Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Solarwind hybrid renewable energy system: A review

Vikas Khare, Savita Nema, Prashant Baredar
MANIT, Bhopal, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The demand for electricity is increasing day by day, which cannot be fullled by non-renewable energy
Received 11 September 2014 sources alone. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are omnipresent and environmental
Received in revised form friendly. The renewable emulnergy sources are emerging options to fulll the energy demand, but
2 November 2015
unreliable due to the stochastic nature of their occurrence. Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES)
Accepted 21 December 2015
Available online 9 January 2016
combines two or more renewable energy sources like wind turbine and solar system. The objective of
this paper is to present a comprehensive review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses pre-
Keywords: feasibility analysis, optimum sizing, modeling, control aspects and reliability issues. The application of
Solar energy evolutionary technique and game theory in hybrid renewable energy is also presented in this paper.
Wind energy
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hybrid renewable energy system

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2. Pre-feasibility assessment of HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3. Optimum sizing of HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4. Modeling of HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5. Control of HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6. Evolutionary technique in HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1. Genetic algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2. Particle swarm optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.3. Fuzzy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.4. Neural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7. Game theory in HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8. Reliability in HRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
9. Future scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1. Introduction
Electricity is the important factor for industrialization, urbaniza-
tion, nancial growth of any country [1]. There are different types of
conventional and non-conventional energy sources used to generate
electricity. Solar and wind energy system is one of the most promi-
nent sources of energy. The utilization of solar and wind energy
system has become increasingly popular due to modular and envir-
onment friendly nature [2]. The eld of solarwind has experienced a
E-mail addresses: Vikaskhare09@yahoo.co.in (V. Khare),
s_nema@yahoo.com (S. Nema), pbaredar@rediffmail.com (P. Baredar).
remarkable growth for past two decades in its widespread use of
standalone to utility interactive solarwind systems [3].
Solar and wind energy system works normally in standalone or
grid connected mode, but the efciency of these sources is less due
to the stochastic nature of solar and wind resources. The hybrid
renewable energy sources with grid integration overcome this
drawback of being unpredictable in nature. Hybrid renewable
energy system (HRES) is a combination of renewable and con-
ventional energy source, it may also combine two or more
renewable energy sources that work in standalone or grid con-
nected mode. The HRES that combines solar and wind energy key
resources, operates in two modes: simultaneous and sequential. In
simultaneous mode, the solar and wind energy system produces

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.223
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
24 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333
energy concurrently while in sequential mode they produce
electricity alternatively [4,5].
The signicant characteristics of HRES are to combine two or
more renewable power generation technologies to make proper
use of their operating characteristics and to obtain efciencies
higher than that could be obtained from a single power source.
This paper presents a review of solarwind hybrid renewable
energy system covering issue such as pre-feasibility study, mod-
eling, controlling, optimization technique, reliability and power
quality of the system [6]. Fig. 1 presents a basic component of
solarwind hybrid renewable energy system.
2. Pre-feasibility assessment of HRES
Prior to installation and operation, the prefeasibility study of
hybrid energy system is customarily carried out. The prefeasibility
analysis includes the study of climatic condition of the proposed
site, availability of renewable energy sources and assessment of its
potential load and load demand of application site. The pre-
feasibility study assists in nding out the best location to develop a
solar wind hybrid renewable energy system. Few signicant con-
tributions of various researchers are discussed here.
Rahman et al. [7] gave the feasibility study of Photovoltaic (PV)-
Fuel cell hybrid energy system considering difculty in the use of PV
and provide new avenues for the fuel cell technology. A photovoltaic
system uses photovoltaic cells to directly convert sunlight into elec-
tricity and the fuel cell converts the chemical energy into electricity
through a chemical reaction with oxygen or other oxidizing agent.
Khan et al. [8] gave meticulous description about pre-feasibility study
DC/AC
Solar Energy
DC/DC
AC/
DC
Wind Energy AC/AC
BUS
AC/DC
Bidirectional
Storage
Converter
Fig. 1. Basic component of solarwind hybrid renewable energy system.
Fig. 2. Global solar radiation potential [15].
of stand-alone solarwind hybrid energy system for application in
Newfoundland. Hydrogen is used as an energy transporter for appli-
cation in Newfoundland, Canada. Sizing, performance and various
cost indexes were also analyzed. The capital cost, net present cost and
cost of energy for energy consumption of 25 kW h/d with a 4.73 KW
peak power demand is $36738, $47910 and $0.492 respectively.
Graditi et al. [9] developed scientic and ecological aspects of hybrid
system as well as non conventional energy source. Nayar et al. [10]
discussed a case study of a Photo-voltaic/Wind/Diesel hybrid energy
system installed in three remote islands in the republic of Maldives.
Chong et al. [11] presents prefeasibility analysis of a windsolar
HRES with rainwater collection features for urban high rise applica-
tion. Economic analysis includes manufacturing and preservation
costs of the system over the given life span. The system is analyzed for
security, visual impact and noise pollution. Sinha et al. [12] presents
pre-feasibility analysis of solarwind hybrid systems for a complex
hilly terrain. The study is carried out to assess the potential for a
solarwind hybrid system for Hamirpur town located in Northern
Province of India. The prefeasibility study indicates the quality of
potential for utilizing solar-micro wind hybrid system to supplement
the energy needs in hilly regions. Aydin et al. [13] explore geological
information system (GIS) based site allocation for solarwind HRES at
western turkey. In this paper Fuzzy logic and geographic information
system tool are used to search best and alternative location of the
target area that benets nancial and ecological criteria. Tao Ma et al.
[14] presented a comprehensive feasibility study and techno-
economic assessment of a remote solarwind hybrid energy system
with battery energy storage for a isolated island.
Climatic condition is the major input to carried out pre-
feasibility analysis. Figs. 2 and 3 show global map solar energy and
AC/ AC/DC Load
AC/AC
AC/DC DC
DC/AC BUS
DC/DC
GRID
 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333
Fig. 3. Global wind energy potential [15].
Optimum Sizing Analysis
Criteria
Multi-
Economic Reliability AI Technique
objective
Fig. 4. Optimum sizing analysis of solar wind hybrid renewable energy system HRES.
wind energy potential in all over world [15]. Feasibility of solar
wind hybrid renewable energy system mainly depends on solar
radiation and wind energy potential available at the specic
location. Designing a hybrid renewable energy system requires
appropriate weather data.
3. Optimum sizing of HRES
The next step after prefeasibility analysis is to accurately assess
the size of individual component that can economically satisfy the
load demand. Fig. 4 present implicit criteria/methodology gen-
erally employed for optimum sizing of HRES. Chedid et al. presents
unit sizing of integrated wind solar power system for either
autonomous or grid linked application with the help of a computer
aided design (CAD) tool. The linear programming is used for
analysis with the objective function set such that the cost of
electricity is minimized.
Kellog et al. [17] determined unit sizing of solar wind HRES by
developing simple arithmetical algorithm. Generation and storage
system are appropriately sized to meet the annual load and reduce
the total annual cost to the customer. Nelson et al. [18] carried out
sizing and economic analysis of a hybrid renewable energy system
consisting of a fuel cell (multiple cells combined to form a stack), an
electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank that work as energy storage
arrangement. The sizing and economic analysis is done using a multi-
paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth generation
programming language as Matrix laboratory (MATLAB) and break-
even distance analyses is done for each conguration. Lopez et al.
[19] presents the inuence of power converter losses assessment in
the sizing of a HRES. An improved technique for in loss calculation of
static converter is presented with an objective to assess energy losses
in the system during the unit sizing process. Khatibi et al. [20]
25
Methodology
Graphical Computing
Iterative Analytical Probablistic
Constraint Tool
evaluated optimal sizing of pumped storage plant using single/multi-
objective optimization technique for increased generation. Belfkira
et al. [21] gave a method for sizing and optimizing a standalone
wind/Photo-voltaic/diesel hybrid energy system. Paudel et al. [22]
presented feasibility study and determined unit size of hybrid
renewable energy system that combines solar, wind and battery
bank for an isolated location of Nepal. Nagabhusana et al. [23] esti-
mates optimal size of a solarwind HRES employing linear pro-
gramming technique to minimize present worth of capital and
operating cost. Kumar et al. [24] used probabilistic reliability analysis
to nd out the most favorable size of solar wind HRES. The stochastic
belongings in all the parameter in the optimization models are taken
into consideration for estimating power reliability. Laterra et al. [25]
explains procedure to develop the unit sizing of a grid connected
solar wind HRES using fuzzy logic based multi-objective optimization
idea. Both scientic and cost-effective objective functions are used to
nd out the best conguration. Further Erdinc et al. [26] explore a
novel perspective component performance squalor issue in optimum
sizing conguration. Author used observe and focus algorithm based
optimization to compute the possible degradation in performance
and meticulous conguration of each integrated system component.
Bayod-Rujula et al. [27] analyzed the inuence of some unit sizing
structure of grid connected solarwind integrated non-conventional
energy system with energy storage and load consumption on their
crossing point with the electrical network. In this paper sizing con-
straint are used as sizing factor which is the ratio of yearly energy
produced by the non-conventional energy system and yearly energy
demanded by an end user. Erdinc et al. [28] describes unit sizing
criteria of solar wind integrated renewable energy system by real
time routine analysis and scrutinize the effectiveness for entire
generated system. Tables 1 and 2 gives hybrid system analysis of
study area and summary of sizing methodology of HRES respectively.
26 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

Table 1
Hybrid system analysis of study area.

Author (s) Hybrid system component Evaluation area Load details Sizing approach Result of sizing

Kalantar et al. [29] Wind turbine (WT), Photo-voltaic Tehran, Iran 225 kW Peak Genetic Algorithm (GA) 195 kW WT, 85 KW PV 230 kW
(PV), and Battery 25 kW Base Microturbine
2.14 kA h battery
Yang et al. [30] WT, PV, microturbine and battery Dala Jia Island, 1.5 kW Constant GA 6 kW WT, 12.8 kW PV,
China 6 kA h battery
Bounbum roong et al. WT, PV, diesel and battery Chik Island, 26 kW peak Particle swarm optimization 15 kW WT,
[31] Thailand 5 kW base (PSO) 24 kW PV,
50 kW diesel,
151 kW h battery

Table 2
Summary of sizing methodologies of solar wind HRES.

Author/year Analysis Sizing constraint Output/conclusion

Yang et al. [30] Probabilistic Loss of Power Supply Probability A battery bank with an energy storage space capability of 3 days was appropriate for
(LPSP) ensuring the desired LPSP of 1% can be achieved with a battery bank of 5 days storage
space capacity.
Celik et al. [32] Techno-economic Cost/kW h, level of autonomy Author suggests that a third energy source should be integrated into the system instead
of escalating the hardware size.
Kamels et al. [33] Economic Net Present Value (NPV) Optimization result shows that integrated systems are less costly than diesel generation
from a NPV perspective.
Koutroulis et al. [34] Techno-economic Total cost and load energy The simulation results verify that integrated systems are obtained in terms of desired
requirement system reliability and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE).
Yang et al. [35] Techno-economic LPSP and LCOE The most favorable congurations of the integrated system are obtained in terms of
desired system reliability and the LCOE.
Gupta et al. [36] Economical LPSP and Life Cycle Cost Result explores the cost V/S prot of growing or decreasing the size/number of each
generating component prior to realization of the design. Net present cost and cost of
energy of a given system is $86462 and $0.41 respectively.
Diaf et al. [37] Economical LPSP and LCOE The result indicates that the HRES is the best option for all the sites considered in the
study.
Yang et al. [38] Techno-economic LPSP This model can be used to compute the system productivity pattern which can attain the
desired LPSP with a least annualized cost of system.
Tina et al. [39] Probabilistic Energy index of reliability The outcome noties the design of a preprocessing phase for one input of an algorithm
that probabilistically optimizes the plan of HRES
Khatod et al. [40] Economic Production cost Result shows that the developed technique needs less computational time than Monte
Carlo simulation method.
Kaabeche et al. [41] Economical Deciency of Power Supply Prob- The most favorable arrangement of the integrated system is determined in terms of
ability, Life Cycle Cost desired system reliability requirement.

4. Modeling of HRES
There are different types of renewable energy sources such as solar,
wind, hydro, biomass, fuel cell, tidal etc. Modeling is the rst step to
design a system according to the different parameter and constraint.
Marchetti, et al. [42] gave statistical modeling of solar wind HRES
based on annual cost, battery autonomy function, sizing criteria and
ecological statistical factor. Step by step optimization practice is used to
nd out the betting result of the solar wind HRES model. Consoli
et al. [43] developed solar wind hybrid system model based on long
term simulation. This system integrates diesel generating sets with the
renewable energy source. Bonanno et al. [44] present logistical model
of HRES to evaluate fuel and energy saving and reported the problem
related to the exploitation of combined renewable and conventional
energy sources. A special feature of logistical model is that a supple-
mentary ctitious source is introduced in order to obtain the power
balance at the bus-bar during the simulation stage. Ghali et al. [45]
used loss of power supply probability (LPSP) to develop integrated
renewable energy system model. Based on load distribution, the
probability density function of the storage is obtained and conse-
quently the battery size is calculated to give the relevant level of the
system reliability using the LPSP technique. Zahedi et al. [46] devel-
oped statistical model of one or more PV arrays to be combined with
diesel and/or wind for making a more reliable electricity supply. A
near ideal size of system's component is estimated using Matrix
Laboratory program to predict system's performance. Potamianakis
et al. [47] demonstrated modeling and simulation of the small hybrid
power system. Hybrid system is studied from the view point of small
signal, frequency, voltage and transient stability. Haque et al. [48]
investigated the most viable conguration of a hybrid energy system
for a typical electric-heated home in St. John's, Newfoundland. It is
found that multi-port direct current (DCDC) converter is appropriate
for the desired hybrid energy system. Gupta et al. [49] developed
modeling of hybrid energy system for off grid electrication of a group
of villages and suggested cost minimization through proper compo-
nent sizing and load matching. The model is developed with the
objective of minimizing cost function based on demand and potential
constraint and is optimized using Linear Programming LINDO s/w 6.10
versions. Based on the hydrogen fuel cell Alam et al. [50] developed
model of wind-photovoltaic-fuel cell. To maintain uniform supply of
hydrogen for fuel cell, an electrolyzer and a reformer is used. Badejani
et al. [51] developed modeling of standalone hybrid Photovoltaic-wind
system. A discrete cost function is dened and optimized to determine
optimal design option with minimum number of Photovoltaic and
wind units to sustain yearly demand load. System imitation and
energy balance computation over a period of 3 years are used to
reimburse for design error caused by the discrete nature of the opti-
mization approach. Gupta and Saini [52] developed an optimal hybrid
energy system for remote rural area of Jaunpur block Uttaranchal state
of India. HRES model consisting of wind, solar, biomass and small-
micro hybrid is optimized to maintain uninterrupted supply. Gupta
and Saini [53] have explored modeling of solar wind HRES using
LINDO s/w 6.10 versions for off grid electrication of a group of vil-
lages. The model is developed with the goal of cost function
 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333 27

minimization based on demand and potential constraint. Belfkira and
Nichita [21] modeled and optimized sizing of HRES and used a
deterministic algorithm to diminish the life cycle cost of the system
while guarantee the accessibility of the energy. The statistical model-
ing of the principle elements of the hybrid Wind-Photovoltaic system
is exposed showing the key sizing variable. Ruiz and Cirstea [54]
modeled integrated renewable energy system (PV-wind) and used an
optimized holistic digital control system design followed by rapid
prototyping of the controller into a single eld programmable gate
array (FPGA) where as Karagiannis et al. [55] modeled and analyzed a
solar wind hybrid energy system using fuzzy cognitive maps and
learning algorithm. Olulope et al. [56] presented modeling and
simulation of hybrid power system and investigated the dynamic
impact of hybrid wind/Photovoltaic/small hydro-power on transient
stability with the help of DIgSILENT power factor software which is
carried out using single machine innite system concept. Bansal et al.
[57] modelled and optimized integrated renewable energy system for
a rural site considering total price as an objective function. Hybrid
Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software is used
to model the above conguration. Table 3 gives summary of modeling
method of HRES.
5. Control of HRES
Control technique plays a very important role in enhancing
system efciency and desired output of a plant. The availability of
power from a hybrid system can be economically maximized by
choosing proper control technique in the system design process.
Jonathan et al. [62] presented a control technology for HRES that
track and make control decisions based on the denite battery state
of charge offering signicant advantages over other methods.
Ottoson et al. [63] used a data logger and gave exhaustive analysis
of the energy production and performance of a remote hybrid
power plant having solar, wind and diesel plant. Nogaret et al. [64]
developed a new expert system based control system tool for HRES
and used an advanced control system for the optimal operation and
supervision of Photovoltaic and wind based medium size power
system. CAD (Computer aided design) tool is used by Chedid et al.
[13] for optimal design and control of a hybrid wind solar power
systems considering all ecological factor. Linear programming
techniques are used to reduce the production cost while meeting
the load requirement. Pitrone and Pitrone [65] used an expert
system, fuzzy logic theory, neural network and programmable

Table 3
Summary of modeling method of solar wind HRES.

Author/year/ref. Objective Technique/software Conclusion/special nding

Marchetti [42] Mathematical model of HRES Analytical method Gave a mathematical approach to the environment statistical factor.
Consoli [43] Long term simulation model of HRES Matlab simulink 1. The system integrates different kind of generator and by traditional
electric energy plant.
2.Estimated the long term performances of hybrid system for electric
energy production
3. Model result shows a fuel consumption reduction of 64% in case of full
DC conguration and about 72% in AC conguration
Rahman and Optimal design of a hybrid windsolar Linear programming 1. Reduce the average production cost of electricity while meeting the
Chedid power system load constraint
2.Environmental factors are considered both for the design and opera-
tion phases
Ghali [45] Model of HRES based on LPSP. Loss of power supply 1. The probability density function of the storage is obtained and battery
probability size is calculated the system reliability.
2. Changing the number of PV modules is not much effective in dropping
the storage capacity required
Kellog [17] Generation unit sizing and cost analysis Numerical algorithm 1. Optimum generation capability and storage required is determined for
for PV/ wind system a stand-alone, wind, PV, and hybrid wind PV system for an experimental
site in Montana with a typical residential load
2. The hybrid combination of wind and solar generation makes the
system more reliable
Zahedi [46] Numerical model of HRES Analytical method Developed a numerical model for optimum sizing of the components in
PV-hybrid power systems and presented an optimum way to predict the
performance of the system.
Ai and Yang [58] Computer-aided design of PV/wind hybrid Loss of power supply 1. Developed complete sets of mathematical formulation for optimum
system probability sizing of PV/wind hybrid system.
2. Performance of PV-wind system in view of loss of power supply
probability is studied considering practical load data.
Vani [59] Modeling of HRES HOMER Hybrid power system contains solar, wind and diesel power generation
with battery storage for Jamnya Van village dist. Barwani in Madhya
Pradesh, India. Optimized a problem to minimize total net present cost,
operating and running cost of the hybrid system.
Gupta [52] Modeling of HRES for off grid electrica- LINDO Software 6.10 version Based on demand and potential constraints cost function is minimized.
tion of cluster of villages
Alam [50] Modeling of HRES Fuzzy logic 1. Performance of HRES studied under different environmental
condition.
2. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of the PV system and blade
angle pitch control of wind turbine included.
Gupta [53] Steady state modeling for grid electrica- Mixed integer linear mathe- 1. Cost constant for each of the proposed resource is introduced with the
tion of cluster of villages matical programming objective that source having lesser unit cost shares more to optimize the
objective function.
2. A case study of rural remote area is presented.
Dursun [60] Hydrogen production capacity of a stan- Matlab/Simscape software 1. Dynamic model based on PEM electrolyzer hydrogen productions are
dalone renewable hybrid power system is developed with Matlab/Simscape and simple application developed for
used Istanbul's 2010 meteorological condition.
Mezzai [61] Identication and modeling of HRES. Matlab/Simulink/Labvie w The identication and the control of the hybrid system are presented.
software Lab- view software has been used and has a real-time acquisition of
renewable energy parameters.
28 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333

logical controller for on line supervision and control of distributed
hybrid renewable energy power plant. A real time analysis of the
control structure and management functions of a solar wind hybrid
micro-grid system is reported by Gaztanaga et al. [66] which works
perfectly in both operation and transition mode. Based on the
power transfer utility concept Jinhong and Seulki [67] developed
several power control module in service modes such as normal
operation, power dispatching and power averaging according and
effectively controls the inverter. The control module has environ-
mental and utility friendly operation policy such that power injec-
tion into network is less uctuating. Based on supervisory con-
troller, Abdulwahid and Manwell [68] developed a dynamic central
communication system for hybrid power system. Capacitor voltage
equilibrium control scheme is used to control hybrid cascaded H
bridge inverter with single direct current (DC) source to get rid of
higher order harmonics for an integrated energy system by Hui
et al. [69]. Web based actual time monitoring with supervisory
control and data attainment system for a Wind-PV battery renew-
able energy system is developed by Wang et al. [70] which consists
of two wind induction generator, ACDC converter, a PV unit and a
battery. Vechu et al. [71] developed digital control over analog
control with a 3 phase four leg inverter for HRES. This system
compensates unbalance voltage conditions and the addition of a
fourth leg provides an extra degree of freedom, making it possible
to handle the natural current caused by the unbalance load. Zhang
et al. [72] used PSO based statistical dynamic control system to
manage Wind-PV hybrid system operation. Hernandez et al. [73]
developed a hierarchical control of hybrid power system consisting
of a wind turbine, PV panels, a battery for a DC bus arrangement.
Mbaup et al. [74] gave a new concept control design using a
Petri-net regulator which calculates the operating mode of the
multisource renewable energy system to optimize the energy
transfer and the load irregularity for HRES. Arulampalam et al. [75]
developed micro-grid control of PV-wind-diesel hybrid system with
island and grid linked function. Huang et al. [76] gave the MPPT
control scheme to track the global power of the windsolar hybrid
generating system according to the basic standard of the variable
step perturbation tracking maximum power point algorithm. The
control strategies of the PV array, wind power generation and
battery is simulated using Matlab/Simulink. Preethishri et al. [77]
developed embedded emulator of the PV array and wind driven
induction generator by using digital signal regulator. Prabhakar
et al. [78] proposed a control system for accomplishing consistent
harmonization of windsolar energy adaptation system in remote
locations. The control technique is formulated to utilize the avail-
able energy source in an efcacious manner to render power at
nearly constant voltage and frequency to the isolated load. Croci
et al. [79] developed obedience based control method which han-
dles the energy exchange directly for PV-Wind HRES. Budh et al.
[80] explained smoothing control for battery energy storage system
(BESS) based HRES. Professionally simulation tool for computer
aided design (PSCAD) is used to develop the smoothing control
system for effective regulation of power output level. Table 4 gives
summary of controlling method of HRES.
6. Evolutionary technique in HRES
Evolutionary computation is a subeld of articial intelligence
that involves combinatorial optimization difculty. The use of
Darwinian principles for automated problem solving originates in
the 1950s.
6.1. Genetic algorithm
Genetic algorithm is a randomized hunt and optimization system
guided by the morality of the natural genetic system. GA is an
adaptive heuristic search algorithms based on the evolutionary ideas
of natural selection and genetics. Daming et al. [83] explained an
elitist strategy of optimal sizing of standalone hybrid PV-wind power
systems using genetic algorithm with loss of power supply prob-
ability as a constraint and minimizes the total capital of the entire
system. Zhao et al. [84] used a genetic algorithm with PSO to observe
the best probable capacity model of a solar wind hybrid renewable

Table 4
Summary of controlling method of solar wind HRES.

Author/Yr/ Objective Method/S.W Conclusion/special nding

reference

Lynch [62] Maximizing hybrid availability 1.battery voltage Amp. Hour accumulation offers signicant compensation over voltage based
through system control 2.Avg. battery voltage methods of system control for HRES
3. Amp. hour accumulation
Akurlund [63] A data logger By data logger Analysis of the energy production and performance of HRES is studied in
and remote control of HRES. detail
Vander Linde [81] Microprocessor Microprocessor Life span of battery is increased by controlling state of charge of the battery
Based control of HRES. based, 'C' Programming,
Motorola 6800
Chedid Unit sizing and control of HRES Linear programming ,RAPSODY 1. This analysis allows the user to study the interaction among economic,
Software operation and environmental factor.
2. It offers a useful tool for the design and analysis of HRES.
Jinhong [67] Power control of a HRES By prototype system design 1. The system has several operation modes which are normal operation,
power dispatching and power average to coordinate control of the battery
energy storage system (BESS).
2. The BESS operate as an energy buffer to exibly shift the generation from
the renewable energy sources without frequent shifts between battery
charging and discharging.
Boquan [72] Dynamic control of HRES Particle swarm optimization A mathematical model is developed and a new PSO algorithm based on
(PSO) uniform design and inertia mutation is used to solve the mathematical model
which is further is used to control the operation of wind-PV HRES.
Mboup [74] Petri-nets control design of Petri-nets controller A supervisory control strategy optimize the energy transfer according to the
HRES source power variation and the load characteristics
Preethishri [77] Digital signal controlling of PV- Matlab/embedded emulator This HRES can tolerate the rapid changes in natural conditions and sup-
Wind HRES presses the effect of uctuation on the voltage within the acceptable range.
Gota [82] Design and control of smart Genetic Algorithm (GA) and direct An efcient tool for the selection of the component of the energy system is
HRES design control developed with two major selection criteria (Price and number) using
modied GA.
 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333 29

energy system with rapid global convergence. Gupta et al. [85] used
GA to design and supply varying load located in the area of Jaipur
(India). Result shows that the system can deliver energy in a stan-
dalone installation with an acceptable price. Ben et al. [86] developed
optimum sizing of hybrid PV/Wind battery system using Fuzzy
adaptive GA which decides the optimal number of PV panels, WT and
storage units, Further GA is used to conclude optimal power
arrangement of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system. Tutkun
et al. [87] develop authentic power scheduling of an off grid HRES
used for heating and lighting in an archetypal residential house. In
this paper binary coded GA is used instead of assorted integer linear
programming to minimize the operational unit cost of HRES.
6.2. Particle swarm optimization
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population based sto-
chastic optimization practice enthused by social behavior of bird
ocking or sh schooling, where bird ocking or sh schooling is the
collective motion of a large number of self propelled entities. Zhao
et al. [84] gave an improving the PSO algorithm for optimal capacity
arrangement of an independent wind/PV hybrid power supply sys-
tem. The way out for Hybrid power system capacity optimal con-
guration is a typical non-linear integrated integer optimization
problem. An algorithm is projected and tested on system located at
an island. The result obtained proves its feasibility and efciency.
Dehgan et al. [88] develop most favorable sizing of a hydrogen based
wind/PV plant allowing for reliability indices by applying a particle
swarm optimization. Wang et al. [89] modied PSO algorithm to
develop multicultural design of the integrated power generation
system. Sensitivity study is also carried out to examine the impacts of
different system parameter on the overall design performance. Sizing
of solarwind renewable energy system is done by Sanchez et al. [90]
and evolutionary computation technique called PSO is used with the
cost of system as an objective function. PSO algorithm is used by
Ardakani et al. [91] for optimal sizing of system's component. As a
result the optimum number of pv modules, wind turbine and battery
along with inverter capacity is obtained. Bansal et al. [92] develop
optimization of hybrid PV/Wind/ batteries energy system using
multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). An objective
function for cost of the hybrid system is formed which includes initial
costs, yearly operating costs and maintenance costs. . Due to the
intricacy of hybrid renewable energy system with nonlinear integral
planning, MOPSO is used to solve the problem. The improved PSO
can avoid the option of a local minimum trap. Bashir et al. [93]
explain size optimization of new hybrid standalone renewable
energy system by PSO. To assess system dependability level, the
equivalent loss factor (ELF) has been used as an index. Keyrouz et al.
[94] developed a unied MPPT for controlling a hybrid windsolar

Table 5
Summary of evolutionary technique in solar wind HRES.

Author/year Objective Technique Conclusion/special nding

Wang [70] Improvement of power factor (P.F.) and Programmable logical controller This paper presents a novel control scheme using a PLC with a new
voltage for RES (PLC)'s new Fuzzy module fuzzy module to enhance the P.F. and voltage of a hybrid Wind/PV
system.
Alam [50] Modeling and analysis of a Wind/PV/ Fuzzy and HOMER Based on simulation result it has been found that RES would be a
Fuel cell feasible solution for distributed generation of electric power for
standalone application at remote location.
Chakraborthy [98] Optimal economic operation of smart Fuzzy logic The method is tested on a hypothetical power system with 10
grid thermal units, 4300 equivalent solar and wind farm.
Berrazouane [104] Energy management and supervision Fuzzy logic The method addresses and resolves power quality issue resulting
from real power imbalance uctuations due to non-conventional
energy.
Chakraborthy [100] Intelligent economic operation of smart Fuzzy logic Wind generator and PV generation as renewable power generation
grid source are modeled.
Shahirinia [105] Optimal sizing of hybrid power system Genetic Algorithm(GA) A GA approach is employed to obtain the best cost value of hybrid
power system construction.
Xu et al. [106] Capital cost GA The issues regarding loss of power supply probability and reliability
criteria are discussed.
Yang et al. [35] Annualized cost GA Probability of loss of power supply is explained.
Arabali [107] Optimization approach for energy GA A new strategy to meet the controllable HVAC with a solarwind
management HRES is proposed.
Merei [108] Sensitivity analysis of an off grid hybrid GA Sensitivity analysis is done for different battery prices, interest rate
system with battery technology. and cost of carbon emission.
Jifang [102] Control strategy for multi-energy com- Neural Simulation shows that this strategy can be used to keep make the
mon dc bus hybrid power supply voltage stable and continuous.
Ricalde [109] Design of a smart grid management Neural A management system based on multi-agents is designed to measure
system with renewable energy and control the loads inside the building using neural network.
generation
Ghareeb [110] Renewable energy sources for con- Neural The performance of solarwind hybrid power system with high
tinuous supply in microgrid application penetration of renewable energy sources was investigated under
dominant weather condition.
Zhao [84] The optimal capacity conguration of a Particle swarm optimization The algorithm is tested for a standalone RES, the result analysis
supply system (PSO) shows its feasibility and effectiveness.
Kaviani et al. [111] Annualized cost PSO The equivalent loss factor and impact of component outages on the
reliability performance analysis is discussed.
Hakimi et al. [112] Net Present Value PSO Extra energy was delivered to the electrolyzer and decit power is
fullled by fuel cell.
Ardakani [91] Design of an optimum HRES PSO Hybrid generation system under different design scenarios are
designed based on PSO approach.
Khare [113] Optimization of HRES PSO, CPSO, HOMER The study is based on simulation and optimization of the renewable
energy system of a police control room in Central India. The pattern
of load consumption is studied and optimized by PSO, CPSO algo-
rithm and HOMER software. Net present cost, operating cost and cost
of energy for 1.5KW system is $34,811, $950/yr. and 0.444/kW h
respectively.
30 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333
Study of Duopoly- Formal Theory of games- Theory of games-John
Antoine Cournot [1838] Emile Borel [1921] Neumann [1928]
Fig. 5. Overview of game theory.
and fuel cell system. A tracking algorithm based Bayesian informa-
tion combined with swarm intelligence is used as an optimization,
searching algorithm by Amer et al. [95] for minimizing the loss of
energy with a satisfactory choice of the production taking in delib-
eration the losses between production and demand sides to reduce
the cost. Sanchez et al. [96] congure isolated solar wind energy
system in the southeast region of Mexico and scientic-nancial
analysis is done very effectively using PSO technique which searches
the best possible sizing for the energy system, minimizing the total
cost of the system. An outcome shows that PSO performance is faster
and is capable of providing an optimization pattern that saves around
10% of the total cost of the integrated system. Borhanazad et al. [97]
developed optimization of micro-grid system using MOPSO and
found the best conguration of the hybrid system using power
management algorithm.
6.3. Fuzzy
Chakraboty et al. [98] presents an optimal economic operation of
smart grid by fuzzy advanced quantum evolutionary method. Adhikari
et al. [99] explained analysis, design and control of a standalone
integrated non-conventional energy conversion system based on the
fuzzy logic control method by sensing the DC voltage and current
output of solar and the rectied output voltage of permanent magnet
brushless direct current (PMBLDC) generator driven by a wind turbine.
Chakarborty et al. [100] developed intelligence economic operation of
smart grid using fuzzy advanced quantum evolutionary method.
6.4. Neural
Neural network is an interconnected group of articial neurons
that uses a mathematical model or computational model for infor-
mation processing based on a connectionist approach to computation.
Fidalgo et al. [101] applied articial neural network (ANN) based
approach for applying preventive control strategies for a large hybrid
renewable energy system. ANNs are an essential part which is better
than customary statistical methods in the dynamic security pattern
class and also evaluates the degree of security. Jifang et al. [102] pro-
posed a neural network control strategy for multi-energy common DC
bus hybrid power supply by analyzing the distinctiveness of solar
energy, wind energy. LevenbergMarquaret algorithm linked to neural
network is used and momentum factor is introduced in the training.
Duang et al. [103] develop a hybrid model for an hourly forecast of PV-
wind renewable energy system and used computational intelligence of
PSO for computing different denitions of the forecast error. Table 5
gives summary of evolutionary technique used in HRES.
7. Game theory in HRES
In 1838 games appeared in economics literature and at that
time cournot and others developed a model which is based on
oligopoly pricing and production, but the model has the drawback
of restricted player to strategies that only involved quantity or
price decision. After the cournot in 1944 John Von Neumann and
Oskar Morgenstern explained the basic theory of games which can
Economic Behaviour-John Finite games on
Neumann [1944] equilibrium -Nash [1950]
analysis more complex plans and strategies. Fig. 5 presents over-
view of GAME theory.
Sharp et al. [114] developed several types of solar energy incen-
tives for industrial energy consumer. The incentives are formulated
using Stackelberg game theory with the government as a leader
offering incentives to the end user. Ogino et al. [115] presented non-
cooperative game approach in an electric generating system which is
related to public participation and resource supply. The main draw-
back of this system is that it does not give any control mechanism of
the entire system. This problem is compensated when Lygeros and
Godbole [116] designed multi-agent hybrid system using game the-
ory. A methodology for designing a hybrid controller for the large
scale multi-agent system is presented. The paper reports problem
based on the optimal and timely investment on grids and is solved
using the concepts of the Nash-Bayesian equilibrium. Wu and Rad
[117] developed demand side management solution for wind power
integration in micro grid using dynamic potential game theory.
Interaction among users to efciently utilize the available renewable
and conventional energy sources is analyzed and coordinated to
minimize the total energy cost to the system. Street and Lima [118]
gave, sharing quotas of a non-conventional energy hedge pool with
the help of a cooperative game theory approach. The objective of this
work was twofold: rst objective was to propose a risk-adverse
renewable energy hedge pool to jointly sell a single complementary
renewable generation portfolio and secondly it analyzes different
schemes of sharing the nancial gains, namely quotas between the
members of such a pool from a cooperative game theory point of
view. Saad and Han [119] has given a coalitional game theory of
cooperative micro-grid distribution networks of solar panels, wind
turbines etc. Baeyens and Bitar [120] explained the wind energy
aggregation with the help of a coalitional game approach. The paper
studied the extent to which a group of N wind power producers can
exploit the statistical benets of aggregation and amount risk is
formulated by coalitional game approach. Mei and Wang [121]
developed the game approaches for integrated power systems
planning. Game theory is introduced in this paper to model the
planning of a grid connected integrated power system comprising of
wind turbines, PV panels and storage batteries. Both non-cooperative
and cooperative game theory models are built by taking wind tur-
bines, PV Panels and storage batteries as players and their life cycle
income as payoffs. Wu and Rad [122] develops wind power inte-
gration via aggregator end user coordination by a Game theoretic
approach. The game theory algorithm is implemented in an aggre-
gator in order to organize the action of demand side resources via
pricing in order to tackle the intermittency and uctuations in wind
power generation. Wei and Liu [123] presented game theory based
scheduling of modern power systems with large scale wind power
integration. A mixed integer Stackelberg game model is proposed to
address the generation arrangement problem under uncertainties.
Zhu and Zhang [124] developed a framework for control of dis-
tributed renewable based energy resources in smart grids. Author
used a game theory structure for modeling the tactical behavior of
buses that are connected to renewable energy system and study the
equilibrium distributed power generation at each buses. Dai and Qiao
[125] proposed a Game based stochastic programming to generate
optimal bidding strategies to maximize the total prots of wind and
conventional power producers in both the energy market and a
 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333
Reliability Analysis
Loss of power supply probablity
Levelized cost of energy
Expected Energy not supplieed
Level of autonomy
Fig. 6. Reliability analysis indices.
bilateral reserve market, where the reserve price is settled between
wind and conventional power producers by using game theory. Vikas
et al. [126] developed game theory based cournot's model for solar
wind HRES and provides strategic decision to nd out best response
from solar and wind energy system. Vikas et al. [127] discuss appli-
cation of game theory in PV-wind hybrid system. A game approach is
employed to analyze solar wind hybrid system. Various methods
such as GAME theory logic, Nash equilibrium, cooperative and non
cooperative GAME theory are studied and compared.
8. Reliability in HRES
Reliability is dened as the probability of a device or system
performing its purpose adequately for the intended operating
period of time. It is also dened as the ability of electrical power
system to supply the system load having reliable continuity and
quality of supply. Fig. 6 presents reliability analysis indices.
Billionton and Karki [128] addressed reliability analysis of small
isolated renewable energy system by deterministic and probabilistic
technique. Zhao et al. [84] deals with the comprehensive objective
functions which not only include the investment cost, but also the
reliability and optimal operation of the system. The objective func-
tion consists of the investment of wind turbine, PV and cost of loss of
power energy in the system which can be calculated by reliability.
Ardakani and Riahy [91] developed a design of an optimum HRES
considering reliability indices subjected to nancial and scientic
constraints. The technical constraints related to system reliability are
articulated by the equivalent loss factor. The reliability index is cal-
culated from component stoppage that includes WT, PV array, bat-
tery and inverter failure. Zhao and Wang [129] presented impacts of
renewable energy penetration on nodal price and nodal reliability in
deregulated power system. In this paper the reliability of wind and
solar power is investigated in a pool co-market operation. The
method captures the chronological performance of enumeration
reliability analysis. Kishore and Farnandez [130] presents a reliability
assessment of PV-wind hybrid system using Monte-Carlo simulation.
The paper discusses the various components of HES involving PV and
wind energy conversion system (WECS) and their modeling for
reliability studies. Several methods for reliability evaluation have
been reported in this paper. Blaabjerg and Ma [131] presented
improvements of system reliability with the help of power electro-
nics. Pradhan and Karki [132] develop a probabilistic reliability eva-
luation of off grid small hybrid solar wind power system for the rural
electrication in Nepal. The paper is focused on the study and ana-
lysis of hybrid system reliability based on various reliability indices
like loss of load expectation (LOLE), Expected energy not served
(EENS), Energy index of reliability (EIR), Expected customer inter-
ruption cost (ECOST) which are evaluated through probabilistic
approach using analytical method. Wang et al. [133] demonstrates
adequacy assessment of generating system incorporating wind, PV
and power storage. The reliability evaluation models of wind power
and solar power are used in sequential Monte-Carlo simulation.
Nagarajan et al. [134] represents reliability and cost analysis of solar
wind hybrid renewable energy system. Moreover the optimization of
the system is based on no. of variables like solar radiation, wind
speed etc. Kekezoglu et al. [135] gave a reliability analysis of a hybrid
31
system installed on the Davutpasa campus of the Yildiz technical
university. Reliability indexes are calculated for the system.
9. Future scope
The utilization of solarwind hybrid renewable energy system
is increasing day by day and has shown tremendous growth in last
few decades for electricity production all over the world. With the
development of new technologies in the eld of solar wind hybrid
renewable energy system, a new problem arises, which become
much more fascinating to be solved. These problems will be
compensated by some future research in the respective eld.
The following lists give idea of future research this eld:

Some problem are reported to nd out the exact location and
climate condition, site to site data is needed, which is difcult to
obtain for remote location. Hence it is necessary to develop an
exact optimization technique and geographical software to nd
out the potential of solar radiation and wind velocity.

There are different types of sizing methods being used such as
iterative method, articial intelligence method, but these
methods do not represent accurate dynamic performance of
solar and wind energy system. Hence it is necessary to develop
a unit sizing method which avoid complexity in designing of the
system and explain perfectly frequency response of the system
in dynamic performance criteria.

It is necessary to develop centralized and multilevel controlling
technique which avoid the potential complexity of commu-
nication system and large computation burden which is sub-
jected to single point failure.

Game theory is a recent topic in the eld of solar wind hybrid
renewable energy system. It is necessary to use cournot,
stackelberg, Bertrand duopoly concept to nd out the exact
system cost and salvage value of integrated system in view of
increased day by day installation of HRES.
References
[1] Khare V, Nema S, Baredar P. Status of solarwind renewable energy in India.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;27:110.
[2] Elhadidy MA, Shaahid SM. Parametric study of hybrid (wind solar diesel)
power generating systems. Renew Energy 2000;21:12939.
[3] Nema S, Nema RK, Agnihotri G. Matlab/Simulink based study of photovoltaic
cells/modules/array and their experimental verication. Int J Energy Environ
2010;1:487500.
[4] Elhadidy MA, Shaahid SM. Promoting applications of hybrid power systems
in hot regions. Renew Energy 2004;29:51728.
[5] Notton G, Muselli M, Louche A. Autonomous hybrid photovoltaic power plant
using a back-up generator: a case study in a Mediterranean Island. Renew
Energy 1996;7:37191.
[6] Karaki SH, Chedid RB, Ramadan R. Probabilistic performance assessment of
autonomous solarwind energy conversion systems. IEEE Trans Energy
Convers 1999;14:76672.
[7] Rahman S, Tam KS. A feasibility study of photovoltaic, fuel cell hybrid energy
system. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 1988;3:505.
[8] Khan MJ, Iqbal MT. Pre-feasibility study of standalone hybrid energy system
for application in Newfoundland. Renew Energy 2005;30:83554.
[9] Graditi G, Favuzzas S, Sanseverino ER. Technical, environmental and eco-
nomical aspects of hybrid system including renewable and fuel cells. In:
Proceedings of SPEED-IEEE; 2006. p. 53136.
32 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333
[10] Nayar C, Tang M, Suponthana W. A case study of a PV/Wind/diesel hybrid
energy system for remote island in the republic of Maldives. In: Proceedings
of AUPEC-IEEE; 2007. p. 17.
[11] Chong WT, Naghavi MS, Poh SC. Techno-economic analysis of a windsolar
hybrid renewable energy system with rainwater collection feature for urban
high rise application. Appl Energy 2011;88:406777.
[12] Sinha S, Chandel SS. Prefeasibility analysis of solar wind hybrid system
potential in a complex hilly terrain. Int J Eng Technol Adv Eng
2013;3:27782.
[13] Aydin NY, Kentel E, Duzgun HS. GIS based site selection methodology for HRES:
a case study from western turkey. Energy Convers Manag 2013;70:90106.
[14] Ma T, Yang H, Lin Lu. A feasibility study of a standalone hybrid solarwind-
battery system for a remote island. Appl Energy 2014;121:14958.
[15] www.geni.org/global energy/library/renewable-energy-resources/solarbig.
shtml.
[16] Chedid R, Rahman S. Unit sizing and control of hybrid wind solar power
system. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 1997;12:7985.
[17] Kellog WD, Nehrir MH, Venkataramanan G, Gerez V. Generation unit sizing
and cost analysis for standalone wind, pv and hybrid wind pv system. IEEE
Trans Energy Convers 1998;13:705.
[18] Nelson DB, Nehrir MH, Wang C. Unit sizing and cost analysis of standalone hybrid
Wind/PV/Fuel power generation system. Renew Energy 2006;31:164156.
[19] Lopez M, Morales D, Vannier JC, Sadarnac CD. Inuence of power converter
losses evaluation in the sizing of a HRES. In: Proceedings of ICCEP-IEEE; 2007.
p. 24954.
[20] Khatibi M, Jazaeri M. An analysis for increasing the penetration of renewable
energies by optimal sizing of pumped storage power plants. In: Proceedings
of EPEC-IEEE; 2008. p. 15.
[21] Belfkira R, Nichita C, Reghan P, Barakat G. Modeling and optimal sizing of
hybrid renewable energy system. IEEE; 2008. p. 183439.
[22] Paudel S, Shrestha JN, Neto FJ, Ferreira JAF. Optimization of hybrid PV/Wind
power system for remote telecom station. In: Proceedings of ICPS-IEEE; 2011.
p. 16.
[23] Nagabhusana AC, Rohini J, Raju AB. Economic analysis and comparison of
proposed HRES for standalone applications at various places in Karnataka
state. In: Proceedings of IEEE PES; 2011. p. 38085.
[24] Kumar A, Zaman M, Goel N. Probabilistic reliability assessment in the opti-
mization of hybrid power generating units. In: Proceedings of EPEC-IEEE;
2012. p. 759.
[25] Laterra G, Salvina G, Tina GM. Optimal sizing procedure for hybrid solar wind
power system by fuzzy logic. In: Proceedings of MELECON-IEEE; 2006. p.
86568.
[26] Erdinc O, Uzunoglu M. A new perspective in optimum sizing of hybrid
renewable energy system: consideration of component performance
degradation issue. Int J Hydrog Energy 2012;37:1047988.
[27] Bayod-Rjula ngel A, Haro-Larrod Marta E, Martnez-Gracia Amaya. Sizing
criteria of hybrid photovoltaicwind systems with battery storage and self-
consumption considering interaction with the grid. Solar Energy
2013;98:58291.
[28] Erdinc O, Elma O, Uzunoglu M, Selamogullari US. Real time performance
analysis of an optimally sized hybrid renewable energy conversion unit.
Energy Build 2014;75:41929.
[29] Kalantar M, SMG Mousavi. Dynamic behavior of a stand-alone hybrid power
generation system of wind turbine, microturbine, solar array and battery
storage. Appl Energy 2010;87:305164.
[30] Yang H, Zhou W, Lu L, Fang Z. Optimal sizing method for stand-alone hybrid
solarwind system with LPSP technology by using genetic algorithm. Solar
Energy 2003;82:35467.
[31] Boonbumroong U, Pratinthong N, Thepa S, Jivacate C, Pridasawas W. PSO
for ac- coupling standalone hybrid power system. Solar Energy
2011;85:5609.
[32] Celik AK. Techno-economic analysis of autonomous PVwind hybrid systems
using different sizing methods. Energy Convers Manag 2003;44:195168.
[33] Kamel S, Dahl C. The economics of hybrid power systems for sustainable
desert agriculture in Egypt. Energy 2005;30:127181.
[34] Koutroulis E, Kolokotsa D, Potirakis A, Kalaitzakis K. Methodology for optimal
sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic/wind-generator systems using genetic
algorithms. Solar Energy 2006;80:107288.
[35] Yang H, Lu L, Zhou W. A novel optimization sizing model for hybrid solar
wind power generation system. Solar Energy 2007;81:7684.
[36] Gupta SC, Kumar Y, Agnihotri G. Optimal sizing of solarwind hybrid sys-
tem. In: Proceedings of IET-ICTES; 2007. p. 28287.
[37] Diaf S, Notton G, Belhamel M, Haddadi M, Louche A. Design and techno-
economical optimization for hybrid PV/wind system under various meteor-
ological conditions. Appl Energy 2008;85:96887.
[38] Yang H, Zhou W, Lou C. Optimal design and techno-economic analysis of a
hybrid solarwind power generating system. Appl Energy 2009;86:1639.
[39] Tina GM, Gagliano S. Probabilistic modeling of hybrid solar/wind power
system. Renew Energy 2011;36:171927.
[40] Khatod DK, Pant V, Sharma J. Analytical approach for well-being assessment
of small autonomous power systems with solar and wind energy sources.
IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2010;25:53545.
[41] Kaabeche A, Belharnel M, Ibtiouen R. Sizing optimization of grid independent
hybrid PV/Wind power generation system. Energy 2011;36:121422.
[42] Marchetti GP, Piccolo M. Mathematical models for the construction of a
renewable energy hybrid plant. IEEE; 1990. p. 50209.
[43] Consoli A, Musumecis S, Raciti A. Hybrid system long simulation. IEEE; 1995.
p. 26670.
[44] Bonnano F, Consoli A, Lombardo S, Raciti A. A logistical model for perfor-
mance evaluations of hybrid generation system. IEEE; 1997. p. 17783.
[45] Ghali FMA, Syam FA. Simulation and analysis of hybrid system using prob-
abilistic techniques. IEEE; 1997. p. 83135.
[46] Zahedi A, Wren S. Development of a numerical model for evaluating the
performance of renewable generation system. In: Proceedings of IEEE TEN-
CON; 2002. p. 195053.
[47] Potamianakis EG, Vournas CD. Modeling and simulation of small hybrid
power system. IEEE; 2003, 2. p. 17.
[48] Haque RU, Iqbal MT, Quaicoe JE. Sizing dynamic modeling and power elec-
tronics of a hybrid energy system. In: Proceedings of CCECE IEEE; 2006. p.
113538.
[49] Gupta A, Saini RP, Sharma MP. Modeling of hybrid energy system for off grid
electrication of cluster of villages. In: Proceedings of PEDES; 2006. p. 15.
[50] Alam MA, Gao DW. Modeling and analysis of a wind/pv/fuel cell hybrid
system in HOMER. In: Proceedings of ICIEA-IEEE; 2007. p. 159499.
[51] Badejani MM, Masoum MAS, Kalanta M. Optimal design and modeling of
standalone hybrid PV-Wind system. In: Proceedings of AUPEC-IEEE;
2007. p. 16.
[52] Gupta A, Saini RP, Sharma MP. Design of an optimal hybrid energy system
model for remote rural area power generation. In: Proceedings of ICEE-IEEE;
2007. p. 16.
[53] Gupta A, Saini RP, Sharma MP. Computerized modeling of hybrid energy
system- part II: combined dispatch strategies and solution algorithm. In:
Proceedings of ICECE; 2008. p. 1318.
[54] Ruiz AP, Cristea M, Koczara W, Teodorescu E. A novel integrated renewable
energy system modeling approach allowing fast FPGA controller prototyp-
ing. In: Proceedings of OPTIM-IEEE; 2008. p. 395400.
[55] Karagiannis IE. Modeling and analysis of a hybrid energy system using fuzzy
cognitive maps. In: Proceedings of MED-IEEE; 2013. p. 25764.
[56] Olulope PK, Folly KA, Venayagamoorthy GK. Modeling and simulation of
hybrid distributed generation and its impact on transient stability of power
system. In: Proceedings of ICIT-IEEE; 2013. p. 175762.
[57] Bansal M, Khatod DK, Saini RP. Modeling and optimization of integrated
renewable energy system for a rural site. In: Proceedings of ICROIT-IEEE;
2014. p. 258.
[58] Ai B, Yang H, Shen H, Liao X. Computer-aided design of PV-wind hybrid
system. Renew Energy 2003;28:1491512.
[59] Vani N, Khare V. Rural electrication system based on hybrid energy system
model optimization using HOMER. Can J Basic Appl Sci 2013;1:1925.
[60] Dursun E, Acarkan B, Killic O. Modeling of hydrogen with a standalone
renewable hybrid power system. Int J Hydrog Energy 2012;37:3098107.
[61] Mezzai N, Rekioua D, Rekioua T, Mohammedi A, Idjdarane K, Bacha S.
Modeling of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cells power system. Int J Hydrog
Energy 2014;39:1515868.
[62] Lynch JA. Maximizing hybrid availability through system control. In: Pro-
ceedings of INTLEC; 1986. p. 15556.
[63] Akerlund J, Ottosson J. A data logger and remote control for hybrid power
system. In: Proceedings of INTLEC; 1987. p. 44349.
[64] Nogaret E, Stavrakakis G, Bonin JC. A new expert system based control tool
for power system with large integration of PV and Wind power plant. IEEE
Photovolt Energy Convers 1994;1:10525.
[65] Pitrone A, Pitrone N. On line management and control of distributed
renewable energy power plant. In: Proceedings of Power Tech Conference;
1999. p. 415.
[66] Gaztanaga H, Etxeberria O, Bacha S, Roye D. Real time analysis of the control
structure and management functions of a hybrid microgrid system. In:
Proceedings of IECON; 2006. p. 513742.
[67] Jinhong J, Seulki Kim, Changhee C, Jonbo A, Jangmok K. Power control of a
grid connected hybrid generation system with PV/Wind/Battery source. In:
Proceedings of ICPE-IEEE; 2007. p. 50610.
[68] Abdulwahid U, Manwell JF, Mcgown JG. Development of a dynamic control
communication system for hybrid power system. IET Renew Power Gener
2007:7080.
[69] Hui Li, Kaiyu W, Da Z, Wei R. Improved performance and control of hybrid
cascaded H bridge inverter for utility interactive renewable energy applica-
tions. In: Proceedings of PESC; 2007. p. 246571. ISSN 0275-9306.
[70] Wang Li, Kuo Hua Liu. Implementation of a web based real time monitoring
and control system for a hybrid wind-pv-battery renewable energy system.
In: Proceedings of ISAP; 2007. p. 916.
[71] Vechiu I, Curea O, Comblong H, Ceballos S, Villate JL. Digital control of a
3 phase four leg inverter under unbalance voltage conditions. In: Proceed-
ings of EPE-IEEE; 2007. p. 110.
[72] Boquan Z, Yimin Y, Lu G. Dynamic control of wind /PV hybrid power system
based on an advanced particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of ICIT-
IEEE; 2008. p. 16.
[73] Torres Hernandez M.E, Velez Reyes M. Hierarchical control of hybrid power
system. In: Proceedings of CIEP-IEEE; 2008. p. 16976.
[74] Mboup AB, Guerin F, Ndiaye PA, Lefebvre D. Petri nets control design for
hybrid electrical energy systems. In: Proceedings of ACC-IEEE; 2009. p.
501217.
[75] Arulam Palam A, Mithulanan Than N, Bansal RC, Saha TK. Microgrid control
of PV-Wind-Diesel hybrid system with islanded and grid connected opera-
tions. In: Proceedings of ICSET-IEEE; 2010. p. 15.
 V. Khare et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 58 (2016) 2333
[76] Huang Y, Xu Y, Zhou XC. Study on wind solar hybrid generating system
control strategy. In: Proceedings of ICMT-IEEE; 2011. p. 7736.
[77] Preethishri TPV, Kumar KS, Sivakumar P. Embedded emulator of photovoltaic
array and wind driven induction generator by using digital signal controller.
In: Proceedings of IICPE-IEEE; 2011. p. 17.
[78] Ram Prabhakar J, Ragavan K. Classical controller for coordination of wind
solar hydro energy conversion system in isolated region. In: Proceedings of
ICPS-IEEE; 2011. p. 16.
[79] Croci L, Martinez A, Coirault P, Champenois G, Gaubert JP. Passivity based
control of photovoltaic wind hybrid system with Euler lagrange modeling.
In: Proceedings of IECON IEEE; 2012. p. 112631.
[80] Budh DD, Virulkar VB. Smoothing control for battery energy storage system
based hybrid renewable energy system. In: Proceedings of SCEECS-IEEE;
2014. p. 14.
[81] Vander Linde H, Clark I. Microprocessor control of hybrid energy system.
IEEE; 1992. p. 21720.
[82] Gota D, Domuta C, Miclea L. Design and control of smart hybrid renewable
energy system using modied genetic algorithm and direct design control.
In: Proceedings of APPEEC-IEEE; 2012. p. 14.
[83] Daming Xu, Langyun K, Liuchen C Binggang C. Optimal sizing of standalone
hybrid wind/PV power system using genetic algorithms. In: Proceedings of
CCECE-IEEE; 2005. p. 172225.
[84] Zhao YS, Zhan J, Zhang Y, Wang DP, Zou BG. The optimal capacity con-
guration of an independent wind/PV hybrid power supply system
based on improved PSO algorithm. In: Proceedings of APSCOM-IEEE;
2009. p. 17.
[85] Gupta RA, Kumar R, Bansal AK. Economic analysis and design of standalone
wind/PV hybrid energy system using genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of
ICCCA; 2012. p. 16.
[86] Ben Jemaa, Hamzaoui A, Essoonbouli N, Hnaien F, Yalawi F, Optimum sizing
of hybrid PV/Wind/battery system using fuzzy adaptive genetic algo-
rithm. In: Proceedings of ICSC; 2013. p. 81014.
[87] Tutkum N, San ES. Optimal power scheduling of an off-grid renewable hybrid
system used for heating and lighting in a typical residential house. In: Pro-
ceedings of EEEIC; 2013. p. 3525.
[88] Dehgan S, Saboori H, Parizad A, Kiani B. Optimal sizing of a hydrogen based
wind/PV plant considering reliability indoces. In: Proceedings of EPECS;
2009. p. 19.
[89] Lingfeng W, Singh C. Multicriteria design of hybrid power generation system
based on modied particle swarm optimization algorithm. IEEE Trans
2009;24:16372.
[90] Sanchez V, Ramirez J.M, Arriaga G. Optimal sizing of a hybrid renewable
system. In: Proceedings of ICIT-IEEE; 2010. p. 84954.
[91] Ardakani FJ, Riahy G, Abedi M. Design of an optimum hybrid renewable
energy system considering reliability indices. In: Proceedings of ICEE; 2010.
p. 8427.
[92] Bansal AK, Gupta RA, Kumar R. Optimization of hybrid pv/wind energy
system using meta particle swarm optimization. In: Proceedings of IICPE;
2010. p. 17.
[93] Bashir M, Sadeh J. Size optimization of new hybrid standalone renewable
energy system considering a reliability index. In: Proceedings of EEEIC; 2012.
p. 98994.
[94] Keyrouz F, Hamad M, Georges S. A novel unied maximum power point
tracker for controlling a hybrid wind solar and fuel cell system. In: Pro-
ceedings of EVER-IEEE; 2013. p. 16.
[95] Amer M, Namaane A, Msirdi NK. Optimization of HRES using PSO for cost
reduction. Energy Procedia 2013;42:31827.
[96] Sanchez VM, Chavez Ramirez AU. Techno-economical optimization based
on swarm intelligence algorithm for a standalone Wind-PV hydrogen
power system at South-east region of Maxico. Int J Hydrog Energy
2014;39:1664655.
[97] Borhanazad H, Mekhelif S, Ganapathy VG. Optimization of micro grid system
using MOPSO. Renew Energy 2014;71:295306.
[98] Chakaborty S, Ito T, Senjyu T. Optimal economic operation of smart grid by
fuzzy advanced quantum evolutionary method. In: Proceedings of IEEE-PES;
2012. p. 18.
[99] Adhikari N, Singh B, Vyas AL, Chandra A, Kamal Al Hadad. Analysis, design
and control of a standalone hybrid renewable energy conversion system. In:
Proceedings of PEDG; 2013. p. 18.
[100] Chakarborty S, Ito T, Senjyu T, Saber AY. Intelligent economic operation of
smart grid facilitating fuzzy advanced quantum evolutionary method. IEEE
Trans 2013:90516.
[101] Fidalgo JN, Lopez JA, Mirenda V. Neural network applied to preventive con-
trol measures for the dynamic security of isolated power systems with
renewable. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1996(11):18116.
[102] Jifang L, Tianhao T, Jiuhang H. A neural network control strategy for multi
energy common dc bus hybrid power supply. In: Proceedings of SPEEDAM-
IEEE; 2010. p. 182731.
[103] Duong M.Q, Ogliari E, Grimaccia F, Leva S, Mussetta M. Hybrid model for
hourly forecast of photovoltaic and wind power. In: Proceedings of FUZZ-
IEEE; 2013. p. 16.
33
[104] Berrazouane S, Mohammedi K. Hybrid system energy management and
supervision based on fuzzy logic approach for electricity production in
remote areas. In: Proceedings of ICREVT-IEEE; 2012. p. 3249.
[105] Shahirinia AH, Tafreshi SMM, Gastej AH, Moghaddomjoo AR. Optimal sizing
of hybrid power system using genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of FPS-IEEE;
2005. p. 15.
[106] Xu. D, Kang L, Liuchen C, Binggang C. Optimal sizing of standalone hybrid
Wind/PV power system using genetic algorithm. In: Proceedings of CCECE-
IEEE; 2005. p. 172225.
[107] Arabali A, Ghofrani M, Etezadi AM, Fadali MS. Genetic algorithm based
optimization approach for energy management. IEEE Trans 2013;28:16270.
[108] Ghada M, Leuthold M, Dirk Uwe S. Optimization of an Off-grid hybrid PV-
Wind-Diesel system with different battery technologies sensitivity analysis.
In: Proceedings of IEEE-INTELEC; 2013. p. 16.
[109] Ricalde JL, Ordonez E, Gamez M, Sanchez EN. Design of a smart grid man-
agement system with renewable energy generation. In: Proceedings of
CIASG-IEEE; 2011. p. 15.
[110] Ghareeb AT, Mohammed OA. Wavelet adaptive ANN forecaster for renewable
energy sources for continuous supply in microgrid applications. In: Pro-
ceedings of PES-IEEE; 2013. p. 16.
[111] Kaviani AK, Riahy GH, Kouhsari SHM. Optimal design of a reliable hydrogen
based stand-alone wind/PV generating system, considering component
outages. Renew Energy 2009;34:238090.
[112] Hakimi SM, Moghaddas-Tafreshi SM. Optimal sizing of a stand-alone hybrid
power system via particle swarm optimization for Kahnouj area in south-east
of Iran. Renew Energy 2009;34:185562.
[113] khare Vikas, Nema Savita, Baredar Prashant. Optimization of the hybrid
renewable energy system by HOMER, PSO and CPSO for the study area. Int J
Sustain Energy 2015;34:118.
[114] Sharp JK. Consumer incentives for solar energy. IEEE; 1981. p. 84951.
[115] Ogino K. Non-cooperative game approach for public participation and
resource supply in electric generating system development. In: Proceedings
of ICSMC-IEEE; 1990. p. 1514.
[116] Lygeros J, Godbole DN, Sastry S. Multiagent hybrid system design using game
theory and optimal control. In: Proceedings of CDC-IEEE; 1996,2. p. 11905.
[117] Wu C, Hamed MR, Huang J. Wind power integration via aggregator-
consumer coordination: a game theoretic approach. In: Proceedings of
IEEE-ISGT; 2012. p. 16.
[118] Street A, Lima DA, Freire L. Sharing quotas of a renewable energy hedge pool:
a cooperative game theory approach. IEEE; 2011. p. 16.
[119] Saad W, Zhu Han. Coalitional game theory for cooperative microgrid dis-
tribution network. In: Proceedings of ICC-IEEE; 2011. p. 15.
[120] Bayens E, Bitar EY, Khargonekar PP, Poolla K. Coalitional aggregation of wind
power. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2011:111.
[121] Mei S, Wang Y, Liu F, Zhang X, Sun Z. Game approaches for hybrid power
system planning. IEEE Trans Sustainable Energy 2012;3:112.
[122] Chenye Wu, Hamed MR, Huang J, Wang AY. Demand side management for
wind power integration in microgrid using dynamic potential game theory.
In: Proceedings of IEEE-SGCN; 2011. p. 11991204.
[123] Wei W, Liu F, Mei S. Game theoretic scheduling of modern power systems
with large scale wind power integration. IEEE;2012. p. 16.
[124] Zhu Q, Zhang J, Sauer P, Dominguez-Garcia A, Baar T. A game-theoretic
framework for control of distributed renewable-based energy resources in
smart grids. In: Proceedings of American Control Conference (ACC); 2012. p.
36238.
[125] Dai T, Qiao W. Trading wind power in a competitive electricity market using
stochastic programming and game theory. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy
2013;4:16.
[126] Khare V, Nema S, Baredar P. Game theory based cournots model of solar
wind hybrid renewable energy system. In: Proceedings of ICRESE-IEEE; 2013.
p. 711.
[127] Khare V, Nema S, Baredar P. Application of game theory in solar wind hybrid
energy system. Int J Electr Electr Eng Res 2012;2:2532.
[128] Billinton R, Karki R. Maintaining supply reliability of small isolated power
systems using renewable energy. In: Proceedings of generation, transmission
and distribution IEEE. 148; 2001. p. 5304.
[129] Zhao Q, Wang P, Goel L, Ding Y. Impacts of renewable energy penetration on
nodal price and nodal reliability in deregulated power system. In: Proceed-
ings of IEEE-PES; 2011. p. 16.
[130] Kishore LN, Fernandez E. Reliability well being assessment of pv wind hybrid
system using Monte Carlo simulation. In: Proceedings of ICETECT; 2011. p. 638.
[131] Blaabjerg F, Ma K, Zhau D. Power electronics and reliability in renewable
energy system. In: Proceedings of IEEE ISIE; 2012. p. 19-30.
[132] Pradhan N, Karki NR. Probablistic reliability evaluation of off-grid small
hybrid solar pv wind power system for the rural electrication in Nepal.
In: Proceedings of NAPS-IEEE; 2012. p. 16.
[133] Haying W, Xiaomin B. Adequacy assessment of generating system incorpor-
ating wind, pv, and energy storage. In: Proceedings of ISGA Asia; 2012. p. 16.
[134] 1Nagarajan T, Vijiyasamundiswary S, Sasilkumar P. Reliability and cost analysis
of hybrid renewable energy system. In: Proceedings of ICCPEIC; 2013. p. 848.
[135] Kekezoglu B, Arikan O, Erduman A, Isen E, Durusu A, Bozkurt A. Reliability
analysis of hybrid energy system: case study of Davutpasa campus. In: Pro-
ceedings of EUROCON; 2013. p. 11414.