be provided. For heavy traffic road crossings, concrete
encasements shall be considered.
4.6 Public Fountains
Public fountains were provided at a maximum distance of 500m in any direction. The final locations
shall be decided during construction in consultation with user communities.
4.7 Disinfection
The raw water from the boreholes will be disinfected using calcium hypochlorite compound and a
gravity system for dosing.
4.8 Service Reservoirs
Water is delivered to the reservoir in the system directly through the transmission main which is
completely independent from the distribution system. This allows greater control over the quality of
water delivered to the consumer.
The reservoir size is designed to balance the demands on the system so that peak hourly demands can
be met whilst maintaining a fire fighting reserve. This fire reserve is taken as 10% of the balancing
volume.
The reservoir shall be located at the highest location to ensure that pressures in the distribution
network are maximised.
4.9 Electromechanical System Design
The electromechanical equipment (pumps, mechanical and electrical control fittings, generating sets
and electrical motors) shall be selected according to pipeline profile designed, proposed flow quantity,
site condition, borehole diameter, reservoir elevation, suction height, static head, maximum
temperature , pipe length diameter and pipe material.
The pump control will be fully automated. The float valve fitted within the service reservoir will
slowly close as the reservoir fills, causing the pressure in the pipeline to increase. The pressure in the
pipeline will be measured by the pressure sensor fitted on the discharge pipe work at the pump. Once
the valve is fully closed, the pressure will continue to increase until it reaches a specified level at
which the electrical control board will signal the pumps to stop. When the reservoir starts emptying
causing the float valve to open, the pressure in the pipeline will drop, causing the pump to start again.
The following parameter are generally used in electro mechanical system design
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Motta Town
(i) Pump Selection Criteria
The following general criteria have been adopted to determine pump capacities for the proposed
sources
The discharge and total head shall be adequate for the purpose a high efficiency.
Quality of water (PH value of liquid handled, its temperature, corrosives, abrasiveness
etc)
Suction head and draw-down (in boreholes)
Borehole casing diameters and positions of screens
Power supply characteristics - Curve tolerances according to ISO 9906,
At the specified suction head the pump shall be safe from cavitation.
In the case of deep wells, submerged - motor pumps should be employed
The total dynamic head (TDH),
Suction and discharge heads
Temperature, viscosity, vapour pressure and specific gravity.
Pumping hours per day
Standardization of pumps with respect to capacity and type.
The cable size will be determined by the current of the motor output Voltage cable
length.
(ii) Arrangements of Pipes and Valves in Pump House
It is advisable for the delivery pipe to be provided with a check valve and a regulating valve. These
valves enable the delivery pipe to remain full and helps to protect the pump against water hammer by
preventing inverse flow though the impeller in the event of a sudden stoppage of the unit. The
regulating valve, on the other hand, is used to vary the power raised by the machine and therefore to
satisfy the water supply. The gate valve fitted on the delivery pipe helps to choke the flow capacity as
well as allowing the check valve to be removed for maintenance if necessary. Pressure gauges and
water meters will also be fitted to the discharge pipe work.
(iii) Electrical Equipment Characteristics
The electrical equipment like motors are likely to comprise the following:
The rated current: - the current absorbed by the motor, fed at rated voltage and frequency,
when it supplies the rated power.
The rated voltage: - voltage between two phases, on the motor terminals at rated power.
and frequency - generally 50 Hz ( In Ethiopia).
The power factor (p.f.) or cos ,:- indicates the phase difference between the vectors
representing voltage, on the motor terminals, and the vectors representing the current that
it absorbs. The duty: any electric machine is meant the load to which the machine is
subjected to starting, electric braking, idling and pause time, their duration and sequence
in time.
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Motta Town
Pumps are generally fitted with 2 or 4-pole induction electric motors keeping the
characteristic of the above parameters.
Most motor Specifications limit the locked rotor current to 600 percent of rated (full-
load) current. However, EEPCO requirements specify reduced-voltage starting, to reduce
starting current for motors above 7.5kw. Reduced-voltage starters of the autotransformer
type or star-delta starters shall generally be used. The starting torque of the motor shall
not be less than 60 percent of full load
Stand by power - As a general standard, stand-by generation capacity with sufficient
power for pump station output of 50% of design capacity is adopted.
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Motta Town
5 Existing Water Supply System
5.1 Background
Information was obtained from the towns Water Service during a visit to the town and the feasibility
study report prepared by the Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise.
The primary source of water is from two borehole sources that were drilled in 1984 and 1996. The
borehole drilled in 1984 which is known as Motta 1 is located on the south side of the town. It has a
depth of 65 meters and yields 3.4 1/s. The second borehole is known as Sede 1 and was drilled in
1996 and is located about 6 km south of the town. It has a depth of 75m and yields 3.7 l/s. Water is
pumped from each of the boreholes to a 75 m3 reinforced concrete reservoir from where it gravitates
into the distribution system. Originally water was pumped from the ground level reservoir to an
elevated tank but this is in poor condition and has since been abandoned. The water is distributed to
the consumers through house and yard connections and public fountains.
Water shortage is the major problem with the existing system. According to the information from the
water supply office during a data collection visit by the Consultant, almost all the households are
dissatisfied with the quantity of water supplied, while all of them considered the quality as good. Also
all hotels and businesses are dissatisfied with the quantity of water. Domestic supplies are
supplemented from secondary sources from the river, small springs and hand dug wells.
5.2 Raw Water Pumps and Controls
The boreholes are equipped with submersible pumps. The pump characteristics information was not
available at the Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service.
The pumps in both wells are driven by EEPCO power from the countrys grid system. There are diesel
generators sitting idle inside generator houses at both boreholes. According to the information from
the towns Water Supply Service the generators were operational before the connection to the EEPCO
power supply was made. Information from the feasibility study document prepared by the Design and
Construction Enterprise in 2004 stated that at the time of the study the generators were unable to
operate.
During the visit to the pumping stations the consultant team observed the following characteristics of
the generators at both pumping stations. The generator at Sede I well field has the following
characteristics, 56KVA, 44.8KW, 400 Volt, 31 Ampere, RPM 1500. The generator at Motta 1 has the
following characteristics; 30 KVA, 24 KW, 400 volts, 43.3 Ampere, 50 HZ and 1500RPM. Both
borehole sites had functional control panels installed inside the generator house. The well head of Sede
I is about 300 m from the generator building but the Motta well head is inside the compound of the
generator building.
The pumps are currently manually controlled as there are no control valves installed either on the
reservoir or on the pump discharge pipe work.
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Motta Town
5.3 Transmission System
The transmission line from Sede 1 to the existing service reservoir is constructed from galvanized iron
(GI) and has a diameter of 3 inches and a total length of 7,000 m. The transmission line from Motta 1
is constructed from GI and has a diameter of 3 inch and 4 inch and has a length 950 m.
The transmission line has no air valves, no flushing devices and no river, gulley or road crossing
structures. Water from Sede 1 is pumped directly to the existing service reservoir while the main from
the Motta 1 has a branched connection which connects to the distribution system.
There are two reservoirs in Motta water supply system, one ground level 75m3 reinforced concrete and
one elevated 20 m3 steel tank. Both are located on the same site. The 20 m3 steel tank is in poor
condition and is not operational.
The 75 m3 reinforced concrete reservoir was constructed in 1984 and is highly cracked and in poor
condition. The pipe work comprises a 3'' GS inlet from Sede well and a 2 GI from Motta well field
which is also used as an outlet from the reservoir. There is also a 2 GS overflow pipe and 2
drainage pipe. There are no water meters or gate valves on the outlet pipes.
5.5 Water Treatment
There is no water treatment facility in the system.
5.6 Flow Metering
Water meters are installed at the outlet of the boreholes but there are no water meters at the reservoir
inlet or outlets.
5.7 Distribution System
The distribution network in the town is constructed from GS pipe comprised of between 1 and 3
diameter mains with a total length of 4,100 meters. The distribution system is not looped.
The type, diameter and length of the existing distribution system is summarized in Table 5.1
Table 5.1 Existing Distribution line in Motta WSSS
Diameter Length Material

(Inch) (meter)
3 550 GS
2 810 GS
2 2500 GS
1 1050 GS
Source: Motta Water Supply Service Office
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Motta Town
5.8 Connections and Public Fountains
Water is distributed to a total of 1,041 customers having private connections and 11 public fountains
all of which are working at the moment. All fountains are four faucet stone masonry types and
equipped with water meter and gate valves. They do not have proper chambers for the gate valves and
water meters and there is no drainage or fencing.
Based on the five years consumption records of the Water Supply Service, the customers of the towns
water supply and sewerage service includes domestic, commercial, governmental and public
institutions. The number of customers since 2003/2004 is summarized in the Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Customers of Water supply service office of Various Types
YEAR SERVICE TYPE Total

Domestic (HC and YC) Commercial Government and Public
2003/2004 684 64 40 788
2004/2005 738 72 43 853
2005/2006 788 88 46 922
2006/2007 895 100 46 1041
SOURCE: Motta town WSS
5.9 Ancillary Buildings
The water supply service has no ancillary buildings to provide proper operation and maintenance of
the system. The office is not appropriate and is shared with other subdivisions. There is no space to
store spare parts and other items required for operation and maintenance and there is no workshop.
The pumping station buildings are constructed from CIS walls and roof, and are old and dilapidated.
Generally it can be concluded that the ancillary buildings are nonexistent.
5.10 Water Production and Consumption
The water production and consumption based on recent records was studied. The amount of water
produced and consumed for the past four years is tabulated in Table 5.3. According to the towns
Water Supply Service the consumed amount is calculated from water meters installed at private
connections and public fountains and the produced amount is taken from the water meters installed at
the outlets of boreholes.
The amount of water produced and consumed in Motta for the last four years as obtained from the
towns water supply service office is shown in the Table 5.3.
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Motta Town
Table 5.3 Water Production Consumption and NRW in Motta
Year PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION NRW NRW

(m3) (m3) (m3) (%)
2005/2006 57,301 50,799 6,502 11.35
2006/2007 77,518 62,876 14642 18.89
2007/2008 79,673 60,417 19,256 24.17
Average 71,497 58,031 13,467 18
Source: Motta Water Supply Service Office
It can be seen in the above table, that non revenue water is already on the high side for a town the size
of Motta.
The existing water tariff in Motta water Supply service is considered progressive and it is divided in to
five blocks. The existing water tariffs are given in Table 5.4
Table 5.4 Existing Water Tariff
Consumption Price per m3

Up to 5 m3 1.75 Birr
5.1 10 m3 2.0 Birr
10.1 25 m3 2.25 Birr
25.1 40 m3 2.5 Birr
40.1 + 2.7 Birr
At public WP 1.75 Birr (for all amount)s
Source: Water supply service of Motta
5.11 Motta Water Supply Service Office
The Motta Water Supply Service was founded in 1987. The current functions of the service are:
Production and provision of potable water to the customers of the town;
Collection of water charges;
Operation and maintenance of water distribution lines and equipment.
Currently there is no sewerage system in the Motta.
As per the Proclamation and Regulation issued by Amhara National Regional State for reorganization
of the urban water supply & sewerage service board, the management of the town water supply and
sewerage service was established by the municipal council. Accordingly, the Motta Water Supply and
Sewerage Service is directly accountable to the established board. The current organizational set-up of
the town water supply and sewerage service is as depicted below.
5-4
Motta Town
Figure 5.1 Current Organizational Set Up of Motta Town Water Supply Service Office
Regional Water
Resources Bureau
Zonal Water
Resources Office
Town Water Board
WSS Head
Typist
Admisinstration Revenue Section Technical Section Customer Service

Section
Source: Motta Town Water Supply Service
5-5
Motta Town
6 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage I)
6.1 Introduction
In order to alleviate the serious problem of the existing water supply and sanitation system of Motta
town, a study and design of a new system was carried out in 2004 by Water Works Design and
Construction Enterprise.
The previous design report by Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE) considered
two design phases the duration of which consisted of 10 years (2005-2011) for the first phase and 10
years (2012-2026) for the second stage. Population projections had been made using growth rates
established by CSA for urban population projection of the region. Demand projections were also made
through the first and second stage design periods. The maximum day demand of the town at the end of
the first and second stage design period was estimated to be 47.23 l/s and 123.67 l/s respectively.
The revised demand projections in this report (Refer chapter 3) give the maximum day demand of
stage I and II as 30.98/s and 68.93l/s which are lower than the WWDSE report. Therefore, numerous
changes to the original WWDSE design had to be carried out. Details of the scheme components are
discussed in the ensuing chapters. A detailed layout is shown in Appendix A
6.2 Sources (Review and Assessment of Ground and Surface Water Sources)
6.2.1 Existing Sources
There are currently two existing boreholes in operation, drilled in different locations known as
borehole #I (Motta 1)and borehole #II (Sede 1) yielding 3.4l/s and 3.7l/s respectively. Total
production from these boreholes is 7.1l/s. The data from field observation and measurement is shown
in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 Existing Boreholes in Motta
Location Well depth SWL (m) DWL(m) Q l/sec. Remarks

(m)
Motta 1 65 4.72 76.70 3.4 Discharge reported is
(stadium site ) underestimated
Sede 1 (Sede 75 108.92 121.92 3.7 Discharge reported is
site) underestimated
6.2.2 Geology & Hydrogeology
(i) Geology
Mota town is situated in the western plateau, an area which the hydro geological map of Ethiopia
classifies as Highland I. It is an area where there is wide spread moderate to large quantities of
surface water and ground water of good chemical quality (TDS 0-1500ppm). Most streams are
perennial and cold springs are common.
6-1
Motta Town
The geology of the area comprises Miocene to Pliocene age mainly basalt flows with subordinate
rhyolite and trachytic flows.
Alluvial deposits of clay, silt, sand and gravel, found along river valleys. Alluvial sediments cover the
valley floor. In the Motta area, only thin alluvial deposits occur only along stream courses; 2-3 m has
been observed on the riverbank. Alluvial thickness is unlikely to support any aquifer.
Basaltic lavas, which cover most of the study area. These are locally aphanitic with porphyritic
texture; some have columnar jointing. The lavas are faulted, fractured, locally crushed and weathered
and these structures seem to control stream courses.
Hard rock lava aquifer has fissure flow & low storage. Storage is developed in voids in fractured and
tectonised zones and in joints and in weathered zones.
Distribution and permeability probably depends upon good recharge potential and upon frequency of
fracture-joint voids in the rock. The productive boreholes drilled in Demet Gedel area indicate
occurrence of permeable fracture aquifers of medium potential.
(ii) Hydrogeology
The hydro geological map shows Motta town to be in an area(Region 2) where recharge to ground
water is 150-250mm/annum with aquifers of fracture permeability in volcanic rocks such as basalt
rhyolites, trachytes and ignimbrites classified as moderately productive. The general recharge to
groundwater from rainfall is high and is wide spread over the whole area. However recharge from
stream flow is localized and low to moderate. Discharge from groundwater is considered moderate to
high..
The drilling results show that the aquifer zones are fractures and weathered zones between different
flow layers and flow porosity which is typical of basaltic lava flows.
The test result of Demet Gedel area shows the aquifer has low specific capacity which is of typical of
fracture aquifers. Since the aquifer in the basaltic lava is combination of fractures, weathered zones
and permeability resulting from lava flow, the aquifers are found at different depths. In lava aquifers,
to tap different zones and optimize the yield from a borehole drilling depths should not be shallow.
These aquifers can support borehole yields of in the order of 4 to 6 l/s.
In addition to these two boreholes there are three boreholes that have been drilled at Demet-Gedel and
Sede plateau. Their construction is not complete, but they have been tested with 2, 8 and 10 l/s each.
6.2.3 Previous Studies
In 2005 Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (WWDSE) conducted a feasibility study and
detailed design work for Motta Town. The report considered both surface water and ground water
resources.
6-2
Motta Town
(i) Surface Water Sources
Motta is situated on elevated ground. Catchment areas drain away from the town in all directions.
Chiga River to the north of Motta, drains to the north collecting what water originates from around the
town. Further south of the town two streams, Sede and Chack join and flow towards the northeast to
join Abay River. The only major surface water source near the town is Abbeya river which is situated
some 11km from the town. The river flows in a gorge and is over 600m lower in elevation than the
town. Hence, surface water development for Motta town was not considered feasible either
economically or technically
(ii) Ground Water Sources
WWDSE compared six potential areas and recommended exploratory well drilling at Kola Dawaro
well field located some 11 km from Mota in the Abbeya river valley. . The site was selected on the
basis of electrical sounding which indicated a deeper aquifer than the other sites which indicated a
shallow aquifer. Table 6.2 is shows a summary of the sites investigated by WWDSE.
Table 6.2 Summary of Sites Investigated by WWDSE
Site Name Aerial photo interpretation Surface Proximity Remarks

elevation to Motta
Demet Junction of Sede & Chack Streams 2410mamsl 7km well exists &
Gedel localized structure E-W directed supplies water to
streamline identified. Motta town
The sub catchment has gentle slope
favourable surface water infiltration.
Ababalu Sub-catchment Surface ponds are 2435mamsl 8km Similar to D/Gedel

Georgis favourable to GW recharge
Gedamawit Elongated and wide catchment 1900mamsl 11km Anticipated drilling
favourable feature for GW recharge depth 200m
Kola Abaya rv. Crossed E-W trending 1900mamsl 11km Anticipated drilling
Dawaro local faults Elongated and wide depth 200m
catchment favourable feature for GW
recharge.
Web- Elongated and wide catchment 1750mamsl 12km Possibly not too
Kencharit deep to drill
Womber Sede river bends 2440mamsl 15km

Tsion E-W trending faults favourable for
GW storage
6-3
Motta Town
The recommended site at Kola Dawaro has not been further explored as yet with test drilling for
unknown reasons. However, the Amhara National Regional Water Resources Development Bureau
has conducted exploratory drilling at Sede plain / Demet Gedel area. Amhara Water Works
Construction Enterprise (AWWCE) was contracted to drill five boreholes, out of which one well at
Ababalu Georgis site collapsed and Chack#1 at Sede riverbank is not yet tested. The results for Chack
#2, Chack #3 and Demet gedel wells are presented in Table 6.3
Table 6.3 The Sede/ Demet Gedel Wells Test Results
Location Well SW DWL DD(m) Q (l/s) Specific Pump pumping

depth L (m) Capacity position Duration
(m) (m) l/s/m (m) (hrs)
Chack #2 126 8.7 76.7 68 10 0.15 123 72
Chack #3 126.2 37 111.4 74.4 2 0.03 123 24
5
Demet Gedel 105.9 13.9 54.55 40.65 8 0.20 99 48
4
Chack #2 pumping test was conducted for 72 hrs at a discharge rate of 10l/sec. the total depth of the
well is 126m, drawdown is 68m and the dynamic water level is 76.6m that is above the water strike
points of the aquifer layer which is between 75 to120m. The aquifer type is moderately fractured and
weathered basalt.
Chack #3 pumping test conducted for 42 hrs at a discharge rate of 2 l/sec. The total depth of well is
126.25m and drawdown is 74.4 m and the dynamic water level is 111.4m that is below the water strike
points of the aquifer layer which are at about 16.8-22.5m, 68.1-73.8m , and 79.5-90.9m. The aquifer
type is moderately fractured and weathered basalt. The low potential at this well seems be due to poor
construction.
Demet Gedel pumping test conducted for 48hrs at a discharge rate of 8l/sec. The total depth of the
well is 105.94m, drawdown is 40.65m and the dynamic water level is 54.55m that is in the second
water strike point of the aquifer layer. Water strike was reported at the following depths; between 38-
45m, 48-57m, 69-75m and 91-m. The aquifer type is moderately fractured and weathered basalt.
The drilling results show that aquifer material is located in void space developed in fractured and
weathered zones between different flow layers, which is typical of basaltic lava flows.
The test result of Demet Gedel area shows the aquifer has low specific capacity which is typical of
fracture aquifers. Transmissivity in boreholes in the lava is based on discrete permeable horizons
occurring at different depths in the sequence (associated with fractures, weathered zones and flow
boundaries). Productive boreholes need to cut a series of these transmissive zones and to do this;
experience suggests that borehole drilling depths should not be shallow. Typically, lava aquifers can
support moderate borehole yields, of the order of 4 to 6 l/s maximum. However, such yields may not
be sustainable in long term production and lower, more conservative yields should be adopted.
6-4
Motta Town
(iii) Previous Recommended Scheme
The previous study considered the use of ground water resources as a first alternative and an
abstraction rate of 5 l/s was assumed for each borehole. Accordingly, to meet the water demand of the
year 2011 and 2026 it was recommended that a total of 12 boreholes would be required; six boreholes
for the firststage and an additional six boreholes for the second stage at Kola Dawaro. This site
situated 11km west of Motta town at an elevation of not more than 1900 m.a.s.l.is was identified for
exploratory well drilling and testing to ascertain the ground water potential of the area to meet the
required design demand.
The previous design recommended pumping water from Kola Dawaro well field to a 100m3 wet well.
From the wet well water was to be pumped to a 1000m3 ground reservoir and then boosted to a 250m3
elevated reservoir. The reservoirs were to be constructed at a higher elevation near the existing
reservoir or the air field area.
6.2.4 Water Quality
Water samples were collected and analysed from the existing boreholes (the Sede borehole and Motta
town boreholes which are about 6km apart and near to the proposed wells). The characteristic of the
water from the new boreholes is expected to be similar to the proposed wells.
The result shows the groundwater is of low salinity (with TDS lower than 400 mg/l) good potable
groundwater. Except turbidity of Sede borehole water, all the chemical constituents are within
acceptable potable water standards as per WHO Guideline and as well as the Ethiopian Guideline.
Water Quality results are presented in Table 6.4
6-5
Motta Town
Table 6.4: Water Quality Results
SOURCE OF SAMPLE BH BH WHO maximum

LOCATION Motta Motta allowable
DATE OF COLLECTION - - Concentration
(mg/l)
DATE RECEIVED 8/9/2008 8/9/2008
CLIENTS ID.NO. Sede Motta town existing BH-1
LAB.ID NO. 423/2001 424/2001 -
Colour (app) - - -
Turbidity (NTU) 12 Trace 5.0
Total Solids 105C (mg/l) - - -
T. Dissolved Solids 105C (mg/l) 392.0 249.6 1000.0
Electrical Conductivity (S/cm) 600.0 384.0 -
PH 7.58 7.32 6.5-8.5
Ammonia (mg/l NH3) 0.630 0.19 -
Sodium (mg/l Na) 24.0 9.7 200.0
Potassium (mg/l k) 1.2 1.2 -
Total Hardness (mg/l Ca Co3) 287.7 186.9 500.0
Calcium (mg/l Ca) 89.04 54.6 200.0
Magnesium (mg/l Mg) 15.81 12.24 150.0
Total Iron (mg/l Fe) Trace Trace 0.3
Manganese (mg/l Mn) Trace Trace 0.1
Fluoride (mg/l F) 0.79 0.71 1.5
Chloride (mg/l Cl) 8.24 8.24 250.0
Nitrite (mg/l NO2) Trace Trace -
Nitrate (mg/l NO3) 2.9 8.46 45.0
Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3) 342.3 199.5 -
Carbonate (mg/l CO3) Nil -
Bicarbonate (mg/l HCO3) 417.6 243.4 -
Sulphate (mg/l SO4) 2.38 2.09 400
Phosphate (mg/l PO4) - - -
6.2.5 Proposed Groundwater Development Areas
The only drilling data available is for Sede / Demet Gedel area. The drilling data indicates that in this
area there are aquifers in the basalt formation at different levels resulting from fractures, weathered
zones and lava flow structures.
6-6
Motta Town
This area is a flat plain fed by two streams Sede and Chack, and gets flooded during the rainy season
and becomes swampy. The catchment area of this site is about 210km2. The annual average rainfall is
1500mm. in accordance to the Hydro geological Map of Ethiopia recharge to groundwater is estimated
to be about 150 mm to 250 mm. Because of the occurrence of hard rock at shallow depth rainfall
tends to temporarily develop wet surface/swamps in the thin soil layer in most areas in the catchment .
Therefore a conservative estimate of about 100mm is considered as recharge to ground water. Thus
the total anticipated recharge from the catchments is about 665 l/s.
This area should therefore be considered as a source for the supply of Stage I (2020) and Stage II
(2030) demand of Mota town.
This area is affected by flood during the rainy season as the area is flat plain. Therefore, boreholes
have to be located out of the flood plain and proper wellhead construction is required.
The drilled wells result has shown wells with 8 to 10 l/s discharge with high drawdown. However, it is
assumed with moderate drawdown wells can produce 4 l/s to 6 l/s.
It is recommended that Sede, Demet Gedel and Chack 2 boreholes are retained for development and
that a further five boreholes are drilled (with an assumed yield of 5l/s each) . Chack 3 was under flood
waters at the time of testing, and may be considered for use depending on the outcome of future
testing.
For stage I, the maximum day demand is 30.98l/s. Assuming 20 hours of pumping is required (to
allow for maintenance periods, breakdown etc), the required borehole output needs to be 37.18l/s.
Table 6.5 shows the proposed sources for the fulfilment of the water demand of Motta Town for Stage
I.
Table 6.5 Proposed Boreholes for Stage I
LABEL X Y ELEV Depth Casing Dia. SWL DWL Yield

(m) Type Of (l/s)
casing
SEDE (Existing) 380064 1220629 2396 75 3
DEMETGEDEL 378790 1220154 2400 106 2385 2280 5
(Existing)
CHAK-2 378313 1219344 2399 126 2384 2279 5
(Existing)
BHI-1 380503 1219560 2409 180 steel 8 2394 2289 5
BHI-2 379999 1219603 2405 180 steel 8 2390 2285 5
BHI-3 380171 1219234 2410 180 steel 8 2395 2290 5
BHI-4 380439 1218867 2409 180 steel 8 2394 2289 5
BHI-5 379325 1220748 2406 180 steel 8 2391 2286 5
TOTAL 38
Following a conservative analysis, it is reasonable to assume that boreholes correctly completed in

fractured/weathered basalt will normally be capable of yields around 5 l/s for modest drawdown.
Correct borehole design and construction practice should be considered.
6-7
Motta Town
Boreholes will have to be drilled to significant penetration of the basalt aquifer. Therefore, 180m is
considered as a target depth. The wells will have to be drilled with 12 inch drilling bit, 8 inch
production casing and steel observation pipe as access to the well have to be installed.
The depth and yield of boreholes as mentioned above are conservative figures and actual depths and
yields will only be known during drilling and testing. The number of boreholes to be drilled will then
be adjusted accordingly.
Cement grout sealants must be installed in the surface annulus between bore casing and borehole
walls, to prevent ingress of pollutants.
In general, some risk of drilling failure exists therefore some failure rate needs to be assumed in any
contract bill of quantities It is suggested that for the borehole drilling work at Mota, a 1 in 5 fail rate be
assumed (that is, one borehole in five drilled will be dry or have a discharge insufficient to be
equipped with a motorized pump). The following is the expected well characteristics for drilling at
Stage I.
In addition, test pumping of the existing boreholes Chack 2, Demet Gedel and Chack 3 would be
required in order to verify their actual condition before implementation.
Table 6.6 Characteristics of Stage I Boreholes
Well field Qty. Drilling Depth Casing Drilling condition

Diameter (m) type
(inches)
Sede-Demet 5 12 180 8 steel DTH & Mud rotary if collapsing formations such
Gedel as scoria are encountered
6.3 Outline of Proposed Stage I Scheme
What follows is a brief outline of the proposed scheme for Stage I.A detailed layout of the scheme
may be found in Appendix A Individual scheme components are discusses in more detail in the
ensuing chapters.
Briefly, the proposed stage I scheme is as follows:

Unlike the previous design by WWDSE the future water source for Motta will be from 5
new boreholes to be drilled in the Sede/Demet Gedel well field, and from the existing
two test wells and the existing Sede 1 borehole.
The raw water will be pumped to a new 800m3 service reservoir, located adjacent to the
existing reservoir where it will be disinfected. The existing reservoir will be
decommissioned and the two existing boreholes transmission lines will be connected to
the new ground level reservoir. The cross connection from Motta 1 borehole to the
existing distribution network will be severed.
From the 800m3 service reservoir the water will be pumped to a 250m3 elevated reservoir
adjacent to the existing reservoir. From the elevated reservoir water will gravitate into
the distribution system.
6-8
Motta Town
6.4 Raw Water Pumps and Pump Control
(i) Raw Water Pump Selection
Each borehole shall be equipped with a submersible pump. The pumps in the proposed new wells will
lift water from the boreholes to the proposed service reservoir and the booster pumps will lift water
from the service reservoir to the elevated tank located next to the ground level service reservoir.
Approximate sizing of the submersible pumps and booster pumps has been done using network
simulation software considering the case of simultaneous operation of all the seven wells. Expected
pumping heads are presented in Table 6.7
Each borehole outlet shall be equipped with a bulk water meter.
Table 6.7 Capacity of Submersible Pumps Required
Well Field Design Static Friction Total

discharge Head losses Pumping
(l/s) (m) (m) Head(m)
BH-1 4.35 157.91 36.69 194.6.
BH-2 4.47 160.97 40.66 201.63
BH-3 4.49 169.96 39.04 209.00
BH-4 5.28 173.00 34.00 207.00
BH-5 4.61 173.00 34.00 207.00
CHAK 2 6.63 153.92 37.19 191.11
Demet Gedel 4.66 126.8 27.63 154.43
(ii) Pump Control
The borehole pumps will be controlled from high and low level electrodes installed in the boreholes.
This control mechanism is a standard part of borehole control panels.
Since the distances from the pump stations to the reservoirs are long the feasible method of flow
control from pump stations to reservoir are:
Use radio communication control systems
Use float valves at reservoir inlets and pressure switches at the pump stations
Installation of simple manual systems and easily maintainable components is recommended for small
town water supply projects. Therefore the second alternative should be selected. In line with this,
central control of the boreholes is not envisaged, since the boreholes are located close to each other;
each borehole will be manually controlled from the panel in its switch house.
The governing principle applied is that the pumps will automatically stop on low levels of their intake
sources and preset high pressure levels in their transmission pipelines due to the closing of the float
valve at the end of the transmission pipe, on the inlet to the collection reservoir.
6-9
Motta Town
A float valve will be installed on the inlet pipe to this reservoir. The closing of this valve, when the
reservoir is full, will activate a pressure switch at each borehole site, stopping the respective pump.
Starting of the pumps is done manually.
In addition the reservoirs will be provided with water level indicator which will help the operator to
start the boreholes based on the low level in the reservoir.
6.5 Collector and Transmission System and Pipe Sizing
6.5.1 Collector Pipes
Sizing of the collector pipes and transmission main was undertaken using WATER CAD network
simulation software with the simultaneous operation of all nine wells. Hazen-William equation was
employed for the frictional head losses in the mains considering a minimum pumping of 20 hours per
day.
The collector pipes will convey water from each borehole to the transmission line. The collector pipes
are sized for a discharge of 5 l/s. A total of 8 km of 100 up to 350 mm diameter DCI collector pipes
are required for Stage 1.
6.5.2 Transmission/Rising Mains
The transmission main consists of a pipe line from the collection pipes to the ground level service
reservoir and connects service reservoir and elevated reservoir. There are two alternative arrangements
of the transmission main; either parallel pipes, one at each Stage of development or a single pipe sized
for the Stage 2 flows. The optimum pipe sizes for each alternative arrangement was determined by
considering the investment and operational costs as indicated in the design criteria. Based on this
analysis it is proposed to install a single transmission main sized for Stage II flows.
The design results of the collector pipes, rising mains, borehole pumps and booster pumps analysis are
presented in the Appendices
6.6 Booster Pumping Station
The booster pumping station will be located adjacent to the 800m3 ground level service reservoir. It
will lift water approximately 24m into a 250m3 elevated tank. The delivery will be staged for year
2020and year 2030 targets, with the first one aimed to convey the borehole yield of 135 m3/h.
Accordingly, the booster station will be equipped with three pumping units (two duty, one standby)
each rated for 50 l/s to a head of:
The power rating for the booster pumping equipment was evaluated as follows:
Pm = (m3/h * m) / (365 * E), adapted to the nearest commercial rating
Where:
h = efficiency, taken as 0.65
6-10
Motta Town
Calculating for the above parameters gives Pm =18.96 adapted to 22 kw.
Stand by generator power requirements for the booster pump is 55 KVA
6.7 Electromechanical Equipment
Electromechanical equipment required for stage I will be:

Seven borehole submersible pumps with control rooms and 4 generator houses
One booster pump station with generator backup and electrical control board (Refer
Section 6.6)
One hypochlorite dosing mechanism
6.8 Power Supplies
The power supply is a national distribution grid system where the power supply scheme is from
EEPCO providing 15 KV high voltage at each via overhead lines and the power is stepped down to
380 volt with a tolerance of 5%. The power supply to the well field and booster pumping station shall
be supplied by EEPCO. This will require a 7 km medium tension power transmission line. Each
borehole shall have a transformer.
Standard conditions assumed are:

Site altitude above sea level
Maximum air inlet temperature
Site maximum relative humidity
If these limits are exceeded, the generator has to be de-rated in order to give the motor sufficient
power.
Altitude de-rating factor; engine
3.5% for every 300 m above 150 m above sea level (2.5%for turbo-charged engines)
Altitude de-rating factor; generator
2.5% for every 300 m above 1000 m above sea level
Air inlet temperature, Engine
2.5% for every 5.5 C above 30 C(3 C for turbo charged engines)
Air inlet temperature, generator
5% for every 5 C above 40 C
The generating sets for three phase submersible motors must be able to withstand 35% voltage
reduction during star up.
The total power requirement in the well field facilities was estimated as follows:
6-11
Motta Town
Table 6.8 Borehole Pump Power Requirements
Well field Submersible Generator power

power (kw) KVA
BHI-1 18.5 50
BHI-2 18.5 50
BHI-3 22 55
BHI-4 18.5 50
BHI-5 22 55
CHAK-2BH 18.5 50
DEMET GEDEL (DG) 15 38
The water from the well fields pumping station will be pumped to a ground level reservoir located at
an elevation of 2,450.55m amsl near to the existing reservoir. The reservoir is sized to cater for the
maximum day demand and also includes a 10% allowance for fire fighting. Assuming 20 hours
constant supply from the wells per day (i.e. 4hrs pump shut off), the reservoir size is determined by
applying the mass curve principle for the proposed hourly variation of the demand as a percentage of
the maximum day demand. This shows that a reservoir volume of 803 m3 is required to cater for the
demands at Stage 1. The existing 75m3 reservoir is not considered in the new water supply system as it
is in poor condition and will be abandoned. Therefore, the required reservoir volume for Stage I will
be 800 m3. The computation for the reservoir sizing is given in the Appendices.
In the surroundings of the town there is no ground high enough to allow the construction of a ground
reservoir that will be able to supply the entire distribution network by gravity. Therefore it is
recommended that water is lifted from the ground level reservoir to a 250m3 elevated reservoir having
a height of 24m.
The reservoirs shall have water level gauge indicators that will be installed to height of 4.5 meters on
the outer part of the reservoir wall..
Each of the reservoirs have been analysed structurally and the results and assumptions can be found in
Appendix C. No geotechnical investigations have been carried out at the reservoir sites at this point
and as such a conservative bearing capacity of 460KPa has had to be assumed. During construction
appropriate steps should be taken by the contractor and the supervising engineer to make sure that
ground conditions do in fact match the conditions assumed in the design. If they are less, then a
decision will have to be made and the reservoir design amended accordingly
6.10 Flow Metering
Propeller or turbine types of flow meters calibrated in metric units, will be provided at the following
locations:
Outlet from the boreholes;
6-12
Motta Town
Outlet from the service reservoir.
The first meter indicates the volume of raw water produced and indicates the volume of water pumped
to the reservoir. The second meter will monitor the daily flow into the distribution system.
6.11 Water Treatment/Disinfection
No test wells were drilled at the proposed well field, however water samples were collected and
analysed from the existing boreholes (the Sede borehole and Motta town boreholes which are about
6km apart and near to the proposed wells). The characteristic of the water from the new boreholes is
expected to be similar to the proposed wells.
The result shows the groundwater is of low salinity (with TDS lower than 400 mg/l) good potable
groundwater. Except turbidity of Sede borehole water, all the chemical constituents are within
acceptable potable water standards as per WHO Guideline and as well as the Ethiopian Guideline.
It is proposed to chlorinate the water at the 1000m3 service reservoir site and further treatment is not
required. A gravity chlorination system will be located on top of the reservoir and calcium
hypochlorite solution will be used to disinfect the water. A dosing rate of 2.0 mg/l will be sufficient to
insure a residual chlorine concentration of 0.5 mg/l at the extreme points in the distribution system.
The chlorine disinfection system at the service reservoir compound shall consist of preparation tanks,
mixers, gravity dosers and associated service water and solution piping systems.
The preparation tanks shall be mounted on a raised platform 50 to 60 cm high above the tank roof, in
order to provide full gravity feed to the metering tanks. Each preparation tank will be supplied with a
stirrer. Each tank alternatively will supply a 50 or 100 litre gravity type metering tank with a
rotameter. The control panel for the mixer motors shall be installed on top of the collection reservoir.
In addition a 0.25 ton gantry swivelling crane will be installed on the top of the service reservoir to lift
hypochlorite sacks.
During EEPCO power outages the disinfection equipment will be run by an 8kVa standby power
source installed in the site.
The preparation tanks will be connected to a or 1 service water supply line. A small water pump
installed in the service reservoir valve chamber, supplied from the outlet pipe of the reservoir, will
provide the necessary head.
The chlorine solution pipe system shall be made of DN 25 uPVC pressure pipes and fittings. The
system will consist of connections from the preparation tanks to the metering tanks and to the injection
point at the top of the reservoir.
The sizing of the chemical tanks is based on the use of two preparation tanks, each sufficient for 12
hours operation.
For first phase demand, the calculated tank size and dosing rate is small. Therefore selection of
disinfection equipment based on second phase demand has been taken as a better alternative as the
cost of equipment will not vary much for these sizes. Thus, two hypochlorite preparation tanks of 300
liters each would meet requirements.
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Motta Town
Table 6.9 Motta Chemical Dosing
Hypochlorite
Item max l/hr min l/hr
concentration g/m3 0.01 0.03
dosing rate mg/ltr 2.5 2.5
max day demand m3 1432 1432
daily demand kg/day 3.58 3.58
density kg/m3 1000 1000
daily demand by water volume m3 0.0036 0.0036
required water volume m3 0.3544 0.1158
total volume m3 0.3580 0.1193
two tanks of each m3 0.1790 0.0597
dosing rate ltr/hr 14.9167 4.9722
6.12 Distribution System
The existing settlement pattern and the proposed development plan prepared by NUPI form the basis
for design of the distribution system. However, in planning the layout of the pipes to cover the towns
proposed development plan, care was been taken not to make the cost of the distribution too expensive
as the development plan looked more ambitious than what has been observed on site. Therefore, a
compromise was made between the existing development and the proposed NUPI plan in deciding the
areas to be covered by the primary distribution network.
In this project only primary and secondary distribution lines were considered. Tertiary lines and lines
for private connections are to be constructed by the Water Supply Service. The distribution system
will be constructed in two stages; Stage I will be constructed under this project and will cover the
anticipated settlement areas to the year 2020 and Stage II will be constructed in the future and will
cover extensions of distribution systems for settlement areas to 2030.
6.12.1 Network Design
(i) Nodal Demand Computation
The towns development plan was obtained from NUPI and was digitised and used as a background to
design the distribution. A network model of the town was created using WATER CAD software and
this was used to design the distribution system.
The average day domestic, commercial and institutional demands, including Non Revenue Water,
were distributed to the nodes of the network model according to the land use plan as per the following
procedures:
From the land use plan and site visit the spatial distribution of the existing and proposed
infrastructures were identified;
In order to simplify the analysis, the land use plan was reclassified into two major
categories; domestic and commercial and institutional;
Using a digitized map the area supplied from each node was delineated, measured and
tabulated for each category user;
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Motta Town
The demand area ratio for each category was computed;
Nodal demands were computed by multiplying the area at each node with the demand
area ratio for the specific consumer group.
(ii) Network Simulation
The network simulation was carried out using Water Cad and was undertaken for extended periods by
taking the hourly demand variation pattern into consideration. Critical pipeline sections with
excessive head losses were identified. Then the diameter was increased until the minimum supply
pressure 5 m was maintained in all parts of the system. Adjustments to the network model were
undertaken until all the flow parameters (velocity and pressure) were within acceptable design limits.
Two extended period (24 hours) simulations were carried out, one for the average day in which the
minimum hour exists and one for maximum day in which the peak hour exists.
On the average day simulation, the hourly factors were multiplied by a global factor of 1.0. From this
analysis the maximum pressure that can be developed in the system was determined. The minimum
flow is estimated to be 30% of the average day demand and is expected to occur during the night time.
On the maximum day simulation the hourly factors were multiplied by global factor of 1.2. The peak
hour demand is expected to occur during the maximum day on hour 8:00 at which the hourly factor is
1.7. Thus the peak demand Qpeak = 2.04Qavg..
(iii) Available Pressure Heads/Network Simulation Results
The pipes were sized for the peak hour flow during the maximum day and these pipes were checked
with the minimum night flow during the average day. The minimum pressure in the distribution for the
peak hour flow of the maximum day is 2.54m and the minimum and the maximum velocities observed
are 0.06 and 2.27m/s. Though these figures are outside of the guidelines, they occur in the network at
localised places such as close to the reservoir or at the end of some legs of pipework, and are
unavoidable. The vast majority of parameters fall within the acceptable limits given in the design
criteria. The maximum pressure observed is about 72.54 at junction 120. Thus PN10 uPVC pipes
ranging from DN50 to DN350, PN10 uPVC pipes are recommended. The analysis results and the
layout drawings are given in the appendices.
As per the water demand computation model, the total number of public fountains required for Motta
at the end of the Stage I design period (2020) is 18. Presently there are 11 public fountains, thus it is
planned to construct an additional 7 fountains during Stage 1 of this project. The public fountains
shall have six faucets with a stand at one of the faucets that can accommodate a barrel. The location of
the additional public fountains shall be finalised during the construction phase after consultation with
the water supply service and the community.
The fountains will be protected with fences and should be free from any pollution problem.
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Motta Town
6.14 Ancillary Buildings and Access Roads
6.14.1 Ancillary Buildings
The Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise in 2004 identified various ancillary buildings
that were required to be constructed as part of the project. During the Consultants visit as part of this
project the requirements of the Motta Water Supply Service were discussed and it was agreed that the
recommendations of the Design Enterprise would be included in the Project. Therefore, it is proposed
to construct offices, stores, workshops and chlorination buildings as detailed below.
1 Service quarters at the workshop location
6.14.2 Access Roads
Presently access to the well field is not possible. Thus for the operation and maintenance of the
boreholes, an all weather gravel access road with a total length of 7 km shall be constructed from the
asphalt road to each borehole.
6.15 Implementation Plan
6.15.1 Contract Packaging
According to the TOR, the contract packaging for Motta Water Supply Project will be implemented
under a single contract that will also include other towns namely: Injibara, Werillu, Mersa, Ataye,
Kemisse and Showa Robit .
The following activities have been packaged together within the contract:
Construction of Boreholes.
Supply of Pipes and Fittings and related accessories.
Construction of Civil Engineering Works, related with pipe laying and construction of
reservoirs, buildings and ancillary elements such as access/service roads and site fencing.
Supply and Installation of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment, including pumping
units, generator sets and chlorinating components.
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Motta Town
Such packaging was considered in timing the Works, as discussed in the following sections.
6.15.2 Implementation Programme
A preliminary construction programme has been developed and this programme is given in Figure 6.1.
The main factors affecting the structure of the programme are:
The time required for the procurement of materials;
The need to drill and construct boreholes during the dry season. To allow for this, a
construction period of two year has been allocated;
The time required for the Contractor to establish a concrete batching plant;
The rate at which the Contractor can excavate, lay and backfill pipelines;
The time taken for the Contractor to submit working drawings for the approval of the
Engineer.
(i) Construction of Bore Holes
Appropriate timing for boreholes construction and testing is crucial for both civil engineering and ME
contracts so that these could proceed without delays caused by the boreholes late construction or late
availability of data produced in their testing.
Construction of boreholes is an independent work, to be carried out by the contractor that has the
necessary expertise and tools to carry it out.
Construction of consecutive boreholes in a the scheme should be timed in series, to take advantage of
gained previous experience and findings in the drilling of next boreholes. However, subject to the
contractors capability, construction of boreholes at various well fields may be carried out in parallel
or in series.
In order to decide the actual pumps to be supplied in accordance to the actual field result the drilling
work will have to be completed as early as possible. The total number of boreholes to be drilled at
Stage I are 5 boreholes. Assuming 15 days for completion of one borehole including test pumping a
total of 75 days are required which is about 2.5months. The drilling works assumed to be completed
within the first three months period including mobilization of the contractor to the drilling sites. Thus,
the contractor would probably only need to supply one drilling rig to complete the drilling activity
which will be the basis for resizing of electro-mechanical equipment.
(ii) Supply of Pipes and Fittings
The supply involves the import into Ethiopia of goods required for the works, mainly comprising the
following:
Pipes of various diameters, of DCI, uPVC and GS.
Fittings for various kinds and diameter of pipes, such as couplings, bends, tees, reducers,
etc.
Accessories, such as valves, air vents, water meters, tools, etc.
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Motta Town
Since the goods are intended to be incorporated in a distinct water supply system, cross reference and
matching of manufacturing, class categorisation, tolerances, and similar standards are of paramount
importance
The point of delivery of the goods should be the town, with the contractor being responsible for
transportation and inland haulage. The contractor should submit the goods stacked in store, where
these are to be separated by kind and intended use, e.g. for pipelines by material, for reservoir pipe
work, etc.
It is recommended that the supply of all the goods should be made in a single operation, although in
this case the delivery time might be affected by delayed manufacture or other reasons related to some
items. The advantage of a single supply, in terms of acceptance examination and the allowance for the
civil works to programme the activities unhindered by lack of certain items, would more than
compensate for a reasonable delay in the supply, if at all. A reasonable time for supply, including
delivery to site of all goods would be as follows:
2 months: Placement of orders by the contractor.
3 months: Packaging and delivery to ports of dispatch.
1 month: Sea freight.
1 months: Port handling and land transportation.
Total = 7 months
In an undesirable case of split delivery, insistence should be made to obtain goods by destined work
elements, e.g. pipelines, reservoirs, etc. to allow their uninterrupted implementation. Also in this case,
the timetables of both activities (for supply of pipes and fittings and for civil engineering works)
should be compared and adjusted.
(iii) Construction of Civil Works
The major civil engineering works include the following:

Pipelines:
DCI collector pipes ranging from DN 100 to DN 350mm
DCI 400 mm rising main.
Distribution Network:
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Motta Town
Construction of two new reinforced concrete reservoirs as follows:
800m3 RC Ground level
250m3 RC Elevated reservoir
Construction of the following ancillary buildings:
1 Service quarters at the managers dwelling
Construction of 7km of class RR50 access road to the new borehole sites
The time duration for implementation of these works is estimated to be 24 months, including one
month for contractors mobilisation.
(iv) Mechanical and Electromechanical
Quite often the exact rating of pumping equipment may not be known at the time of bidding, pending
actual findings during construction and on testing of boreholes. Instead, best estimated relevant values
were applied to obtain tentative equipment sizes. Eventually, when actual values will be obtained, they
will be introduced in the design procedure and definite ones will replace the tentative rating. Since
best estimate values were used, the revised ratings will be quite similar, with negligible effect on the
element cost. This procedure is considered common practice, and is acceptable to M&E (mechanical
& electrical) contractors.
Another characteristic of M&E works is the correlation of design values with standard manufacturers
products. During the design, the identity of the actual equipment manufacturer is not known, thus the
design is based on trade catalogues of various manufacturers, common in the market. The contractor,
in his bid and later during contract administration process presents definite equipment items, and their
specific characteristics are being reviewed by the Engineer.
Usually, both checks take place during the review of the contractors working drawings, preceding the
actual assembly of the components. Accordingly, the expected implementation for the works would be
11 months as follows:
1 month: Preparation by the contractor of working drawings.
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Motta Town
1 month: Examination of the drawings by the engineer.
4 months: Manufacture and shop assembly of components and Testing of

equipment at manufacturers premises.
1 month: Packaging and sea freight.
1 month: Port handling and land transportation.
2 months: Site installation.
1 month: Running-in and site tests
The following Electrical and mechanical works will be required

7 x boreholes equipped with submersible pumps 3 of which will have backup generators
1 x pump station equipped with back up generator
1 x chlorination dosing mechanisms equipped with backup generator
(v) Tentative Implementation Timetable
With time allocation for the expected procedures and activities as discussed in the previous
paragraphs, and assuming that processing for the programme will start around May 2010, it is
estimated that the project could be completed by about the middle of year 2012, as shown in Figure
6.1.
As described earlier, the critical path for implementation of the works relate to the following factors:
Review and budgeting: These are mostly administrative activities, that unless
incorporated in a multi-annual programme may take time.
Drilling and construction of boreholes: Appropriate timing for boreholes construction and
testing is crucial for both civil engineering and ME portions of the contract so that these
could proceed without delays caused by the boreholes late construction or late
availability of data produced in their testing. Drilling should therefore start by not later
than the beginning of the 3rd quarter of 2010.
Mechanical and Electrical:Scheduling the completion of the M&E works say 1 month
earlier than the completion of the civil engineering ones would bring the initiation of the
M&E implementation activities towards the completion of the borehole drilling and
testing activities, such that the relevant data could be directly used for finalising the
design and determining the definite relevant equipment. This will put the start of the
M&E supply process not later than the end of 3rd quarter of year 2010
Supply of pipes and fittings: Due to their involvement with imports, they require longer
time durations than local contract procedures. Supply and delivery of pipes and fittings
are crucial prerequisites for timely commencement of the civil engineering works. The
latter is expected to be the longest duration element in the programme, hence its earliest
start is crucial.
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Motta Town
Implementation time of civil engineering work: Work will be spread over several sites
and the components are diverse. It is expected to commence with the availability of pipes
and fittings on site, hence this dependency was eliminated in the said timetable.
Curtailing the time of implementation, e.g. by achieving efficient contractors
management would have a direct effect on cutting down the programme implementation.
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Motta Town
Figure 6.1 Motta Water Supply Program Tentative Implementation Schedule
2009 2010 2011 2012

Ref. Duration
No. Activity Months J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
A1 STAGE 1 24
Design Review & Tender

A1-1 Document Preparation
Tendering, Tender Evaluation

A1-2 & Award 2
A1-3 Mobilization 1
Production Boreholes Drilling

A1-4 & Development 3
A1-5 Supply of Pipes and Fittings 7
Supply & Installation of E & M

Equipments and Power
A1-6 Supply 11
Construction of Civil
A1-7 Structures and Pipe Laying 24
A1-9 Provisional Acceptance 1

A1-10 Maintenance 12
A1-11 Final Acceptance 1
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Motta Town
6.16 Engineering Cost Estimate
The capital cost required to implement the project in two stages has been computed. The investment
required for Stage I is of the order of Birr 43,488,846. This excludes the cost for supervision and VAT,
but does include 15% contingencies. Cost estimates are shown in Table 6.10
It should also be noted that the costs presented in the engineers estimate and summarised in Table 6.10
are only town specific costs. Since Mota will be packaged together with six other towns to form one
tender package, there are cost items that will apply to the contract and not just to the town such as day
works, contractors insurances, supervision items etc.. These additional costs will have to be applied
pro rata over and above the costs shown in the engineers estimate and summarised in Table 6.10.
Some of these costs were not able to be fully quantified at time of writing and as such, have had to be
excluded from the engineers estimate and tariff calculations in Chapter 9. Complete estimates and
tariffs will only be able to be fully finalised once the winning tender figures have been entered. These
additional costs though are likely to only form a small percentage of the town specific costs, and
therefore the figures presented in Table 6.10 and the tariffs calculated from them are still considered
to be a reasonable estimate at this time
Table 6.10 Capital Cost Estimate of Stage I
Item Description Amount in Amount in

Euro Birr
PART A GENERAL ITEMS 18,220 262,000
PART B DRILLING 246,285 3,541,584
PART C PIPE WORK 1,389,184 19,976,462
PART D CIVIL WORKS 558,611 8,032,824
PART E ELECTROMECHANICAL WORK 417,491 6,003,518
Total 2,629,791 37,816,388
Contingencies 15 % 394,469 5,672,458
Total Project Cost(Incl. Contingencies Excl. VAT) 3,024,259 43,488,846
VAT 453,639 6,523,327
Total Project Cost(Incl. Contingencies Incl. VAT) 3,350,340 49,827,945
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Motta Town
7 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage II)
7.1 Introduction
The following additional main elements for Stage II are required for the water supply system:
Drilling of 6 additional boreholes to supply the deficit maximum day demand for year
2030.
Supply and installation of submersible and booster and control equipment
Additional collection pipe work to convey water from the source to the service reservoir.
Increased capacities of reservoirs together with extension of distribution systems
It should be noted at this point that Stage II construction would probably occur around the year 2020
or slightly before. It would be advisable that before any construction is carried out, that the status quo
of Motta is re-assessed at that point as town development may have changed.
7.2 Water Source
The water source for Stage II will remain the same as for Stage I. Additional boreholes will be drilled
to accommodate the increased 2030 demand. The maximum day demand for stage II is 68.93l/s.
Assuming 20 hours pumping, the required borehole out put is 82.7l/s. The stage I borehole output will
be 37.2l/s. Therefore an addition supply of 45.5l/s is required.
Table 7.1 Proposed Boreholes for Stage II
LABEL X Y ELEV Depth Casing Dia. of Yield

(m) Type casing (l/s)
BHII-1 379224 1219590 2414 180 steel 8 5-6
BHII-2 379001 1219130 2410 180 steel 8 5-6
BHII-3 378412 1218607 2414 180 steel 8 5-6
BHII-4 378384 1218107 2419 180 steel 8 5-6
BHII-5 378626 1217669 2427 180 steel 8 5
BHII-6 378818 1217208 2421 180 steel 8 5
BHII-7 378083 1218930 2404 180 steel 8 5
BHII-8 377733 1218590 2402 180 steel 8 5
The optimum average yield of the boreholes in this well field is conservatively estimated to be 5 -6l/s.
7.3 Raw Water Pumps and Pump Controls
Eight additional boreholes shall be drilled during Stage 2. For these wells appropriate wellheads will
be constructed.
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Motta Town
7.4 Outline of Proposed Stage II Scheme
What follows is a brief outline of the proposed scheme for Stage II.A detailed layout of the scheme
may be found in Appendix A Individual scheme components are discusses in more detail in the
ensuing chapters.
Briefly, the proposed stage II scheme is as follows:

Drill and equip an additional eight boreholes in the Sede/Demet Gedel Well field. These
boreholes will pump directly into the transmission main constructed in stage I to convey
water to the supply reservoir. Additional storage will be constructed at the same service
reservoir site and the booster pump station will require upgrading to cope with the
increased flow. Additional distribution pipes will be laid to expand the supply area.
7.5 Collector and Transmission System
The collector pipes will convey water from each Stage II borehole to the transmission main
constructed under Stage I (refer section 6.5). The collector pipes will be sized for a discharge of 5 l/s.
Additional 3.5km of diameter 100 mm DCI collector pipes are required during Stage II.
7.6 Booster Pump Station
Mechanical and electrical works in the Stage I pump station will have to be replaced to cope with the
additional flow requirements.
7.7 Electro Mechanical Equipment
Electromechanical equipment required for stage I will be:

Eight additional borehole submersible pumps with generator backup and electrical
control boards
Upgrades and replacements to the Stage I booster pump station to cope with additional
7.8 Power Supplies
Additional power lines will have to be constructed to cater for the additional eight boreholes that are
required and additional transformer will be also be required.
7.9 Reservoirs
The reservoir is sized to overcome the hourly demand variation on the maximum day and considering
a 10% allowance for fire fighting. Assuming 20 hours constant supply from the wells during per day
(i.e. 4 hrs pump shut off), the reservoir size is determined by applying the mass curve principle for the
proposed hourly variation of the demand as a percentage of the maximum day demand. As per the
computation a 1787 m3 of reservoir volume is required. Considering that 800m3 will be constructed for
Stage I an additional reservoir with a capacity of 1000m3 should be constructed in stage II. The
computation for the reservoir sizing is given in the appendices.
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Motta Town
7.10 Flow Metering
Additional meters will be installed on the outlets of the borehole pumps.
7.11 Water Treatment
The chlorination system that will be installed at the service reservoir under stage I will be of sufficient
size to cope with the increased volume of Stage II.
7.12 Distribution Network
Additional distribution network will need to be laid in Stage II. The Stage II distribution net work will
extend for those areas developed after the construction of Stage I and will consist of some 7.1km of
pipework ranging between 50 to 200mm in diameter.
Seven additional public fountains will be required under stage II
7.14 Auxiliary Building & Access roads
7.14.1 Ancillary Buildings
The following additional ancillary buildings will be required for stage II

4 Borehole control houses
4 Borehole control houses with generator backup
2 Guard houses at borehole sites
7.14.2 Access Roads
An additional 1.5 km of roads will be required to be constructed for stage II for access to the new
boreholes.
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Motta Town
7.15 Cost Estimate
The capital cost required to implement the project in two stages has been computed. The investment
required for Stage II is of the order of Birr 19,221,674. This excludes the cost for supervision and
VAT, but does include 15% contingencies. Cost estimates are shown in Table 6.10
Table 7.2 Capital Cost Estimate of Stage II
Item Description Amount in Amount in

Euro Birr
PART A GENERAL ITEMS 18,220 262,000
PART B DRILLING 390,987 5,622,400
PART C PIPE WORK 293,241 4,216,800
PART D CIVIL WORKS 44,319 637,309
PART E ELECTROMECHANICAL WORK 415,576 5,975,990
Total 1,162,343 16,714,499
Contingencies 15 % 174,351 2,507,175
Total Project Cost(Incl. Contingencies Excl. VAT) 1,336,694 19,221,674
VAT 200,504.10 2,883,251.10
Total Project Cost(Incl. Contingencies Incl. VAT) 1,537,198 22,104,925
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Motta Town
8 Environmental Impact of the Scheme
Ethiopia has a comprehensive Environmental Policy prepared by Environmental Protection Authority

in collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Development & Cooperation and approved by the
Council of Ministers. This environmental policy has an overall goal, specific objectives, guiding
principles, sectoral policies, cross-sectoral policies, institutional framework, legislative framework,
monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for its proper implementation.
The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) is the Competent Agency for environmental protection
at the Federal level in Ethiopia. It was established to supervise and ensure that all development
activities are carried-out in an environmentally sound and sustainable manner.
An EIA for each town will be consolidated into 4 Regional EIA Reports, as agreed with MoWR.
These reports will detail environmental impacts during construction as well as long term impacts.
The EIA for Motta can be found in the following regional report:
15 Towns Water Supply and Sanitation project Environmental Impact Assessment Amhara Region
February 2009 Mott MacDonald/AG Consult
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Motta Town
9 Financial and Economic Analysis
9.1 Background
Following the UN declaration of the Millennium Development Goal ( MDG ) to reduce poverty and
improve the livelihood of the population of LDCs especially in the lower income bracket, the FDRE
has prepared packaged action plans consistent to MDG called Sustainable Development and Poverty
Reduction Program for Ethiopia ( SDPPR ) of which water is among the poverty focused sectors. The
Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) has outlined development
goals, targets and required resources for various social and economic sectors including water. The
Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) has also prepared a Universal Access Program for the Water
Supply and Sanitation Sub-Sector in line with the PASDEP for which several consultative conferences
made with Donors and sector partners on financing strategies. Accordingly, the EUWI as part of the
effort has committed resources for the study, design review and construction of 15 Towns Water
Supply and Sanitation Project. This Financial and Economic Analysis is thus based on financing of
the project through soft loan premises and managed according to WRDF operation policies.
The previous studies were carried out some years ago. Postponement of the project has resulted in
delayed design horizons, which have necessitated design changes. The projected water demand,
required production, investment and O&M costs are some of the parameters that have needed
updating. Accordingly, the financial and economic analysis has looked into the required tariff options,
estimation of financial and economic cost and benefit streams, risk and uncertainty analysis, and
valuation of possessions where possible. Moreover, the financial and economic analysis in this chapter
highlights the utilities operation direction consistent to water policy and cost recovery principles
without affecting affordability to low income groups.
Taking account of the revised engineering cost estimates and required investment works, the cost of
water, tariff options, recommended tariff schedule, projected profit and loss statements, and cash flow
forecasts have been calculated.
9.2 General
The Financial and Economic evaluation of a water supply project involves an analysis of capital
outlays in terms of initial and upgrading investment, operation and maintenance costs and running
costs. The associated parameters and variables for the project such as design horizon, water demands,
facilities to be procured for the project along their unit costs and beneficiaries detail are some in the
array required to work out the analysis. Details of data inputs used for the financial analysis are
determined as follows;
Initial investment and replacement cost : These are cost items made as singular or once in the design
horizon in the implementation of the project, such as source development, rising and transmission
lines, storage reservoirs, distribution net work and other civil works.
O&M Costs: Periodic outlays required for keeping the facilities and the works in adequate operative
condition. This may include items such as energy, chemicals, maintenance and repairs, manpower
costs, fuel and other operating costs for running and safeguarding the facilities.
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Motta Town
Running and overhead costs : Outlays that are usually associated with actual office and field
operation such as electricity cost, stationary, communications, advertisement, training, insurance,
administrative, etc.
O&M and running costs are of recurrent nature, disbursed continuously during the project's lifetime
while investment outlays are singular operations that may occur at given times. Investment outlays are
also associated with expected service time span of the relevant facilities that may be different for other
components such as long service life span for source development compared with relatively short
service time for electro-mechanical equipment. The entire array of both capital and recurrent make up
the project's financial operating trend.
Outlays are appreciated by relating them to a common time basis to bring them to present worth
equivalent. Thus, the time when an outlay is disbursed is relevant in the analysis. In this regard
standard discount factor for time value of moneys and costs are applied.
9.3 Financial Analysis
9.3.1 Basic Assumptions
The following assumptions and values are considered for the water supply project .
Design horizon: The planning duration time for some components of the water supply project
such as rising mains and civil structures could go up to 50 years economic
life, however, for financial analysis a period of twenty (20) years is
considered i.e. from 2011 to 2030 ( inclusive ).
Cost estimate : Cost of project components are estimated on the basis of current price level.
Price indicators used for similar and related projects of recent studies also
referred. Recurrent cost categories such as manpower, fuel, Office overhead
are appreciated by 3% to 5% pa where necessary to reflect the prevailing
trend of inflation.
Discount rate : A nominal value of 10% pa for the financial analysis taken to represent the
actual cost of money for public sector projects. This rate is also consistent to
National Economic Parameter.
Interest Rate The interest is the fee that must be paid by the user for the lenders capital.
The rate is set in the capital markets and fluctuates with changes according to
the health of the economy and government fiscal and monetary policies.
Interest rate will depend on the source of the capital, lower rates being
available from public lenders and higher rates required by commercial
lenders.
As alternative source of finance the international lending agencies, which had

been financing water supply projects for the last few decades has been
considered. The borrowing is assumed to be repaid with the interest rate of
3% over 20 years period.
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Motta Town
Service lifetime : Particular service lifetime for various components are adopted as given by
engineering take-off sheet as shown in Table 9.1.
Table 9.1 Economic life of Components
Components Econ. Life in

Years
Source development:
Civil works 50
Mech./Elec. works 15
Treatment:
Civil works 50
Collectors, transmission main 50
Pumping station:
Civil works 50
Storage 50
Distribution system 25
Public fountains 10
Office and auxiliary buildings:
Civil works 50
Power supply 15
9.4 Revised Investment Cost and Financing Plan
The revised investment cost estimates are based on the current market prices for similar works in
Regions. However, retail and whole sale prices for pipes and fittings and E&M are also assessed to
develop unit rates adjusted for the town. The project total investment cost for Stage I and Stage II
which comprise source development, treatment, distribution network, storage, public taps, buildings
and other components is ETB 43.488 million and ETB 19.221 million respectively. The summary and
break down of the cost estimate is shown in Table 9.2.
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Motta Town
Table 9.2: Investment Cost
Stage I Stage II TOTAL

ITEM DESCRIPTION AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT
IN EURO IN BIRR IN EURO IN BIRR IN EURO IN BIRR
PART A GENERAL ITEMS 18,220 262,000 18,220 262,000 36,439 524,000

PART B DRILLING 246,285 3,541,584 390,987 5,622,400 637,273 9,163,984
PART C PIPE WORK 1,389,184 19,976,462 293,241 4,216,800 1,682,424 24,193,262
PART D CIVIL WORKS 558,611 8,032,824 44,319 637,309 602,930 8,670,133
D1 CONSTRUCTION OF CONTROL 15,385 221,242 15,385 221,242
ROOM
D2 CONSTRUCTION OF GENERATOR 40,772 586,305 40,772 586,305
HOUSE
D3 CONSTRUCTION OF ACCESS ROAD 175,939 2,530,000 175,939 2,530,000
D4 CONSTRUCTION OF OPERATOR'S 52,588 756,221 52,588 756,221
DEWELLING
D5 CONSTRUCTION OF 800m3 91,255 1,312,242 91,255 1,312,242
RESERVOIR
D6 CONSTRUCTION OF 250 m3 74,005 1,064,194 74,005 1,064,194
ELEVATED RESERVOIR
D7 CONSTRUCTION OF ANCILLARY 73,851 1,061,972 73,851 1,061,972
BUILDINGS
D8 CONSTRUCTION OF BOOSTER 15,343 220,628 15,343 220,628
STATION
D9 CONSTRUCTION OF 5,344 76,847 5,344 76,847
DISINFECTION & CHEMICAL
STORAGE BUILDING
D10 CONSTRUCTION OF WSS 14,129 203,173 14,129 203,173
WORKSHOP
PART E ELECTROMECHANICAL WORK 417,491 6,003,518 415,576 5,975,990 833,067 11,979,508
Total 2,629,791 37,816,388 1,162,343 16,714,499 3,792,134 54,530,887
Contingencies at 15% 394,469 5,672,458 174,352 2,507,175 568,820 8,179,633
Grand Total Project Cost 3,024,259 43,488,846 1,336,695 19,221,674 4,360,954 62,710,520
9.5 Financial plan

A financial plan is required that would ensure the implementation of the project. If the water service
cannot generate sufficient fund for the required investment, then potential project funding shall be
assessed.
There are two main promising sources, i.e. one foreign and the other local potential project-funding
sources.
International Soft Loan- Bilateral and Multilateral sources
Government Budget through WRDF and
Regional Government contribution
In considering the commitment of EU funding for this project, among the potential bodies, we
concluded that major investment costs for construction works is to be financed from EU ear markings.
The other option, government budget and regional contribution, could be considered as matching
funds but not as the main sources of funding, while a commercial loan is not considered for this
project for the reasons of being either too expensive for the water service or there being no experience
yet in funding.
9-4
Motta Town
It can be assumed that the government budget shall be used for capacity building requirements and
other related activities.
Another option is to allocate the government budget as a subsidy, and then there should be a clear
stated target and policy as how this subsidy operates. The commercial loan is also too expensive and
would make the water supply unaffordable; therefore, it has been dropped. Therefore, EU grant and
soft loan has been considered as the only major sources for development works. Accordingly, a tariff
analysis has been carried out based on this assumption that the project will be financed 100% from
soft loan.
9.6 Water Sales and Consumption Pattern
Water sales of Motta Town Water Supply Service are metered including sales at public taps. Sales of
water in most cases except for public taps are credit sales where collection made after reading. Water
sales and consumption vary across modes of services and seasons. However, the trends of
consumption even if vary, average estimates are needed to allocate the forecasted production.
Accordingly, water consumption trend for the Town of Motta from year 1998 to 2000 record showed
that 55% of the total water distributed is consumed by the private yard and house connection followed
by public water points accounting for 24%. Stratified water consumption by mode of connection and
blocks are as follows in Table 9.3.
Table 9.3: Water Consumption Patterns
Connection type PWP DPC CPC IPC

Town proportion 24% 55% 15% 6%
Consumption block
0-5 m3/month 69% 33% 22%
6-10 m3/month 14% 18% 11%
11-25 m3/month 10% 23% 18%
25-40 m3/month 5% 10% 14%
>40 m3/month 2% 16% 35%
100% 100% 100%
The water consumption of institutional and government establishments account to only 6 per cent of
the total consumption in the Town. The bulk of the institutional consumption fall in the 5th band
contributing 35% share.
9.6.1 Average Cost of Water
A key parameter in arriving at a reasonable water tariff determination is the cost of water production.
Thus, the revenue to be collected from sales of water should be sufficient to cover the relevant cost of
production. Based on the average cost of water three scenarios have been tested for the adequacy of
water tariff. These include;
Full cost : when the revenue is intended to cover the entire cost of the project, including
capital recovery, O&M costs and running costs.
Capital cost: when the revenue is intended to cover all the capital investment costs involved
in the production of the water, excluding capital recovery.
9-5
Motta Town
O&M cost: when the revenues is intended to cover only the O&M costs of producing the
water, in terms of energy, chemicals, manpower, maintenance & replacement, administrative
and office running costs.
The estimated investment cost for implementing the project at nominal price is ETB 62.71 million.
The present worth value of the relevant costs including O&M, running costs involved in producing the
water applied to develop the average cost of water. The abridged summary of project costs for
implementing the project as well as the present worth of annual cost series relevant for the
computation of the average cost of water are summarized in Table 9.4.
Table 9.4 Abridged project costs
ITEM Investment Cost Present worth of annual cost series

Nominal Present Total CR . inv O&M
worth
ETB ETB ETB Present ETB
worth
ETB
Project Total 53,303,942 36,504,676 48,149,801 39,474,619 8,675,182
15%Contingencies 9,406,578 6,442,002 8,497,024 6,966,109 1,530,915
Grand Total 62,710,520 42,946,677 56,646,825 46,440,728 10,206,097
The projected water production quantities are calculated according to the anticipated population and
non- domestic demands as given in Table 9.5. This also presents the computed present worth of water
production for convenient use in the computation for the relevant cost of water values.
9-6
Motta Town
Table 9.5 Present Worth of Water
Yr. No Aggregate Discounted Less unaccounted for

production production water 20%
1 575970 432734.8 346188
2 614295 419571.8 335657
3 652620 405225.7 324181
4 690945 390020.4 312016
5 729270 374230.8 299385
6 778764 363299.2 290639
7 828258 351262.2 281010
8 877752 338411.4 270729
9 927246 324994.1 259995
10 976740 311219.5 248976
11 1076823 311917.3 249534
12 1176906 309916.1 247933
13 1276989 305701 244561
14 1377072 299691 239753
15 1477155 292247.2 233798
16 1616512 290743.9 232595
17 1755869 287098.6 229679
18 1895226 281713.3 225371
19 2034583 274934.4 219947
20 2173940 267059.8 213648
Net Saleable 5305594
The average compound water cost obtained under the indicated cost series and discounted water
volume are summarized in Table 9.6.
Table 9.6 Average Compound cost of water
Average Cost of Water ETB/ m3

Full Cost Recovery 10.68
Capital cost alone 8.75
O&M and Replacement Cost 2.47
The investment cost required for stage II for augmentation of the system is minimal in comparison to
that expended for Stage I, thus the water system generates high economies of scale in unit cost of
production for stage II. Accordingly, it is considered to include stage II investment and water
production to exploit the economies of scale in the cost of production and used for calculation of the
average cost of water.
9-7
Motta Town
9.7 Water Tariff
In order to assure the financial sustainability of the project an appropriate tariff has to be developed
and implemented.
A water tariff is the appropriate price for using the water services from municipal or commercial water
providers. The major objectives of water tariffs are financial sustainability and cost recovery, efficient
allocation of resources, water conservation and water provision for low-income groups.
The process of tariff setting addresses the determination of a tariff that will appropriately meet the
needs of stakeholders. There are a number of ways in which tariffs can be developed, among which,
cost recovery, economic efficiency, social objectives, practicality and conservation are the major:
The cost recovery principle refers to the ability of the water utility to cover all costs over a specific
time period, usually one-year, while Economic Efficiency emphasizes that a given service should be
produced at the highest net social value, which is interpreted as delivering the desired level of service
at the least cost. A pricing system based on the efficiency system not only aims for this level of service
but also acts as a built-in regulator of demands and system growth.
Further, there is an obligation for society at large to ensure that the very low-income population has
access to safe water. It becomes the responsibility of the water utility that an affordable service is
available to this segment of the population. Water utilities will need to accommodate this section of
the population through cross-subsidization of rates among various consumer groups.
9.7.1 The Tariff Setting Policy
An important aspect in developing tariff is to look in to the policy of the government in setting tariff
rates for urban water services.
According to the Federal Water Policy, the major principles for tariff setting in urban water services
are the following:
Ensure that Tariff structures are site-specific and determined according to local
circumstances
Urban tariff structures are based on the basis of full cost recovery.
Ensure that tariff structures in water supply systems are based on equitable and practical
guidelines and criteria
Establish a Social Tariff that enables poor communities to cover operation and
maintenance costs
Establish progressive tariff rates, in urban water supplies, tied to consumption rates
Develop flat rate tariffs for communal services like hand pumps and public stand posts
According to the governments policy, the urban water tariff is based on full cost recovery, with a
social tariff of operation and maintenance cost for poor communities. The policy further stresses the
need for a combination of progressive tariff tied to consumption rates for house and yard connections
and flat tariff for communal services like public tap.
9-8
Motta Town
Another important aspect of the policy is that tariff should be site and locality specific meaning; that
tariffs should take in to account the local conditions of the towns. Further the full cost recovery should
be established gradually considering the affordability and willingness to pay of consumers.
9.7.2 Water tariff setting methodology
The first important issue in designing a tariff is which of the costs should be covered. In this study the
proposed tariff is based on full cost recovery; to cover the following costs.
Full cost recovery
Operation and maintenance cost
The operation and maintenance cost were computed to meet manpower and personnel costs,
administrative and running costs , and maintenance and replacement costs. Then the operation and
maintenance cost were adjusted to anticipated changes during operation years.
The investment cost is assumed to be financed through long-term soft loan of 3% interest for 20 years.
The figures of water consumption and water production have been extracted from demand schedule, .
In order to calculate the tariff the first step is to determine the average cost of water as indicated
above. The Average Cost of Production was calculated on full cost and O&M basis for the project
period of 20 years to be used as a bench mark for setting the average tariff rate.
This is then used to determine the differential tariff rates for modes of connections and consumption
bands.
The operation and maintenance cost was used as a bench mark for determining the social tariff, which
is in this case tariff rate for public taps.
We have recommended using progressive tariff on five band system which is already operational in
most of the Towns included in the project. It is based on an incremental band structure.
An incremental or stepped tariff, where consumption for the period is divided into a series of
consumption bands with a low price for the bottom band and increasing prices for each unit consumed,
has considerable merit. Considering the objectives of water tariff and the present system in the town
an incremental tariff system has been selected.
The five-band system with the following range has been also recommended to operate for the future.
Table 9.7 Tariff Bands
Band Volume
1st band 1-5m3
2nd band 6-10m3
3rd band 11-25m3
4th band 26-40m3
5th band > 40m3
9-9
Motta Town
Then the tariff based on full cost recovery and two additional options; one with loan payment for
capital cost services and the other with operation and maintenance cost recovery tariffs have been
worked out.
An alternative charging method is to maintain a reduced price of safe water for low income consumers
fetching water from public taps and progressive prices to various customers categories that enjoy
better level of services. This method further sub divide piped connections to different categories such
as domestic, commercial, institutional and government. This differential tariff rate considers
affordability to pay, enjoy better level of services and using water for productive uses. It is therefore
the method assign a category weight taking public water point (PWP) setting a unitary value(1) as
threshold.
In line with the above perception, the towns water customer categories are assigned a weight
signifying the convenience of obtaining water, hence a justification for charging higher tariff rate. The
proposed category weight are as follows in Table 9.8.
Table 9.8 Category Weighting
Category Weighting
Public Water Point Users (PWP) 1
Domestic Pipe Connection (DPC) 1.25
Commercial Pipe Connection (CPC) 1.5
Institutional Pipe Connection (IPC) 1.5
It is also duly important to differentiate connected customers according to the level of consumption
satisfaction and convenience. Connected customers using water for basic requirement at any month
need to be weighted against those with higher level consumption. Thus, consumption gradation weight
based on blocks divided by five bands and user categories are determined as follows.
Table 9.9 DPC Weighting
DPC Consumption Gradation weight

1st band 0-5m3 1
2nd band 6-10m3 1.5
3rd band 11-25m3 1.75
4th band 26- 40m3 2.25
5th band >40m3 2. 5
Table 9.10 CPC Weighting
CPC Consumption Gradation weight

1st band 0-5m3 1.5
2nd band 6-10m3 1.75
3rd band 11-25m3 2.25
4th band 26- 40m3 2.5
5th band >40m3 2.75
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Motta Town
Table 9.11 IPC Weighting
IPC Consumption Gradation weight

1st band 0-5m3 1.75
2nd band 6-10m3 2.25
3rd band 11-25m3 2. 5
4th band 26- 40m3 2.75
5th band >40m3 3.25
Thus, the composite weights proposed for customer categories and consumption gradations as
indicated in the above expressions are summarized in Table 9.12. These composite weights will be
used to determine the required full cost and the O&M cost tariff rates.
9-11
Motta Town
Table 9.12 Proposed Composite Weight for Water Tariff Structure
Consumer Categories
PWP DPC CPC IPC
Category 1 1. 5 1.75 1.75
Weight
Consumption Basic Composite Basic Composite Basic Composite Basic Composite
per month weight weight weight weight weight weight weight weight
0-5m3 1 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.75
6-10m3 N/A N/A 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.75 2.25 2.25
11-25m3 N/A N/A 1.75 1.75 2.25 2.25 2.5 2.5
26-40m3 N/A N/A 2.25 2.25 2.5 2.5 2.75 2.75
> 40m3 N/A N/A 2.5 2.5 2.75 2.75 3.25 3.25
9-12
Motta Town
9.7.3 Recommended Tariff
The following three tariff scenarios have been considered for proposing tariff rates.
Full Cost Recovery:- This scenario considers full cost recovery from the beginning of
implementation of the project (2011). This is in accordance to the financial agreement with
EIB/EC and government policy.
Partial Cost recovery: - This scenario considers entering full cost recovery by 2020. From
2011 to 2020 full Operation and Management (O&M) cost recovery and partial recovery of
investment cost is considered. From 2021 to 2030 full cost recovery is considered
O&M Cost recovery: -In this scenario only Operation and maintenance cost recovery is
considered.
(i) Full Cost Recovery
In recommending a water tariff, a number of considerations need to be analyzed such as the In

recommending a water tariff, a number of considerations need to be analyzed such as the government
water policy, the financing modalities, the types of costs to be recovered and the timing of application
of the desired tariff.
With regard to the governments policy, the urban water tariff is based on full cost recovery, with a
social tariff for poor communities. The policy further stresses the need for a combination of
progressive tariff tied to consumption rates for connected customers and flat tariff for communal
services like public tap.
Another important aspect regards the type of costs to be recovered through tariff need to be analyzed.
In full cost recovery tariff option, costs like repayment of principal and interest (debt service), O&M
costs, depreciation and some allowances for future re-investment are contained.
The timing for full cost recovery tariff option is to enter at full swing immediately with the
commissioning of the new project operations.
This tariff option also allows the poor communities using PWP to be provided with less than the
production cost addressing cross subsidy.
In the projected income statements, the full cost recovery tariff showed surplus immediate to
commissioning of the project in 2011 and warrant high FIRR.
After reviewing the merits in terms of meeting the financial requirements, timing, and the national
policy, the full cost recovery differential tariff rates is recommended as the option to be
implemented.
The following is the recommended tariff rates for the full cost recovery option.
9-13
Motta Town
.
Table 9.13 Full cost recovery differential tariff rates (Average Cost of Water 10.68 ETB/ m3)
Consumption by block
PWP DPC CPC IPC
Category Weight 1 1.25 1.5 1.5
Grade proportion 24% 55% 15% 6%
Category Tariff 8.59 10.74 12.89 12.89
Grade Cons. Joint Proportion Composite Joint Wt. Proportion Composite Joint Proportion Composite Joint Wt.
Proporti weight Wt.ET weight ETB/M3 weight Wt. weight ETB/M3
on B/M3 ETB/M3
PWP 100% 1 8.59
0-5 69% 1 8.68 33% 1.5 6.39 22% 1.75 4.95
6-10 14% 1.5 13.02 18% 1.75 11.18 11% 2.25 11.13
11--25 10% 1.75 15.19 23% 2.25 14.37 18% 2.5 12.37
25--40 5% 2.25 19.53 10% 2.5 15.97 14% 2.75 13.61
>40 2% 2.5 21.70 16% 2.75 17.57 35% 3.25 16.08
9-14
Motta Town
(ii) Partial Cost Recovery
The option of a tariff proposal in light of affordability and the national policy for gradual full cost recovery, has also been reviewed. The recommended second
best option is a partial cost recovery tariff, that the PWP users initially be supplied for the O&M recovery tariff in 2011 and reach to full cost level scenario in
2020. Similarly, the first band consumers benefit from the least price schedule in the full cost recovery tariff array and by the end of the first stage enter into full
cost recovery tariff. Accordingly, we have made recommendations regarding the timing for phasing out the subsidy and implementing full cost recovery. In the
projected income statements, the partial cost recovery tariff option showed surplus after several years of operations but with high positive FIRR for the project
life span.
The recommended second best customers undifferentiated tariff option based on volume of metered consumption is shown in Table 9.14
Table 9.14 Recommended Volumetric Tariff
Consumption 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
.
Range
PWP m3 /M 1.92 2.66 3.41 4.15 4.89 5.63 6.37 7.11 7.85 8.59
1st Band 1-5 4.95 5.36 5.78 6.19 6.61 7.02 7.44 7.85 8.27 8.68
2nd Band 6-10 6.39 6.92 7.44 7.97 8.50 9.02 9.55 10.08 10.61 11.13
3rd Band 11-25 8.68 9.16 9.64 10.13 10.61 11.09 11.57 12.06 12.54 13.02
4th Band 26-40 11.13 11.67 12.21 12.75 13.28 13.82 14.36 14.90 15.43 15.97
5th Band >40 13.61 14.51 15.41 16.30 17.20 18.10 19.00 19.90 20.80 21.70
9-15
Motta Town
(iii) O&M Cost Recovery
In this option the tariff can cover only the O & M costs, the loan payment has to be subsidized for almost all the operation years, for which the consumers are
supplied below the cost of production. In the projected income statement of the project, the O&M tariff option has showed a deficit for almost all the operation
years and a large sum of negative discounted cash flow. This option can not be applied for loan financed urban water supply projects. Thus, this tariff option is
not recommended for implementation and has been classified as an inferior or last option. A summary of the O&M based tariff is shown in Table 9.15
Table 9.15 Operation and maintenance cost tariff (Average Cost of Water 1.92 ETB/ m3)
Consumption by block
PWP DPC CPC IPC
Category Weight 1 1.25 1.5 1.5
Grade proportion 24% 55% 15% 6%
Category Tariff 1.55 1.94 2.32 2.32
Grade Cons. Joint Proportion Composite Joint Wt. Proportion Composite Joint Proportion Composite Joint Wt.
Proporti weight Wt.ET weight ETB/M3 weight Wt. weight ETB/M3
on B/M3 ETB/M3
PWP 100% 1 1.55
0-5 69% 1 1.56 33% 1.5 1.15 22% 1.75 0.89
6-10 14% 1.5 2.35 18% 1.75 2.01 11% 2.25 2.01
11--25 10% 1.75 2.74 23% 2.25 2.59 18% 2.5 2.23
25--40 5% 2.25 3.52 10% 2.5 2.88 14% 2.75 2.45
>40 2% 2.5 3.91 16% 2.75 3.17 35% 3.25 2.90
9-16
Motta Town
9.8 Projected Financial Statements of the Project
9.8.1 Projected Income Statement
The Profit and loss statement shows the organization's profit (or loss) over a particular time period.
The profit and loss statement provides profit calculations indicating the periods income and the
periods expenses with the difference between the two representing profit.. Various scenarios have
been assessed for the projection of the income statements to show the merits and demerits of
alternative interest rates and terms of repayment. Besides the project profit and loss statement with full
cost recovery tariff and the O& M tariff has been also assessed. The options investigated for the
projected income statements in this study are.
Soft loans financing from International Financing Institutions composing of the following conditions:
i ) Repayment of loan at 3% interest rate in 20 years with no grace period for full cost recovery tariff.
ii ) Repayment of loan at 3% CRF in 20 years with no grace period for O&M tariff.
iii) repayment of loan at 3% interest rate in 20 years with no grace period for recommended partial
cost recovery tariff
In the first scenario the project is to produce surpluses through out the project life span. The
discounted financial return for 10% discount factor amounts ETB 87.494 million. The FIRR of the
project including depreciation and all debt services considered in the project life has showed
tremendous FIRR.Table 9.16
The second scenario for the projected income statement is based on water sales with O&M tariff rates.
Under this scenario the project is to produce deficit through out the project life span. The discounted
financial return for 10% discount factor amounts negative ETB 23.178 million. The FIRR of the
project including depreciation and all debt services returned in the project life has showed FIRR of
negative values. Detail of the projected income statement for O&M tariff is shown in Table 9.17.
The third alternative investigated has been applying the recommended tariff rate that gradually
embark to full cost recovery in year 2020. Accordingly, the projected income statement has showed a
slight difference to the full cost recovery tariff resulting infinite positive FIRR and net cash flow of
ETB 68.020 million. Detail of the projected income statement for recommended tariff is shown in
Table 9.18.
9-17
Motta Town
Table 9.16: Projected Income Statement for Full Cost Recovery Tariff
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
REVENUE
Revenue from water sales of connected
customers 7,110,414 7,601,380 8,094,489 8,589,742 9,087,138 9,725,615 10,366,856 11,010,863 11,657,634 12,307,170
Revenue from public taps water sales 989,562 1,035,712 1,079,389 1,120,593 1,159,325 1,212,911 1,263,308 1,310,514 1,354,531 1,395,358
Total water sales 8,099,976 8,637,092 9,173,878 9,710,335 10,246,463 10,938,526 11,630,164 12,321,377 13,012,165 13,702,529
Water meter rent (6% of water sales revenue) 485,999 518,226 550,433 582,620 614,788 656,312 697,810 739,283 780,730 822,152
Connection & Technical service charge 809,998 863,709 917,388 971,034 1,024,646 1,093,853 1,163,016 1,232,138 1,301,217 1,370,253
Income from material sales( 15% of water
meter rent ) 72,900 77,734 82,565 87,393 92,218 98,447 104,671 110,892 117,109 123,323
Other operating revenue( 3% of water sales
revenue) 242,999 259,113 275,216 291,310 307,394 328,156 348,905 369,641 390,365 411,076
Total Revenue 9,711,872 10,355,873 10,999,480 11,642,692 12,285,509 13,115,293 13,944,567 14,773,331 15,601,586 16,429,332
OPERATING EXPENSES
Salaries and other personnel costs 170,737 175,859 181,135 186,569 192,166 197,931 203,869 209,985 216,284 222,773
Chemical cost 46,078 49,144 52,210 55,276 58,342 62,301 66,261 70,220 74,180 78,139
Energy cost 408,939 436,149 463,360 490,571 517,782 552,922 588,063 623,204 658,345 693,485
Repair and maintenance cost 454,092 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136
Administrative and Office running costs 44,700 30,116 30,541 30,975 31,419 46,873 32,337 32,812 33,298 33,795
TOTAL O&M and Running Costs 1,124,545 1,152,404 1,188,381 1,224,527 1,260,844 1,321,163 1,351,666 1,397,357 1,659,729 1,712,728
Depreciation 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642
Dent Services 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134
Total Costs 4,850,320 4,878,179 4,914,157 4,950,302 4,986,620 5,046,939 5,077,441 5,123,132 5,385,505 5,438,504
Income/Surplus / from operations 4,861,551 5,477,694 6,085,323 6,692,390 7,298,890 8,068,354 8,867,125 9,650,199 10,216,082 10,990,828
Operating Ratio 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.33
Total including loan repayment
Discounted Net cash
flow 87,494,023 5
FIRR
9-18
Motta Town
Table 9.16. Continued..

Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
REVENUE
Revenue from water sales of
connected customers 13,598,872 14,896,166 16,199,055 17,507,536 18,821,611 20,641,232 22,468,634 24,303,817 26,146,781 28,058,242
Revenue from public taps water sales 1,503,698 1,605,584 1,701,017 1,789,998 1,872,525 1,996,968 2,112,435 2,218,925 2,316,439 2,334,928
Water meter rent (6% of water sales
revenue) 906,154 990,105 1,074,004 1,157,852 1,241,648 1,358,292 1,474,864 1,591,365 1,707,793 1,823,590
Connection & Technical service
charge 1,510,257 1,650,175 1,790,007 1,929,753 2,069,414 2,263,820 2,458,107 2,652,274 2,846,322 3,039,317
Income from material sales( 15% of
water meter rent ) 135,923 148,516 161,101 173,678 186,247 203,744 221,230 238,705 256,169 273,539
Other operating revenue( 3% of water
sales revenue) 453,077 495,053 537,002 578,926 620,824 679,146 737,432 795,682 853,897 911,795
Total Revenue 18,107,981 19,785,599 21,462,186 23,137,743 24,812,269 27,143,202 29,472,702 31,800,768 34,127,400 36,441,412
OPERATING EXPENSES
Chemical cost 86,146 94,152 102,159 110,166 118,172 129,321 140,470 151,618 162,767 173,915
Energy cost 764,544 835,603 906,662 977,721 1,048,780 1,147,724 1,246,667 1,345,610 1,444,554 1,543,497
Administrative and Office running
costs 49,304 34,826 35,361 35,908 36,470 37,045 37,636 38,242 38,864 39,502
Depreciation 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 672,874 672,874 672,874 672,874 672,874
Dent Services 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132
Total Costs 6,938,894 7,010,365 7,097,055 7,183,971 7,271,120 6,929,235 7,047,898 7,166,815 7,285,995 6,929,533
Income/Surplus / from operations 11,169,086 12,775,234 14,365,131 15,953,771 17,541,149 20,213,967 22,424,804 24,633,953 26,841,405 29,511,879
Operating Ratio 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.19
Discounted Net cash
flow 87,494,023
FIRR
9-19
Motta Town
Table 9.17: Projected Income Statement for O&M Cost Recovery Tariff
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
REVENUE
customers 1,281,088 1,369,546 1,458,390 1,547,620 1,637,236 1,752,271 1,867,803 1,983,835 2,100,364 2,217,391
Revenue from public taps water sales 178,290 186,605 194,474 201,898 208,876 218,531 227,611 236,116 244,047 251,403
revenue) 87,563 93,369 99,172 104,971 110,767 118,248 125,725 133,197 140,665 148,128
Connection & Technical service charge 145,938 155,615 165,286 174,952 184,611 197,080 209,541 221,995 234,441 246,879
Income from material sales( 15% of water
meter rent ) 13,134 14,005 14,876 15,746 16,615 17,737 18,859 19,980 21,100 22,219
sales revenue) 43,781 46,685 49,586 52,486 55,383 59,124 62,862 66,599 70,332 74,064
Total Revenue 1,749,794 1,865,825 1,981,784 2,097,672 2,213,488 2,362,991 2,512,402 2,661,721 2,810,948 2,960,084
OPERATING EXPENSES
Chemical cost 46,078 49,144 52,210 55,276 58,342 62,301 66,261 70,220 74,180 78,139
Energy cost 408,939 436,149 463,360 490,571 517,782 552,922 588,063 623,204 658,345 693,485
Depreciation 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642
Dent Services 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134
Total Costs 4,850,320 4,878,179 4,914,157 4,950,302 4,986,620 5,046,939 5,077,441 5,123,132 5,169,018 5,215,104
Income/Surplus / from operations -3,100,526 -3,012,355 -2,932,373 -2,852,630 -2,773,131 -2,683,948 -2,565,039 -2,461,411 -2,358,070 -2,255,021
Operating Ratio 2.77 2.61 2.48 2.36 2.25 2.14 2.02 1.92 1.84 1.76
Total including loan
repayment
Discounted Net cash
flow (23,173,985)
FIRR
9-20
Motta Town
Table 9.17 Continued..

Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
REVENUE
customers 2,450,118 2,683,852 2,918,595 3,154,345 3,391,102 3,718,945 4,048,189 4,378,835 4,710,883 5,055,272
Revenue from public taps water sales 270,922 289,279 306,473 322,505 337,374 359,795 380,599 399,785 417,354 420,686
revenue) 163,262 178,388 193,504 208,611 223,709 244,724 265,727 286,717 307,694 328,557
Connection & Technical service charge 272,104 297,313 322,507 347,685 372,848 407,874 442,879 477,862 512,824 547,596
water meter rent ) 24,489 26,758 29,026 31,292 33,556 36,709 39,859 43,008 46,154 49,284
sales revenue) 81,631 89,194 96,752 104,305 111,854 122,362 132,864 143,359 153,847 164,279
Total Revenue 3,262,527 3,564,785 3,866,857 4,168,743 4,470,443 4,890,409 5,310,117 5,729,566 6,148,757 6,565,674
OPERATING EXPENSES
Chemical cost 86,146 94,152 102,159 110,166 118,172 129,321 140,470 151,618 162,767 173,915
Energy cost 764,544 835,603 906,662 977,721 1,048,780 1,147,724 1,246,667 1,345,610 1,444,554 1,543,497
Depreciation 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 672,874 672,874 672,874 672,874 672,874
Dent Services 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132
Total Costs 6,938,894 7,010,365 7,097,055 7,183,971 7,271,120 6,929,235 7,047,898 7,166,815 7,285,995 7,405,445
Income/Surplus / from operations -3,676,367 -3,445,580 -3,230,199 -3,015,229 -2,800,677 -2,038,826 -1,737,781 -1,437,249 -1,137,238 -839,772
Operating Ratio 2.13 1.97 1.84 1.72 1.63 1.42 1.33 1.25 1.18 1.13
Total including loan
repayment
Discounted Net cash
flow (23,173,985)
FIRR
9-21
Motta Town
Table 9.18: Projected Income Statement for Partial Cost Recovery Statement
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
REVENUE
Revenue from water sales of
connected customers 4,157,105 4,778,886 5,445,925 6,158,606 6,917,315 7,834,354 8,811,052 9,847,904 10,945,407 12,104,057
Revenue from public taps water
sales 221,105 320,609 428,339 541,192 659,734 794,680 936,491 1,084,342 1,237,410 1,394,870
Water meter rent (6% of water
sales revenue) 262,693 305,970 352,456 401,988 454,623 517,742 584,853 655,935 730,969 809,936
Connection & Technical service
charge 437,821 509,949 587,426 669,980 757,705 862,903 974,754 1,093,225 1,218,282 1,349,893
Income from material sales( 15%
of water meter rent ) 39,404 45,895 52,868 60,298 68,193 77,661 87,728 98,390 109,645 121,490
Other operating revenue( 3% of
water sales revenue) 131,346 152,985 176,228 200,994 227,311 258,871 292,426 327,967 365,485 404,968
Total Revenue 5,249,474 6,114,294 7,043,242 8,033,058 9,084,882 10,346,212 11,687,304 13,107,763 14,607,198 16,185,214
OPERATING EXPENSES
Chemical cost 46,078 49,144 52,210 55,276 58,342 62,301 66,261 70,220 74,180 78,139
Energy cost 408,939 436,149 463,360 490,571 517,782 552,922 588,063 623,204 658,345 693,485
Administrative and Office running
costs 44,700 30,116 30,541 30,975 31,419 46,873 32,337 32,812 33,298 33,795
Depreciation 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642
Dent Services 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134 2,923,134
Total Costs 4,850,320 4,878,179 4,914,157 4,950,302 4,986,620 5,046,939 5,077,441 5,123,132 5,169,018 5,215,104
Income/Surplus / from operations 399,153 1,236,115 2,129,085 3,082,756 4,098,262 5,299,273 6,609,863 7,984,631 9,438,180 10,970,109
Operating Ratio 0.9240 0.7978 0.6977 0.6162 0.5489 0.4878 0.4344 0.3908 0.3539 0.3222
Discounted Net
cash flow 68,020,915
FIRR
9-22
Motta Town
Table 9.18 continued
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Year 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
REVENUE
customers 13,394,117 14,693,336 16,001,715 17,319,255 18,645,954 20,477,808 22,322,404 24,179,743 26,049,823 28,032,079
Revenue from public taps water sales
1,503,171 1,605,022 1,700,422 1,789,371 1,871,870 1,996,270 2,111,696 2,218,149 2,315,628 2,334,111
Total water sales
14,897,288 16,298,358 17,702,137 19,108,626 20,517,824 22,474,078 24,434,100 26,397,891 28,365,452 30,366,191
revenue) 893,837 977,901 1,062,128 1,146,518 1,231,069 1,348,445 1,466,046 1,583,873 1,701,927 1,821,971
Connection & Technical service charge
1,489,729 1,629,836 1,770,214 1,910,863 2,051,782 2,247,408 2,443,410 2,639,789 2,836,545 3,036,619
water meter rent ) 134,076 146,685 159,319 171,978 184,660 202,267 219,907 237,581 255,289 273,296
sales revenue) 446,919 488,951 531,064 573,259 615,535 674,222 733,023 791,937 850,964 910,986
Total Revenue
17,861,848 19,541,731 21,224,863 22,911,243 24,600,871 26,946,419 29,296,486 31,651,072 34,010,176 36,409,063
OPERATING EXPENSES
Salaries and other personnel costs
229,456 236,340 243,430 250,733 258,255 266,002 273,982 282,202 290,668 299,388
Chemical cost
86,146 94,152 102,159 110,166 118,172 129,321 140,470 151,618 162,767 173,915
Energy cost
764,544 835,603 906,662 977,721 1,048,780 1,147,724 1,246,667 1,345,610 1,444,554 1,543,497
Repair and maintenance cost
461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136 461,136
Administrative and Office running costs
49,304 34,826 35,361 35,908 36,470 37,045 37,636 38,242 38,864 39,502
TOTAL O&M and Running Costs
1,590,587 1,662,058 1,748,748 1,835,664 1,922,813 2,041,229 2,159,891 2,278,809 2,397,989 2,517,439
Depreciation
1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 672,874 672,874 672,874 672,874 672,874
Dent Services
4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132
Total Costs
6,938,894 7,010,365 7,097,055 7,183,971 7,271,120 6,929,235 7,047,898 7,166,815 7,285,995 7,405,445
Income/Surplus / from operations
10,922,954 12,531,366 14,127,807 15,727,271 17,329,751 20,017,184 22,248,588 24,484,257 26,724,182 29,003,617
Operating Ratio
0.3885 0.3587 0.3344 0.3136 0.2956 0.2571 0.2406 0.2264 0.2142 0.2034
Discounted Net 68,020,915
cash flow
FIRR
9-23
Motta Town
9.8.2 Projected Balance Sheet
The balance sheet takes account of the new investment facilities of the water supply project such as
buildings, the treatment plants the network, reservoirs and stocks. The value of new fixed assets to be
installed and constructed in Phase I under this project are estimated at ETB 43.205 million excluding
access road. With the proposed investment works, the total assets will rise to ETB 52.917 million.
Retained earnings after settlement of all debts and recurrent costs are positive for most of the operation
years. The liquidity position which is expressed as ratio of cash and stocks against long term debt is
satisfactory. The current bank reconciliation statement show that the Service has ETB 0.163 million
cash deposit in the Bank. The projected balance sheet statement with the proposed investment works
are estimated in Table 9.19.
9-24
Motta Town
Table 9.19 Projected Balance Sheet Statement of Town Water Supply Project
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year Actual 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ASSETS 2008
Current Assets
Cash in Banks 163,299 97,119 103,559 109,995 116,427 122,855 131,153 139,446 147,733 156,016 164,293
Cash in Safes
Stocks & inventories 874,068 932,029 989,953 1,047,842 1,105,696 1,180,376 1,255,011 1,329,600 1,404,143 1,478,640
Receivables less bad
debts 5,303,983 8,740,684 9,320,286 9,899,532 10,478,423 11,056,958 11,803,763 12,550,110 13,295,998 14,041,428
Sub total current asset 9,711,872 10,355,873 10,999,480 11,642,692 12,285,509 13,115,293 13,944,567 14,773,331 15,601,586 16,429,332
Fixed Assets
Buildings 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541
Machineries (equipment
and transport)
Gross plant in service 40,958,846 40,958,846 40,958,846 40,958,846 40,958,846 40,958,846 40,958,846 40,958,846 40,958,846 40,958,846
Less accumulated
depreciation 802,642 1,605,284 2,407,926 3,210,567 4,013,209 4,815,851 5,618,493 6,421,135 7,223,777 8,026,418
Net plant in service 40,156,204 39,353,563 38,550,921 37,748,279 36,945,637 36,142,995 35,340,353 34,537,711 33,735,070 32,932,428
Sub total fixed asset 43,205,745 42,403,104 41,600,462 40,797,820 39,995,178 39,192,536 38,389,894 37,587,252 36,784,611 35,981,969
TOTAL ASSETS 52,917,617 52,758,977 52,599,942 52,440,512 52,280,687 52,307,829 52,334,461 52,360,584 52,386,197 52,411,301
LIABILITIES
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable 715,606 716,255 725,021 733,956 743,063 768,241 763,603 774,153 784,898 795,844
Bank over draft
Other short term
liabilities 783,462 408,939 436,149 463,360 490,571 517,782 552,922 588,063 623,204 658,345
Sub total current
liabilities 2,856,814 306,668 280,105 261,661 243,385 225,281 215,318 175,539 150,949 126,553
Long term Liabilities 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604
Long term borrowing 67,232,072 63,870,469 60,508,865 57,147,261 53,785,658 50,424,054 47,062,450 43,700,847 40,339,243 36,977,640
Equity of the Service -17,982,726 -14,753,200 -11,532,188 -8,311,738 -5,091,855 -1,693,147 1,734,867 5,147,184 8,558,797 11,969,699
Retained earnings 4,254,399 4,866,363 5,468,596 6,070,241 6,671,293 7,431,709 8,225,906 9,002,125 9,777,612 10,552,358
Total Liabilities 52,917,617 52,758,977 52,599,942 52,440,512 52,280,687 52,307,829 52,334,461 52,360,584 52,386,197 52,411,301
9-25
Motta Town
Table 9.19 continued.

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Year Actual 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ASSETS 2008
Current Assets
Cash in Banks 163,299 181,080 197,856 214,622 231,377 248,123 271,432 294,727 318,008 341,274 364,414
Cash in Safes
Stocks & inventories 1,629,718 1,780,704 1,931,597 2,082,397 2,233,104 2,442,888 2,652,543 2,862,069 3,071,466 3,279,727
Receivables less bad debts 18,278,253 16,297,183 17,807,039 19,315,967 20,823,969 22,331,042 24,428,882 26,525,432 28,620,691 30,714,660
Sub total current asset 18,107,981 19,785,599 21,462,186 23,137,743 24,812,269 27,143,202 29,472,702 31,800,768 34,127,400 36,441,412
Fixed Assets
Buildings 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541 3,049,541
Machineries (equipment and
transport)
Gross plant in service 79,402,194 79,402,194 79,402,194 79,402,194 79,402,194 79,402,194 79,402,194 79,402,194 79,402,194 79,402,194
Less accumulated
depreciation 9,803,754 10,936,929 12,070,104 13,203,279 14,336,454 15,009,328 15,682,203 16,355,077 17,027,951 17,700,825
Net plant in service 69,598,440 68,465,265 67,332,090 66,198,915 65,065,740 64,392,866 63,719,991 63,047,117 62,374,243 61,701,369
Sub total fixed asset 72,724,828 71,591,653 70,458,478 69,325,303 68,192,128 67,519,254 66,846,379 66,173,505 65,500,631 64,827,757
TOTAL ASSETS 89,364,522 89,772,571 90,179,611 90,585,643 90,990,666 92,459,049 93,926,029 95,391,605 96,855,778 98,307,595
LIABILITIES
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable 826,043 826,455 842,086 857,943 874,033 893,505 913,224 933,198 953,435 973,942
Bank over draft
Other short term liabilities 2,111,969 764,544 835,603 906,662 977,721 1,048,780 1,147,724 1,246,667 1,345,610 1,444,554
Sub total current liabilities 4,822,400 61,498 -9,149 -64,576 -119,778 -174,747 -254,218 -333,443 -412,412 -491,119
Long term Liabilities 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604
Long term borrowing 36,977,640 33,616,036 30,254,432 26,892,829 23,531,225 20,169,622 16,808,018 13,446,414 10,084,811 6,723,207
Equity of the Service 48,963,780 52,804,080 56,628,152 60,450,988 64,272,584 69,182,042 74,089,850 78,995,999 83,900,482 88,792,339
Retained earnings 4,254,399 4,254,399 4,254,399 4,254,399 4,254,399 4,254,399 4,254,399 4,254,399 4,254,399 4,254,399
Total Liabilities 89,364,522 89,772,571 90,179,611 90,585,643 90,990,666 92,459,049 93,926,029 95,391,605 96,855,778 98,307,595
9-26
Motta Town
9.8.3 Funds Statement
The sources of capital for the Water Supply include borrowings from EU on lending by National Water Fund, grant contribution from the Regional Government
and City Administration and income from the Water Service. The application of the fund is to comprise financing of the water supply construction works,
repayment of principal and interest. Details of sources and application of funds for the Enterprise are shown in Table 9.20
Table 9.20 Projected Funds Statement of Town Water Supply Project
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Year Actual 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SOURCES 2008
Net Income from operations 4,254,399 4,866,363 5,468,596 6,070,241 6,671,293 7,431,709 8,225,906 9,002,125 9,777,612 10,552,358
Add back depreciation 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642 802,642
Total from operations 5,057,041 5,669,005 6,271,238 6,872,883 7,473,935 8,234,351 9,028,547 9,804,767 10,580,254 11,355,000
Borrowings 67,232,072 63,870,469 60,508,865 57,147,261 53,785,658 50,424,054 47,062,450 43,700,847 40,339,243 36,977,640
Capital contribution from City
Administration
Utility contribution
Regional Government
Investment contribution
Donors Grant
Total Sources 72,289,113 69,539,474 66,780,103 64,020,144 61,259,592 58,658,405 56,090,998 53,505,614 50,919,497 48,332,640
APPLICATION
Debt Service
Principal and Interest Repayment 4271585.2 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604 3,361,604
Utility Development Program
Construction Expenditure 43,488,846
Interest during construction
Increase in working capital 9,405,204 10,075,768 10,737,819 11,399,308 12,060,228 12,899,974 13,769,027 14,622,382 15,475,033 16,326,974
TOTAL APPLICATION 56,255,654 13,437,372 14,099,423 14,760,911 15,421,832 16,261,578 17,130,631 17,983,986 18,836,636 19,688,577
9-27
Motta Town
Table 9.20. Continued..

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Year Actual 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SOURCES 2008
Net Income from operations 10,212,342 11,144,087 12,115,461 13,145,514 14,236,606 15,407,945 16,151,885 16,930,043 17,744,250 18,639,000
Add back depreciation 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 1,133,175 672,874 672,874 672,874 672,874 672,874
Total from operations 10,637,434 11,569,179 12,540,553 13,570,606 14,661,698 15,833,037 16,576,977 17,355,135 18,169,343 19,064,093
Borrowings 57,994,437 53,779,305 49,564,173 45,349,042 41,133,910 36,918,778 32,703,646 28,488,514 24,273,382 20,058,250
Capital contribution from City
Administration
Utility contribution
Regional Government
Investment contribution
Donors Grant
Total Sources 47,615,073 45,185,215 42,794,986 40,463,435 38,192,923 36,002,659 33,384,995 30,801,550 28,254,153 25,787,300
APPLICATION
Debt Service
Principal and Interest Repayment 4271585.2 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132 4,215,132
Utility Development Program
Construction Expenditure 19,221,674
Interest during construction
Increase in working capital 0 18,046,482 19,794,747 21,526,762 23,257,521 24,987,016 27,397,421 29,806,145 32,213,180 34,618,519 37,010,967
TOTAL APPLICATION 41,483,288 24,009,879 25,741,894 27,472,653 29,202,148 31,612,553 34,021,277 36,428,312 38,833,651 41,226,099
9-28
Motta Town
9.8.4 Risks and Uncertainties Analysis
Risks and uncertainties analysis is carried out to test the projects vulnerability to possible changes in
important parameters. Sensitivity analysis is therefore to focus on what can be considered as the key
factors such as prices of inputs and outputs and capacity utilization. The financial analysis, presented
above, indicates that the project has a higher FIRR than the average borrowing rate in Ethiopia, for the
base case assumptions. But it has to be investigated with the consequences of adverse changes in key
variables of the project how it be affected.
Consequently sensitivity analysis is conducted with the following objectives.
To estimate the effect of 15 % increase in investment cost on the viability of the project
To estimate the effect of 15 % increase in both investment and operating costs on the viability
of the project.
The first sensitivity analysis is carried out wherein investment cost is raised by 15%. The effect of this
increase has reduced the discounted bet cash flow to ETB 11.639 million
The second sensitivity test is made for the effect of an increase of both investment and operation and
maintenance costs by 15%. The result shows that it reduces the discounted bet cash flow to ETB
10.014 million.
9.9 Economic Analysis
9.9.1 Incremental Water Sales
The economic benefits of the project have been analyzed from two perspectives;
Incremental water sales and
Economic cost benefit analysis
Besides to these a discounted cash flow analysis is worked out to see the EIRR and B/C ratio of the
project. The benefits were determined by using the recommended cost recovery tariff rate. The project
incremental water sales has been analyzed with 10% discount rate and for volume of water sold at
public taps and connected customers.
The incremental water sales with and with out project case included the volume that can be supplied
for the on-going project. The sales volume with and with out are adjusted to foreign and local
numeraire by taking at least 20% of the inputs utilized are foreign imported inputs As shown from the
table the incremental volume of incremental water sold adjusted for foreign and local numeraire has
been 71.8 million. Details are shown in the Table 9.21.
9-29
Motta Town
Table 9.21 Incremental water sales for adjusted economic prices.
Year Water Water sales Incremental Discounted Discounted

sales with project sales with incremental incremental sales
with out the project sales adjusted to local and
project foreign price
numeraire
2008 314212
2011 8099976 7785764 7077967 12768653
2012 8637092.02 8322880 6878413 12408657
2013 9173878.41 8859666 6656399 12008143
2014 9710335.43 9396123 6417679 11577492
2015 10246463 9932251 6167146 11125532
2016 10938526 10624314 5997148 10818855
2017 11630164 11315952 5806873 10475598
2018 12321377 12007165 5601431 10104982
2019 13012165 12697953 5385172 9714850
2020 13702529 13388317 5161776 9311843
2021 15102569 14788357 5183229 9350545
2022 16501750 16187538 5157849 9304759
2023 17900072 17585860 5093997 9189571
2024 19297534 18983322 4998902 9018019
2025 20694136 20379924 4878792 8801340
2026 22638200 22323988 4858350 8764464
2027 24581069 24266857 4801068 8661127
2028 26522742 26208530 4713835 8503757
2029 28463220 28149008 4602588 8303068
2030 30393171 30078959 4471046 8065766
TOTAL 198277024
Thus the value of incremental water sales from the point of view of the national economy during the
life span of the project worth ETB 198 million..
9.9.2 Projected Cash Flow Analysis
In order to assess financial situation of the water service, cash flow analysis has been carried out. The
cash flow statement shows cash inflows and outflows of the utility over a certain period of time.
The results obtained shows that the Water Service is able to pay its loan with in the terms as shown
below. The Utility produces positive cash flow over most of the business plan years.
The cash flow analysis is carried by excluding costs such as debt service and depreciation, thus
focuses on the operation and functioning of the utilities . Accordingly, the loan amount is shown in a
single year to analyze impacts for distributed schedule as shown in Table 9.22
9-30
Motta Town
Table 9.22: Projected cash flow analysis (base case full cost recovery tariff)
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Series No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Revenue 9,711,872 10,355,873 10,999,480 11,642,692 12,285,509 13,115,293 13,944,567 14,773,331 15,601,586 16,429,332
Investment cost 17,395,538 26,093,308
O&M Costs 1,124,545 1,152,404 1,188,381 1,224,527 1,260,844 1,321,163 1,351,666 1,397,357 1,443,243 1,489,329
Total Costs 17,395,538 26,093,308 1,124,545 1,152,404 1,188,381 1,224,527 1,260,844 1,321,163 1,351,666 1,397,357 1,443,243 1,489,329
Discounted costs 53,152,774
Discounted revenue 134,989,082
Net cash flow -17,395,538 -26,093,308 8,587,327 9,203,469 9,811,099 10,418,166 11,024,665 11,794,129 12,592,901 13,375,974 14,158,344 14,940,003
Discounted Cash flow 58,408,451
EIRR 23.3%
B/C Ratio 2.54
9-31
Motta Town

Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Series No. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Revenue 18,107,981 19,785,599 21,462,186 23,137,743 24,812,269 27,143,202 29,472,702 31,800,768 34,127,400 36,441,412
Investment cost 19,221,674
O&M Costs 1,590,587 1,662,058 1,748,748 1,835,664 1,922,813 2,041,229 2,159,891 2,278,809 2,397,989 2,517,439
Total Costs 20,812,261 1,662,058 1,748,748 1,835,664 1,922,813 2,041,229 2,159,891 2,278,809 2,397,989 2,517,439
Net cash flow -2,704,280 18,123,541 19,713,438 21,302,079 22,889,456 25,101,974 27,312,811 29,521,959 31,729,412 33,923,972
EIRR 23.3%
B/C Ratio 2.54
9-32
Motta Town
A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to test the projects vulnerability to possible changes in
important parameters. Sensitivity analysis is therefore to focus on what can be considered as the key
factors such as prices of inputs and outputs and capacity utilization. The economic cash flow analysis,
presented in the previous table, indicates that the project has a higher EIRR than the average
borrowing rate in Ethiopia, for the base case assumptions. However, it has to be investigated as to the
consequences of adverse changes in key variables of the project.
Consequently a sensitivity analysis is conducted with the following objectives.
To estimate the effect of 15 % increase in investment costs on the viability of the project
To estimate the effect of 15 % increase in operating costs on the viability of the project.
To estimate the effect of 15 % increase in both investment and O&M costs on the viability of
the project
9-33
Motta Town
The first sensitivity analysis is carried out where by investment cost is raised by 15%. The effect of this increase has resulted in a decrease of EIRR to 20.7%.
and the B/C ratio to 2.27
Table 9.23: Projected cash flow analysis (An increase in investment cost 15%)
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Series No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Revenue 9,711,872 10,355,873 10,999,480 11,642,692 12,285,509 13,115,293 13,944,567 14,773,331 15,601,586 16,429,332
Investment cost 20,004,869 30,007,304
O&M Costs 1,124,545 1,152,404 1,188,381 1,224,527 1,260,844 1,321,163 1,351,666 1,397,357 1,443,243 1,489,329
Total Costs 20,004,869 30,007,304 1,124,545 1,152,404 1,188,381 1,224,527 1,260,844 1,321,163 1,351,666 1,397,357 1,443,243 1,489,329
Net cash flow -20,004,869 -30,007,304 8,587,327 9,203,469 9,811,099 10,418,166 11,024,665 11,794,129 12,592,901 13,375,974 14,158,344 14,940,003
EIRR 20.7%
B/C Ratio 2.27
9-34
Motta Town
The first sensitivity analysis is carried out where by investment cost is raised by 15%. The effect of this increase has resulted in a decrease of EIRR to 20.7%.
and the B/C ratio to 2.27

Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Series No. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Revenue 18,107,981 19,785,599 21,462,186 23,137,743 24,812,269 27,143,202 29,472,702 31,800,768 34,127,400 36,441,412
O&M Costs 1,590,587 1,662,058 1,748,748 1,835,664 1,922,813 2,041,229 2,159,891 2,278,809 2,397,989 2,517,439
Total Costs 23,695,512 1,662,058 1,748,748 1,835,664 1,922,813 2,041,229 2,159,891 2,278,809 2,397,989 2,517,439
Net cash flow -5,587,531 18,123,541 19,713,438 21,302,079 22,889,456 25,101,974 27,312,811 29,521,959 31,729,412 33,923,972
EIRR 20.7%
B/C Ratio 2.27
9-35
Motta Town
The second sensitivity test which considered the effects of increase in operation and maintenance costs by 15% has less effect on the viability of the project.
Accordingly the project has EIRR of 22.9% and B/C ratio of 2.47.
Table 9.24: Projected cash flow analysis (An increase in O&M cost 15%)
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Series No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Revenue 9,711,872 10,355,873 10,999,480 11,642,692 12,285,509 13,115,293 13,944,567 14,773,331 15,601,586 16,429,332
Investment cost 17,395,538 26,093,308
O&M Costs 1,293,227 1,325,265 1,366,639 1,408,206 1,449,971 1,519,338 1,554,416 1,606,960 1,659,729 1,712,728
Total Costs 17,395,538 26,093,308 1,293,227 1,325,265 1,366,639 1,408,206 1,449,971 1,519,338 1,554,416 1,606,960 1,659,729 1,712,728
Net cash flow -17,395,538 -26,093,308 8,418,645 9,030,609 9,632,842 10,234,487 10,835,538 11,595,955 12,390,151 13,166,371 13,941,857 14,716,604
EIRR 22.9%
B/C Ratio 2.47
9-36
Motta Town

Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Series No. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Revenue 18,107,981 19,785,599 21,462,186 23,137,743 24,812,269 27,143,202 29,472,702 31,800,768 34,127,400 36,441,412
O&M Costs 1,829,175 1,911,367 2,011,060 2,111,014 2,211,235 2,347,413 2,483,875 2,620,630 2,757,687 2,895,055
Total Costs 21,050,849 1,911,367 2,011,060 2,111,014 2,211,235 2,347,413 2,483,875 2,620,630 2,757,687 2,895,055
Net cash flow -2,942,868 17,874,232 19,451,126 21,026,729 22,601,034 24,795,789 26,988,827 29,180,138 31,369,713 33,546,356
EIRR 22.9%
B/C Ratio 2.47
9-37
Motta Town
The third sensitivity analysis is carried out where by both investment costs and operation and maintenance costs are raised by 15%. The effect of this increase
has a resulted decrease of EIRR to 20.4%. and the B/C ratio to 2.21.
Table 9.25: Projected cash flow analysis (An increase in investment and O & M costs by 15%)
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Series No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Revenue 9,711,872 10,355,873 10,999,480 11,642,692 12,285,509 13,115,293 13,944,567 14,773,331 15,601,586 16,429,332
Investment cost 20,004,869 30,007,304
O&M Costs 1,293,227 1,325,265 1,366,639 1,408,206 1,449,971 1,519,338 1,554,416 1,606,960 1,659,729 1,712,728
Total Costs 20,004,869 30,007,304 1,293,227 1,325,265 1,366,639 1,408,206 1,449,971 1,519,338 1,554,416 1,606,960 1,659,729 1,712,728
Net cash flow -20,004,869 -30,007,304 8,418,645 9,030,609 9,632,842 10,234,487 10,835,538 11,595,955 12,390,151 13,166,371 13,941,857 14,716,604
EIRR 20.4%
B/C Ratio 2.21
9-38
Motta Town

Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Series No. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Revenue 18,107,981 19,785,599 21,462,186 23,137,743 24,812,269 27,143,202 29,472,702 31,800,768 34,127,400 36,441,412
O&M Costs 1,829,175 1,911,367 2,011,060 2,111,014 2,211,235 2,347,413 2,483,875 2,620,630 2,757,687 2,895,055
Total Costs 23,934,100 1,911,367 2,011,060 2,111,014 2,211,235 2,347,413 2,483,875 2,620,630 2,757,687 2,895,055
Net cash flow -5,826,119 17,874,232 19,451,126 21,026,729 22,601,034 24,795,789 26,988,827 29,180,138 31,369,713 33,546,356
EIRR 20.4%
B/C Ratio 2.21
9-39
Motta Town
10 Conclusions and recommendations
In conclusion it is recommended that the implementation of Stage I be carried out as soon as possible
in order to address current shortages in the Motta water supply system and to allow for short term
growth up to the year 2020.
Since time constraints did not allow for the drilling of test boreholes into the aquifers, and that
borehole yields have been estimated based on previous reports, it is highly recommended that the
drilling portion of the scheme is implemented as quickly as possible as per the implementation plan
recommendations mentioned in chapter 6.15 such that electromechanical works design can be
finalised.
It is also recommended that prior to the end of the Stage I design horizon, and prior to implementation
of Stage II that population, town growth and the associated water demands are reassessed against the
estimates contained in this report and that detailed design and implementation of Stage II is adjusted
accordingly
10-1

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15 Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project Mott MacDonald in association with AG Consult

Design Review Report Ministry of Water Resources

15 Towns Water Supply

AG Consult, Consulting Hydrogeologists and Engineers

242968/B /Final/28 February 2009/

15 Towns Water Supply

Issue and Revision Record

S. Lulu V.Taylor P.Bolton

242968/B /Final/28 February 2009/

List of Contents Page

Chapters and Appendices

1 Executive summary 1-1

3 Population and Water Demand Projection 3-1

4 Design Parameters 4-1

5 Existing Water Supply System 5-1

6 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage I) 6-1

7 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage II) 7-1

8 Environmental Impact of the Scheme 8-1

9 Financial and Economic Analysis 9-1

10 Conclusions and recommendations 10-1

Appendix A - Water Supply Scheme Layouts

Appendix B - Reservoir Sizing

Appendix C - Reservoir Structural Analysis

Appendix C1 - Structural Design Report for 800m3 Reservoir

Appendix C2 - Structural Design Report for 250m3 Reservoir

Appendix D - Well Field and Distribution Network Analysis

Appendix D1 - Hydraulic Model Results

Appendix D1.1 - Stage I Results

Appendix D1.2 - Stage II Results

Appendix E - Electromechanical Design

Appendix F1 Sanitation Facilities

Appendix F3 Standard Latrine Drawings

Appendix G- Contact Persons

Appendix I - Engineers Cost Estimate (Bound Separately in an A4 Booklet)

The project towns located in four regions of the country are:

1.2 Population and Water Demand Projection

Year 2008 2020 2030

1.4 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage I)

The proposed scheme will be to:

1.5 Review of Proposed Water Supply Scheme (Stage II)

The proposed scheme will be to:

1.7 Review of Financial and Economic Analysis

Table 1.2 Recommended Tariff

Consumption Range m3/M PWP DPC CPC IPC

1.8 Conclusions and Recommendations

The project towns located in four regions of the country are:

2.2 Data Collection

2.3 Profile of Motta

Figure 2.1 Locality of Motta in Ethiopia

Town Covered in this

Other Towns Forming

Map not to scale

Rain Fall characterstics in Motta town

Source: Ethiopian Metrological Service

The data used in compiling Figure 2.3 is based on 10 years of records.

Monthly Mean Teamprature

SOURCE: Ethiopian Metrological service

2.5 Infrastructure and Services

Table 2.1 Government and Public Organizations

Name of Organization Number

SOURCE: Motta Town Administration

2.7 Economic Situation

Motta is the capital of Huletejenese Administrative district and is therefore an important

Table 2.2 Business Institutions in Motta Town