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Chemical and mineralogical characterization of the sediments from the Mira, lhavo and
Ovar channels of Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal)
Fernando Rocha*
Eduardo Silva
Cristina Bernardes
Jesus Vidinha
Carla Patinha
Dep. Geocincias
Univ. de Aveiro
3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
* frocha@geo.ua.pt
Abstract
The paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Aveiro Lagoon is being carried out based on the sedimentological, paleoecological,
geochemical and mineralogical characterization of sediment samples collected systematically in the lagoon. This paper presents
results concerning the changes in the chemical and mineralogical composition of the fine fraction (<63 Pm) and the clay fraction
(<2 Pm) in sediment samples from Aveiro Lagoon, mainly collected from the lower intertidal plain and subtidal deposits located
along the Mira, lhavo and Ovar channels. A zonography of the lagoon was established based on the parameters analyzed. The
results show that the surface and near-surface sediments of Aveiro Lagoon trap relatively large quantities of trace metals, such as
Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cr, considered to be partially adsorbed, particularly on silty and clayey particles, and co-
precipitated on Fe and Mn oxyhydroxide forms precipitated in the topmost layers of sediments. Series of statistically significant
relationships were established between trace metal concentrations and clay content and semi-quantitatively determined clay
mineral species in the sediments.
Resumen
Introduction Introduccin
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Ciencias Marinas, Vol. 31, No. 1B, 2005
4515000
c Oce a
Aveiro
contaminantes en la Laguna de Aveiro durante los pasados
Lagoon 25 aos. En general, las fuentes principales de contaminacin
Atlanti
254
Rocha et al.: Trace elements in sediments from Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal)
de Veiros and Esteiro de Estarreja). Several surveys have been Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: (1) realizar una
carried out (Ferreira da Silva, 1989; Barradas, 1992; Ferreira, caracterizacin global de la Laguna de Aveiro para determinar
1993; Azevedo, 1999; Delgado et al., 2000) in order to su degradacin ambiental; (2) evaluar los cambios en la com-
measure the trace metal contents in soil and surface water and posicin qumica y mineralgica de las fracciones fina (<63
estimate the most important input areas into Aveiro Lagoon. Pm) y arcillosa (<2 Pm) de muestras de sedimento de la
Several areas with diverse industries (e.g., tanneries, metal- laguna, recolectadas principalmente de las planicies interma-
mechanic and pulp and paper industries) also exist in gueda reales y los depsitos submareales localizados en los canales
(Ferreira da Silva, 1989) and Cacia, whose effluents are de Mira, lhavo y Ovar; (3) investigar la zonografa de la
discharged into the main rivers (gueda and Vouga) of the laguna con base en los parmetros analizados; y (4) establecer
region. las relaciones entre las elevadas concentraciones de elementos
These discharges, together with the disposal of urban vestigiales y el contenido de arcilla y especies de minerales
effluents, are responsible for the pollution in the estuarine and arcillosos en los sedimentos.
riverine systems of the area. The surface and near-surface sedi-
ments of Aveiro Lagoon trap relatively large quantities of trace Materiales y mtodos
metals (Delgado et al., 1994, 1996, 2000), such as Cu, Pb, Co, Se recolectaron 50 muestras de sedimento subacutico,
Ni, Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cr, considered to be partially adsorbed, pesando alrededor de 1 kg, con una draga en los canales de la
particularly on silty and clayey particles. Laguna de Aveiro.
Several studies carried out in Aveiro Lagoon have reported Los estudios mineralgicos se basaron en determinaciones
on the variability of the textural and sedimentological parame- mediante difraccin de rayos X (XRD) de las fracciones
ters (Corrochano et al., 1997, 1999) and on the mineralogical fina (<63 Pm) y arcillosa (<2 Pm) de los sedimentos, utili-
composition (Delgado et al., 1992; Rocha et al., 2000) of the zando un difractmetro Phillips PW 3040/60. Se separ la
fine (<63 Pm) and clay (<2 Pm) fractions of sediment samples fraccin arcillosa por sedimentacin, segn la ley de Stokes.
from the lagoon. Antes de su anlisis por XRD, las muestras orientadas fueron
The objectives of this study were: (1) the overall charac- puestas a secar, glicoladas y calentadas a 300C y 500C. Todas
terization of Aveiro Lagoon to assess the environmental las muestras se analizaron en el intervalo de 2 a 40 2T, a
degradation; (2) to evaluate the changes in the chemical and 1 2T/min, con radiacin Cu-Ka. Las reflexiones por XRD fue-
mineralogical composition of the fine fraction (<63 Pm) and ron evaluadas con los programas Phillips XPert 1.2 y Profit.
the clay fraction (<2 Pm) of sediment samples from the lagoon, Para la determinacin semicuantitativa de arcilla y minerales
collected mainly from the lower intertidal plain and subtidal no arcillosos, se estim el contenido relativo de cada mineral
deposits located along the Mira, lhavo and Ovar channels; identificado con base en su rea pico caracterstica, corregida
(3) to investigate the zonography of the lagoon based on the mediante el correspondiente poder reflectivo recomendado por
parameters analyzed; and (4) to establish the relationships Schultz (1964), Barahona (1974), Thorez (1976), Mellinger
between the high trace metal concentrations and the clay con- (1979) y Pevear y Mumpton (1989).
tent and clay mineral species in the sediments. Las alcuotas de sedimento seco (1 g) fueron digeridas en
una mezcla de cidos concentrados de 3 mL de HCl, 2 mL de
Materials and methods HNO3 y 1 mL de HF, y finalmente se disolvieron en HNO3 4N.
Las concentraciones de Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd, Co, Ni y Cr en
Fifty underwater sediment samples weighing around 1 kg la solucin de cidos se determinaron por espectrometra de
were collected using a dredge in the Aveiro Lagoon channels. absorcin atmica (Lecomte y Sondag, 1980).
Mineralogical studies were based on X-ray diffraction Para controlar el proceso de anlisis y determinar posibles
(XRD) determinations, carried out on the fine (<63 Pm) and errores en los lotes, se incluyeron muestras de un lote junto con
clay (<2 Pm) grain size fractions of the sediments, using a las de otros lotes. La precisin de los resultados analticos se
Phillips PW 3040/60 diffractometer. The clay fraction was estim mediante anlisis de rplicas (Garrett, 1973). La
separated by sedimentation, according to Stokes law. Oriented precisin analtica, definida como el porcentaje de desviacin
specimens for subsequent X-ray diffraction analysis were then estndar con relacin a un nivel de confianza de 95%, fue de
analyzed after drying, glycolation and heating to 300C and 6.8% para Cu, 3.7% para Pb, 5.5% para Zn, 2.1% para Fe,
500C. All samples were analyzed in the range from 2 to 40 7.2% para Mn, 7.5% para Co, 7.1% para Ni, 6.8% para Cr y
2T, at 1 2T/min, with Cu-Ka radiation. The XRD reflections 13% para Cd.
were evaluated with the Phillips XPert 1.2 and Profit soft- Se realiz un anlisis multivariado (anlisis de componen-
wares. For the semi-quantitative determination of clay and tes principales) de los datos qumicos. Segn Imbrie y Van
non-clay minerals, the relative content of each identified Andel (1964), Jreskog et al. (1976), Davis (1986) y Reyment
mineral was estimated on the basis of its characteristic peak y Jreskob (1993), el uso de estos mtodos estadsticos permite
area corrected by the corresponding reflective power recom- una buena caracterizacin, mediante la reduccin de la comple-
mended by Schultz (1964), Barahona (1974), Thorez (1976), jidad del modelo y la clasificacin de las variables y muestras
Mellinger (1979) and Pevear and Mumpton (1989). en grupos naturales (Mezzadri y Saccani, 1989).
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Ciencias Marinas, Vol. 31, No. 1B, 2005
So, the first three factors represent 66.5% of the total variance.
The fourth factor (11.5%) hardly explains more variance than Figure 2. Box-plot of the minerals identified in the fine fraction of the
any of the original variables alone (1/9 = 11.1%). sediments of the Aveiro Lagoon channels: median, first and third quartile,
minimum and maximum and outliers.
The multivariate factorial analysis (principal components
Figura 2. Grfica de los minerales identificados en la fraccin fina de los
analysis) of the chemical data allows the following con- sedimentos de los canales de la Laguna de Aveiro: mediana, primer y
siderations (tables 1, 2): tercer cuartiles, mnimo y mximo, y valores atpicos.
256
Rocha et al.: Trace elements in sediments from Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal)
4525000 80
N
Ovar
4515000
60
Estarreja
Percentage
40
4505000
20
lhavo
4495000
4485000
Ch Sm IL K V
The elements Cu, Co, Cd and Zn have a strong negative Los elementos Cu, Co, Cd y Zn tienen una fuerte carga
loading in Factor I (table 2). The corresponding mapping of negativa en el Factor I (tabla 2). La cartografa corres-
the factor scores (fig. 5a) shows the influence of the indus- pondiente a la puntuacin factorial (fig. 5a) muestra la
trial parks located close to Ovar and Estarreja (north of influencia de los parques industriales localizados cerca de
Aveiro). Ovar y Estarreja (al norte de Aveiro).
Factor II explains the Mn variable. Although the distribu- El Factor II explica la variable Mn. Aunque el patrn de
tion pattern of Mn in the surface sediments of coastal areas distribucin de Mn en los sedimentos superficiales de
is commonly defined by post-mobilization processes and zonas costeras es comnmente definido por procesos poste-
riores a la movilizacin y por la precipitacin de xidos de
precipitation of Mn and Fe oxides, the mapping of these
Mn y Fe, la cartografa de estos valores factoriales (fig. 5b)
factor scores (fig. 5b) evidences co-precipitation of the Mn
indica coprecipitacin de los xidos de Mn y Fe, as como
and Fe oxides and the importance of the adsorption of trace
la importancia de la adsorcin de elementos vestigiales de
metal from the liquid effluents of the Ovar and Estarreja
los efluentes de los parques qumicos de Ovar y Estarreja.
chemical parks. These adsorption processes occur prefer- Estos procesos de adsorcin preferentemente suceden en
entially in more confined (therefore less hydrodynamic) canales ms confinados (y por tanto menos dinmicos),
channels where the bottom sediments are mainly silty/ donde los sedimentos del fondo son principalmente lodos
clayey muds richer in clay minerals displaying higher arcillosos/limosos ricos en minerales de arcilla que exhiben
specific surface areas and cation exchange capacities, such mayores reas superficiales especficas y capacidad de
as smectite, illite-smectite, vermiculite, illite-vermiculite intercambio catinico, como en interestratificaciones de
interstratifications and vermiculite-Al hydroxide interlay- esmectita, ilita-esmectita, vermiculita e ilita-vermiculita, e
ers (Delgado et al., 1992, 1996; Gomes and Delgado, 1993; intercapas de vermiculita e hidrxido de Al (Delgado et al.,
Rocha et al., 2000). 1992, 1996; Gomes y Delgado, 1993; Rocha et al., 2000).
El Factor III explica la asociacin entre las variables Ni y
Factor III explains the association between the Ni and Cr Cr. La distribucin cartogrfica particular de los valores
variables. The peculiar cartographic distribution of the factoriales (fig. 6a) sugiere ya sea un control litolgico/
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Ciencias Marinas, Vol. 31, No. 1B, 2005
Table 1. Trace metal concentrations (ppm) determined in the sediments collected from the Mira, lhavo and Ovar channels of Aveiro Lagoon.
Tabla 1. Concentraciones de elementos vestigiales (ppm) determinados en sedimentos recolectados en los canales de Mira, lhavo y Ovar
de la Laguna de Aveiro.
Sample Cu Pb Co Ni Cd Zn Fe Mn Cr
258
Rocha et al.: Trace elements in sediments from Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal)
Table 2. Factor loadings (unrotated). Marking loadings are >0.50. mineralgico (lodos ricos en vermiculita y esmectita) o
Tabla 2. Cargas factoriales (sin rotar). Las cargas son >0.50. alguna influencia de diferentes parques qumicos alrededor
Factor I Factor II Factor III Factor IV de la laguna (Ovar, Estarreja e lhavo), sealando la
Cu 0.927 influencia de las actividades navales (puerto y astilleros)
vinculadas con Aveiro.
Pb 0.620
Co 0.802 El Factor IV explica la variable Fe de forma opuesta a la
Ni 0.598 variable Pb. Los valores positivos de este factor muestran la
Cd 0.832 0.511 asociacin entre Fe y las actividades del puerto, mientras
Zn 0.893 que la cartografa de los valores negativos indica la asocia-
cin de Pb con el parque industrial de Estarreja (fig. 6b).
Fe 0.627
Mn 0.738 La cartografa de los diferentes valores factoriales con-
Cr 0.619 firma, en general, el modelo de dispersin desarrollado por
Explained 3.432 1.411 1.140 1.038 Delgado et al. (2000), quienes sealan a la regin de Ovar
variance como la principal fuente de Cu y Zn. La distribucin de los
% total 38.1 15.7 12.7 11.5 valores del Factor I confirma esta conclusin e indica un confi-
variance namiento de su dispersin, pero excluye la regin de lhavo
como la segunda fuente principal de Zn, como fue sugerido por
Delgado et al. (2000) (fig. 7); sin embargo, se ratific que la
factor scores (fig. 6a) suggests either a lithological/ distribucin de Cr y Ni (Factor III) concuerda con las conclu-
mineralogical control (vermiculite and smectite rich muds) siones de estos autores, mientras que Pb (Factor IV) muestra
or some influence of different chemical parks surrounding un confinamiento y, simultneamente, un cambio de foco hacia
the lagoon (Ovar, Estarreja and lhavo), pointing to the el oeste (fig. 8).
influence of the naval activities (port and shipyards) linked La comparacin del comportamiento de la razn de minera-
with Aveiro harbour. les detrticos finos vs gruesos (fig. 3) con la puntuacin
a b
4525000
N N
Ovar Ovar
4515000
Estarreja Estarreja
4505000
lhavo lhavo
4495000
4485000
Factor I scores Factor II scores
Figure 5. Mapping of the Factor I (a) and Factor II (b) scores. Significant scores are lesser or greater than 0.5 and 0.5, respectively.
Figura 5. Cartografa de la puntuacin del Factor I (a) y Factor II (b). Los valores significativos son menores o mayores que 0.5 y 0.5, respectivamente.
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Ciencias Marinas, Vol. 31, No. 1B, 2005
a b
4525000
N N
4515000
Estarreja Estarreja
4505000
lhavo lhavo
4495000
4485000
Factor III scores Factor IV scores
<1 1
< <1 1
<
Ni, Cr Pb Fe
0m 5000 m 10000 m 0m 5000 m 10000 m
4475000
510000 520000 530000 540000 510000 520000 530000 540000
Figure 6. Mapping of the Factor III (a) and Factor IV (b) scores. Significant scores are lesser or greater than 0.5 and 0.5, respectively.
Figura 6. Cartografa de la puntuacin del Factor III (a) y Factor IV (b). Los valores significativos son menores o mayores que 0.5 y 0.5, respectivamente.
Factor IV explains the Fe variable in opposition to the Pb factorial (fig. 5), muestra claramente un traslapo entre los
variable. The positive scores of this factor show the valores ms altos de esta razn y las reas de valores factoria-
association between Fe and harbour activities, while the les significativos. Esto sugiere un control hidrulico sobre la
mapping of negative scores points to some association of dispersin qumica de los elementos en los canales de la
Pb with the Estarreja industrial park (fig. 6b). laguna. La dispersin de partculas finas, con un rea espec-
fica mayor, puede ser un vehculo importante para transportar
metales antropognicos de un sitio a otro.
The mapping of the different factor score values confirms,
En cuanto a la relacin entre las concentraciones de ele-
in general, the dispersion model developed by Delgado et al.
mentos vestigiales y la distribucin de minerales arcillosos, se
(2000). These authors point to the Ovar region as the main
encontr que los contenidos de elementos vestigiales s son
source of Cu and Zn. The distribution of the Factor I scores
mayores en las zonas donde los sedimentos son ms ricos en
confirms this conclusion and indicates a confinement of their
minerales arcillosos, con mayores reas superficiales especfi-
dispersion, but excludes the lhavo region as the second main
cas y capacidades de intercambio catinico, en relacin con
source of Zn, as reported by Delgado et al. (2000) (fig. 7);
la existencia de interestratificaciones de esmectita, ilita-
however, we verified that the distribution of Cr and Ni (Factor esmectita, vermiculita e ilita-vermiculita, as como intercapas
III) is in accordance with the conclusions of Delgado et al. de vermiculita e hidrxido de Al (Delgado et al., 1992, 1996;
(2000), whereas Pb (Factor IV) reveals a confinement and, Gomes y Delgado, 1993; Rocha et al., 2000).
simultaneously, a focus shift westwards (fig. 8). Con base en la cartografa de los contenidos de Cu, Ni, Pb,
Comparing the behaviour of the fine versus coarse detrital Zn y Cr en los sedimentos de los canales de la Laguna de
mineral ratio (fig. 3) with the factors scores (fig. 5), the occur- Aveiro y su comparacin con los obtenidos en la dcada de los
rence of some overlapping between the higher values of this aos ochenta por Delgado et al. (2000) (figs. 7, 8), se puede
ratio and the significant factor score areas is clear, suggesting a concluir que Cu y Zn muestran una tendencia a dispersarse de
hydraulic control over the chemical dispersion of the ele- sus fuentes en Ovar y Estarreja y, al mismo tiempo, altos conte-
ments in the lagoon channels. Dispersion of fine particles, nidos de stos estn ms confinados en el sector norte (cerca de
which have a larger specific area, may be an important vehicle Ovar). El Ni muestra una dispersin, principalmente de su
to transport anthropogenic metals from one site to another. fuente en Estarreja y de la cuenca del Bajo Vouga. El Pb exhibe
260
Rocha et al.: Trace elements in sediments from Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal)
4525000
N N
Ovar Ovar
4515000
Estarreja Estarreja
4505000
lhavo lhavo
4495000
50 100 150 200 250 300 250 500 750 1000 12501500 1750 2000
0m 5000 m 10000 m
4475000
510000 520000 530000 540000 510000 520000 530000 540000
Figure 7. Dispersion maps of Cu and Zn; data from Delgado et al. (2000).
Figura 7. Mapas de dispersin de Cu y Zn; datos de Delgado et al. (2000).
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 250 300
Figure 8. Dispersion maps of Ni, Cr and Pb; data from Delgado et al. (2000).
Figura 8. Mapas de dispersin de Ni, Cr y Pb; datos de Delgado et al. (2000).
Regarding the relationship between trace metal concentra- una tendencia ligera a dispersarse del rea de Estarreja y a
tions and clay mineral distribution, it was found that higher confinarse en la zona central de la laguna.
contents of trace metals do occur in zones where the sediments En conclusin, la distribucin bien localizada de los
are richer in clay minerals, displaying higher specific surface elementos vestigiales analizados sugiere que la actividad
areas and cation exchange capacities, in relation to the antropognica significativa (particularmente industrial) es el
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Ciencias Marinas, Vol. 31, No. 1B, 2005
existence of smectite, illite-smectite, vermiculite, illite- principal factor que determina la huella geoqumica observada
vermiculite interstratifications and vermiculite-Al hydroxide en los sedimentos superficiales de la Laguna de Aveiro, en
interlayers (Delgado et al., 1992, 1996; Gomes and Delgado, cuanto a los elementos vestigiales; sin embargo, los contenidos
1993; Rocha et al., 2000). de stos en los mismos sedimentos indica tambin algn con-
Mapping the sediment contents of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cr trol hidrodinmico debido al enterramiento de los canales de la
from the Aveiro Lagoon channels and comparing with those laguna. Se encontr evidencia de que las concentraciones de
obtained in the 1980s by Delgado et al. (2000) (figs. 7, 8), we metales pesados son mayores en los canales ms confinados (y
can conclude that Cu and Zn exhibit a tendency to disperse por tanto menos hidrodinmicos), donde los sedimentos del
from the Ovar and Estarreja source areas and simultaneously to fondo son ms ricos en partculas finas (limo y arcilla) y
be more confined, with high contents in the north sector (near muestran una composicin mineralgica caracterizada por
Ovar); Ni shows a dispersion, mainly from the Estarreja source altos contenidos de minerales arcillosos, con mayores reas
area and from the Lower Vouga basin; Pb exhibits a slight superficiales especficas y capacidades de intercambio
tendency to disperse from the Estarreja source area and to a catinico (como interestratificaciones de esmectita, ilita-
confinement in the central zone of the lagoon. esmectita, vermiculita, ilita-vermiculita, e intercapas de
In summary, the well-located distribution of the trace vermiculita e hidrxido de Al). Existe cierta concentracin
metals analyzed points to a relevant anthropogenic activity preferencial de metales pesados en los sedimentos ms ricos en
(particularly industrial) as the main factor responsible for the fracciones finas; por tanto, mayores contenidos de arcilla favo-
geochemical signature observed in the surface sediments from recen las concentraciones de metales pesados.
Aveiro Lagoon, in regards to trace metals; however, the con-
tents of the referred metals in the same sediments also denote Agradecimientos
some hydrodynamic control due to the silting up of the lagoon
El presente trabajo recibi apoyo del proyecto PRAXIS 2/
channels. Evidence was found that heavy metal concentrations
2.1/MAR/1750/95 (Estudo integrado da transferncia e
are higher in the more confined (therefore less hydrodynamic)
efeitos de contaminantes em sedimentos, Ra de Aveiro).
channels, where the bottom sediments are richer in finer parti-
cles (silty and clayey) and display a mineralogical composition
Traducido al espaol por Christine Harris.
characterized by high contents of clay minerals, displaying
higher specific surface areas and cation exchange capacities
(such as smectite, illite-smectite, vermiculite, illite-vermiculite
interstratifications and vermiculite-Al hydroxide intergrades). Corrochano, A., Galera, M., Bernardes, C.A. y Barba, P. (1997).
There is some preferential concentration of heavy metals in Caractersticas de la llanura intermareal asociada al canal de Mira
sediments richer in the finest fractions; therefore, higher clay (dominio interno del complejo de isla-barrera de Aveiro,
contents favour heavy metal concentrations. Portugal). Geogaceta, 22: 4750.
Corrochano, A., Galera, M., Jaen, P., Barba, P. y Bernardes, C.A.
Acknowledgements (1999). Facies y evolucin holocena reciente en el canal mareal de
Mira (Portugal). Rev. Soc. Geol. Espaa, 12(1): 123135.
Costa, C. and Jesus, C. (1999). Case study of heavy-metals pollution
The present work was supported by project PRAXIS 2/2.1/
in Estarreja (Portugal). International Conference on Investigation
MAR/1750/95 (Estudo integrado da transferncia e efeitos de Methods on Soil Contamination, Lisbon, 10.
contaminantes em sedimentos, Ria de Aveiro). Davis, J.C. (1986). Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. Wiley,
New York, 646 pp.
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