QUESTION 1

Primary Sector
Primary sector is the extraction of natural resources. This includes
agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining.
The process of blasting falls under the primary sector and it is carried
by Civil Engineers.

Secondary Sector
Secondary sector is the industrial sector of an economy that is dominated by
the manufacture of finished products and constructions.
The role of civil engineers in secondary sector is the construction of roads
and railways.

Tertiary Sector
Tertiary sector involves business that provides services but do not make
anything, for example banks and shops.
The role of this sector in civil engineering involves the transportation of
material to be used in a construction site or industry e.g. aggregates.

QUESTION 2
QUESTION 3
Technology
Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes
used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of
objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge
of techniques, processes, etc. or it can be embedded in machines,
computers, devices and factories, which can be operated by individuals
without detailed knowledge of the workings of such things.
Technologist
A technologist is a specialist who is trained to perform work in a field of
technology.
Scientist
A scientist is a person engaging in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge
that describes and predicts the natural world. In a more restricted sense, a
scientist may refer to an individual who uses the scientific method.[1] The
person may be an expert in one or more areas of science
Engineer
 Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the
limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost
Innovation chasm
An often spoken about weakness in the innovation / commercialisation chain
is the so-called innovation chasm. This refers to the inability of academic
research to reach the market as products and services
Engineering manager
An engineering manager has four areas of responsibility: supervising
engineers or engineering technologists, project management, working with
clients, and providing advice and acting as a resource. An engineering
manager must be a fully licensed, professional engineer. There are a wide
range of specialization options available in engineering, ranging from
electronic to civil engineering.
QUESTION 4
QUESTION 5
QUESTION 6
Land Surveyor
Determines the locations of the properties boundaries and the area of the
property. He prepares a diagram of the property boundaries that includes the
area in hectares.
Civil Engineer
They are involved in the design and construction of roads, bridges, tunnelling
and motor ways, etc. There is often a certain amount of building work in civil
engineering construction, and likewise many building projects contain civil
engineering construction, especially where foundations are complex or
abnormal. When projects consists mainly of civil engineering construction,
the civil engineer will be the principal designer.
Quantity Surveyor
An essential part of any design process involves cost control. The costing
services for smaller, less complex projects are generally provided by the
principal designer working in conjunction with the client and specialist
designers.
Resident Engineer
An engineer retained by the owner as a representative on the construction
site. Frequently used on governmental projects. See also owner's inspector
and clerk of the works.
Establish and maintain project engineering records, including, but not limited
to aProject schedule.
Surveyor
 Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression
analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages and the
law. They use equipment like total stations, robotic total stations, GPS
receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners, radios, handheld tablets, digital
levels, drones, GIS and surveying software.
Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the
terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and
angles between them.

Architect
Architects design and prepare the production information for most building
projects, and on small general purpose buildings their expertise permits them
to be the sole designer.
They will also inspect the construction work on site. Their background,
training and professionalism is similar to engineers.

QUESTION 7
Skills of a Civil Engineering technician
a flair for maths and science
good problem-solving skills
the ability to understand engineering drawings and principles
IT skills for computer aided design (CAD) work
good organisational and supervisory skills
team working skills
good communication, presentation and negotiating skills

QUESTION 8
Engineers in training do need to take engineering and technology
management as subjects, because they have to learn and also gain an
experience in management of construction project, scheduling, budgeting of
resources-labour, materials, plant and cost, quality control, management of
sub-contractors, management of construction company, management of
engineering design and economic analysis.
QUESTION 9

Economic cycle is the term for the recurring fluctuations in economic activity.
The cycle is comprised of five stages: recession or period of contraction,
episode of trough, recovery, economic expansion or growth, and a period of
peak. Recession happens when the economy starts to slow down. When the
slowing down hits a bottom level, that is called a trough, after which a period
 of recovery follows. The growth or expansion period happens when the
economy starts to pick up again until it reaches a peak or when the economy
reaches a state of unreasonable exuberance.
Factors such as gross domestic product (GDP), interest rates, levels of
employment and consumer spending can help to determine the current stage
of the economic cycle. During times of expansion, investors seek to
purchase companies in technology, capital goods and basic energy, and
during times of contraction, investors look to purchase companies such as
utilities, financials and healthcare.

QUESTION 10

Calculating profitability is an accurate way to determine the success of your

business.
Calculate your company's revenue. Depending on your business, the money
you earn may arrive in your business account through different methods,
including cash register sales, monthly payments or increases in the stock
market. However you receive money, keep records of all the transactions. It's
a good idea to calculate the figures every month to arrive at your monthly
revenue.
Calculate your company's expenses. There are many costs that can be
factored into your company's expenses. These include labour, rent,
equipment, taxes, and if you're selling goods, the goods themselves. These
costs are often referred to as overhead costs. Remember to carefully
calculate all the money you pay out each month in order to run your
business, so that you can arrive at an accurate profitability amount [source:
Sullivan].
Subtract the costs from the revenue. By subtracting the amount you spend
from the amount of money that comes in, you will arrive at your company's
profit. If you're the sole business owner, this is your net profit. If you're a
business partner, you must divide the profit by the number of partners.

Remember that it's best to calculate your company's profitability each month.
This will allow you to determine what months are more successful than
others. Also, if you have made changes in your company, determining the
profitability before and after the changes were made enables you to assess
whether your changes were worthwhile.
Profitability of any schemes depends on lots of factors, one of the crucial
ones is timing. And if it's a scheme that needs your effort/energy, then this
 factor supersedes the timing factor. Because with energy/effort, even if the
timing is off, you will still have the energy to look for other schemes or wait
for the next best timing, or even MAKE YOUR OWN TIMING.

QUESTION 11

Supply schedule
A supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good
and the quantity supplied. Under the assumption of perfect competition, supply is
determined by marginal cost. That is, firms will produce additional output while the
cost of producing an extra unit of output is less than the price they would receive.
Demand schedule
A demand schedule, depicted graphically as the demand curve, represents the
amount of some goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase at various
prices, assuming all determinants of demand other than the price of the good in
question, such as income, tastes and preferences, the price of substitute goods,
and the price of complementary goods, remain the same. Following the law of
demand, the demand curve is almost always represented as downward-sloping,
meaning that as price decreases, consumers will buy more of the good.
INFLATION
Inflation is defined as the rate (%) at which the general price level of goods and
services is rising, causing purchasing power to fall or it may be defined as an
increase in the overall price level. This is different from a rise and fall in the price of
a particular good or service. Individual prices rise and fall all the time in a market
economy, reflecting consumer choices or preferences and changing costs. So if the
cost of one item, say a particular model car, increases because demand for it is
high, this is not considered inflation. Inflation occurs when most prices are rising by
some degree across the whole economy. This is caused by four possible factors,
each of which is related to basic economic principles of changes in supply and
demand:
1.Increase in the money supply.
2.Decrease in the demand for money.
3.Decrease in the aggregate supply of goods and services.
4.Increase in the aggregate demand for goods and services.
QUESTION 12

QUESTION 13
Types of vehicle
Mercedes-Benzes C-class C63 AMG Coupe
Price:
R550 000