PROCEEDING

19th Regional Symposium on Chemical Engineering

ISBN: 978-602-9494-30-3

Repellent Activity of Bio-active Agent from Artocarpus camansi against

Ae. Aegypti
Dianti Hadiyoana1, Heni Anggorowati1, Vikki Herawati1, Arshita Wahyuning Atmoko1, Dyah Retno Sawitri1,
Arif Hidayat1,*
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Technology, University of Islam Indonesia
Jalan kaliurang km. 14,5 Yogyakarta
,*
Corresponding author: arif.hidayat@uii.ac.id

Abstract

Essential oils have potential for use as insecticides and repellent against stored
products insects. During the past few decades, application of synthetic pesticides to control
agricultural pests has been a standard practice. However, with growing evidence that many
conventional pesticides can be adversely affect to the environment as requirements for safer
means of pest management have become crucial. Many people prefer to use a repellent from
natural origin, natural product or herbal product. The demand, the natural repellent is
gradually increasing. The natural repellents, especially repellents from herbal essential oils
are safe to human and environment and herbal essential oils are reported to have repellency
against mosquito adults.
In this reaserch, we have been made to evaluate the repellent efficacy of bio-active agent
from Artocarpus camansi against Ae. aegypti under laboratory conditions. Extraction of bio-
active agent from Artocarpus camansi was conducted by stirring for 24 hours with solvent
ethanol 70% and 96%. Than the extract is tested by FTIR and TLC scanner to prove the
existence of bio-active agent compounds in Artocarpus camansi. Bio-active agent from
Artocarpus camansi was evaluated for their repellent activities against Ae. aegypti using the
human bait technique.

Keywords: Essential oils; Artocarpus camansi; Saponin; Ae. aegypti; Repellent

Introduction
Essential oils have the potential to be used as an insecticide or insect repellent, such as
anti-mosquito. Nowadays there are so many that have insect repellent on the market. For
example, in the form of spray insect repellent, fuel, electrical, and lotion. Efficacy of all drugs
can be killed and repeled of mosquitoes. The difference is the packaging and the
concentration of active ingredients or toxic substances. Mosquito repellent sold in the market
contains many chemicals that are harmful and detrimental to human health. Mosquito fuel
produces smoke fumes equivalent to 100 cigarettes. Insect repellent spray that we use contain
Propoxur, transfluthrin is known as carcinogen. While insect repellent lotion containing
DEET (Diethyltoluamide) and cause irritating to the skin. Therefore we need a natural of
repellent.
Kluwih is a plant of jackfruit. The botanical name of kluwih is Artocarpus. Flowers
and leaves inside of kluwih contain of saponins, polyphenols and tannins, medium bark
contains flavonoids, GABA (gamma amino butyric acid). Saponin glycosides are a class of
steroids that have a structure and have properties that can form colloidal solutions in water
and foam when shaken. Saponins have a bitter taste sharp and can cause irritation of the
mucous membranes. Saponin is used as a poison for cold-blooded animals. Toxic saponin is

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often referred to as sapotoksin (Administrative Office of the Deputy and Correctional
Menegristek Field of Science and Technology).
Based on sources which we get, kluwih male flowers contain saponins and saponin it
is possible to be able to repel mosquitoes. So we wanted to find a way out for these problems,
which makes interest kluwih as insect repellent lotion. But we want to test it further, because
there is no further research about saponins contained in the kluwih interest.

Experimental
The materials are used in this research are Ontel powders (kluwih relationship),
ethanol 70% and 96%, chloroform, methanol, white malam, spermaceti, stearic acid, liquid
paraffin, ethylene glycol, TEA, distilled water.
The research method started from the collection and processing of materials. The
kluwih flowers looked for at field in Yogyakarta area. Kluwih flowers which use are brown
and have fallen from the tree. Kluwih flowers that have been collected later in the drying.
When kluwih flower have dried, then pulverized it to powder. The extraction method is using
maceration with ethanol 96% and 70%. Maceration is done by stirring. After 24 hours
maserat removed and stored. Maserat then concentrated to obtain the extract by distillation.
The saponin is present on the extract from destillate and then saponin is tested by FTIR. After
that, it was tested by TLC scanner, it use of the mobile phase of chloroform and methanol
9:1.
It have proved the existence of saponin in the kluwih flowers, then it made a lotion
from extract kluwih flower (ontel). The oil phase consists of white malam, paraffin, stearic
acid and spermaceti. While the water phase consists of extracts kluwih flower (ontel),
ethylene glycol, water, and TEA. Next, The lotion is tested for effectiveness against
mosquitoes.

Results and Discussion

Saponin extraction
On the saponin extraction, we perform a variety of ways such as Soxhlet extraction
and hydrolysis, but the way it is effective and produces very little extract. Then we perform
extraction by stirring for 24 hours at room temperature. We use ethanol solvent with different
consentration. The results, we got from this process are a lot of extract. The results of extract
looked black. The result of sample by FTIR with ethanol 96% can be seen on Figure 1.

Figure 1. Figure 1. The result of sample by FTIR with ethanol 96%

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From above, the results of analysis that wave number 3418.20-OH group of glucose
to stretch. At wave number 1635.71 C = O group of an aliphatic carboxylic acid stretch. At
wave number 1448.32 CH2 group there and the wave number of the aldehyde CH 1375.01
sway there.
The result of sample by FTIR with ethanol 70% can be seen on Figure 2. From Figure
1 it can be concluded that wave number 3444.96-OH group of glucose there is a stretch. In
the wave number 2924.98-CH2 groups are the symmetry of the ether (-OCH2) that stretch. At
wave number 1704.47 C = O groups are aliphatic carboxylic acid having from stretching. At
wave number 1628.89 experiencing strain was conjugated C = C the alkene group. At the
bend there is a wave number 1370.41 (-CH3) and the wave number 1082.41 contained Strain
(C-O) from primary alcohol (-CH2-OH).

Figure 2. The result of sample by FTIR with ethanol 70%

Test the Effectiveness of the Mosquito Lotion

After saponin extract is obtained, the next step is to make lotion. Making lotion needs
to be done by trial and error to obtain the proper lotion formulations. In the manufacture of
saponin extracts dissolved using a solvent ethylene glycol. Lotions that we created consists of
two phases. It named are water phase and oil phase. The oil phase consists of white malam,
spermacety, stearic acid, and paraffin. While the water phase consist of ethylene glycol and
saponin extract water. The lotion has been made slightly brown color, due to the saponin
extracts that have been obtained dark brown.
This test was conducted to obtain the results of how far these repellents may repel
mosquitoes in mice that are passive. The assay is performed using a mouse because it has not
been tested irritating lotion levels to human skin. It are available and then sheared in part as a
lotion that is applied and so the mosquitoes can easily bite. Having smeared with lotion, and
then observed how many mosquitoes are approaching. Inside the box containing the rat as a
control and contain of 10 mosquitoes. In the other box contain a rat tail as a treatment that has
been smeared lotion and contained 10 mosquitoes.
Table 1 showed the results of testing the effectiveness of mosquito lotion with
saponin extract with 96% ethanol. From Table 1 it can be seen that the rat as treatment (P)

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and (K) as control that isnt given the lotion. It was monitored every 15 minutes. After
fifteen minutes, the mice should be issued to the rest for 10 minutes. At mice that is as
treatments (P), at the first 15 minutes there is a mosquito, the second on 15 minutes there
isnt mosquitoe to perch to the mouse, the third on 15 minutes, there are two mosquitoes to
perch to the mouse and the fourth on 15 minutes and fifth there is a mosquitoes. At mice that
act as control (K), the first 15 minutes there are 3 mosquitoes and the second on 15 minutes
there are two mosquitoes. At 15 minutes into the third, fourth, and fifth more and more
mosquitoes.

Table 1. The results of testing the effectiveness of mosquito lotion with saponin extract with
96% ethanol
Mouse I (K) Mouse II (P)
No Time (min) 10 mosquitoes 10 mosquitoes
Perch No Perch Perch No Perch
1. 0 - 15 3 7 1 9
2. 15 - 30 1 9 0 10
3. 30 - 45 2 8 2 8
4. 45 - 60 3 7 1 9
5. 60 -75 4 6 1 9

Table 2 showed the results of testing the effectiveness of mosquito lotion with saponin
extract with 70% ethanol.

Table 2. The results of testing the effectiveness of mosquito lotion with saponin extract with
96% ethanol
Mouse I (K) Mouse II (P)
Time 10 mosquitos 10 mosquitos
No
perch No Perch perch No Perch
1. 10.00-10.15 0 10 0 10
2. 11.20-11.35 0 10 0 10
3. 11.40-11.55 4 6 0 10
4. 12.00-12.15 0 10 0 10
5. 12.20-12.35 2 8 0 10

From Table 1 it can be seen that the rat as treatment (P) and (K) as control that is not
given the lotion. It was monitored every 15 minutes. After fifteen minutes, the mice should
be issued to the rest for 10 minutes. Seen in the graph that the rats that are as treatments (P)
given to mice that lotion as a control (K) is not given the lotion was monitored every 15
minutes. After 15 minutes, the rat must be paid for at a rest for 10 minutes. In mice that act as
control (K) at 15 minutes at the third minute and fifth minute, in a row there are 4 mosquitoes
and 2 mosquitoes. In mice that are as treatments (P) there isnt mosquitoe to perch to the
mouse.

Conclusion
Kluwih flowers (Ontel) is macerated by ethanol 96% and 70%, and the result of color
extract is brown. We made a lotion by extracts is macerated with ethanol 70% is effectiver
way to repellent of mosquitoes because of the possibility of solvent extraction with ethanol
70% is more suited to a saponin extract. Therefore, further research needs to be done by
increasing the concentration variation solvent for optimization the extraction.

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19th Regional Symposium RSCE 2012
on Chemical Engineering November 7-8, 2012, Bali, Indonesia
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