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Lecture 4:
Theodorsen for non-sinusoidal
motion
G. Dimitriadis
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Time domain responses
! Theodorsen analysis requires that the
equations of motion are only valid at zero
airspeed or at the flutter condition.
! They are also valid in the case of forced
sinusoidal excitation.
! We can calculate the response of an
aeroelastic system with Theodorsen
aerodynamics to any excitation force
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Frequency Response Function
#"1&
$ 'F0
%x f (
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
FRF for pitch-plunge system
9
!'!&(
"
:8;<+1=>132!5!&17.18
FRF of h
632!5!&617.18
&
!'!&
!"
!
! " # $ % &! ! " # $ % &!
)*+,-+./012345 )*+,-+./012345
!'(
!'!#
FRF of "
:8;<+1=>132!5!&17.1"
!
632!5!&617.1"
!'!9 !!'(
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Working with the FRF
! If the force is non-sinusoidal, F0=F0(!).
! The systems response to such a force is
obtained as q0(!)=H(!)-1F(!).
! If F(!)=1 then the inverse Fourier
Transform of q0(!) is the systems impulse
response.
! The impulse response can also be used to
perform stability analysis.
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Impulse response of
pitch-plunge airfoil
!) 9:&),;/<('=;>:!?# !# :;"(-<0=*)><?;!'#
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# &'(
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1,234/-(5-/267/-(+7(8
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*+,-(./0 +,-.*/01
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! " # $ % &! &" &# &$ &% ! " # $ % &! &" &# &$ &%
*+,-(./0 +,-.*/01
V=15m/s V=25m/s
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Damped sinusoidal motion
! The previous discussion shows that:
! Theodorsen aerodynamics are only valid for
sinusoidal motion
! Yet Theodorsen aerodynamics can be used to
calculate damped impulse responses
! Stability analysis is slow and and can be less
accurate when performed on impulse
responses
! We need a method for calculating the
damping at all airspeeds directly from the
equations of motion
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
The p-k Method
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Basics
! The p-k method uses the structural
equations of motion in the standard
form
With k=!b/U
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Basics (2)
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Basics (3)
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
The p-method
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
The p-k method
! The p-k method is more sophisticated than
the p-method in that it performs frequency
matching
! The equations solved are
$ 2 1 &
p M s + K s " #U 2Q( jk ) q = 0 (2)
% 2 '
! Since it is known that the aerodynamic
matrix is only a function of frequency (not
of damping)
! Again, k=!b/U
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Application to 2-dof model
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
The p-k solution
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Frequency matching
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
p-k method characteristics
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Results
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Rogers Approximation
! Another way to transform the p-k equations to
the time domain is using Rogers
Approximation.
! The frequency-dependent part of equations
(2), Q(jk), is approximated as:
2
nl
jk
Q( jk ) = A 0 + A1 jk + A 2 ( jk ) + # A 2+n
n =1 jk + " n
! Where nl is the number of aerodynamic lags
and "n are aerodynamic lag coefficients.
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Rogers EOMs
! The equations of motion of the complete
aeroelastic system then become:
$ "M "1C "M "1K "M "1A 3 ! "M "1A n l +2 '
& I 0 0 ! 0 )
& )
q = & 0 I "V# 1 /bI ! 0 )q
& " " " # " )
&& ))
% 0 I 0 ! "V# n l /bI (
! Where
1 1 1 1
M = M s " #b 2A 2 , C = Cs " #UbA1, K = K s " #U 2A 0 , A j = " #U 2A j
2 2 2 2
! Usually:
n
n l = 4, " n = #1.7kmax 2 , kmax = maximum k of interest
(nl + 1)
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Practical Aeroelasticity
! For an aircraft, the matrix Q(jk) is obtained using a
panel method-based aerodynamic model.
! The modelling is usually performed by means of
commercial packages, such as MSC.Nastran or Z-
Aero.
! For a chosen set of k values, e.g. k1, k2, !, km, the
corresponding Q matrices are returned.
! The Q matrices are then used in conjunction with
the p-k method to obtain the flutter solution or
time-domain responses.
! The values of Q at intermediate k values are
obtained by interpolation.
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
BAH Example
! Bisplinghoff, Ashley and Halfman wing
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
GTA Example
! Here is a very simple aeroelastic model for
a Generic Transport Aircraft
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Flutter plots
for GTA
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Time domain plots
for the GTA
V<VF V=VF
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Supersonic Transport
! The SST is a
proposal for the
replacement of
the Concorde.
! The aeroelastic
model is a half-
model
! The
aerodynamics
contains the
wing and a
rectangle for the
wall
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Flutter plots
for SST
Introduction to Aeroelasticity
Practical Session
! You are required to design a pitch-plunge flat plate with the following
characteristics
! Chord length: 0.4m
! Material: aluminium
! Maximum flight altitude: 2000m (air density of 1kg/m3)
! Maximum airspeed: 100m/s
! Write a Matlab code to carry out a p-k analysis on the pitch-plunge
flat plate.
! Modify your systems parameters so that your wing complies with
the above specifications and does not flutter inside the flight
envelope.
! Try to keep the wing as light as possible.
! The plunge spring cannot exceed 5000N/m
! The pitch spring cannot exceed 4000Nm/rad
Introduction to Aeroelasticity