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Boat life ring

About this
item430.20 - $549.00

Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the
displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For
updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or
manufacturer information.

Have a wonderful day on the water with this Sun Dolphin Scout Elite 14' Square Stern Canoe.

Sun Dolphin Scout Elite 14' Square Stern Canoe:

Steers and maneuvers like a regular canoe with the built-in benefit of a motor transom

Ideally suited for electric trolling motors

Sturdy square back transom

Rugged UV-stabilized Fortiflex high-density polyethylene


Capacity for 3

Comfortable molded-in seats aid in flotation

Built-in rod holder locations, cooler in center seat & storage compartment

Motor not included

CE Rated

Read more

Specifications

Primary Color: Green

Multi Pack Indicator: No

Battery Type: Does Not Contain a Battery

Model No.: 51165

Shipping Weight (in pounds): 84.0

Product in Inches (L x W x H): 168.0 x 38.0 x 15.5

Walmart No.: 551967602


Sevylor
Specialists 4-Person Inflatable Boat
$ 44 96 .

List price $47.99


Save $3.03

About this item


Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the
displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For
updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or
manufacturer information.

Enjoy the thrills and spills of a wild boat ride with this Sevylor Specialists 4-Person Inflatable
Boat. It is NMMA-certified to ABYC standards and features a grab line for easy boarding. With
this Sevylor inflatable boat, you can maneuver through rapids or streams confidently, as the
molded oarlocks never give up during rowing. Made from thick, durable PVC, this boat is sure to
take you on many water adventures. Even if one of the four air chambers is damaged, the other
three chambers of the PVC inflatable boat keep it afloat. This model offers a safe and fun way to
enjoy the great outdoors with friends. The Sevylor Specialists 4-Person Inflatable Boat is a
reliable, safe and secure investment.

Sevylor Specialists Inflatable Boat:

Holds up to 650 lbs

NMMA-certified using ABYC standards

Grab line for easy boarding

PVC inflatable boat with molded oarlocks

Thick, durable PVC

Sevylor inflatable boat with 4 air chambers

Designed for use on rapids or streams

Even when one of the four air chambers is damaged, the other three chambers help keep
you safe and afloat

Safe and fun way to enjoy great outdoor adventures with your family and friends.

Specifications

Multi Pack Indicator: No

Model No.: 2000016283

Shipping Weight (in pounds): 11.6

Product in Inches (L x W x H): 108.0 x 48.0 x 11.0

Walmart No.: 913690


Typhoon Xangsane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the 2006 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Xangsane
(disambiguation).

Typhoon Xangsane (Milenyo)

Typhoon (JMA scale)

Category 4 (SaffirSimpson scale)

Typhoon Xangsane approaching thePhilippines on

September 27

Formed September 25, 2006

Dissipated October 2, 2006

Highest 10-minute sustained:155 km/h (100 mph)


winds 1-minute sustained:230 km/h (145 mph)

Lowest 940 hPa (mbar); 27.76 inHg

pressure

Fatalities At least 312 total[1][2][3]

Damage $750 million (2006 USD)

Areas Philippines,

affected China, Vietnam,Cambodia, Thailand

Part of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Xangsane, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Milenyo, was a deadly typhoon that
affected the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand during the 2006 Pacific typhoon season. The name
Xangsane was submitted by Laos and means elephant.[4]

Xangsane made landfall in the Philippines, battering the northern islands with torrential rains and
strong winds, and causing widespread flooding and landslides. After passing over Manila and
emerging over the South China Sea, the typhoon made a second landfall in central Vietnam, also
causing flooding and landslides there and in Thailand. The storm was responsible for at least 279
deaths, mostly in the Philippines and Vietnam, and at least $747 million (2006 USD) in damage.[1][5][6]

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Preparations

o 2.1Philippines

o 2.2Vietnam

o 2.3Thailand
3Impact

o 3.1Philippines

o 3.2Vietnam

o 3.3Thailand

4Aftermath

o 4.1Philippines

o 4.2Vietnam

o 4.3Thailand

o 4.4Retirement

5See also

6References

7External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

Typhoon Xangsane originated in a disturbance embedded within the monsoon trough to the east of
the Philippines. On September 23, a persistent area ofconvective thunderstorms was observed
about 100 mi (160 km) northwest of Palau, in an environment favorable to tropical cyclogenesis.
[7]
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) declared the formation of a tropical depression at
00:00 UTC on September 25.[8] Simultaneously, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) began warning on the tropical depression with the
local name Milenyo.[7]The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC; a joint United States Navy Air
Force agency that monitors tropical cyclones globally) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation
Alert around the same time, designating the disturbance Tropical Depression 18W at 12:00 UTC.
[9]
The system quickly organized as it drifted westward, and according to both the JMA and the
JTWC, it attained tropical storm intensity near 00:00 UTC on September 26. Consequently, it
received the international name Xangsane.[8][9] The name was submitted by Laos and means
"elephant".[7]

The storm began to increase in forward speed and shift its direction toward the west-northwest,
attaining typhoon intensity at 18:00 UTC on September 26. [8] At the time, it was centered about
390 mi (630 km) east-southeast of Manila, the capital city of the Philippines. Over the next several
hours, Xangsane rapidly intensified as it approached the archipelago;[7] the JMA estimates that the
typhoon achieved its maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 155 km/h (100 mph) early on
September 27, with a corresponding central pressure of 940 millibars (28 inHg).[8] According to the
JTWC, the typhoon peaked with 1-minute winds of 230 km/h (145 mph), corresponding to Category
4 strength on the SaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale.[9] The center of the powerful storm skirted the
northern coast of Samar and continued west-northwestward.[8] With a well-defined eye evident on
visible satellite imagery,[10] Xangsane struck southern Luzon around 12:00 UTC, and remained over
the Philippines for the next day or so.[7][8] Due to extensive interaction with land, the typhoon's
structure deteriorated, and the JMA downgraded it to a severe tropical storm early on September 28.
[8]
Xangsane traveled over the Manila area before entering the South China Sea and turning due
west, steered by the subtropical ridge to its north over mainland China.[7][11]

Over open waters, the system encountered conditions favorable to renewed intensification, including
warm sea surface temperatures, light vertical wind shear, and strong upper-level divergence.[11] As a
result, it reattained typhoon status by 18:00 UTC on September 28. Continued strengthening yielded
a secondary peak on September 29, marked by 10-minute winds of 150 km/h (90 mph), according to
the JMA,[8] and 1-minute winds of 215 km/h (130 mph) as ascertained by the JTWC.[9] Tracking
westward at around 17 km/h (11 mph),[12] Xangsane maintained its intensity until it neared Vietnam,
when dry air and land interaction began to slowly diminish the typhoon on September 30. [9][12] Just
after 00:00 UTC on October 1, the system made landfall along the central coast of Vietnam, near Da
Nang.[7] At the time, Xangsane was a low-end typhoon, with 10-minute winds of 130 km/h (80 mph).
[13]
The storm quickly declined in force as it progressed inland through Indochina: it weakened to a
severe tropical storm around 12:00 UTC, and to a tropical storm six hours later.[8] Although the JTWC
issued its final warning on Xangsane just after landfall, the agency continued to track the storm until
00:00 on October 2.[9] At the same time, the JMA downgraded Xangsane to a tropical depression; it
dissipated later that day, over Thailand.[8]

Preparations[edit]
Philippines[edit]

[show]Costliest Philippine typhoons


Provinces of the Philippines in which public storm signals were raised for preparations against Typhoon
Milenyo.

On September 27, PAGASA issued Storm Signal Number 3, a warning for winds of 100185 km/h
(62115 mph), for areas of southern Luzon. Storm Signal Number 2, for winds of 60100 km/h (37
62 mph), was raised for northern Samar Island and central Luzon. Storm Signal Number 1 (30
60 km/h, 2037 mph) was issued for northwestern Luzon, including Metro Manila, and
northern Visayas, including the rest of Samar Island. Schools in the warned area were suspended,
and airports and seaports were closed. Philippine Airlines cancelled over half of its flights to and
from Ninoy Aquino International Airport for September 28, and various transit services also
suspended service.[14] Metro Manila and the Tagalog provinces were warned of possible flooding and
strong winds.[15]

When it became clear that Xangsane would approach the Capital, PAGASA upgraded the warning
for Manila and central Luzon to Storm Signal Number 3 on September 28. All the storm signals were
discontinued later that day.[16]

Vietnam[edit]

Prior to Xangsane's final landfall, the Vietnamese government set up a steering committee headed
by Deputy Prime Minister Nguyn Sinh Hng to oversee evacuations and storm preparations
throughout central Vietnam.[17] Provincial and local authorities evacuated over 300,000 people from
low-lying areas along the coast from H Tnh to Ph Yn, as well as hilly areas prone to landslides.
The Vietnamese government also ordered about 2,400 boats, including 273 fishing boats, to return
to port.[18] Vietnam Airlines, the national airline, cancelled or diverted all flights on September 30 and
October 1.[19] These efforts were carried out in order to prevent a repeat of the damage and fatalities
caused by Typhoon Chanchu earlier in the season.[20]
Thailand[edit]

Although Xangsane had weakened considerably over land, residents of northern Thailand were
advised of the threat of flooding from the remnant low of Xangsane as it approached. The
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation alerted its provincial offices throughout the country
to be prepared for strong winds, flash flooding, and landslides. Residents in highland areas were
also warned of possible mudslides, and the army was dispatched to aid in regional storm
preparations.[21]

Impact[edit]

TRMM image showing Xangsane's well-defined eyewall prior to its first landfall

Philippines[edit]

Damage was widespread in the Philippines, particularly in Metro Manila, where the typhoon passed
almost directly over. Power and water was lost in several provinces, while overflowing rivers caused
flooding, landslides and made roads impassable. In some parts of the country, electricity was cut of
for up to six days straight.[22] Many trees and billboards were toppled by Xangsane,
while Luzonsuffered an island-wide power outage.[23] Rough waters and seaport closures left at least
3,400 people and nearly 270 vehicles stranded in ports and terminals, mainly at the primary ferry
crossing between Samar Island and Bicol Region.[24] Local and provincial officials described
Xangsane as the worst typhoon to directly impact Manila since Typhoon Angela passed over the city
eleven years ago.[23]

The Philippine government estimated that approximately 2 million people in 19 provinces were
affected by Xangsane,[25] which destroyed many homes and farms on its path through the islands.
[22]
The local and regional Philippine National Red Cross chapters reported major damage in at least
116 municipalities, 12 cities, and a total of 1,295 barangays across the country. Torrential rains from
Milenyo also caused flooding and landslides in Laguna, Cavite, and Quezon.[26] Xangsane caused
the destruction of the Calumpang Dam in the Municipality of Liliw, which channeled water to
irrigation canals around the area. In all, Milenyo was responsible for 197 deaths [1] and 5.9 billion
Philippine pesos ($118 million, 2006 USD) in damage, mostly to personal property and agriculture.[5]
Xangsane inland over eastern Indochina

Vietnam[edit]

Xangsane made its second and final landfall in central Vietnam, causing severe flooding and strong
winds that caused nearly 10 trillion Vietnamese dong($629 million, 2006 USD) in damage and killed
71 people. The worst structural damage occurred in the city of Da Nang, where 26 people were
killed. The provinces ofQung Nam and Ngh An were also hard hit, with a total of 25 people killed.
[1]
The storm damaged or destroyed around 320,000 homes, downed thousands of trees and power
lines, and flooded major streets.[27]

Significant agricultural damage was reported, especially in Qung Bnh Province. More than
3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi) of crops, mostly rice, were damaged or washed away by the
floodwaters.[28]There were also reports of heavy losses of poultry and livestock, and nearly 13 km
(5 sq mi) of aquaculture and 786 fishing boats were lost.[29]

Thailand[edit]

The remnants of Xangsane moved over Thailand on October 2 and combined with monsoonal
moisture over the north central part of the country, causing torrential rains and severe flooding in
over 35 provinces. Floodwaters broke through levees and barriers and flooded or damaged nearly
1.3 million rai (2,100 km, 520,000 acres) of farmland and local infrastructure.[30] Many municipalities
reported flooding of up to three meters (10 ft),[30] and the municipality of Angthong reported flooding
of 60 cm (2 ft).[31] The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation reported 47 deaths, [32] and
villages in several provinces reported significant levels of water pollution and waterborne illnesses
from stagnant waters.[33]

Aftermath[edit]
Philippines[edit]
This image shows rainfall totals for Southeast Asia for September 25 October 2, 2006 estimated in part from
data collected by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. Storm symbols mark out the path of the
typhoon. Totals of over a foot are shown overSamar in the east-central Philippines (red areas). A broad area of
4- to 8-inch totals (green) stretches from the central Philippines to the coast of Vietnam.

Following the passage of Xangsane, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies (IFRC) issued an emergency request for 5.7 million Swiss francs($4.6 million, 2006 USD)
to aid the Philippine Red Cross in its relief effort. In addition, the movement dispatched 3,000
workers and three disaster response teams to affected areas for search and rescue missions,
damage assessments, and assistance to people affected by the typhoon. The Philippine Red Cross
provided canned goods, rice, clothing, and personal hygiene items to over 6,300 families, and local
volunteers provided assistance to people in shelters.[34] The Spanish Red Cross, present since 1998
as a backup to the Philippine Red Cross, also sent officials, logistics equipment, and water
purification systems to the more heavily areas to aid in disaster relief and damage assessments. [22]

A passenger bus is crushed by a billboard structure along EDSA at the Magallanes interchange in Makati City.

In Manila, fallen billboards killed several people and caused traffic delays along EDSA, the main
highway of the metropolis. This prompted some members of the Senate of the Philippines to push
for the removal and banning of billboard advertising in the Manila area, which had been an issue for
some time. Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago wrote an appeal to President Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo, asking her to approve the "Anti-Billboard Blight Act of 2006", which would ban billboard
advertising on major thoroughfares within Metro Manila.[35]
Vietnam[edit]

On October 3, the IFRC released 100,000 Swiss francs ($80,300, 2006 USD) from its disaster relief
fund to support the Red Cross of Vietnam,[34] and issued an emergency appeal for 1 million Swiss
francs ($810,000, 2006 USD) in aid the next day. The Vietnamese government also released
100 billion Vietnamese dong ($6.2 million, 2006 USD) and 1,500 metric tons (1,650 short tons) of
rice from the national food security stock to help the recovery effort in central Vietnam. The National
Fatherland Front also issued an appeal to national and international organizations for donations and
aid.[29]

On October 13, a minivan carrying a relief team from a local government in Ho Chi Minh city was
caught in an accident, killing 12 aid workers. [1]

Thailand[edit]

The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation and the Thai Red Cross Society evacuated
residents from areas of central Thailand that had been affected by flooding from the remnants of
Xangsane. The Red Cross also provided victims and evacuees with food and emergency kits, and
several Red Cross health centers in 12 provinces issued emergency relief kits, drinking water, and
medicine kits to at least 16,000 families in flood-stricken areas.[30]

Retirement[edit]

As a result of the deaths and damage caused, it was decided at the 39th annual meeting of
the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in Manila in December 2006 that the name Xangsane, along
with four others, would be retired from the name list. Its PAGASA name, Milenyo, was also retired by
PAGASA.[36] In December 2007, the committee selected the name Leepi to replace Xangsane on
the Western Pacific basin name lists beginning in 2008.[37] In 2010 the name selected by PAGASA to
replace Milenyo was Mario, but the name itself was retired and was replaced with Maymay after
devastating Metro Manila and Northern Luzon.[38]

Typhoon Parma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent eve
or newly available information. (June 2011)

This article is about the 2009 typhoon. For the 2003 typhoon of the same name, see Typhoon Parma
(2003). For the 2005 tropical storm of the same name, see Tropical Storm Pepeng (2005).

Typhoon Parma (Pepeng)

Typhoon (JMA scale)

Category 4 (SaffirSimpson scale)


Typhoon Parma at peak intensity on October 1

Formed September 27, 2009

Dissipated October 14, 2009

Highest 10-minute sustained:185 km/h (115 mph)

winds 1-minute sustained:250 km/h (155 mph)

Lowest 930 hPa (mbar); 27.46 inHg

pressure

Fatalities 500 total

Damage $617 million (2009 USD)


Areas Caroline

affected Islands,Philippines, Taiwan, Chinaand Vietn

am

Part of the 2009 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Parma, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Pepeng, was the second typhoon to affect
the Philippines within the span of a week during September 2009.

Typhoon Parma was assigned the name Pepeng by PAGASA when it entered the Philippine Area of
Responsibility days after Typhoon Ketsana wreaked havoc on the country. Parma spared the capital
and instead lashed the northern part of Luzon island.

Parma added to the damage caused by the earlier Typhoon Ketsana, affecting thousands of families
on the north, especially on Pangasinan province where the San Roque Dam inadvertently released
water to prevent its breach. However, in the first week of October, Parma interacted with the
incoming Typhoon Melor on the Pacific (via a Fujiwhara interaction), rendering it stationary as it
made landfall on Southern Taiwan. Days later, the greatly weakened Parma retreated back to Luzon
making further landfalls on Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. The now severe tropical storm Parma then
began to wane its strength as it crossed Luzon island for the second time. It then emerged on the
South China Sea as a tropical depression. Parma became one of the deadliest typhoons to hit the
Philippines in a decade.

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Preparations

o 2.1Caroline Islands

o 2.2Philippines

o 2.3Taiwan

3Impact

o 3.1Caroline Islands

o 3.2Philippines
o 3.3Taiwan

o 3.4China

o 3.5Vietnam

4Retirement

5See also

6References

7External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

Tropical Storm Parma over Hainan, China on October 12

During September 26, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to monitor an area of
convection that was located about 445 km (275 mi), to the southeast of Guam.[1] The system had an
elongated low-level circulation center with convection developing around the center.[1] Upper level
analysis showed that the system was located in an area of low vertical wind shear and had a good
poleward outflow into a tropical upper tropospheric trough.[1]During the next day, convection started
to consolidate before both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the JTWC initiated
advisories on the system, with the JTWC designating it as Tropical Depression 19W. After being
classified, the depression remained weak and poorly organized, as it lay close to Tropical Storm
18W. During September 28, as the depression moved away from 18W, the JTWC reported that the
depression had intensified into a tropical storm despite it remaining poorly organized, and acquired
the name Parma.

Parma started to intensify to a typhoon as it moved closer to the Philippines. On October 1, Parma
reached its peak intensity with winds of 250 km/h (155 mph). Afterwards, Parma started a weakening
trend as it moved closer to the Philippines and then made landfall in the country. During its landfall in
the Philippines,Parma began to travel northwest towards China. It suddenly slowed down (due to
interactions with Typhoon Melor) rendering it stationary. Surprisingly, it began to retreat back to
mainland Philippines making a second landfall and weakening to a tropical depression and emerged
on the South China Sea. After regaining some strength, it began to travel westward
towards Vietnam, dissipating over the country on October 14.

Preparations[edit]
Caroline Islands[edit]

Hurricane Warning
Hurricane conditions

expected within 36 hours.

Hurricane Watch
Hurricane conditions

possible within 48 hours.

Tropical Storm Warning


Tropical storm conditions expected

within 36 hours.

Tropical Storm Watch


Tropical storm conditions possible

within 48 hours.

Early on September 28, the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Guam using data
from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center placed Ulithi, Faraulep and Fais under tropical storm
warnings and declared Tropical storm watches for Yap and Ngulu whilst the depression was moving
towards the state of Yap.[2] Tropical storm warnings were then declared for Yap and Ngulu later that
morning as the depression was moving to the northwest of Faraulep.[3] These warnings stayed in
effect until early the next day when they canceled the warnings for Faraulep, Fais and Ulithi after the
depression had intensified into a named storm, and had passed by the islands. [4][5][6] NWS Guam then
placed Koror and Kayangel under a tropical storm watch later that day before cancelling all warnings
early on September 30.[7][8]

Philippines[edit]

[show]Costliest Philippine typhoons

The National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) advised all local government officials across
Luzon to evacuate people if needed to ensure their safety. In addition to the NDCC, they gave out
relief goods and other necessities. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo also requested PAGASA to
monitor the super typhoon every two hours and update its website. [9] Also, the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) advised all areas
with public storm signals to be alerted against storm surges, landslides, and flash floods. The Coast
Guard placed the entire country under red alert, meaning that the agency would monitor the whole
country, especially Northern and Central Luzon. All ferry stations with routes
from Luzon to Visayas and vice versa suspended operations, and fishermen were advised not to go
to sea to avoid turbulent waves.[10]

As preparations continued, different dams were opened and large amounts of water freed to avoid
the overflowing of dams. In Isabela, the Magat Dam released a large amount of water. Its water was
projected to pass through Cagayan River, forcing locals along the river to evacuate. The Angat
Dam in Bulacan also released large amounts of water, flooding the towns of Calumpit andHagonoy.
Local officials took evacuated people living in the area. Five barangays in Nueva Ecija were already
flooded due to water from Pantabangan Dam, which released 250 cubic meters per second from 1
pm on October 1, 05:00 (UTC) to 1 am on October 2, 17:00 (UTC). Local officials also took charge to
evacuate people. In Laguna, the Caliraya Dam released water as a precaution against Parma's
heavy rains, even though Laguna would not be directly affected by the super typhoon. [11] On the
morning of October 2, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared the whole country under a
state of calamity.

In Metro Manila, billboards were rolled down due to strong winds that were anticipated. Air travel,
cargo ships, and other water transport throughout the Islands were suspended. [12] The Commission
on Higher Education (CHED) suspended classes for regions 1, 2, 3, 4a, 4b, 5 and CAR. [13] In Laguna,
the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) evacuated a massive 100,000 residents that live
near the Laguna lake.[14]

Taiwan[edit]

Following the devastating impacts of Typhoon Morakot in August, residents in southern Taiwan were
weary upon hearing of a new typhoon approaching the region. By October 3, residents of six villages
in the hard hit county of Kaohsiung began evacuating.[15] The following day, the Central Weather
Bureau issued a land warning for the Hengchun Peninsula as Parma moved over the northern
Philippines. Residents in the region were advised to prepare for heavy rains and high winds in
relation to the storm.[16] At least 55 international flights from Taiwanese airports were cancelled or
delayed due to Typhoon Parma as it stalled in the Bashih Channel. [17] On October 5, mandatory
evacuations were put in place for portions of southern Taiwan, leading to roughly 6,000 residents
leaving the area for shelter. Emergency officials deployed 200 elite soldiers to the region to assist in
the evacuation and placed 35,000 more on standby for relief operations. [18]

Impact[edit]
Caroline Islands[edit]

Typhoon Parma casualties in the


Philippines
[hide]NDCC death tally[19]
Region Deaths

Region I 95

CAR 346

Region III 19

Region IV-A 1

Region V 4

Total 465

[hide]Damages[19]

Amount

PhP5,106,746,713.9
Agriculture 3
($108,538,654.92)

PhP14,516,879,535.
Infrastructure 98
($308,541,541.68)

PhP2,770,000
Private
($58,873.54)

PhP19,626,396,24
Total
9.91
damages[20]
($417,139,070.14)

While it was a Tropical Storm, Parma passed to the south of the westernmost state of Yap, battering
the east coast of the main island with torrential rain and winds of up to 95 km/h (60 mph). As a result,
Continental Micronesia cancelled its scheduled passenger flight to Guam, while the governor of Yap
ordered that government employees stay at home and that residents take all precautions that were
possible while placing Yap under the highest state of storm alerts.[21][22][23]
Philippines[edit]

Severe Tropical Storm Parmainteracting with Typhoon Melor on October 7, 2009.

Even though Parma was still too far to make its landfall in northern Philippines, various
transportation was suspended before the super typhoon draw near. In Catanduanes, where the first
signal warning no.3 was raised, the province's power and communications were cut. Fallen trees
were already in the main roads. About 30,000 families were evacuated. In addition also to
the Bicol region, more than 2,000 passengers were stranded in ferry stations. [24] 39 provinces
including Metro Manila were put to signal warnings, with each place experienced massive rainfall
with strong winds. Parma made its landfall at Northeastern Cagayan at 3:00pm PST/07:00 (UTC).
In Cagayan, at least 6,036 people in 39 barangays (villages) were affected, while P20.33 million
worth of agricultural produce were destroyed. Also, in the Chico River was swelled due to the
typhoon, making the Maguilling Overflow Bridge along the Cagayan-Apayao Road impassable. The
Maharlika Highway in Ilagan, Isabela to Cagayan became hardly passable due to the trees and
electric posts that fell when Pepeng battered the area. Total power interruption also crippled the
provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, and the northern towns of Isabela. In Kalinga, landslides were
reported on roads linking the provincial capital, Tabuk, to upland towns. In Zambales, at least 2,100
families were evacuated as Pepeng brought heavy rains causing the Bucao River to swell. The
Carael section of the Zambales highway became impassable due to rising floodwaters. [25] Due to
heavy downpour, the San Roque Dam in Eastern Pangasinan and Pantabangan Dam in Nueva
Ecija was forced to release huge amount of water. It caused major flooding in Tarlac which is their
neighbouring province and also caused flooding Eastern and Central Pangasinan as well as Nueva
Ecija. In Metro Manila the area is still experienced torrential rains and strong winds. Floodwaters
continue to rise in some areas in Metro Manila and Calabarzon. In Pateros, Muntinlupa, and Taguig,
in Taytay town in Rizal province, and in the towns of Bian and San Pedro in Laguna province, the
flood is not subsiding. TheLaguna de Bay is breaking a 90-year record in meters of water, which
threatens to submerge more areas in Metro Manila.[26] In Benguet, a landslide killed at least 200 as
Tropical Depression Parma continues to bring rain across northern Luzon.[27] Due to severe
flooding, Leptospirosis became a problem that affected many. In Pasig City General Hospital alone,
30 people have been taken in for diagnosis. The Department of Health announced that there is
a Leptospirosis outbreak in Marikina.

Taiwan[edit]

Torrential rainfall fell across southern Taiwan as Typhoon Parma stalled south of the island. In some
areas, more than 500 mm (20 in) of rain fell, resulting in floods up to .5 m (1.6 ft) deep. These floods
prompted emergency evacuations in hundreds of villages throughout Taiwan. After 200 mm (7.9 in)
of rain fell in Yilan County, emergency officials enacted the first mandatory evacuation in northern
Taiwan, relocating hundreds of residents. Several landslides were reported in mountainous regions,
mainly in southern parts of the island. Military convoys loaded with sandbags traveled to rising rivers
to help reinforce them and prevent them from overflowing their banks. As a result of the continuous
rainfall and cloud cover, temperatures across Taiwan fell below average.[28]

Off the coast of Taiwan, a ship carrying 14 people sank after being battered by rough seas produced
by Typhoon Parma. One person was confirmed dead, three were rescued and ten others were listed
as missing.[29]

China[edit]

Off the cost of Hainan Island, a ship carrying nine people capsized. Three people were confirmed to
have drowned, five were rescued and one other remains missing.[30]

Vietnam[edit]

Typhoon Parma made its final landfall near Hai Phong on October 15 after causing damage to Bach
Long Vi island where 62 fishing boats were sunk. No deaths were reported. [31]

Tropical Storm Washi


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the 2011 tropical storm. For the 2005 tropical storm, see Tropical Storm Washi
(2005).

Severe Tropical Storm Washi (Sendong)

Severe tropical storm (JMA scale)

Tropical storm (JTWC scale)


Severe Tropical Storm Washi approaching Mindanao on

December 16

Formed December 13, 2011

Dissipated December 19, 2011

Highest winds 10-minute sustained:95 km/h (60 mph)

1-minute sustained:95 km/h (60 mph)

Lowest pressure 992 hPa (mbar); 29.29 inHg

Fatalities 1,2682,546 total

Damage $97.8 million (2011 USD)


Areas affected Micronesia, Palau,Philippines

Part of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season

Severe Tropical Storm Washi, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Sendong, was a late-
season tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic damage in the Philippines in late 2011. Washi,
which means Aquila in Japanese, made landfall over Mindanao, a major island in the Philippines, on
December 16. Washi weakened slightly after passing Mindanao, but regained strength in theSulu
Sea, and made landfall again over Palawan on December 17.

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Impact

3Aftermath

4International aid and assistance

5Retirement

6See also

7References

8External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale
On December 12, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) noted that a developing area of low
pressure had persisted about 945 km (585 mi) south-southeast of Guam. Situated along the
southern edge of a subtropical ridge, the system tracked steadily westward towards the Philippines.
Located within a region of good diffluence and moderate wind shear, deep convection was able to
maintain itself over the circulation. Development of banding featuresand improvement
of outflow indicated strengthening was likely.[1] Further development over the following day prompted
the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert early on December 13.[2] Less than six hours
later, both the JTWC and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical
depression, with the former assigning the identifier 27W.[3] Maintaining a westward track, the
depression was forecast to intensify slowly over the following three days. [4] For much of
December 13, a slight increase in shear displaced thunderstorm activity from the center of the
depression, delaying intensification. By December 14, convection redeveloped over the low and the
JTWC subsequently assessed the system to have attained tropical storm status. [5]

Early on December 15, the system crossed west of 135E and entered the Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration's (PAGASA) area of responsibility. Upon
doing so, PAGASA began issuing advisories and assigned the cyclone with the local nameSendong.
[6]
Shortly thereafter, the storm passed close to or over Palau.[7] By 0600 UTC, the JMA upgraded the
system to tropical storm status, at which time they assigned it with the name Washi.[8] Maintaining a
rapid westward track, Washi slowly became more organized, with low-level inflow improving during
the latter part of December 15.[9] On December 16, Washi reached its peak strength as a severe
tropical storm and made its first landfall along the east coast of Mindanao.

After passing Mindanao, Washi weakened due to land interaction, but the storm quickly regained its
strength, in the Sulu Sea. Late on December 17, Washi crossed Palawan and arrived in theSouth
China Sea, and the system moved out of the PAR on December 18. Washi weakened to a tropical
depression and dissipated on December 19, because of cool, dry air, in association with
the Northeast Monsoon.

Impact[edit]

Satellite estimated rainfall from Severe Tropical Storm Washi over the Philippines. The areas in red indicate
where more than 400 mm (16 in) of rain may have fallen.
Across the Cagayan de Oro river basin, a localized heavy rain event occurred during Tropical Storm
Washi's passage.[10] Onshore flow from the Macajalar Bay, which the Cagayan de Oro river drains
into, ran into the steep terrain of Mount Makaturing, Mount Kalatungan, and Mount Katanglad,
resulting in orographic enhancement of precipitation. A weather station in Capehan located along the
Bubunawan river, a tributary of the Cagayan de Oro river, recorded 475 mm (18.7 in) over a 24 hour
span.[11] The rainfall event itself amounted to a 1-in-20 year event for much of Misamis Oriental.[12]In
the span of 24 hours, 180.9 mm (7.12 in) of rain fell at Lumbia which equates to more than
60 percent of their average December precipitation.[10] Estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring
Mission jointly run by NASA and JAXA indicated that accumulations around the Cagayan de Oro
river exceeded 400 mm (16 in).[13] Observations from Talakag captured the sheer intensity of rainfall
associated with Washi, with hourly accumulations peaking at 60.6 mm (2.39 in). Similar amounts,
though less anomalous in magnitude, fell farther east on Mindanao. Satellite estimates indicated
accumulations of 200 to 250 mm (7.9 to 9.8 in) along coastal areas near where Washi made landfall.
[13]
A total of 180.4 mm (7.10 in) was observed in Hinatuan.[10]

Starting in tributaries and later reaching the main Cagayan de Oro, Iponan, and Mandulog
rivers, flash flooding manifested at a dramatic pace.[11] In some locations, flood waters rose by 3.3 m
(11 ft) in less than an hour.[14] Alongside the effects from rainfall, high tide at Macajalar Bay further
enhanced the flood event and allowed water to inundate areas that would have otherwise safe at low
tide. The rivers crested at 7 to 9 m (23 to 30 ft), amounting to a 75-year flood event in some areas,
with catastrophic results.[10][11] This was also far higher than the previous flood event following Tropical
Depression Auring in January 2009. Located outside the main "typhoon belt," residents in the
affected areas suffered from a false sense of security with tropical cyclone related disasters.
Flooding from the rivers struck at approximately 2:30 a.m. local time, when most people were asleep
and unable to hear warnings from PAGASA. Hardest hit were the cities of Cagayan de
Oro and Iligan where tremendous loss of life occurred. Within Cagayan de Oro,
the barangay of Macasandig was virtually wiped out. Between the two cities, 1,147 people lost their
lives while a further 1,993 sustained injury.[11] Residents impacted by these flood waters were forced
to seek refuge on their roofs amidst 90 km/h (55 mph) winds. The mayor of Iligan regarded the
floods as the worst in the city's history.[15]

Throughout the affected areas, nearly 40,000 homes were damaged of which 11,463 were
destroyed. Nearly 700,000 people were affected by the storm.[11] Total casualties attributed to the
event are uncertain, with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council's final
report in February 2012 stating 1,268 fatalities, 181 people missing, and 6,071 injuries.[10] A later
report by theWorld Meteorological Organization in December of that year indicated 1,292 deaths,
1,049 missing, and 2,002 injured.[11] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies stated a total of 1,472 deaths, 1,074 missing, and 1,748 injured in their final report on
August 21, 2013.[16] Damage directly related to the storm amounted to 2.068 billion (2012 PhP,
$48.4 million USD). Over half of the damage was due to damaged roads and bridges. [10] Total socio-
economic losses amounted to US$97.8 million.[11]

Aftermath[edit]
Mindanao following the aftermath of Tropical Storm Washi

A massive relief operation involving the evacuation of 100,000 people occurred on the morning of
December 17, 2011. Approximately 20,000 soldiers were mobilized to assist in recovery efforts and
evacuations.[15] The Philippine Coast Guard was dispatched to search for missing people after
villages were reported to have been swept out to sea. Sixty people were rescued off the coast of El
Salvador, Misamis Oriental and another 120 in the waters near Opol township.[17] President Benigno
Aquino III visited Cagayan de Oro and Iligan on December 20, 2011, and declared a state of national
calamity in the affected provinces.[18] The President also appealed to its citizens to help the victims in
their way of celebrating Christmas in his Christmas Message.[19]

A leptospirosis outbreak in the immediate aftermath infected more than 400 people and killed 22.
Additional fatalities from suicide took place in evacuation centers, though exact numbers are
unknown.[11]

In the three years following Washi, 2.57 billion (US$58 million) was allocated to build
30,438 shelters, designed to withstand winds of 220 km/h (140 mph), in eight regions. Less than half
of this total had been built by December 2014, though construction in Cagayan De
Oro and Iligan was largely complete.[20]

International aid and assistance[edit]


Overseas humanitarian aid is pouring in for victims of Severe Tropical Storm Sendong (Washi)
in Northern Mindanao, in the Philippines.

Australia

The Australian government provided A$1 million ($1.01 million USD) in financial aid.[21]

Denmark

The Danish government provided 300,000 DKK ($53,000 USD) in emergency funds for relief items
such as food, water, sanitation materials, mattresses and blankets.[22]

European Union

The European Commission allocated 3 million ($3.9 million) to provide emergency relief to tens of
thousands of people affected by the storm.[23]
France

The French Government provided 50,000 ($65,000 USD) in emergency funds.[24]

Indonesia

The Government of Indonesia provided $50,000 in financial aid and offered to send search and
rescue teams and medical teams.[21]

Japan

The Japanese government provided 25 million yen ($320,000 USD) worth of relief goods, such as
water tanks and generators, for victims of the storm.[24]

Malaysia

The Government of Malaysia provided $100,000 in financial assistance for relief and rehabilitation. [24]

People's Republic of China

The Chinese government provided $1.1 million in financial aid.[21]

Singapore

The Government of Singapore provided S$50,000 ($39,000 USD) in funds and S$27,800
($22,000 USD) worth of relief goods.[21]

South Korea

The Government of South Korea provided $500,000 in financial aid.[21]

Switzerland

Six members of the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit were sent to Mindanao to ensure access to clean
drinking water.[25]

United Kingdom

The British Red Cross provided 140,000 ($220,000 USD) in funds to support relief efforts.[26]

United Nations

On December 21, the United Nations Emergency Relief Agency released $3 million in funds to
improve water and sanitation. On December 22, the United Nations Department of Humanitarian
Affairs announced a plan to raise $26.8 million in aid for victims of Severe Tropical Storm
Washi. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon sympathized with the Philippine Government
and stated "the [United Nations] would extend whatever help is needed by those who were affected
by the disaster."[24] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees also pledged to send
42 metric tons of aid to the country.[21] The United Nations Children's Fund also appealed for
$4.2 million to be sent to the Philippines.[27]

United States

The United States provided $100,000 in funds to support relief efforts. The country's
ambassador, Harry K. Thomas Jr., expressed his "heartfelt condolences and sympathies" to those
affected by the storm. Immediate assistance was to be provided by the United States Agency for
International Development's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance. Non-food items such as hygiene
kits, water purification tablets, and containers were to be sent to the Philippines. [28]

Retirement[edit]
Due to its high death toll, PAGASA announced that the name, Sendong, would be stricken off their
tropical cyclone naming lists.[29] In February 2012, the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee announced
that Washi will also be retired on its naming lists and was replaced with the name Hato.[30] In June
2012, PAGASA selected the name Sarah to replace Sendong for the 2015 season. However due to
fewer tropical cyclones entering the area that season, it is now net scheduled to be used in the 2019
season.

vTyphoon Nanmadol (2011)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Nanmadol (disambiguation) and Typhoon Mina
(disambiguation).

Typhoon Nanmadol (Mina)

Typhoon (JMA scale)

Category 5 (SaffirSimpson scale)


Typhoon Nanmadol approaching landfall on August 26,

2011

Formed August 21, 2011

Dissipated August 31, 2011

Highest winds 10-minute sustained:185 km/h (115 mph)

1-minute sustained:260 km/h (160 mph)

Lowest 925 hPa (mbar); 27.32 inHg

pressure

Fatalities 38 confirmed
Damage $603.4 million (2011 USD)

Areas affected Philippines, Taiwan, China

Part of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Nanmadol, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Mina, was the strongest tropical
cyclone in 2011 to hit the Philippines and also the first of the year to directly impact Taiwan and the
rest of the Republic of China (ROC). It was the eleventh named storm, the seventh severe tropical
storm and the fourth typhoon of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season. Nanmadol made a total of three
landfalls killing 26, and causing widespread damage worth US$26,464,591. The name Nanmadol is
derived from Nan Madol, a ruined city that lies off the eastern shore of the island of Pohnpeithat was
the capital of the Saudeleur dynasty until about AD 1500.[1]

The area of low pressure that was about to become Nanmadol formedon August 19. It drifted north
and became a tropical depression on August 21, a tropical storm on August 23 and a typhoon on the
same night. Nanmadol reached peak strength with winds of 105 knots (195 km/h; 121 mph) (10-
minute sustained) and 140 knots (260 km/h; 160 mph) (1-minute sustained) threatening
the Philippines with heavy rain and flash flooding. The Filipinos were warned about high waves,
strong winds and very heavy rains over the weekend with storm signal 4 raised in parts of the
Nation. There, strong winds toppled trees, power and communication lines triggering power outages
in the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. Rivers swelled up on receiving tons on rainwater,
overflowing at least six bridges across the two provinces. The typhoon hardly moved in 24 hours
bringing relentless rains to the archipelago causing the retaining wall of Baguio's dump facility to
collapse. Also, major power lines in the nation were pulled down causing total power failures
in Benguet, Cagayan, Apayao, Kalinga and mountain provinces.

In Taiwan, the Central Weather Bureau issued a sea warnings instructing all ships passing through
the Bashi Channel to stay updated about the typhoon. The president of Taiwan ordered evacuations
of thousands of people from vulnerable areas, saying that a slow moving typhoon could result in
more damages and casualties than normal. Some 35,000 soldiers were ordered to be ready to help
out as many people as possible when the typhoon strikes. The soldiers were in possession of
portable power generators, water pumps and amphibious assault vehicles. TheTaiwan Railway
Administration halted services on the South-Link Line in fear that heavy rain could trigger landslides
and cause rail-accidents. The Directorate-General of Highways closed the Suhua Highway saying
that the area through which the highway was built is more prone to landslides during typhoons. After
landfall, Nanmadol dumped very heavy rainfall over the nation. Some 528 millimetres (20.8 in) of
rain was dumped in Hualien County; 517 millimetres (20.4 in) in Hengchun, Pingtung County; 449
millimetres (17.7 in) in Taitung County; 292 millimetres (11.5 in) in Pinglin, New Taipei; 275
millimetres (10.8 in) in Kaohsiung; and 265 millimetres (10.4 in) in Taiping Mountain, Yilan County.
The Council of Agriculture soon issued a red-alert for six riverside areas advising people that are at a
high risk of mudslides after heavy torrential rains dumped by the typhoon. Even long after Nanmadol
left Taiwan, heavy rain continued to batter the nation. Several parts of the nation saw rains of more
than on meter and 1.5 meters with Pingtung County was the hardest hit of all.
Kinmen was struck by Nanmadol and was covered by the storm-level wind radius for extended
period because of the slow motion of the typhoon. Another Fujianese county, the Matsu Islands, was
also affected by Nanmadol.[2]

In China, Local authorities started calling back several thousands of ships informing them about the
heavy rain the typhoon was pouring. The storm was expected to bring heavy torrential rains and
flash flooding as is makes landfall on the southern part of Fujian province. Bullet trains along the
Wenzhou-Fuzhou and Fuzhou-Xiamen high-speed rail lines were ordered to either operate slowly or
suspend services completely if the surveillance system detects any hazards. Also, the shipping route
linking Xiamen, in east China's Fujian Province, and Jinmen, in Taiwan was closed at 14:00 local
time as the storm entered the strait. Nanmadol made landfall as a weak tropical cyclone bringing
heavy rains, prompting local authorities to issue flood and landslide warnings. Thousands of
fishermen's livelihoods were at risks of being washed away. Evacuations were being carried out with
local residents being taken to higher grounds.

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Preparations

o 2.1Philippines

o 2.2Taiwan

o 2.3China

3Impact

o 3.1Philippines

o 3.2Taiwan

o 3.3China

4Aftermath

o 4.1Taiwan

o 4.2Retirement

5See also

6References

7External links
Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

Late on August 19, an area of low pressure developed north of Palau.[3] Early on August 20, the
system became more organized and developed a low-level circulation center.[4] The system then
turned north and continued to drift north until on August 21, when the Japan Meteorological
Agency (JMA) upgraded the low pressure area to a tropical depression east of Philippines.
[5]
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA)
on the system reporting that the system was becoming more well organized. [6] Later that day,
the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
started monitoring the system as a tropical depression and named it Mina.[7] Late on August 22, the
system became more well organized prompting the JTWC to initiate advisories on the system,
designating it 14W.[8]

On August 23, the JMA upgraded 14W to a tropical storm, naming it Nanmadol.[9] Overnight, the
system continued to intensify and early on August 24, the JMA upgraded Nanmadol to a severe
tropical storm.[10] Later that day, convective banding improved and Nanmadol developed an eye-like
feature.[11] As a result, Nanmadol continued to intensify rapidly and became a typhoon, by midnight,
that day.[12] The JTWC originally anticipated a fujiwhara effect of Nanmadol on Talas, a weaker
tropical cyclone to the east of Nanmadol.[13] However, the two cyclones moved far away from each
other with at least a 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km; 1,200 mi) of distance between them. This
prompted the JTWC to change its forecast on the system, from turning east and interacting with
Talas, to move west and hit the Philippines.[14] On August 26, Nanmadol reached peak strength with
winds of 100 knots (190 km/h; 120 mph) (10-minute sustained) and 140 knots (260 km/h; 160 mph)
(1-minute sustained) reaching category 5 status on the SSHS. The typhoon developed a large eye
with a diameter of 18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi) with highly symmetric deep convective bands
wrapped into it.[15]

Nanmadol continued to drift north west and made landfall over Gonzaga, Cagayan, Philippines with
strong winds of over 95 knots (176 km/h; 109 mph).[16] After interacting with land, the eye of
Nanmadol became cloud filled and the eyewallin the northern semicircle became eroded causing the
system to weaken.[17] However, the typhoon maintained tightly curved convective banding and
central convection for long time after the landfall. The typhoon maintained a favorable upper
level outflow, though located in a mid-level subtropical ridge.[18] As Nanmadol started moving away
from Luzon, the eye became more evident and central convection became re-consolidated with
curved banding.[19] However, the typhoon did not maintain this for long. Nanmadol could not recover
very well from interacting with land and started weakening as the cloud tops were warming up and
the eye was being filled with clouds again.[20] During the early hours of August 28, Nanmadol
struggled to strengthen after passing over the Babuyan Islands. The eye became completely cloud-
filled and the outermost rainbands crossed over Taiwan.[21] This prompted the JMA to downgrade
Nanmadol to a severe tropical storm.[22] Later that day, the central convection started depleting as the
system approached southern Taiwan. At that time, it was located approximately 245 nautical miles
(454 km; 282 mi) south of Taipei in the periphery of a mid-level subtropical ridge. [23] Nanmadol
continued to weaken as it approached Taiwan and the winds rapidly decreased to under 75 knots
(139 km/h; 86 mph) (1-minute sustained), making Nanmadol a minimal typhoon on the SSHS. It
maintained a poorly defined eyewall to its south with convective banding wrapped into the cloud
filled center.[24]

Nanmadol at peak intensity

Late on August 28, Nanmadol made its second landfall over Dawu Township in Taitung
County, Taiwan and started weakening.[25] After a tremendous burst of convection over southern
Taiwan, land interaction severely weakened the system. A strong subtropical ridge towards the north-
east of the storm started pushing Nanmadol towards the northwest at an increasingly fast pace.
[26]
Soon, Nanmadol accelerated towards the northwest and entered the Taiwan Strait, with
fragmented convective bands wrapped into an adequately defined center. Landfall weakened the
system rapidly prompting the JTWC to downgrade Nanmadol to a tropical storm with winds of under
50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph).[27] Eventually, the JMA too downgraded Nanmadol to a tropical storm
with winds of under 45 knots (83 km/h; 52 mph). At that time, it was located to the west
of Tainan, Taiwan with 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph) winds spreading 220 nautical miles (410 km;
250 mi) towards the north-east and 140 nautical miles (260 km; 160 mi) towards the south-west.[28]

On August 30, Nanmadol slowed moving and became almost stationary. The low level circulation
center became exposed and the curved convective banding moved to the south of the system.
[29]
Soon it started experiencing strong wind shear and continued weakening. The shear pushed
convection approximately 70 knots (130 km/h; 81 mph) south of the LLCC. The system also
accelerated towards China at 08 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) and weakened to a minimal tropical
storm.[30] After its third landfall over Fujian, China, Nanmadol weakened rapidly prompting both the
JTWC and the JMA to issue their final warnings on the system. [31][32]

Preparations[edit]
Philippines[edit]
Nanmadol strengthening rapidly off the Philippine coast on August 25

On August 25, the residents of northern Philippines started preparing for Nanmadol, as the
Philippine government advised them about heavy rain and flash flooding after the slow moving
typhoon brushes the coasts.[33] On the next day, as the Nanmadol became dangerously strong, storm
warning signal 3 was raised over the provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, including the Babuyan
Islands.[34] Residents were warned about high waves, strong winds and very heavy rains over the
weekend. Also, people living in low-lying areas were instructed to prepare for flash flooding and
landslides.[35]The Philippine Department of Health issued a white alert to its subordinates all along
Nanmadol's path, ordering them to stock up on medicines and supplies so that the victims need not
purchase them at the time of need.[36]

As Nanmadol continued to intensify rapidly, storm signal was upgraded to 4 in some parts of
Cagayan.[37] Quickly, the Philippine National Police were fully activated as Nanmadol intensified on
nearing the north east Philippine coasts. The PNP were ordered to be in close coordination with
the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Office of Civil Defense.[38] Also, the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration reported that though Nanmadol
was intensifying rapidly, heavy rains were no longer expected. The PAGASA said that
unlike Ketsana in 2009, Nanmadol carried less rainwater and would dump less rain when compared
to Ketsana.[39] On August 27, several flights were cancelled as the typhoon drifted closer to
Philippines unexpectedly. Several sea vessels were also warned about very rough sea conditions
over the weekend.[40]

Taiwan[edit]

On August 26, the Central Weather Bureau issued a sea warning as they were no longer expecting
a Fujiwhara effect, which could possibly pull Nanmadol away from Taiwan. Nanmadol was
anticipated to brush Taiwan's eastern coast.[41] All ships passing through the Bashi Channel were
warned to stay updated about the typhoon. Also, Taiwanese residents were warned about possible
heavy rains and strong winds from Monday, 29 August. [42]

On August 27, The Central Emergency Operation Center of Taiwan announced that they were
completely prepared for any kind of contingencies triggered by the typhoon. Also, the police
in Hualien set up a blockade to prevent people from approaching the seashore where high waves
have been detected.[43] Also, the residents of the Pingtung and Taitung counties were asked to
prepare for torrential downpour and strong winds.[44] The Opposition Democratic Progressive
Party postponed their national congress meeting for the safety of party members and to allow its
workers to focus on typhoon relief work.[45]

On August 28, Ma Ying-jeou, the president of Taiwan ordered evacuations of thousands of people
from vulnerable areas, saying that a slow moving typhoon could result in more damages and
casualties than normal.[46] The Defense Ministry of Taiwan mobilized some 35,000 soldiers to be
ready to help out as many people as possible when the typhoon strikes. The soldiers were in
possession of portable power generators, water pumps and amphibious assault vehicles. [47]

On August 29, offices and schools were shut and a yellow alert, the second lowest in the nation's
four-level rainstorm alert system was issued by the National Marine Environmental Forecasting
Center.[48] Also, the Taiwan Railway Administration halted services on the South-Link Line in fear that
heavy rain could trigger landslides and cause rail-accidents. The Directorate-General of
Highways closed the Suhua Highway saying that the area through which the highway was built is
more prone to landslides during typhoons.[49]

China[edit]

After Nanmadol left the island nation of Taiwan and entered the Taiwan Strait, Local authorities
started calling back several thousands of ships informing them about the heavy rain the typhoon was
pouring.[50] The Maritime affairs bureaus ofFuzhou, Putian, Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou cities
activated the red warning, the highest level on the Chinese scale, ordering all ships to return to the
harbor as soon as possible.[51] The storm was expected to bring heavy torrential rains and flash
flooding as is makes landfall on the southern part of Fujian province.[52] For safety insurance, bullet
trains along the Wenzhou-Fuzhou and Fuzhou-Xiamen high-speed rail lines were ordered to either
operate slowly or suspend services completely if the surveillance system detects any hazards. Also,
the shipping route linking Xiamen, in east China's Fujian Province, and Jinmen, in Taiwan was
closed at 14:00 local time as the storm entered the strait.[53]The seawalls originally built to resist
Nanmadol's strong storm surge were discovered with several cracks, each measuring two meters in
length along Jinjiang's coast in the village of Weitou.[54]

Impact[edit]
Impact by country or region

Casualties Damage (USD)


Country
Deaths Injuries Missing

Philippines 35 37 8 34,521,216

Taiwan 1 0 0 ~500,000,000

China 2 20 6 68,893,194

Total 38 57 14 603,414,410

Philippines[edit]
On August 23, the system's rainbands caused heavy rains in the Philippines's Zamboanga del
Sur province triggering a landslide. No one was reported to be dead or injured however.[55] On August
26, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reported that one
fisherman went missing after local residents reported that they found his banca empty.[56] On that day,
the typhoon spawned a tornado in the Biliran Province blowing out three school buildings. No
children were reported to be dead or injured although.[57]

Typhoon Nanmadol making landfall over northern Luzon, Philippines

On August 27, Nanmadol lashed into the northern tip of the nation bringing heavy rains,
causing landslides. Nanmadol, the strongest typhoon to affect the Philippines in 2011, killed two
children in a landslide and left two fishermen missing.[58] Later, the NDRRMC started forced
evacuations in some areas of the Cagayan province after storm warning signal 4 has been raised.
[59]
The typhoon's eye passed over the city of Santa Ana with the 24-hour rainfall accumulation over
400 millimetres (16 in). The typhoon also enhanced the Southwest Monsoonal Flow across the
Philippines bringing heavy rains and squalls.[60] Another big issue was that the typhoon slowed down
after landfall and did not move much in six hours, leaving the northern half of the nation in danger for
a longer period of time.[61]Some thirteen families were evacuated from the Isabela province which
was earlier hit by the typhoon as the governed ordered dam officials to release water if conditions
worsen at the Magat Dam.[62]Nanmadol's strong winds toppled trees, power and communication lines
triggering power outages in the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. Also, the system spawned
another tornado which blew out some 18 houses in the Ilocos Norte province.[63] Rivers swelled up on
receiving tons on rainwater, overflowing at least six bridges across the two provinces. Another
landslide in the Cordillera region blocked zig-zag shaped roads lying between mountains.[64] Late on
the day, the NDRRMC reported that by then, Nanmadol killed 6, injured 7 and left 6 more missing.
They also added that several towns in Ilocos Norte were completely submerged by floodwater.
Several roads in the provinces of Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan.[65] The typhoon hardly moved
in 24 hours bringing relentless rains to the archipelago causing the retaining wall of Baguio's dump
facility to collapse. Also, major power lines in the nation were pulled down causing total power
failures in Benguet, Cagayan,Apayao, Kalinga and Mountain Provinces.[66]

On August 28, the NDRRMC reported that the typhoon displaced a total of 108,788 people, killing 7,
injuring 10 and leaving 6 more missing. A Total of 93 houses were damaged including 16 totally
destroyed. A total of 9 bridges and 28 roads remained impassable as floodwater rushed on top of
them. Power was restored to many provinces including Isabela communication lines were functional.
The only province left without power was Aurora.[67] On August 29, the NDRRMC further upgraded
the death toll to 12, the number of injured to 21 and the number of missing to 9. They added that two
people from Baguio City and Benguetwere killed in landslides attributed to Nanmadol. In their report,
they also mentioned that the total damage to infrastructure and agriculture caused by Nanmadol was
at US$22,475,672.[68] Later the same day, the NDRRMC reported that power was fine restored in
Isabela province. Also, the continued to rise the death toll, putting it at 16, and the number of missing
at 8. The total damage to agriculture and infrastructure was also upgraded to US$23,748,522. [69]

On August 30, continuing the sequential reports after the typhoon, the NDRRMC pushed up the
death toll to 22; the number of injured to 23 and the number of missing to 12. Also, they reported that
the total number of houses damaged was 1,316 with 32 totally destroyed. The total damage to
agriculture and infrastructure was also increased to US$26,119,801. [70] Later the same day, the
NDRRMC further upgraded the death toll to 25; the number of injured to 32 and downgraded the
number of missing to 7 reporting that 5 Pangasinan fishermen were rescued. Also, they included that
in the wake of Nanmadol, a total of 47 incidents including 14 flashfloods, 12 landslides, 8 tornadoes,
6 sea mishaps, 1 vehicular accident, 4 collapsed structures, 1 lightning strike and 1 soil erosion were
monitored.[71] Continuing the daily situational reports, the NDRRMC on September 1, upgraded the
death toll to 29, the number of injured to 37 and downgraded the number of missing to 5. They also
increased the total damage from Nanmadol to agriculture and infrastructure to US$33,158,317. [72]

On September 2, the Benguet province and Baguio City were declared under State of Calamity by
the NDRRMC. Also, the City Health Office Dagupan conducted a survey in their area of responsibility
to check if there was any increase in flood-borne diseases. The NDRRMC confirmed more deaths,
increasing the toll to 33, and the number of missing to 8 and the total cost of damage to agriculture
and infrastructure to US$33,711,271.[73] After thorough reanalysis, the death toll was last raised to 35
and the damage was put at US$34,521,216.[74]

Taiwan[edit]

Nanmadol after making its second landfall over Taiwan

As Nanmadol made landfall over Taiwan, it dumped very heavy rainfall over the nation. Some 528
millimetres (20.8 in) of rain was dumped in Hualien County; 517 millimetres (20.4 in)
in Hengchun,Pingtung County; 449 millimetres (17.7 in) in Taitung County; 292 millimetres (11.5 in)
in Pinglin, New Taipei; 275 millimetres (10.8 in) in Kaohsiung; and 265 millimetres (10.4 in) in Taiping
Mountain,Yilan County.[75] The heavy torrential rains soon triggered knee-high flooding across several
locations in the nation. Several thousands of people were evacuated as a precaution, when
Nanmadol, the first typhoon to directly impact Taiwan since Typhoon Fanapi in 2010 made landfall.
[76]
The Council of Agriculture soon issued a red-alert for six riverside areas advising people that are
at a high risk of mudslides after heavy torrential rains dumped by the typhoon. [77] The early damage
estimates to agriculture was reported to be at US$344,790 with bananas hit the hardest sustaining
losses of more than NT$3 million.[78] The storm started claiming lives later that day, when debris
attributed to the storm hit a motorcyclist killing him almost instantly.[79] Some 30,000 households in
southern and eastern Taiwan did not have electricity, 8,000 people were evacuated and several
roads and bridges were closed due to the heavy rain.[80]

Even long after Nanmadol left Taiwan, heavy rain continued to batter the nation. Several parts of the
nation saw rains of more than on meter and 1.5 meters with Pingtung County was the hardest hit of
all. The total economic losses to the nation were put at NT$75.5 million (US$2.6 million).
[81]
The Hengchun Township was completely inundated by the floodwaters after heavy torrential rain
from Nanmadol. The rain was so heavy that a local said, "I never saw so much water in all my 60
years".[82] On August 30, Eqecat reported that the total insured economic losses caused by Nanmadol
in Taiwan could exceed US$500 million.[83]

China[edit]

Nanmadol made landfall in China as a weak tropical cyclone bringing heavy rains, prompting local
authorities to issue flood and landslide warnings.[84] Also, a female news reporter in China literally
escaped death after an unusually large version of the Qiantang River tidal bore (known locally as the
"Silver Dragon") amplified by Nanmadol's storm surge rose behind her during a live report.
[85]
Thousands of fishermen's livelihoods were at risks of being washed away. Evacuations were
being carried out with local residents being taken to higher grounds. [86] On August 31, authorities in
China reported that the total economic losses caused by Nanmadol in China were more than 44
million yuan (6.9 million U.S. dollars) as the storm destroyed 110 houses having more than 138,000
people evacuated.[87] In Putian City, Nanmadol claimed two lives, leaving four missing after very
heavy torrential rains attributed to the storm. Bullet trains were slowed or stopped after the heavy
damaged caused by Nanmadol's remnants to Fujian Province.[88] Also, the astronomical high
tide coincided with Nanmadol's storm surge bringing unusually high tides which resulted in the
increase of the likelihood of coastal flooding.[89]

On September 1, Chinese state owned news agency Xinhua reported that The storm has caused
direct economic loss of 130 million yuan or US$20,354,807 with two deaths, twenty injuries and six
missing in the Fujian Province. In Zhejiang Province, the torrential rains disrupted the lives of 65,600
people, with 160 houses were toppled and 4,600 hectares of crops destroyed, causing a direct
economic loss of 310 million yuan or US$48,538,387. [90]

Aftermath[edit]
Taiwan[edit]

On August 31, President Ma Ying-jeou visited Pingtung County, the worst hit county to check up on
evacuated victims. Unlike Morakot in 2009, Nanmadol was very well forecasted and thousands of
lives were saved.[91]
Retirement[edit]

Due to extremely high amount of damage that the storm has caused in the Philippines, the PAGASA
announced that the name Mina would be stricken off their tropical cyclone Naming lists. On June
2012, PAGASA chose the name Marilynto replace Mina for the 2015 Pacific typhoon season.

Tropical Storm Nock-ten (2011)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Severe Tropical Storm Nock-ten (Juaning)

Severe tropical storm (JMA scale)

Category 1 (SaffirSimpson scale)

Nock-ten near peak intensity and landfall on July 27

Formed July 24, 2011

Dissipated July 31, 2011


Highest winds 10-minute sustained:95 km/h (60 mph)

1-minute sustained:120 km/h (75 mph)

Lowest 985 hPa (mbar); 29.09 inHg

pressure

Fatalities 128 dead; 10 missing

Damage $126.3 million (2011 USD)

Areas affected Philippines, South Central

China, Vietnam, Laos,Thailand

Part of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season

Severe Tropical Storm Nock-ten, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Juaning, was a
powerful tropical storm which made a total of four landfalls in Southeast Asia, killing more than 100
people and causing damage estimated at US$126 million. It was the eighth named storm and the
fourth severe tropical storm of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season.

The depression formed on July 24. Though it was one of the deadliest tropical storms of 2011, its
anticipated landfall was well-publicized and appropriate preparations were made. [1] (cf.:Conson) Its
peak intensity was measured at 65 knots (120 km/h; 75 mph) on the SSHS east of the Philippines.
At initial landfall, the storm killed 75, leaving 9 missing, and causing damage around US$65.73
million. The storm exited land and started strengthening again as it moved into the South China Sea.
The system turned towards China's Island province of Hainan where a yellow alert was issued and
heavy to very heavy rainfall was predicted. Fourteen flights from Hainan's provincial capital Haikou
were cancelled and rail ferry service to China was suspended. Some 27,700 people were evacuated
from Hainan's low-lying area. Nock-ten claimed 2 lives and caused widespread damage worth
US$58 million in Hainan. The system again exited land and strengthened as it curved
towards Vietnam. On approaching land, the system and its remnants affected Laos and Thailand.
The storm poured extremely heavy rainfall flooding the Yom River and the Nan River. 650,000
people were evacuated from low-lying areas as some 6,200 acres of rice and other crop fields were
reported completely submerged. Damages were expected to be US$ $2.33 million and the death toll
was put at 42.

An anglicization of the Lao language nok ten, ,[2], means a 'kingfisher'.[2]

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Preparations and impact

o 2.1Philippines

o 2.2China

o 2.3Vietnam, Laos and Thailand

3Aftermath

o 3.1Retirement

4See also

5References

6External links

Meteorological history[edit]

This section
requires expansionwith: Storm
History. (August 2011)
Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

Early on July 22, an area of low pressure formed to the east of the Philippines. [3] The system
gradually drifted west over the next few days and late on July 24, the Joint Typhoon Warning
Center started monitoring the system as a Tropical Depression.[4] Early the next day, the Japan
Meteorological Agency(JMA) upgraded the area of low pressure into a Tropical Depression.[5] A few
hours later, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) started monitoring the system as a Tropical Depression and named it
'Juaning'.[6] The system continued to drift westwards and strengthened rapidly. On midnight that day,
the JMA further upgraded the system into a Tropical Storm, naming it Nock-Ten.[7]

Early on July 27, JMA reported that Nock-ten continued to strengthen and upgraded it to a Severe
Tropical Storm.[8] A few hours later, the JTWC reported that Nock-ten rapidly intensified to a category
1 typhoon and made landfall over northern Aurora (province) while developing an eye and started
weakening.[9] Later the same day, JMA reported that Nock-ten had exited Luzon island
at Candonmaintaining severe tropical storm strength.[10] Overnight, the storm weakened and JMA
downgraded it to a minor tropical storm the next day.[11] On July 29, the storm gradually regained
strength and approached the south China coast at Qionghai.[12] Later that day, the storm
strengthened over land and headed north towards Hainan's provincial capital region Haikou.[13] The
storm weakened rapidly and at midnight that day, the JMA, issuing their final warning, downgraded it
to a tropical low.[14]

Preparations and impact[edit]

Region Fatalities Missing Damage (US)

Philippines 75 9 $65.73 million

China 2 0 $58 million

Vietnam
20 0 $199,600
and Laos

Thailand 31 1 $2.33 million


Total 128 10 126.3 million

Philippines[edit]

Highest PSWS raised by PAGASA as Juaning traversed Luzon

Nock-ten over the Philippines

The provinces of Albay, Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur were reported to be completely
flooded by rain.[15] Minor damage to rice crops was reported. Heavier rains were expected throughout
the day as the system moved into the South China Sea and reintensified. [16] The number of missing
was raised to 31 after 25 crewmembers of a fishing boat were reported missing when their boat was
caught in the storm off Masbate.[17] All classes in Luzon on July 26 and 27 were suspended. [18] In
Northern Luzon, Nock-ten's heavy rainfall caused widespread flooding. The national roads were
impassable and landslides were reported.[19] About 26 domestic flights were cancelled from July 26 to
27.[20] The death toll was upgraded to 27 and more than 60 people were listed as missing.
TheNational Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council began rescuing stranded people and
searching for lost fishermen.[21] On July 28, the death toll was put at 35 as two government mines
bureau staffers and two police officers with them were recovered from flood waters and landslides in
Luzon.[22] By that time, the storm displaced a total of 728,554 people from several Philippine
provinces in Luzon within the Ilocos Region, Central Luzon and Bicol Region.[23] Later that day, the
government accused the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) of issuing inaccurate forecasts.[24]

On July 29, the Philippine death toll was raised to 41. [25] The National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC) announced the total damage caused by the storm to Philippines
was US$26,896,788.[26] Among the dead was the mother of Joey Salceda, the governor
of Albay province. She died on Wednesday of head trauma after slipping on the stairs during a
power outage caused by the tropical storm.[27] On July 30, the death toll was again increased to 50.
The NDRRMC also upgraded the total damage to infrastructure and agriculture to US$34,809,609.
[28]
Most of the dead were drowned, hit by fallen tree or electric posts, or were buried in landslides.
The majority of those affected were from the worst hit Bicol region. [29] Many communities in the Bicol
region were in need of potable water, electricity and work crews to clear debris and mangled up
roads.[30] On August 2, NDRRMC again increased the Philippine death toll to 66 and the total damage
to infrastructure and agriculture to US$41,811,413.[31] Two days later, a survey by NDCC showed that
school buildings were the worst hit. Damage was reported to be a staggering US$13,794,381, and
the total damage to Agriculture, Infrastructure and Schools was put at US$65,730,769.69. The
number of dead was also upgraded to 69 and the number of missing was downgraded to 14. [32] On
August 5, the Philippine death toll was changed to 75 and the number of missing was downgraded to
9. According to NDRRMC, the Philippine government had spent a total of US$650,653 in assisting
the victims of the storm.[33]

China[edit]

Nock-ten several hours after making its landfall over Hainan

On July 25, Hong Kong issued Signal No. 1 for Hong Kong. On July 28, the residents of
western Guangdong started preparing for the storm when China's flood control authority launched an
emergency response.[34] The storm was originally expected to brush the South China coast by July
29. However, it gradually slowed down.[35] As the system neared the Chinese coast, China's
meteorological authority issued a yellow alert and was predicting heavy to very heavy rainfall in parts
of the Sichuan Basin. The provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were alerted.[36] On July 29,
some 36,000 sea vessels carrying more than 120,000 crew were warned. [37] With that, some 26,000
fishing boats China's Hainan Province returned to port.[38]

As the storm approached later that day, 14 flights from Hainan's provincial capital Haikou were
cancelled. The rail ferry service to Mainland China was suspended.[39] The storm was originally
expected to turn west after landfall. However, it headed north and hit Hainan's provincial
capital Haikou.[13] As a result, some 27,700 people were evacuated from Hainan's low-lying area and
some 2,602 fishing ships returned to port. Heavy rain and strong winds halted all shipping services
across the Qiongzhou Strait.[40] Later the next day, China's flood control authorities evacuated
189,033 residents to safe areas.[41] On July 31, China's provincial flood control office reported that, in
total, Nock-ten claimed 2 lives and caused widespread damage worth US$58 million
in Hainan province.[42]

Vietnam, Laos and Thailand[edit]

As the storm neared land, a Vietnamese boat carrying 12 fishermen capsized and drifted
towards Palawan, near the Philippines. A few hours later, the fishermen were rescued. [43] The Thai
Meteorological Department issued warnings for Phuket and much of Thailand. Strong winds and
heavy rain were predicted to affect the Andaman Sea.[44] As a result, the people of Thailands
northern provinces started preparing for floods and strong winds. The Yom River and the Nan
River were reported to be almost overflowing, damaging rice paddy fields and farmland. [45] About
650,000 people were evacuated from low-lying areas in the Tonkin Gulf region.[46] On July 30, just
before final landfall, the storm started claiming Vietnamese, with one man killed by the waves. As a
result, meteorological officials repeated their warning that small boats should not put to sea. [47]Later
that day, some 6 flights of Vietnam Airlines were cancelled and many more were delayed because of
the storm.[48] Over the next day, after the storm's final landfall, some 6,200 acres of rice and other
crop fields were reported to be completely submerged.[49] The storm's consequences were described
as "not considerable" as the storm did not cause much damage. [50]

On July 31, the Vietnamese death toll was upgraded to three, as another man was killed by electric
shock when lightning stroke the electric pole and a 13-year-old child drowned. [51][52] The storm
damaged at least four fishing vessels, sinking one from Quang Ngai Province nearthe Spratly
Islands.[53] The north and northeastern provinces of Thailand were reported to be completely flooded
and some townships were said to be under a staggering 80 centimetres (31 in) of water.[54] Two
people were reported missing in the flood waters.[55] Flooding occurred in many northern and central
provinces. Heavy rainfall inundated low-lying areas of Khammuan and Borikhamxay. 25 villages and
15 schools remained underwater two days later.[56] Thailand tourism was luckily not much affected by
the system though most of the places in the North were completely flooded, filling several hotels with
water.[57] On August 5, the Thai death toll was put at 7, sending the total death toll of Nock-ten to 81.
At least 4 people were reported missing in the storm.[58] Soon afterwards, the death toll was re-
upgraded to 13 while the number of missing was downgraded to 1 as more bodies were found.
Damages were estimated at US$ $2.33 million.[59] The Thai death toll reached 20. Some 20
provinces were submerged by the system.[60]

Aftermath[edit]

On August 11, 10 days after the storm dissipated, several regions in Thailand were still underwater.
The storm was reported to have affected a total of at least 1,371,137 people and killed 22 throughout
the country. Floodwaters were still affecting 411,585 people in the provinces
of Phrae, Sukhothai, Uttaradit, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Tak, Nakhon Sawan, Ayutthaya and Mukdahan.
[61]
Several days later, the death toll continued to rise as the floods continued to affect several Thai
provinces.[62]

In Vietnam, the storm damaged nearly 2,450,385 acres of farmland and affected some 1.1 million
people, killing 20. A 1111 hotline was opened to receive complaints about floods and collect food
donations.[63] The total damage to the Laoswas estimated to be at 16 billion Kip or US$199,563.[64]

Retirement[edit]

Tropical Storm Aere (2011)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Aere and Typhoon Bebeng (disambiguation).

Tropical Storm Aere (Bebeng)

Tropical storm (JMA scale)

Tropical storm (JTWC scale)


Satellite image of Tropical Storm Aere intensifying east of

the Philippines on 7 May 2011.

Formed May 5, 2011

Dissipated May 15, 2011

(Extratropical after May 12, 2011)

Highest winds 10-minute sustained:75 km/h (45

mph)

1-minute sustained:95 km/h (60 mph)

Lowest pressure 992 hPa (mbar); 29.29 inHg


Fatalities 44 direct, 4 indirect

Damage $34.4 million (2011 USD)

Areas affected Philippines, Japan

Part of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season

Tropical Storm Aere, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Bebeng, was a mild tropical
storm that affected eastern Philippines and southern Japan. It was the first named storm of the 2011
Pacific typhoon season. Aere is the Marshallese word for storm.[1]

In the Philippines, Aere brought very heavy rainfall triggering landslides and floods knocking out
power in several areas across Luzon. More than 50 flights were canceled or diverted because of the
bad weather conditions and President Benigno Aquino III delayed his flight home from a summit in
Indonesia by a day. The coastguards have stopped smaller boats from leaving ports in Catanduanes
and surrounding areas, leaving 1,379 people stranded. More than 7,200 hectares (17,800 acres - 27
square miles) of rice, corn and high-value crops costing more than 118 million pesos ($2.7 million)
were destroyed or damaged. At least 35 people have been killed and two more are missing as a
result of Aere. Agricultural losses are estimated at PHP1.37 billion (US$31.7 million).

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Preparations

o 2.1Philippines

o 2.2Taiwan

3Impact and aftermath

o 3.1Philippines

o 3.2Retirement

4See also
5References

6External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

On 3 May, the JTWC started to monitor a tropical disturbance that had developed within a monsoon
trough about 140 km (85 mi) to the west of Palau.[2] At this time the disturbances low level circulation
centre was weak and unorganized, while a minimal amount of deep convection was observed
around the system.[2] Over the next couple of days the depression gradually developed further before
it was declared a tropical depression by the JMA and the JTWC during 6 May.[3] In the same evening,
PAGASA upgraded the low pressure into a tropical depression and assigned its local name 'Bebeng'.
In the afternoon of 7 May, JMA upgraded the tropical depression to a tropical storm, and assigned
the name 'Aere'. During the early morning of May 12, the JMAdowngraded Aere to a tropical
depression while south of Kyushu Island.

Preparations[edit]
Philippines[edit]

Almost immediately after the PAGASA started monitoring the system, the NDRRMC raised storm
warning signal 1 over the areas of Luzon and Visayas. The Philippine National Police were directed
to continuously report the events to the NDRRMC as it happened. The Department of Health also
alerted all the hospitals in the storm prone regions and asked them to sat in continuous coordination
with PAGASA.[4] Soon, the PDRRMC initiated evacuations across the Albay province with a
population of 63,964 residing in 152 Barangays already evacuated as a pre-emptive measure. Also,
the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) deployed several assault vehicles and military personnel
to closely monitor the situation across the nation and to haul rice for relief operations. [5]

Taiwan[edit]

Officials in Taiwan issued a sea warning and informed residents on the eastern and southern parts of
the island-nation about the torrential rain that Aere may bring. [6] The Central Weather Bureau in
Taiwan warned all ships in the Bashi Channel off the southern coast to brace for the storm reporting
that the heavy rain may hit eastern and southern Taiwan triggering landslides and flooding. [7]
Impact and aftermath[edit]
Philippines[edit]

Rain of Tropical Storm Aere in the Bicol Region

Early on 8 May, Aere made landfall over Northern Catanduanes bringing very heavy rainfall across
the nation. Around 210 passengers in the port of Lucena bound for Marinduque and 125 passengers
in the port of Romblon bound for San Fernando, Romblon were stranded after their ships were
cancelled due to heavy rains and rough sea conditions caused by the storm. [8] More than 100,000
villagers fled from towns threatened by landslides. Aere triggered landslides and floods knocking out
power in several areas across Luzon.[9] Thousands were helped to flee from their farms around
Mayon volcano in Albay province, which was threatened by landslides and heavy rains that have
resulted in extensive flooding after the storm. A resident in Sorsogon province who was one of the
victims expressed views on the storm, saying "The floods were so deep, they went past the head".
[10]
More than 50 flights were canceled or diverted because of the bad weather conditions caused by
Aere. President Benigno Aquino III delayed his flight home from a summit in Indonesia by a day due
to the bad weather.[11] The Disaster officials advised several villagers in the archipelago's agricultural
regions situated in the north to stay prepared for landslides and flash floods after heavy rains poured
by the storm.[12] The coastguards have stopped smaller boats from leaving ports inCatanduanes and
surrounding areas, leaving 1,379 people stranded after the NDRRMC's announcement that the
security at coasts must be tightened.[13] More than 7,200 hectares (17,800 acres - 27 square miles) of
rice, corn and high-value crops costing more than 118 million pesos ($2.7 million) were destroyed or
damaged.[14] According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, at least 35
people have been killed and two more are missing as a result of Aere. Agricultural losses are
estimated at PHP1.37 billion (US$31.7 million).[15] Widespread flooding and landslides damaged
homes, blocked off roads and severed communications. In Catarman, Northern Samar, 377.4 mm
(14.86 in) of rain fell in just 24 hours, resulted in significant flash flooding.[16]

Retirement[edit]

Following the storm's severe damages and impacts in the Philippines, on June 2012, the PAGASA
announced that the name Bebeng would be retired and will be replaced by Betty, which was first
used in the 2015 season.

Typhoon Megi (2010)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the 2010 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Megi
(disambiguation).

Super Typhoon Megi (Juan)

Typhoon (JMA scale)

Category 5 (SaffirSimpson scale)

Typhoon Megi nearing landfall over the Philippines on

October 18, 2010

Formed October 12, 2010

Dissipated October 24, 2010

Highest 10-minute sustained:230 km/h (145 mph)

winds 1-minute sustained:295 km/h (185 mph)


Lowest 885 hPa (mbar); 26.13 inHg

pressure

Fatalities 69 dead, 4 missing

Damage $709 million (2010 USD)

Areas Philippines, Taiwan, Hong

affected Kong, Macau, China

Part of the 2010 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Megi, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Juan, was one of the most intense
tropical cyclones on record. Megi, which means catfish in Korean (Hangul: ), was the onlysuper
typhoon in 2010. Early on October 18, Megi made its first landfall over Luzon.[1] By passing Luzon,
Megi weakened but gradually regained strength in the South China Sea, before weakening and
losing its eyewall in the Taiwan Strait. Megi made its second landfall over Zhangpu in Fujian, China
on October 23.[2]

Megi killed 31 people and caused $255.1 million (2010 USD) in damage over Luzon, making it one
of the costliest typhoons in the Philippines.[3] After moving to the South China Sea, the outflow of
Megi and a weather front together brought torrential rainfall, caused $42.2 million (2010 USD) in
damage and killed 38 people in Yilan, Taiwan, making Megi the deadliest typhoon of 2010 in Taiwan.
[4]
Megi also caused $411.7 million (2010 USD) in damage over Fujian, China, although there was no
death by the storm in the province.[5]

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Preparations

o 2.1Philippines

o 2.2Highest Public Storm Warning Signal


o 2.3Mainland China

o 2.4Hong Kong

o 2.5Macau

3Impact and aftermath

o 3.1Philippines

o 3.2Taiwan

o 3.3Mainland China

4Records

5See also

6References

7External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

Late on October 10, a tropical disturbance formed east-southeast of Guam.[6] There were favorable
environmental conditions, such as low vertical wind shear, good upper-level divergence and
poleward outflow.[7] The system began to significantly develop on October 12, prompting the Joint
Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 09:00 UTC.[8] Several
hours later, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began monitoring the system as a tropical
depression.[9] Early on October 13, JTWC also classified the system as a tropical depression and
designated it 15W.[10]

Hours later, well-defined convective banding features developed around the system and
thunderstorm activity over the center of circulation increased. Sea surface temperature above 28 C
(82 F) and high oceanic heat content allowed for further strengthening. Situated to the southwest of
a subtropical ridge, the system slowly tracked west-northwest towards the Philippines.[11] Around
12:00 UTC, the system further intensified into a tropical storm, earning the name Megi from JMA.[12]
Satellite animation of Megis lifespan

Late on October 13, Tropical Storm Megi became quasi-stationary, but a mid-latitude trough moving
from the west caused the storm to resume a northwestward track around the periphery of the
subtropical ridge.[13] Throughout the morning of October 14, a central dense overcast developed over
the center of Megi, allowing for intensification.[14] Later that day, a microwave scanned the
developing eye of Megi, resulting in JMA upgrading the system to a severe tropical storm and JTWC
upgrading it to a typhoon.[15] On October 15, JMA upgraded Megi to a typhoon, and the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) began to mention
the typhoon and named it Juan as it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, with improved
outflow over the western semi-circle and a well-defined low-level circulation center with tightly-
curved banding.[16][17] On October 16, Megi began rapid deepening with a well-defined eye due to
enhanced poleward outflow by a transitory mid-latitude trough.[18]

Early on October 17, Megi started to moved westward and then west-southwestward because of
the subtropical ridge. By the warm waters, impressive convection and a circular 20 nautical miles
(37 km; 23 mi) diameter eye, JTWC upgraded Megi to a super typhoon with category 5 strength on
the SaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale, becoming the only super typhoon in 2010 and the first
since Nida in 2009.[19] A hurricane hunter aircraft indicated 1-minute maximum sustained surface
winds at 165 knots (306 km/h; 190 mph) and a mean sea level pressure of 890 hPa (26.28 inHg) at
13:05 UTC.[20] However, in postanalysis, the JTWC lowered the maximum intensity slightly, to 160
knots (296 km/h; 184 mph). Late on October 17, Megi developed a well-defined 25 nautical miles
(46 km; 29 mi) diameter eye with a concentric eyewall and excellent radial outflow.[21] According to
RSMC Best Track Data, Megi attained the highest 10-minute maximum sustained winds at 125 knots
(230 km/h, 145 mph) since Bess in 1982 and the lowest atmospheric pressure at 885 hPa
(26.13 inHg) since Vanessa in 1984 in the Northwest Pacific Ocean at 18:00 UTC and 00:00 UTC on
the next day.
Typhoon Megi over the South China Sea on October 21

Maintaining peak intensity, Typhoon Megi made landfall over Isabela, Philippines at
03:25 UTC (11:25 PST) on October 18.[1][22] When passing the Sierra Madre, the eye filled due to land
interaction, but tightly curved banding and excellent radial outflow remained. [23] The weakened
typhoon arrived at the South China Sea late on October 18, and it began to reorganize.[24] On
October 19, Megi formed an enlarged but ragged eye.[25] Late on the same day, Megi turned
northwestward and moved slowly due to the significantly weakening western subtropical ridge in
response to a deepening mid-latitude shortwave trough moving into Southeast China.[26]

Typhoon Megi turned northward then north-northeastward towards a break in the subtropical
ridge caused by an approaching mid-latitude trough on October 20.[27] By low vertical wind shear and
good radial outflow especially on the poleward channel, the typhoon started to gradually intensify.
[28]
On October 21, JMA reported that Megi attained its secondary peak intensity by the 10-minute
maximum sustained winds reaching 95 knots (175 km/h, 110 mph) and the atmospheric pressure
decreasing to 935 hPa (27.61 inHg), when the typhoon had a 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi)
diameter round eye.[29]

On October 22, the eye of Typhoon Megi became cloud-filled and convection has begun erode due
to increasing vertical wind shear.[30] Late on the same day, JMA downgraded Megi to a severe tropical
storm in the Taiwan Strait because of subsidence induced by a developing upper-level trough west
of the storm.[31] On October 23, Megi made landfall over Zhangpu in Fujian, China at 04:55 UTC.[2]
[32]
Soon, Megi weakened to a tropical storm in mainland China, as the majority of convection
associated with the system has dissipated, prompting JTWC issuing a final warning. [33] Megi further
weakened to a tropical depression late on October 23. On October 24, the tropical depression
dissipated completely around 12:00 UTC, yet JTWC Best Track Data analyses that Megi became
extratropical at 00:00 UTC.

Preparations[edit]
Philippines[edit]
Typhoon Megi approaching the Philippines on October 17

The typhoon entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility early on October 16, prompting new and
modified warnings for the Luzon coast.[34] There was the expectation that the typhoon would become
a super-typhoon and produce as much rain as Typhoon Ketsana in 2009,[35][36] with the possibility
of Magat Dam being filled.[37] As Typhoon Megi neared Luzon, the Philippine National Red
Cross established centers for evacuees fleeing the typhoon.[38]

Highest public storm signals raised by PAGASA


In response to orders from President Benigno Aquino III, PAGASA posted hourly tropical cyclone
updates.[39] Inhabitants of the Isabela and Cagayan provinces were advised to bring in their harvests
before Megi arrived, while fishermen in the Ilocos region were advised to seek shelter.[40] Late on
October 16, PAGASA issued Storm Signal 1 for Cagayan, Isabela, Babuyan and Calayan islands in
the northern Philippines,[41] while President Aquino called for cooperation from all concerned
government and private sector groups to prevent fatalities.[42]

On October 17, evacuations began with hundreds of people fleeing from Luzon [43][44] as Megi
intensified into a super typhoon and Storm signal number 3 raised. [45] Over 18 provinces had been
placed under alert for the typhoon as it approached the Philippines. [46] Later on that day, all state
schools and colleges were suspended.[47] PAGASA declared public storm warning number 4
announcing that over 7 million people were liable to be affected.[48][49] The storm warning was later
raised to the highest level over Cagayan and Isabela[50] as tropical storm force winds began blowing
throughout Cagayan province.[51]

By October 18, all state schools and colleges in Cagayan, the Ilocos and the Cordilleras were closed
for the day in preparation.[52] Isabela province was placed under a state of calamity when the typhoon
made landfall and moved further inland.[53]

Highest Public Storm Warning Signal[edit]

PSW VISAY MINDAN


LUZON
S# AS AO

PSWS
Cagayan, Isabela, Ifugao, Mt. Province, Kalinga NONE NONE
#4

Babuyan Is., Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Apayao, Abra, La


PSWS
Union, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Northern Aurora, NONE NONE
#3
Pangasinan

PSWS Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Polilio Island, Batanes,


NONE NONE
#2 Southern Aurora

PSWS Metro Manila, Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite,


NONE NONE
#1 Laguna, Batangas, Southern Quezon

Mainland China[edit]
Typhoon Megi approaching China on October 22

China began preparing for Super Typhoon Megi on October 17 by issuing an orange alert to local
authorities and advising all vessels to return to port. [54] Evacuation of coastal residents began on
October 18[55] as authorities issued disaster warnings and urgent advice to local officials in Hainan,
Guangxi, Guangdong and Fujian provinces to prepare for relief operations.[56] The government
ordered all fishing vessels to return to port by midnight on October 19 as Typhoon Megi entered
the South China Sea.[57] The following day, China railways suspended all trains in and out of Hainan
in preparation for Typhoon Megi.[58] Equipment used in relief operations from heavy rains the previous
month were kept in preparation for Typhoon Megi.[59] As the typhoon approached, over 150,000
residents from coastal areas of Fujian province were evacuated and tens of thousands of fishing
vessels were ordered to seek shelter in port. Warnings were also issued to prepare for storm surges
when the typhoon arrives.[60] Rail services to and from Hainan Island were resumed while tonnes of
food and other supplies were brought in for disaster relief.[61]

Hong Kong[edit]

In response to Megi's approach, the Hong Kong Observatory issued Standby Signal No. 1 at 16:35
HKT (08:35 UTC) on October 20 .[62] The Government had already informed the Travel Industry
council and the Hong Kong International Airport to make plans in case of passengers being stranded
at the airport.[citation needed] The Observatory subsequently issued Strong Wind Signal No. 3 at 05:40 HKT
(21:40 UTC) on October 21 (October 20 UTC).[63] As of 8:40 pm on October 22 all Signals were
cancelled by the Hong Kong Observatory.

Macau[edit]

The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau (SMG) hoisted the Standby Signal No. 1 at
19:00 HKT(11:00 UTC) on October 19, 2010.

Impact and aftermath[edit]


Philippines[edit]

The centre of the storm made landfall near Divalacan Bay, Luzon, at 11:25 am (local time) on
October 18 preceded by torrential rain and flash flooding [64][65] forcing residents of the area to seek
shelter.[66] A reported total of 3,687 individuals from the northern Philippines [67] were evacuated to
schools, churches, halls and other sturdier structures[68] but over 200,000 people were rendered
homeless.[69][70][71] Although at little risk of being struck by the departing typhoon, classes throughout
Metro Manila were suspended on October 19 as a precaution.[72]

Initial estimates suggested that Philippine rice farmers could lose over 600,000 metric tons of
crops[73][74] as the typhoon swept through some of the biggest agricultural areas, such as Isabela and
Cagayan,[75] in the northern Philippines. Official estimates following the passing of the typhoon placed
agricultural losses at around US$34 million with tens of thousands of tons of rice and corn lost. [76]
[77]
Fears of a rice shortage in the next few weeks were allayed by the National Food Authority which
announced that sufficient food had been stockpiled.[78]

Megi inflicted substantial damage to much of the infrastructure as it crossed Luzon.


[79]
Communication infrastructure in Cagayan and Isabela suffered extensive damage during the
typhoon with an estimated 90% of regional communications lost. [80] Officials believe that it would take
five days to restore them.[81] Electricity in the northern provinces of Cagayan, Kalinga, Apayao,
Northern Isabela, the Mountain Province, parts of Benguet, Ilocos Norte, la Union,Nueva
Ecija, Aurora, parts of Tuguegarao[82] was disrupted by Megi. The National Grid Corp. announced that
eleven towers along one transmission line suffered extensive damage, which also affected power
supplies to the capital leading to outages of up to 3 hours.[83]

[show]Costliest Philippine typhoons

Many domestic and international flights by carriers such as Cebu Pacific[84][85] and Philippine
Airlines[86] bound for the northern Philippines were cancelled because of the impact of the typhoon,
but as the typhoon left the islands, many flights were restored.[87] Many roads in Luzon remained
closed through October 18,[88] and bus operators cancelled trips to Cagayan and Isabela due to the
poor weather.[89] The departure of Megi left large quantities of debris, as well as unsanitary
conditions.[90]

The Philippine Red Cross dispatched a water search and rescue team to Cagayan to aid rescue
operations.[91] UNICEF announced that the organisation was monitoring the event and that relief
supplies were being prepared should the Philippines Government request aid. [92] The United Nations
Office for the Coordination on Humanitarian Affairs have also committed to helping with disaster
relief .[93][94] Thousands of military reserve officers and volunteers were on standby, along with
helicopters with one retired army general describing the operations as "preparing for war". [95] Search
and rescue operations for survivors was hampered by winds that were still reaching 210 kilometres
(130 mi) throughout the region.[96] According to official reports, the province of Isabela bore the brunt
of the storm with the towns of Palanan and Divilacan suffering extensive damage
and Maconacon reportedly being completely destroyed.[97]

PAGASA lowered storm signals as the typhoon weakened when it crossed into the mountains in
northern Luzon.[98]
Casualties

One person drowned near Tuguegarao, Cagayan during the afternoon of October 18 after being
swept away in a river that had overflowed its banks.[99][100] The body of another man who had drowned
in Ilocos Sur province was recovered.[101] Another five people died during the storm: one man after
being pinned by a falling tree, a mother and her two children when a tree fell on their house and a
fifth when struck by lightning. Three people were killed in Isabela province by a storm surge while
another drowned attempting to cross a river in Nueva Ecija province.[102] A further nine people have
been injured, some by falling debris.[103][104][105] The president made a statement expressing his
sympathy and condolences for the bereft families, while also declaring that despite the strength of
Megi, the loss of life was significantly less than during Typhoon Basyang and Tropical Storm Ondoy.
[106]
As of October 20, the death toll stood at 19.[107]

Juan became the second supertyphoon to hit the area, 21 years after the first such
storm, Supertyphoon Tasing of 1989.

Victims of Typhoon Megi unload humanitarian aid supplies from a U.S. Marine Corps helicopter in Isabela,
Philippines.

Relief efforts

Child United, a Seattle-based non-profit which provides disaster relief in Asia, was on standby to
provide assistance to families left homeless by the typhoon. [108] Their relief operation began October
18 in the Philippines, with supplies already in-country being prepared for immediate delivery to the
disaster site, and additional supplies prepared for shipment from the United States. [109] The
organization collected monetary donations to assist in further disaster relief, as well as donations of
towels, sheets, toiletries (shampoo, toothpaste, etc.) and canned goods. [108]

The USS Essex Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) provided disaster relief in the aftermath. The ESG
was composed of the USS Essex (LHD 2), USS Denver (LPD 9) and USS Harpers Ferry (LSD 49).
Amphibious Squadron 11 and the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit with Marine Medium Helicopter
Squadron 262 (HMM-262) were embarked with the ESG.[110] Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron
265 (HMM-265) also provided disaster relief. The unit was ashore at the Clark International
Airport participating in an exercise when the typhoon hit. Their mission changed from participation in
the exercise to disaster relief.[111]

Juan as a typhoon name was retired by PAGASA, and replaced with Jose, as the typhoon reached
the damage cost threshold of PHP 1 billion.[112] However, Jose has also been retired and replaced
by Josie as it too caused in excess of PHP 1 billion worth of damage.[113][114]

Taiwan[edit]

Throughout Yilan County, torrential rainfall from Typhoon Megi and the weather front, peaking at
1,182 mm (46.5 in) in Suao,[115] triggered widespread flash flooding and landslides. According to the
Central Weather Bureau, a record 939 mm (37.0 in) of rain fell in a 24-hour span between October
20 and 21. This surpassed the previous record set by Typhoon Morakot in August 2009, just over a
year prior.[116] In Suao, a record 181.55 mm (7.148 in) of rain fell within an hour, triggering some of the
worst flash flooding in the area in over 20 years. [117] Megi also brought much rainfall
in Hualien, Taitung, Pingtung, Taipei, Keelung, and New Taipei. At least 12 people have been
confirmed dead and 23 others are missing. Early damage estimates placed losses to agriculture at
NT$45 million ($1.5 million USD).[118] Later reports on October 22 indicated that seven people were
killed when the temple they were sheltering in was buried by a landslide. [119]Near Suao, multiple
landslides struck a major highway stranding more than 400 people. Torrential rainfall caused a
500 m (1,600 ft) section of a nearby mountain to collapse, burying a bus carrying 19 people, whom
officials fear may have all perished. Air force helicopters have been called in to aid in the search for
the bus and any survivors.[120]

By the morning of October 24, 13 fatalities had been confirmed and 25 people were reported
missing.[121] After more than ten days of search-and-rescue operations, all missing persons across
the island were declared legally deceased.[122]

Mainland China[edit]

After brushing Taiwan, Typhoon Megi struck southern China as a severe tropical storm.
Throughout Fujian Province, an estimated 729,800 people were affected by the storm. A total of
36,050 hectares of crops and 530 houses were destroyed by the storm with overall losses incurred
in Fujian Province reaching 2.8 billion yuan ($411.7 million USD).[5]

Records[edit]
The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) analysed that the 10-minute maximum sustained winds of
Typhoon Megi in 2010 was 125 knots (230 km/h, 145 mph), making it the second strongest tropical
cyclone in the Northwest Pacific Ocean on record along with Bess in 1982 and Haiyan in 2013, only
after Tip in 1979.[123] The Hong Kong Observatory analysed that Megi was the strongest tropical
cyclone in the Northwest Pacific Ocean since Tip in 1979 by attaining the 10-minute maximum
sustained winds at 270 km/h (145 knots, 165 mph).[124] A hurricane hunter aircraft indicated 1-minute
maximum sustained surface winds of 165 knots (306 km/h; 190 mph) before peak intensity, which
was equivalent to Tip in 1979.[20]

Megis atmospheric pressure estimated by JMA was 885 hPa (26.13 inHg), the lowest
since Vanessa in 1984 and the eighth lowest in the Northwest Pacific Ocean on record; in addition,
Megi was the first tropical cyclone in the Northwest Pacific Ocean having the atmospheric pressure
below 900 hPa (27 inHg) since Yuri in 1991. When reaching peak intensity at 18:00 UTC on October
17 and 00:00 UTC on October 18, Megis Current Intensity (CI) number of the Dvorak technique was
8.0, the highest number.[125] According to JMAs advisory, Megi still maintained its peak strength at
03:00 UTC on October 18, making it one of the strongest tropical cyclones to make landfall on
record at 03:25 UTC.[126]Moreover, Megi was the latest-forming storm to make landfall over Fujian,
China since 1949.[127]

Typhoon Ketsana
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the 2009 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Ketsana
(disambiguation).
This article is about the 2009 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm
Ondoy (disambiguation).

Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy)

Typhoon (JMA scale)

Category 2 (SaffirSimpson scale)

Typhoon Ketsana off the coast of Vietnam on September

28, 2009

Formed September 23, 2009

Dissipated September 30, 2009

Highest 10-minute sustained:130 km/h (80 mph)

winds 1-minute sustained:165 km/h (105 mph)


Lowest 960 hPa (mbar); 28.35 inHg

pressure

Fatalities 710 direct, 37 missing

Damage $1.09 billion (2009 USD)

Areas Philippines, China, Vietnam,Laos, Cambodi

affected a, Thailand

Part of the 2009 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Ketsana, known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Ondoy, was the second most
devastating tropical cyclone in the 2009 Pacific typhoon season with a damage of $1.09 billion and
747 fatalities, only behind Morakot earlier in the season, which caused 789 deaths and damages
worth $6.2 billion. The storm was the sixteenth tropical storm, eighth typhoon and the second major
typhoon in the season. It was the most devastating typhoon to hit Manila,[1] surpassing Typhoon
Patsy (Yoling) in 1970.

Ketsana formed early about 860 km (535 mi) to the northwest of Palau on September 23, 2009. The
depression remained weak and was downgraded to a low pressure area later that day by theJapan
Meteorological Agency and after drifting through extremely favorable conditions, it intensified the
next day and was categorized as Tropical Depression by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services Administration and was given the name Ondoy after entering the
Philippine Area of Responsibility. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a Tropical Cyclone
Formation Alert on the depression. It was then upgraded to a tropical depression by the JMA later
that morning before the JTWC followed suit early on September 25, designating the depression as
17W. Soon, Ketsana was upgraded to a Tropical Storm before passing over the Philippines. As it
moved into the South China Sea the storm intensified while moving toward the west, and was
categorized as a Severe Tropical Storm by the JMA.

Philippine President Gloria Arroyo declared a "state of calamity" encompassing most of Luzon after
at least 86 people were initially reported dead in landslides and other incidents. [2] Flood water levels
reached a record 20 feet (6.1 m) in rural areas. As of October 24, 2009, at least 464 deaths in the
Philippines were officially reported from the typhoon. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Contents
[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Preparations

o 2.1Philippines

o 2.2Highest Public Storm Warning Signal

o 2.3China

o 2.4Vietnam

3Impact

o 3.1Philippines

3.1.1Meteorological Observations

3.1.2Landfall

3.1.3State of calamity

o 3.2Vietnam

o 3.3Cambodia

o 3.4Laos

o 3.5Thailand

4Aftermath

o 4.1International Aid to the Philippines

5Paracel Islands incident

6Retirement

7Removal of Prisco Nilo

8See also

9Notes

10References
11External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

On September 23, 2009, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), reported that a seasonal tropical
depression had formed about 860 km (535 mi) to the northwest of Palau.[10] The Joint Typhoon
Warning Center (JTWC) then reported later that day that the depression had a developing low-level
circulation center and was in a favorable environment with low vertical wind shear.[11] The JMA then
reported that the depression had weakened into an area of low pressure. [12] However, early the next
day, as deep convection started to consolidate around the low-level circulation center, thePhilippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) reported that the
low pressure area had become a Tropical Depression and assigned it a local name of Ondoy.[13]
[14]
Later that morning, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as central convection had
continued to organize around a consolidating elongated but exposed low-level circulation center.
[15]
The JMA then re-upgraded Ondoy to a tropical depression later that morning before the JTWC
followed suit early on September 25, designating it as Tropical Depression 17W when it was located
about 400 nm east of Manila in the Philippines.[16][17] At this stage, the system was moving along the
southern side of the subtropical ridge and had good poleward outflow into atropical upper
tropospheric trough (TUTT) cell.[17]

Tropical Storm Ketsana over the Philippines on September 26

Throughout September 25 the intensification of Ondoy was hampered by the system moving into an
area of moderate vertical wind shear and by an upper-level trough of pressure that was moving over
the system.[18] But later that day the JTWC upgraded it to a Tropical Storm despite its low level
circulation center being partially exposed.[19] The JMA followed suit early the next day, assigning the
international name of Ketsana and the international designation of 0916 to the storm. [20] PAGASA
then reported that Ketsana had made landfall on Northern Luzon near the boundary of the Philippine
provinces of Aurora and Quezon. As a result of making landfall, its low-level circulation center had
become fully exposed, but as the storm moved into the South China Sea, it dramatically deepened
and expanded while moving west and was upgraded to a Severe Tropical Storm by the JMA early on
September 27.

During September 27, Ketsana gradually developed further and was upgraded to a Typhoon by the
JTWC and the JMA early the next day, as multiple convective bands were continuing to consolidate
more tightly around the low-level circulation center, leading to the formation of a disorganized eye.
Typhoon Ketsena then intensified quickly under favorable conditions, reaching peak windspeeds
later that day of 165 km/h, (105 mph) (1-min winds) and 140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min winds) which made it a
Category 2 typhoon on the SaffirSimpson hurricane scale. Ketsana then made a second landfall
onQung Nam in Vietnam, at 0600 UTC on September 29 at its peak intensity. It then rapidly
weakened into a Severe Tropical Storm, with the JTWC issuing its last advisory later that day;
however, the JMA continued to monitor Ketsana as a Severe Tropical Storm until later that day, when
it downgraded it to a Tropical Storm before further downgrading it to a Tropical Depression early the
next day when the center of the depression was located over Laos. The JMA monitored the storm as
a weak tropical depression until late on September 30, when it released its final advisory.

Preparations[edit]
Philippines[edit]

PSWS Map of the Philippines during Ketsana (Ondoy) affects and strucks the Northern Philippines

On September 24, PAGASA placed the provinces of Aurora, northern Quezon, Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur, and Catanduanes under Public Storm Warning Signal#1 which meant that
winds of 3060 km/h were expected to affect those areas within 36 hours. After the floods struck,
some were critical of the government's failure to predict the scale of the disaster or to lessen the
damage it caused.[8]

Highest Public Storm Warning Signal[edit]


PSW VISAY MINDAN
LUZON
S# AS AO

Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Aurora, Nueva Ecija,


PSWS
Zambales, Tarlac, None None
#2
Pampanga, Bulacan, Northern Quezon, Polilio Island

Metro Manila, Bataan, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,


Camarines Norte,
PSWS
Marinduque, Mindoro Provinces, Lubang Island, Ilocos None None
#1
Sur, La Union, Benguet, Isabela, Mt. Province, Ifugao,
Southern Quezon

China[edit]

Late on September 27, both the Hong Kong Observatory and the Macao Meteorological and
Geophysical Bureau placed Hong Kong and Macau under the Standby Signal No.1.[21][22] The Bureau
then considered hoisting the Strong Wind Signal 3, but decided it was not needed for Hong Kong,
while Macau hoisted it early the next day. These warnings were kept in force until later that day when
all warnings were lowered.[21] On September 29 it was announced that parts of southern China would
be placed under an orange warning with certain regional meteorological bureaus entering a level 3
emergency response.

Vietnam[edit]

On September 27, the Vietnam National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting [23] issued a
public storm warning signal named "Number 9." The government instructed residents to secure their
homes with fortified hard wood and sandbag roofs. Also, authorities mobilized several thousand
military personnel and police to help residents evacuate from the typhoon's path. Fishing vessels
were called to return to their ports.[24] This caused thousands of crops to fail.

Impact[edit]
Philippines[edit]

Typhoon Ketsana casualties in the


Philippines
[hide]NDCC death tally[25]
Region Deaths

CAR 4
Region III 56

NCR 448

Region IV-A 160

ARMM 3

Total 671

[hide]Damages[25]

Amount

6,766,046,143.00
Agriculture
($143,805,444.06)

4,391,462,577.60
Infrastructure
($93,336,080.29)

11,157,508,720.
Total damages[n
1]
60
($237,141,524.35)

Metro Manila experienced the highest rainfall in history, which brought heavy flooding.

Meteorological Observations[edit]

Note:The soil can absorb between 100150 mm with 200 mm Maximum so more than 180 mm of
rain means heavy flooding. An estimated 50-80% of the rainfall in 6 hours and 65-95% of the rainfall
in 912 hours was recorded. Pre-Post on the right side means any of the two days and is a 24-hour
recorded rainfall before or after the highest 24-hour rainfall either on September 25 or September
27, 2009, September 24 or 26 for areas in Bicol Region. The soil can absorb between 4060 mm in
6 hours without flooding, so many areas were heavily flooded and the provinces of Camarines Norte,
Metro Manila, Bulacan, Batangas, Laguna, and Rizal reported widespread and very heavy flooding
with moderate to low flooding occurring in the provinces of Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan, Cavite
and Quezon. Ondoy's rainfall turned out to be of a flash flood type and was very unanticipated and
unprepared for, which led to many deaths and extensive destruction of property.

Tropical Storm Ondoy (Ketsana) Rainfall Distribution over Philippines

Measurement Precipitation Date Pre-


station Post(mm)

(mm) (in)

PAGASA Science Garden, Quezon City, 454.9 m 17.91 inc September 26,
94.0 mm
NCR m hes 2009

331.7 m 13.06 inc September 26,


Tanay, Rizal, CALABARZON 41.5 mm
m hes 2009

258.6 m 10.18 inc September 26,


Manila, Metro Manila, NCR 41.4 mm
m hes 2009

Ambulong, Batangas/Laguna, 234.4 m 9.23 inch September 26,


49.5 mm
CALABARZON m es 2009

204.5 m 8.05 inch September 25,


Bagasbas, Daet, Camarines Norte, Bicol 5.8 mm
m es 2009

176.2 m 6.94 inch September 26,


Infanta, Quezon, CALABARZON 98.6 mm
m es 2009

(PSW), Barrio Barretto, Zambales, 159.3 m 6.27 inch September 26,


75.2 mm
Central Luzon m es 2009

127.8 m 5.03 inch September 26,


Subic,W.S., Zambales, Central Luzon 50.3 mm
m es 2009

Clark AFB, Angeles City, Pampanga, 109.0 m 4.29 inch September 26,
25.4 mm
Central Luzon m es 2009

103.9 m 4.09 inch September 26,


Iba, Zambales, Central Luzon 39.9 mm
m es 2009

Note: Only 100mm above Listed


Landfall[edit]

On September 24, 2009, Ketsana was estimated to be 330 km northeast


of Virac, Catanduanes, Philippines with a maintaining speed of 55 km/h at its center.[26] A day later,
Ketsana was spotted 360 km southeast of Baler, Aurora with maximum winds of 65 km/h near the
center and gusts of up to 80 km/h. PAG-ASA activated public storm signal no. 2 for the provinces
of Catanduanes, Camarines Norteand Camarines Sur, and Polillo Island in Quezon.[27] On
September 26, shortly before noon in PST (around 0400 UTC), Ketsana made landfall on the border
of Aurora and Quezon provinces, with maximum winds of 85 km/h near the center and gusts of up to
100 km/h.[28]

At 2:00 PM PST (0600 UTC) that day, Ketsana approached Manila and caused widespread flooding
in the cities
of Manila, Caloocan, Marikina, Malabon, Muntinlupa, Quezon, Makati, Pasay, Pasig,Taguig, Valenzu
ela, and San Juan. Flooding also occurred in the nearby provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, and
other Southern Tagalog areas. Major roads were rendered impassable because of huge flood
currents and clogged cars.[28]Air flights were canceled because of heavy rains.

Earlier, power interruptions were reported in Camarines Norte and minor landslides occurred
in Camarines Sur.[28]

EDSA was closed because of heavy flooding. Defense secretary and National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC) chairman Gilberto Teodoro asked the DOTC to keep MRT and LRT lines
operational to accommodate stranded passengers.[29]

State of calamity[edit]

On the afternoon of September 26, Teodoro declared an over-all state of calamity in Metro
Manila and the other 25 provinces hit by the typhoon, allowing officials to utilize emergency funds for
relief and rescue. Army troops, police, and civilian volunteers were deployed to rescue victims.
[30]
The Philippine National Red Cross and Philippine Coast Guard dispatched teams to rescue
stranded and trapped people.[31] At that time, the average height of flooding was from two feet to
waist high, and in some areas more than six feet.[32] Even Malacaan Palace was opened to those
who were in need. The landslides and severe flooding left at least 246 people dead and 38 others
missing.[8][25] Public and private roads were clogged by vehicles stuck in floodwater.[8] Thousands of
motorists and more than 500 passengers were stranded at the North Luzon Expressway (NLEx).
Distress calls and e-mails from thousands of Metro Manila residents and their worried relatives
flooded TV and radio stations overnight as most of the power, communication, and water
connections were lost.[33] Ketsana also caused flights and operations to be shut down at Ninoy
Aquino International Airport for almost a day.[34]

The economic region of Metro Manila and many adjoining provinces incurred damages to
both infrastructure and agriculture. As of September 28, 2009, total damages from Ketsana were
estimated at $100 million.[3][4][8] Internet cafs, entertainment plazas, banks, food stores, building
agencies, and stores were soaked with water and mud.[8][35] Many people were warned of
leptospirosis.

Marikina City, part of Metro Manila, was the most devastated region in the Philippines: almost all of
the city's area was submerged in water up to ten feet deep and tons of knee-deep mud. During the
typhoon, the Marikina River broke its banks and transformed streets into rivers.[36] Marikina
residential areas, particularly Provident Village, were badly affected by flooding; at least eight people
were found dead.[37] Marikina itself recorded 78 deaths, the highest among Metro Manila cities. [38]

At the height of the flooding, around 100,000 liters of bunker oil from the paper manufacturing firm
Noah's Paper Mill in Marikina City spilled. Most of the oil battered the city's barangays and a
relatively small amount was washed into the basement of the SM City Marikina shopping mall. The
spill later complicated rescue efforts in the city.[39] Over a two-day period starting on September 29,
the National Power Corporation Flood Forecasting and Warning System released 500 cubic meters
per second of stored water from the Angat Dam in Bulacan. The dam had accumulated 100 cubic
meters per second when Ketsana hit the province. [40] Mandaluyong City also recorded more than 6
feet (1.8 m) of flooding, especially in Gen. Kalentong St., where flooding was more than 10 feet
(3.0 m) deep,[41] badly affecting the local campus of Arellano University. The street recorded the
highest flooding outside the Marikina City area.

In Mindanao, several towns in Cotabato City and nearby Sultan Kudarat municipalities were
submerged. The closing of the national highway in Bulalo, Cotabato City led to the isolation of
connecting towns for several days.[42]

On September 28, PAGASA issued an 11 AM advisory canceling all public storm signals in the
country when Ketsana left the Philippine Area of Responsibility.[43]

Vietnam[edit]

Flooding in Hu, Vietnam, from Typhoon Ketsana

Ketsana made its landfall in Vietnam at mid-afternoon on September 29 about 37 miles (60 km)
south of Da Nang, Qung Nam Province. The first two victims were killed by falling trees and electric
lines.[44] Ketsana's maximum winds were reported at 167 km/h (104 mph) with gusts as strong as
204 km/h (127 mph) as it crossed over the South China Sea and approached land.[45]

The Vietnamese government evacuated some 170,000 people as floodwater rose high to the
country's six central provinces. On the evening of the same day, Ketsana was forecast to be moving
towardLaos then Mukdahan in Thailand.[46][47] Heavy rains and strong winds lashed a 400 km stretch
of coastline from Tha ThinHu to Qung Ngi, with rainfall causing massive flood surges
in Hu, Bnh nh, and Kon Tum provinces. Record high water levels were reported in rivers of
Qung Ngi, Kon Tum, and Gia Lai.[48] Airports, schools, communications, and power lines in the
affected area were shut down. Strong winds also destroyed parts of the North-South high voltage
powerline, the backbone of Vietnam's electricity grid. The typhoon killed at least 163 people in
Vietnam, 23 during the first hours after landfall; 17 people were missing and 616 injured. [24][49][50][51] Total
damage of Ketsana is estimate at $785 million.[52]

Cambodia[edit]

The weakening typhoon struck northeastern Cambodia as one of the most severe storms ever to
lash the country, with the worst damage in Kampong Thom Province in central Cambodia. Death
tolls reached 43 people.[53] Also more than 66,000 families were forced from their homes by
floodwaters.

Laos[edit]

There was major flooding in the southern and central provinces of Laos, and much of the country
experienced heavy rain and light flooding. Water was up to knee height in the province of Saravane,
and at least 26 people died. The cities ofSavannakhet and Pakse were worst affected since they
were directly on the pathway of the typhoon and directly on the Mekong River. In the Si Phan
Don area in Champassak Province, some people took refugee on the roofs of their houses. The
floods devastated rice fields and homes. Attapeu was the worst hit province, with nearly 90% of the
province affected.

Thailand[edit]

Ketsana moved into Thailand as a tropical depression early on September 30.[54] As the weakening
cyclone moved through the country, widespread heavy rainfall and flash flooding were reported in 40
provinces.[54] The heavy rainfall also helped to fill up natural reservoirs within the country.[54] The
depression partially damaged 4680 houses and destroyed 44, as well as 820,000 acres (330
000 hectares) of agricultural land.[54] Ketsana also injured one person and killed two before moving
out of the country as an area of low pressure and dissipating on October 3 over the Andaman Sea.
[54]
Total damages were estimated at just over $20,000,000.[54] Three dams in Chai-ya-poom were
damaged by the heavy rainfall, while in Pattaya nine boats were sunk waves reported to be over two
metres high.[55]

Aftermath[edit]
State of Calamity declared

State of Calamity declared together with confirmed deaths.

A small plantation in the Philippines flooded by the typhoon.

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)


documented a record-high amount of rainfall in 24 hours at 455 millimetres (17.9 in). They also
reported that Ketsana's rainfall was recorded from 8am PST/ 0000 (UTC) of Saturday (September
26) to 8am PST/ 0000 (UTC) of Sunday (September 27). The amount of rainfall recorded for six
hours, which was 341.3 millimetres (13.44 in), was comparable to the 24-hour rainfall in 1967.[56] The
damage to property was estimated to be P6 billion, including P4.1 billion in damage to infrastructure,
P1.9 billion in damage to schools, and P882.525 million in damage to agriculture. [57][58]

According to the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics of the Philippines Department of Agriculture, an


estimated 126,721 hectares of rice-farming land were destroyed, which would affect almost 3% of
the country's annual expected rice production. Added to this, Ketsana devastated some 1,374
hectares of corn plantations.[59]
Some 48 hours after Ketsana struck Metro Manila, the Philippine government appealed to the
international community and the United Nations for help.[60] Various United Nations agencies,
the United States, the People's Republic of China, and Japan provided emergency assistance to the
victims of the typhoon in the Philippines.[61] The United States donated $50,000, while China and
Japan gave $10,000 and $20,000 respectively. Australia provided A$ 1 million and Thailand also
provided humanitarian services.[62][63] Germany donated 500,000[64] as well the Republic of
China (Taiwan) donated $50,000.[65] The United States also deployed Marines to help rescue victims
in the Cainta and Pasig areas, as well as for search and retrieval operations for dead bodies. [66][67]
[68]
Special Forces Operators and other U.S. service members attached to Joint Special Operations
Task Force Philippines also assisted in aid efforts.[69] An additional 3,000 U.S. troops were expected
to arrive to assist in relief efforts.[70] U.S. Nonprofit international disaster relief
organization AmeriCares shipped $3.2 million worth of medical aid for Ketsana survivors.
[71]
An Israeli search and rescue party, and doctors, nurses, and paramedics were sent to the
Philippines.[72]

In the Philippines, the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) headed the rescue and relief
operations for the citizens affected by Ketsana's flooding. There was also a counterpart private-
sector effort among companies and NGOs to provide and coordinate relief activities in various areas.

The Philippine Army deployed about 1,000 soldiers in Metro Manila and surrounding provinces to
help in operations.[73] The Philippine National Red Cross and the Philippine Coast Guard also
deployed teams in rubber boats to rescue people stranded in their homes. [8][74] On the Internet,
citizens turned to various social networks like Twitter, Facebook, Plurk, and Multiply to share news
updates and forward cries for help from people trapped in the floods. Google Maps was used to
pinpoint locations of stranded people while various blogs and websites shared information on how to
donate money and in-kind goods.[75] Donations arrived from all over the world and were sorely
needed.

After Typhoon Ketsana and Typhoon Parma, the government of Japan has given the Philippines a
P1.7-billion (3.350 billion yen) grant to improve the country's weather monitoring and information
dissemination system.[76][77]

International Aid to the Philippines[edit]

Humvees of the United States Armed Forces deliver family food packs donated by local businesses and private
organizations to aid communities affected by Tropical Storm Ketsana.

Australia:A$11,000,000

Canada:C$5,100,000, aid packages, water purification systems [78]

Canadian federal government: C$5,000,000, priority in visa applications for both


temporary and permanent residence[79][80]

Province of Manitoba: C$100,000[81]

China:$140,000[82]
Japan:$20,000

European Union:2,000,000[83]

Germany:500,000

Israel:Medical Teams

Malaysia:20 tonnes of food aid.[84]

New Zealand:NZ$25,000[85]

Singapore:$20,000 and 3,200 water purification sets

South Korea:Aid workers[86]

Taiwan:$50,000

Thailand:Humanitarian Services

United States:$3,250,000

US government:$50,000

US military:USS Tortuga (LSD-46) and USS Harpers Ferry (LSD-49), 3rd Marine
Expeditionary Force plus 20 USMC personnel, a helicopter and four Zodiac inflatable boats.
[87]

AmeriCares:$3.2 million

Paracel Islands incident[edit]


Vietnamese officials and media reported that Chinese naval forces mistreated Vietnamese fishermen
who tried to take shelter from the typhoon in the disputed Paracel Islands. The Chinese Navy
allegedly fired on Vietnamese fishing boats when they tried to take shelter at Tru Cau island to
escape Typhoon Ketsana and after being allowed to stay on the island for several days, they were
robbed and beaten by Chinese forces before leaving.[88] Vietnam and China have an agreement that
fishermen from either country can ride out storms in the other's territory.

Nguyen Viet Thang, chairman of the Vietnam Fishery Association, said his organization was
preparing an official protest to China over the incidents. Colonel Bui Phu Phu, vice chief of the
border guard forces of the fishermen's home province of Qung Ngi, confirmed the accusations and
said the Ministry of Foreign Affairs should send a protest to China. [89]

An official at the Chinese embassy in Hanoi said China had no comment on the accusations.
Retirement[edit]
Due to the damage and deaths caused by the storm, the names Ketsana and Ondoy were later
retired. The committee selected the name Champi to replace "Ketsana" on the Western Pacific
basin name lists beginning in 2011. It was first used in the 2015 season. In 2012 the name selected
by PAGASA to replace "Ondoy" was Odette and was first used in the 2013 season.

Removal of Prisco Nilo[edit]


When President Benigno Aquino III took office in June 2010, PAGASA Chief Administrator Prisco
Nilo was fired and removed from his post on August 6.[90] The agency accused Nilo of having a
supoosedly fool-proof forecast of Typhoon Ketsana as the typhoon struck over Metro Manila. Aquino
adds lack of disaster preparedness and slow installation of Doppler weather radar and other
equipment, and slow voluntary response that left the agency unmodernized.

Nilo left PAGASA after Graciano Yumul, Jr., took Nilo's vacant seat. This similar accusation also
happened on the aftermath of Typhoon Basyang in July 2010. Nilo was in Australia for his new post
as weather forecaster of the Australian Weather Bureau.

vTyphoon Fengshen (2008)


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the 2008 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Fengshen
(disambiguation).

Typhoon Fengshen (Frank)

Typhoon (JMA scale)

Category 3 (SaffirSimpson scale)


Typhoon Fengshen at peak intensity on June 21

Formed June 17, 2008

Dissipated June 27, 2008

Highest 10-minute sustained:165 km/h (105 mph)

winds 1-minute sustained:205 km/h (125 mph)

Lowest 945 hPa (mbar); 27.91 inHg

pressure

Fatalities 1371 deaths, 87 missing

Damage $480 million (2008 USD)


Areas Palau, Philippines, Hong

affected Kong, Macau, Guangdong

Part of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Fengshen, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Frank, was the sixth named storm and
the fourth typhoon recognised by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The Joint Typhoon Warning
Center recognised Fengshen as the seventh tropical depression, the sixth tropical storm, and fifth
typhoon of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season.

Fengshen made a direct hit on the Philippines and China, causing severe damage and resulted in at
least 1371 deaths and leaving 87 people missing. 846 of the 922 people on board thePrincess of the
Stars were killed when the ship capsized. Still, the Philippines is the most heavily affected country in
the wake of Fengshen.

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Forecasting Errors

3Preparations

o 3.1Philippines

o 3.2Highest Public Storm Warning Signal

o 3.3Hong Kong

4Impact

o 4.1Philippines

4.1.1MV Princess of the Stars

o 4.2China and its provinces

4.2.1Hong Kong
4.2.2Macau and other parts of the region

5Aftermath

o 5.1MV Princess of the Stars

o 5.2Philippines

o 5.3Republic of China

6Naming

7See also

8References

9External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

On June 17, 2008 the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started to monitor a tropical depression
that had developed about 115 km (70 mi) to the north-west of Melekeok, Palau.[1] Later that day
the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert as convective
banding had continued to consolidate around the low level circulation center.[2] Early the next day
the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration named the
depression as Frank.[3] The JTWC then designated Frank as Tropical Depression 07W later that day
whilst Frank was positioned to the south of a low level subtropical ridge of low pressure. [4] Later that
day the JTWC reported that Frank had intensified into a Tropical Storm. [5] Early on June 19, the JMA
upgraded the depression to a Tropical Storm and named it as Tropical Storm Fengshen. [1]

Later that day Fengshen started intensifying rapidly, becoming a Severe Tropical Storm after which
both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded Fengshen to a Typhoon.[1][6] Early the next day Fengshen
made its first landfall on Samar Island in the Philippines. As Fengshen moved towards the northwest
it continued to intensify.

Fengshen was initially forecast to go through the Bicol Region but later on shifted its course further
[7]

westward, eventually going towards the direction of Mindoro Province. However, before even
reaching Mindoro it again shifted its direction northward towards the direction of Metro Manila,
mainly because of the weakening of the high pressure area in the northern part of the Philippines. [8]

Fengshen passed Metro Manila between 5 am and 6 am on Sunday with winds of 165 km/h, This
was confirmed by eyewitness reports of the weather becoming suddenly calm after strong winds and
rains in Quezon City, Marikina, and other nearby areas.

Typhoon Fengshen, after creating havoc in the Philippines, travelled through the South China Sea
early on June 23 and was heading northwards towards China. [9] Soon after moving into the South
China Sea, the JMA and PAGASA downgraded it to a severe tropical storm while the JTWC
downgraded Fengshen from a typhoon to a tropical storm. PAGASA then issued its final advisory on
Fengshen due to the storm leaving PAGASA's Area of Responsibility.

Around June 24 22:00 UTC, Tropical Storm Fengshen made landfall on Shenzhen, Guangdong,
entering Mainland China. The JTWC announced their final warning later that day.

Forecasting Errors[edit]
Typhoon Fengshen was poorly forecasted throughout its lifetime with all of the forecasts predicting
that Fengshen would track to the northwest and away from the Philippines. Instead of this Fengshen
tracked towards the west and affected the Philippines. There also was another error which instead of
a continuous westward movement moving away from the Philippines, which, due to a weakening of
the Subtropical ridge, the storm slowed down over Panay and steadily turned northward, lashing the
country's northern and central regions.

Preparations[edit]
Philippines[edit]
The highest Public Storm Warning Signal raised throughout the country when Frank traversed over the
Philippines

From June 20 to June 23, in response to Typhoon Fengshen (Frank) threatening the Philippines,
PAGASA at various times issued Public Storm Warning Signal #3 for various parts of Luzon and
Visayas as well as Storm Warning Signals 1 & 2 for some parts of Mindanao (specially around
the Surigao area).[10] Gradually over the next few days these storm warnings were scaled back as
Typhoon Fengshen (Frank) moved through the country.

Highest Public Storm Warning Signal[edit]

PSW
LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO
S#

Metro Manila, La Union, Benguet,


Nueva Ecija, Southern Aurora,
Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga,
Samar Provinces,
Tarlac, Bulacan, Quezon,
PSWS Biliran, Leyte, Aklan,
Polilio Is., Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, None
#3 Capiz, Northern
Batangas, Camarines Provinces,
Antique
Catanduanes, Albay, Sorsogon,
Masbate, Romblon, Marinduque,
Mindoro Provinces, Lubang Is.

Rest of Antique, Iloilo,


Guimaras, Northern
PSWS Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Rest of Dinagat Island,
Negros Occidental,
#2 Aurora, Northern Palawan Siargo Island
Northern Cebu,
Southern Leyte

Rest of Negros Surigao del


Ilocos Sur, Abra, Ifugao, Mt.
PSWS Occidental, Negros Norte, Misamis
Province, Southern Isabela, Rest of
#1 Oriental, Southern Oriental, Agusan
Palawan
Cebu, Bohol Del Norte

Hong Kong[edit]

Early on June 23, the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO), hoisted the Standby Signal No.1 for Hong
Kong as Fengshen had moved within 500 miles (800 km) of Hong Kong.[11][12] During the afternoon of
June 24 the HKO, cancelled the Standby Signal No.1 and hoisted the Strong Wind Signal No.3.
[12]
During that evening as Fengshen had continued to strengthen the HKO cancelled the Strong Wind
Signal No.3, and replaced it with the Gale or Storm Signal No.8 NE as the gales were coming from
the North East quarter of Fengshen.[11][12] Early the next day two hours after the HKO had issued the
Gale or Storm Signal No.8 NE they cancelled it and hoisted the Gale or Storm Signal No.8 NW
instead, as the wind were now coming from the northwest.[12][13] Later that day the HKO cancelled the
Gale or Storm Signal No.8 NW and hoisted the Gale or Storm Signal No.8 SW as the winds were
now coming from the Southwest. At the same time the HKO issued the Amber Rainstorm
warning alongside the Gale or Storm Signal No.8 SW, Signal. [12][14] 45 minutes later the HKO were
forced to cancel the amber rainstorm warning and replace it with the red rainstorm warning. [14] The
HKO then cancelled the Gale or Storm Signal No.8 SW, later that morning and replaced it with the
Strong Wind Signal No.3. All Rainstorm and Typhoon warnings were cancelled later that day.[12][14]

Impact[edit]
Philippines[edit]

Path of Fengshen (Frank) as it passed through the Philippines. Fengshen reached Metro Manila at morning
June 22.

Panay Island was heavily flooded by the Typhoon.


Tropical Storm Fengshen after landfall in the South China Sea on June 23

At least 598 people were killed by the typhoon as it dropped torrential rain that caused flooding and
mudslides in the Philippines, which means that it could be one of the top ten deadliest tropical
cyclones in the Philippines.[15] In Iloilo province, 59 are reported killed and 40 missing.[16] In Iloilo City,
30,000 people were forced onto rooftops when a nearby reservoir burst.[17] In the Bicol Region, more
than 200,000 people sought temporary shelter from the typhoon. [17] Meanwhile, as the storm passed
through Metro Manila and its nearby provinces, it caused widespread power outages which lasted
for hours. Typhoon Fengshen could be one of the deadliest typhoons to hit the Philippines, killing
over 1,300 people here, mostly from the sinking of the Princess Of The Stars ferry during the storm
(for more information on this, see the maritime tragedy article below.)

The Philippine National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) on June 23, 2008, reported that:
98 people died, 115 were missing, 66 were hurt, 99,687 families were affected, 155,564 houses
were damaged, 53,706 were totally wrecked, and 109,837 were partially destroyed, in 10 regions,
due to typhoon "Frank" as of Monday noon (excluding the MV Princess of the Stars incident).
ThePhilippine National Red Cross placed the death toll at 229. Frank destroyed P 500 million crops
amid its P 1.7 billion damage to property in Iloilo. The US responded by donating P 4 million and
sentUSNS Stockham and US Navy P-3 maritime surveillance aircraftship, for rescue.[18] AFP reported
224 dead and 374 missing (598) as of Monday.[19]

The Philippines National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) reported that "Frank" damaged a
total of P 3.2 billion worth of agricultural and fish products and more than 300 schools nationwide (P
212 million). Additional damages to infrastructure were pegged at P 750 million, and fishing boats at
P110 million, or a total of P 4.27 billion pesos.[20][21]

According to the latest NDCC Situation Report on Typhoon Frank (Fengshen), 557 were dead
(excluding the deaths in the MV Princess of the Stars), 87 were missing and 826 wounded. Frank
affected 4,784,634 persons in 6,377 barangays in 419 municipalities in 58 provinces all over the
Philippines. Damages in agriculture amounted to almost PHP 7.542 billion while infrastructural
losses made it to around PHP 5.983 billion, which, all in all, totaled to slightly more than PHP 13.525
billion. The most affected areas were Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan and Antique in Panay Island as well
as Leyte and Eastern Samar in Region VIII.[22]
MV Princess of the Stars[edit]

Main article: MV Princess of the Stars

A ferry, the Princess of the Stars, capsized near Sibuyan Island in San Fernando, Romblon, and
the Philippine Coast Guard was unable to make a rescue attempt because of high waves.[23] A rescue
ship reached the MV Princess of the Stars, more than 24 hours after it lost radio contact at 12:30
p.m. EDT (04:30 GMT) on Saturday. About 700 people were on this ship at the time; it is unlikely
there are any survivors, and, as of now, only a few have drifted ashore. [24] Philippine Coast
Guard spokesman Lt. Senior Grade Arman Balilo, however, lamented: "They haven't seen anyone.
They're scouring the area. They're studying the direction of the waves to determine where survivors
may have drifted."[25]

Xinhua reported that the four survivors witnessed "that the captain of the ship ordered the
abandoning of the ship at noon Saturday, but many passengers did not even wear life vests when
the ship capsized." Four survivors, Jesus Gica, Oliver Amorin, Jessie Buot, and Renato Lanorio,
told GMA news that "the ship did not malfunction, but only slowed down its speed as it encountered
big waves off the coast of Romblon." Gica saw many people jump, but "the waves were so big and
the rains so strong that few of them could have possibly survived; the crew were so busy saving
themselves that they did not care to help the passengers to wear safety vests, and that some of the
passengers passed out while children and the elderly failed to wear life vests because they could no
longer move when the ship was turning upside down."[26][27]

San Fernando Mayor Nanette Tansingco confirmed that four others aboard died and hundreds of
passengers were still missing. Dozens of people trooped to the offices of owner Sulpicio Lines, in
Cebu and Manila North Harbor in Manila.

The victims' families accused Sulpicio and the Philippine Coast Guard of allowing the ship to set sail
despite the bad weather. They further blamed Sulpicio for not personally informing them about the
tragedy, the details of the accident, and the condition of the ship plus its passengers. Sulpicio's
counsel Manuel Espitan, however stated that "the ship never received advice from Coast Guard,
whileMetro Manila was still under public storm signal No. 1 when the ship left the port." Despite all
these, there are even reports stating that the ferry actually passed the eye of the typhoon directly.
[28]
BBCquoted President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as saying: "Why did you allow it to sail and why
was there no ample warning? I want answers!"[29]

China and its provinces[edit]

Hong Kong[edit]

Hong Kong was spared from a direct hit from Typhoon Fengshen.[30] However, it brought torrential
rain and caused minor flooding, blocking major roads with fallen trees and signs. [11] At the Hong Kong
International Airport, 317 flights were delayed and 26 flights were cancelled.[11] As the Gale or Storm
Signal No.8 was raised, Hong Kong Disneyland Resort had to delay opening the park until after the
Signal had been downgraded to the Strong Wind Signal No.3. [31] However the Strong Wind Signal
No.3 caused all outdoor activities in Hong Kong Disneyland to be stopped. [31]

Macau and other parts of the region[edit]


This section
requires expansion.(June
2008)

The Strong Wind Signal No.3 was issued in Macau and torrential rain and minor flooding spread
throughout the region. The signal was cancelled when the typhoon gradually weakened. Fengshen
caused only minor effects in this area, including light rainfall.

Aftermath[edit]

[show]Costliest Philippine typhoons

MV Princess of the Stars[edit]

The 5-member Philippines Board of Marine Inquiry, in its 65-page report dated August 25, 2008
(submitted to the Maritime Industry Authority or Marina), found Sulpicio Lines and its captain liable
for the MV Princess of the Stars June 21 maritime tragedy. The BMI recommended that Marina
"consider the suspension of the Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC) of Sulpicio Lines in
accordance with existing laws, rules and regulations (and its criminal liability for the sinking)." The
final report blamed human error, and ruled that the ship's missing and presumed dead captain,
Florencio Marimon, "miscalculated" the risk of continuing the trip to Cebu while the storm raged:
"There was a failure of the master to exercise extraordinary diligence and good seamanship thereby
committing an error of judgment. The immediate cause of the capsizing of MV Princess of the Stars
was the failure of the Master to exercise extraordinary diligence and good seamanship thereby
committing an error of judgment that brought MV Princess of the Stars in harm's way into the eye of
typhoon Frank or Typhoon Fengshen (2008). It is found negligent for its failure to exercise its duty in
ensuring that they transport passengers and cargo safely to (their) destination.

Sulpicio said 52 survived the tragedy and 312 bodies were recovered of 825 passengers listed. The
rest were declared missing and presumed dead. Sulpicio may appeal within 30 days, the Board's
recommendation to the Maritime Industry Authority (Philippines) and the Department of
Transportation. Meanwhile, cargoes of 5 toxic pesticides and other poisonous substances are still on
board the ferry and will be refloated on September.[32][33][34][35][36] Sulpicio Lines, the 2nd largest cargo
carrier in the Philippines, accounts for 40% of all cargo movement across the country.[37]

Philippines[edit]

Republic of China[edit]

Naming[edit]
The name Fengshen was submitted to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee by the Peoples
Republic of China for use from January 1, 2000 and is the Mandarin Chinese name for the God of
Wind.[38][39] This was the second time that the name Fengshen had been used in the Western Pacific,
as it had previously been used in the 2002 Pacific typhoon season.[40] The name Fengshen was not
retired by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee.

The name Frank has been assigned to a tropical cyclone 11 times worldwide. It has been used
by PAGASA once before, within the 2004 Pacific typhoon season, and was assigned to Typhoon
Conson.[41] On June 27 after Typhoon Fengshen had dissipated PAGASA announced that they would
be retiring the name Frank at the end of the season and would not be used to name another
depression in the PAGASA Area of responsibility.[42] On June 2012 the name selected by PAGASA to
replace Frank was Ferdie.[citation needed]

Typhoon Durian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the 2006 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Durian
(disambiguation).

Typhoon Durian (Reming)

Typhoon (JMA scale)

Category 4 (SaffirSimpson scale)

Typhoon Durian shortly before peak intensity on

November 29

Formed November 25, 2006

Dissipated December 6, 2006


Highest 10-minute sustained:195 km/h (120 mph)

winds 1-minute sustained:250 km/h (155 mph)

Lowest 915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg

pressure

Fatalities More than 1,500[1][2]

Damage At least $530 million (2006USD)

Areas Yap

affected State, Philippines,Vietnam, Thailand, Mala

ysia

Part of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season and

the 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Typhoon Durian, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Reming, was a violent tropical cyclone that
wreaked havoc in the Philippines in late-November 2006, causing massive loss of life when
mudflows from the Mayon Volcano buried many villages.

Durian first made landfall in the Philippines packing strong winds and heavy rains that caused
mudflows near Mayon Volcano. After causing massive damage in the Philippines, it exited into
theSouth China Sea and weakened slightly, before managing to reorganise and restrengthen into a
typhoon shortly before its second landfall, this time in Vietnam near Thnh ph H Ch Minh,
causing further damage of more than US$400 million. In all, Durian killed almost 2,000 people, and
left hundreds more missing. Damages in the Philippines from the typhoon amounted to
5.086 billion PHP (US$130 million).[3]

Contents

[hide]
1Meteorological history

2Preparations

o 2.1Philippines

o 2.2Vietnam

3Impact

o 3.1Yap

o 3.2Philippines

o 3.3Vietnam

4Aftermath

o 4.1Philippines

o 4.2Vietnam

o 4.3Retirement

5See also

6Notes

7References

8External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale

Main article: Meteorological history of Typhoon Durian


Typhoon Durian formed as a tropical depression on November 24, 2006 near Chuuk State. Situated
south of a ridge, the system tracked west-northwest through a region of low wind shear and good
upper-level divergence.[4] Late on November 26, the depression intensified into a tropical storm and
wasnamed Durian by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)[nb 1] Steady strengthening took place
over the following two days as the system approached the Philippines. After attaining typhoon status
on November 29,[5] Durian underwent a period of rapid intensification,[4] culminating with it attaining
peak 10 minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a barometric pressure of
915 mbar (hPa; 27.02 inHg). Durian brushed the southern coast of the Catanduanes at this intensity
on November 30, where a record gust of 320 km/h (200 mph) was observed.[5][6]

Typhoon Durian at its secondary peak intensity on December 3.

Slight weakening took place before the storm made landfall in the Bicol Region.[5] Land interaction
precipitated further degradation of storm, though it retained typhoon status upon emerging over
the South China Sea on December 1,[4] having passed just 80 km (50 km) south of Metro Manila.
[7]
Some re-intensification occurred, with Durian reaching a secondary peak on December 3.
Subsequently, increasingly hostile conditions caused the system to weaken to a tropical storm as it
turned southwest. Durian struck southern Vietnam early on December 5 as a tropical storm before
diminishing to a tropical depression.[5] The system turned westward once again and crossed Malay
Peninsula.[8] The JMA ceased tracking the storm on December 6 when it crossed west of 100 E,
[5]
although the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)[nb 2] continued tracking it through the Bay of
Bengal. Failing to reorganize, Durian degenerated into a remnant low on December 6, before
ultimately dissipating two days later off the coast ofAndhra Pradesh, India.[8]

Preparations[edit]
Durian on November 30, making landfall over the Philippines.

Philippines[edit]

Before Durian made its damaging landfall in the Philippines, the government issued various tropical
cyclone warnings and watches, including Public Storm Warning Signal #4 for Catanduanes, Albay,
and both Camarines Sur and Norte provinces; this is the highest warning signal, in which winds of
over 100 km/h (60 mph) were expected.[10][11] The threat of the typhoon also caused ferry, bus, and
airline services to be canceled. The nation's meteorology agency PAGASA turned off its radar
in Virac to prevent damage. Officials advised residents in low-lying areas to seek higher grounds.
Schools across the region were closed, and many buildings opened up as storm shelters. [10] In Naga
City, about 1,500 citizens left for emergency shelters. 1,000 were evacuated elsewhere in the region,
[12]
including 120 in the capital city of Manila and more than 800 in Legazpi City. The Coast
Guard grounded all vessels on open waters, stranding around 4,000 ferry passengers
in Quezon province.[13]In addition, all shipping traffic was halted in the Mimaropa region.[14] Overall,
25 provinces in the archipelago were placed on storm alert.[13] The disrupted ferries and flights
stranded thousands of people for several days.[11]

Vietnam[edit]

On November 30, while the typhoon was over the Philippines, the Central Committee for Flood and
Storm Control and the National Committee for Search and Rescue sent telegraphs advising of the
typhoon to search and rescue teams stationed along the entire coast of the country (Qung Ninh
Province to C Mau). All provinces along the South China Sea were advised to assist an estimated
14,585 vessels in the path of the storm.[15] All craft were later banned from leaving harbors.
[16]
Requests were also made to neighboring countries to allow Vietnamese fishermen to take refuge
in their ports.[17] Strong wind warnings were disseminated to residents between Ph Yn and B Ra
Vng Tu Provinces by December 2. These areas, as well as the inland provinces of k Lk, Lm
ng, and Bnh Phc redirected all focus on the typhoon and the potential for life-threatening flash
flooding.[18] Evacuation orders for southern provinces were issued by December 3, with Deputy Prime
Minister Nguyn Sinh Hng stating, "the evacuation must be completed by Monday morning
[December 4]."[16] Threatening an area not frequented by typhoons, many residents did not heed
warnings as weather conditions ahead of the storm were calm. Approximately 6,800 people in Ninh
Thun Province complied with the evacuation orders; however, officials requested the assistance of
the Vietnamese Army to relocate roughly 90,000 people.[19] Following an unpredicted southerly shift in
the storm's track towards the Mekong Delta, Hung later urged residents and officials to prepare for
the storm, "all provinces should prepare so that we do not have anotherLinda."[20]

Impact[edit]
Yap[edit]

Early in its duration, Durian produced light winds on Yap, gusting to 56 km/h (35 mph), as well as
light rainfall totaling 52 mm (2.04 in). Ahead of the storm, the National Weather
Service on Guam issued a tropical storm warning for various islands in Yap State.[21]

Philippines[edit]

Satellite-derived rainfall totals due to Durian for the period 24 November to 1 December 2006 for the Central
Philippines. Rainfall totals exceeding 200 mm (~8 inches) are shown in red and extend from the western
Philippine Sea across southern sections of Luzon, Catanduanes Island, and northern Samar.

Beginning on November 30, Durian began affecting the Philippines, causing complete power
outages in Albay, Sorsogon, Camarines Sur, and Camarines Norte.[10] The typhoon produced heavy
rainfall across its path, with localized totals reaching over 457 mm (18 in) in Albay province. Earlier
eruptions of Mayon Volcano combined with the rainfall to result in widespread mudflows across the
province,[22]affecting at least five homes near Daraga.[11] The rains caused a dyke in Albay to break,
which inundated some regions with 1.5 m (5 ft) of floodwaters.[23] Widespread flooding was also
reported inLegazpi City.[13]

Initially, disrupted communications prevented details about the damage in the worst struck areas.
[23]
The powerful winds of the hurricane blew away houses, uprooted trees, [12] and left tens of
thousands of residents without power.[13] The heavy rainfall caused many mudflows, particularly in
Albay province, due to the ongoing effects of Mayon Volcano. Many roads and bridges were
wrecked, which halted transportation and impacted relief work.[24]

On Catanduanes Island, Durian destroyed about half of the houses in the capital city of Virac. [14]
Immediately after the storm's landfall, reports of deaths or injuries had not yet reached the media
centres.[12] As officials made contact with the hardest hit areas, the death toll quickly rose to 190 by
December 1.[11] Two weeks later, the death toll had risen to at least 720.[25] The death toll in Albay due
to mudflows from Mayon Volcano stands between 800-1,000 but the final death toll is not known,
because large areas buried by major lahars around the volcano cannot be excavated.

Vietnam[edit]

Durian approaching Vietnam

Strong winds capsized several boats offshore Vietnam, killing two with one missing.[26] In Bnh Thun
Province alone, 820 boats sank,[27] and throughout the country 896 fishing boats sank.[28]

Heavy rainfall from the typhoon destroyed 22 schools and 1,120 houses in Bnh Thun Province.
Strong winds from Durian blew off the roofs of about 500 houses in B RaVng Tu Province.
[27]
Throughout the nation, the passage of the typhoon destroyed 34,000 homes, with an additional
166,000 damaged. Typhoon Durian killed 98 in the country and injured 1,770 others. [29]

Aftermath[edit]

Typhoon Durian Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) image. It shows the well-defined eye of the storm
and the clouds surrounding it.
Philippines[edit]

On December 3, due to the significant impact of Durian on the Philippines, President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo declared a state of calamity in the Philippines. The president ordered the
immediate release of 1 billion Philippine pesos ($20.7 million, 2006 USD) for relief in areas affected
by typhoons Durian, Xangsane, and Cimaron.[30] This relief fund was increased to 3.6 billion pesos
($74.8 million, 2006 USD) on December 6, including an additional 150 million pesos ($3.1 million) for
power grid repair.[31] The government used over 500 million (PHP) from their Countryside
Development Fund.[32]

The international response came shortly after the calamity status was declared. On December 3,
Canada released $1 million ($860,000 USD) for local relief through its embassy in Manila and
through the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.[30][33] UNICEF donated 4,000
packages containing food, mattresses, and blankets, and UNOCHA donated $1 2 million (USD) for
relief supplies.[33] Spain donated $250,000 (USD) and sent medical teams, medicines, food, and
supplies to affected areas.[34] The United States donated $250,000 plus supplies through
the USAIDprogram, and the Filipino community on Saipan contributed cash, food, and supplies.
[33]
Australia released $1 million ($792,000 USD) through its AusAID program.[33] Indonesia sent
two C-130 Hercules aircraft to Legazpi City, carrying a total of 25 tons of food, medicine, and
clothing valued at 1.17 billion Indonesian rupiah ($129,000 USD).[34] Japan pledged tents, blankets,
generators, and water management equipment through the Japan International Cooperation Agency.
[34]
Malaysia donated 20 tons of food and medicines, and Singapore sent two batches of supplies
valued at $50,000 (USD) through Singapore Airlines.[33] The Republic of Korea pledged $100,000
(USD) cash, while the People's Republic of China pledged $200,000 (USD). [34] Israel donated $7,500
(USD), mostly in medicines and medical supplies.[34]

Soon after Durian exited the country, workers began restoring power lines and clearing debris and
trees from roads,[14] which was required before relief agencies reached the hardest hit areas. [11] As of
December 1, 3,316 families had fled their homes to storm shelters.[7]

Vietnam[edit]

In Vietnam, which had recently been affected by Typhoon Xangsane, the national
government released 150 billion Vietnamese ng ($9 million, 2006 USD) in food and supplies to
families in affected areas.[35] The United States donated $100,000 (USD), and its Oxfam organisation
donated $200,000 (USD) to the most affected provinces. [35] The International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement launched an emergency appeal for $2.47 million (USD) to support the efforts of
the Vietnam Red Cross, which distributed over 2,000 packets of supplies and over 2 tonnes of rice,
medicine, and clothes.[36]

Retirement[edit]

Due to the significant amounts of damage and fatalities Durian caused, it was decided at the 39th
annual meeting of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in Manila in December 2006 that the
name Durian, along with four others, would be retired from the name list.[37] In December 2007, the
committee selected the name Mangkhut to replace Durian on the Western Pacific basin name
lists and was used in 2013.[38] In early 2007, the name Reming was retired by the PAGASA. In 2010,
the name selected by PAGASA to replace Reming was Ruby, but the name itself was retired and
was replaced with Rosita after devastating Visayas and Southern Luzon in 2014.

Tropical Depression Winnie


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tropical Depression Winnie

Tropical depression (JMA scale)

Tropical Depression Winnie over the Philippines

Formed November 27, 2004

Dissipated November 29, 2004

Highest winds 10-minute sustained:55 km/h (35 mph)

Lowest pressure 1000 hPa (mbar); 29.53inHg


Fatalities 1,593 total

Damage $14.6 million (2004 USD)

Areas affected Philippines

Part of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season

Tropical Depression Winnie was a weak, but catastrophic tropical cyclone that killed nearly 1,600
people after triggering widespread flooding in the Philippines.

Contents

[hide]

1Meteorological history

2Impact

3Aftermath

4Retirement

5See also

6References

7External links

Meteorological history[edit]

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to theSaffirSimpson hurricane wind scale
Tropical Depression Winnie was first identified by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration on November 27 as a tropical depression east of
the Philippines. A poorly organized cyclone, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center briefly issued
a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alerton November 29. Tracking west-northwestward, Winnie
made landfall in southern Luzon.[1] Upon moving over land, the depression attained its peak intensity
with winds of 55 km/h (35 mph) and a barometric pressure of 1000 mbar (hPa; 29.53 inHg).[2] Once
over land, the system began to weaken before entering the South China Sea. Once over water,
Winnie turned northwest, moving along the western Luzon coastline throughout November 29. Early
the following day, advisories on the depression ceased. Winnie was last noted off the northwestern
coast of Luzon.[1]

Impact[edit]

[show]Deadliest Philippine typhoons

Although a weak tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression Winnie brought torrential rainfall to much of
the Visayas and Luzon. Initial estimates stated that at least 300 people were killed by the storm.
[1]
However, over time, it was discovered that at least 842 people perished and 751 others were
missing, a total of 1,593 people.[4] Damage from the depression was estimated at
678.7 million Philippine pesos ($14.6 million USD).[5]

Aftermath[edit]
Not long after Winnie devastated the central Philippines, the country was struck by another, more
powerful tropical cyclone. Typhoon Nanmadol worsened the situation caused by Winnie and killed
another 70 people.

Retirement[edit]
Due to the extreme death toll caused by the storm in the Philippines, the name "Winnie" was later
retired. The name was replaced with "Warren".

Totally Uninhabited Remote Pacific Island Has Google Street


View (PICTURES)
Huffington Post UK

Posted: 17/12/2013 09:22 GMT Updated: 25/01/2014 21:01 GMT


o

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Lisianski Island in the North Pacific Ocean is remote. So remote that if you didn't know
exactly where to look, you'd probably never be able to find it.

Elevated at just 40 feet above sea level, the half-mile-square island is more than 1,600 km
away from the nearest major landmass - and its only inhabitants are the rare birds that
patrol its meagre shores.

Which is why it's a bit odd that the entire Hawaiian island is mapped in high-resolution
photos on Google Street View.

If you zoom into the island and try to drop Google's 'Yellow Man' pin to enter Street View
mode, you'll find a huge amount of imagery captured on the remote coral island.

We were first alerted to the presence of the imagery on an only vaguely related Reddit
thread, and at first it seemed like a bit of a mystery.

Sadly a bit of digging revealed the truth - the island was added to the service along with
several parts of Antarctica as part of a 'remote places' collection earlier this year.
But still, it's quite amazing to stroll the shores of a place you'll never visit - and would never
be able to find on a map if it wasn't for Google's ever-more-all-seeing eye.

Explainer: How are typhoons formed?


CARRIE COCKBURN

The Globe and Mail

Published Monday, Nov. 11, 2013 10:56AM EST

Last updated Monday, Nov. 11, 2013 10:56AM EST

1 Comment

Print /
License

A A

Parts of the Philippines are the scene of utter devastation and suffering in the wake of Typhoon
Haiyan, believed to be the most powerful storm ever to hit the country. So how are typhoons formed
and what path did Typhoon Haiyan take on its way through Manila? Read the full story.

How typhoons are formed


1. Typhoons start off as tropical thunderstorms. The strong winds pull in moisture from the oceans.

2. The thunderstorms convert the moisture into heat. The heat causes more air to flow to the centre
of the storm causing evaporation.
3. All the heat and air flow toward the eye creating the typhoon.

Typhoon Haiyan's path and speed

The following map shows the typhoon's path through the Philippines and into China.

Typhoon Haiyan reached wind speeds of 314 km/h at landfall and gusts up to 378 km/h, stronger than
hurricane Camille, the next strongest tropical cyclone, that had winds of 306 km/h.

The numbers correspond to:

1. Tuesday, 6 a.m.
2. Monday, 6 p.m.
3. Monday, 6 a.m.
4. Sunday, 6 p.m.
*Current as of Nov. 10 at 6 p.m. ET

2. How is typhoon formed?

In tropical oceans, the water in the oceans' surface layer heated by the direct solar
radiation. As a result, the air above the tropical oceans is characterized by high
temperature and humidity, resulting in air inflation that easily leads to low density per
unit volume of air. Weak wind near the equator causes the lighter air to soar and incur
convection that further attracts inflow of surrounding cooler air. The intake air then
warms up and soars again, creating a positive feedback cycle that eventually forms an
air column with high temperature, light weight and low density. This is how the tropical
depression forms.

The air flows from high pressure towards low pressure as if the water flows from high to
low elevation. The surrounding air with higher pressure will flow towards where the
pressure is lower, creating the "wind." As the area for direct solar radiation moves
northward away from the equator in summer, the southeasterly trade wind in the
Southern Hemisphere crosses the equator and penetrates into the Northern Hemisphere
in the form of southwest monsoon, which has heads-on encounter with the
northeasterly trade wind in the Northern Hemisphere and forces the air in this area to
soar, creating more convection. Furthermore, the wind convergence resulting from the
southwesterly and the northeasterly trade winds often cause air turbulence and
whirlpool. These convergence effects, when continually enhanced by the convection
activity, further deepens the existing low-pressure vortex, resulting in more and faster
ambient air flow been drawing into the vortex center. Faster inflow corresponds to
higher wind speed which, when the near-ground maximum speed reaches or exceeds
62 km per hour or 17.2 meter per second, is characteristic of a typhoon.

Typhoon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about Pacific tropical cyclones. For other uses, see Typhoon (disambiguation).

This article is about cyclones in the Western Pacific basin (Northern Hemisphere) only, which
is the only place they are called typhoons. See Tropical cyclone basins for links to other
areas they occur. See tropical cyclone for general information about this type of weather
system.
Three different tropical cyclones spinning over the western Pacific Ocean on August 7, 2006. The cyclone
on the lower right has intensified into a typhoon.

A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific
Ocean between 180 and 100E. This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin,
[1]
and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for almost one-third of the
world's annual tropical cyclones. For organisational purposes, the northern Pacific Ocean is
divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to 140W), central (140 to 180W), and
western (180 to 100E). The Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for tropical
cyclone forecasts is in Japan, with other tropical cyclone warning centers for the northwest
Pacific in Honolulu (the Joint Typhoon Warning Center), the Philippines and Hong Kong. While
the RSMC names each system, the main name list itself is coordinated among 18 countries that
have territories threatened by typhoons each year. The Philippines use their own naming list for
systems approaching the country.

Within the northwestern Pacific there are no official typhoon seasons as tropical cyclones form
throughout the year. Like any tropical cyclone, there are six main requirements for typhoon
formation and development: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability,
high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop
a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.
The majority of storms form between June and November while tropical cyclone formation is at a
minimum between December and May. On average, the northwestern Pacific features the most
numerous and intense tropical cyclones globally. Like other basins, they are steered by
the subtropical ridge towards the west or northwest, with some systems recurving near and east
of Japan. The Philippines receive the brunt of the landfalls, with China and Japan being
impacted slightly less. Some of the deadliest typhoons in history have struck China. Southern
China has the longest record of typhoon impacts for the region, with a thousand-year sample via
documents within their archives. Taiwan has received the wettest known typhoon on record for
the northwest Pacific tropical cyclone basins.

Contents

[hide]
1Nomenclature

o 1.1Etymology and usage

o 1.2Intensity classifications

2Genesis

3Frequency

4Paths

5Basin monitoring

o 5.1Name sources

6Records

7See also

8References

9External links

Nomenclature[edit]
Etymology and usage[edit]

The term Typhoon is the regional name in the northwest Pacific for a severe (or mature) tropical
cyclone,[2] whereas hurricane is the regional term in the northeast Pacific and northern Atlantic.
[3]
Elsewhere this is called a tropical cyclone,severe tropical cyclone, or severe cyclonic storm.[4]

The Oxford English Dictionary[5] cites several Oriental words from Persian and Chinese giving
rise to two early forms in English: touffon (from Persian) and tuffoon / tay-fun (from Chinese).

The Persian source is the word tfn ("storm"; also Arabic ( tfn,
"to turn
round"), Hindi (tfn))[6] from the verb tfdan (Persian: /, "to roar, to blow
furiously").

The Chinese source is the word tai fung[6] (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese:
; pinyin: tifng), cited as a common dialect form of Mandarin d "big" and fng "wind". In
Mandarin the word for the windstorm is (dfng, "big wind") and in Cantonese
(daai6 fung1, "big wind").

The Ancient Greek (Tuphn, "Typhon, father of the winds") is unrelated but has
secondarily contaminated the word.[6]
Intensity classifications[edit]

RSMC Tokyo's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale

Category Sustained winds

105 knots
Violent Typhoon
194 km/h

85104 knots
Very Strong Typhoon
157193 km/h

6484 knots
Typhoon
118156 km/h

4863 knots
Severe Tropical Storm
89117 km/h

3447 knots
Tropical Storm
6288 km/h

33 knots
Tropical Depression
61 km/h

See also: Tropical cyclone scales

A tropical depression is the lowest category that the Japan Meteorological Agency uses and is
the term used for a tropical system that has wind speeds not exceeding 33 knots (38 mph;
61 km/h).[7]A tropical depression is upgraded to a tropical storm should its sustained wind
speeds exceed 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h). Tropical storms also receive official names from
RSMC Tokyo.[7] Should the storm intensify further and reach sustained wind speeds of 48 knots
(55 mph; 89 km/h) then it will be classified as a severe tropical storm.[7] Once the system's
maximum sustained winds reach wind speeds of 64 knots (74 mph; 119 km/h), the JMA will
designate the tropical cyclone as a typhoonthe highest category on its scale.[7]

From 2009 the Hong Kong Observatory started to further divide typhoons into three different
classifications: typhoon, severe typhoon and super typhoon.[8] A typhoon has wind speed of 64-
79 knots (73-91 mph; 118149 km/h), a severe typhoon has winds of at least 80 knots (92 mph;
150 km/h), and a super typhoon has winds of at least 100 knots (120 mph; 190 km/h).
[8]
The United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) unofficially classifies typhoons with
wind speeds of at least 130 knots (67 m/s; 150 mph; 241 km/h)the equivalent of a strong
Category 4 storm in the Saffir-Simpson scaleas super typhoons.[9] However, the maximum
sustained wind speed measurements that the JTWC uses are based on a 1-minute averaging
period, akin to the U.S.'National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. As a
result, the JTWC's wind reports are higher than JMA's measurements, as the latter are based on
a 10-minute averaging interval.[10]

Genesis[edit]
Depth of 26 C isotherm on October 1, 2006

See also: Tropical cyclogenesis

There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface
temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of
the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level
focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear. While these conditions are necessary for
tropical cyclone formation, they do not guarantee that a tropical cyclone will form. Normally, an
ocean temperature of 26.5 C (79.7 F) spanning through a depth of at least 50 metres (160 ft) is
considered the minimum to maintain the special mesocyclone that is the tropical cyclone.[citation
needed]
These warm waters are needed to maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems. A
minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for tropical
cyclogenesis.[11]

Whether it be a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough, a


broad surface front, or an outflow boundary, a low level feature with sufficient vorticity and
convergence is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis. About 85 to 90 percent of Pacific
typhoons form within the monsoon trough.[12] Even with perfect upper level conditions and the
required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of
organized convection and a surface low. Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s (20 kn, 33 ft/s)
between the ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development.
[11]
Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two outflow jets: one to the north ahead of an upper
trough in the Westerlies, and a second towards the equator.[12]

In general, westerly wind increases associated with the MaddenJulian oscillation lead to
increased tropical cyclogenesis in all tropical cyclone basins. As the oscillation propagates from
west to east, it leads to an eastward march in tropical cyclogenesis with time during that
hemisphere's summer season.[13] On average, twice per year twin tropical cyclones will form in
the western Pacific ocean, near the 5th parallel north and the 5th parallel south, along the same
meridian, or line of longitude.[14] There is an inverse relationship between tropical cyclone activity
in the western Pacific basin and the north Atlantic basin, however. When one basin is active, the
other is normally quiet, and vice versa. The main reason for this appears to be the phase of the
MaddenJulian oscillation, or MJO, which is normally in opposite modes between the two basins
at any given time.[15]

Frequency[edit]
Storm Frequency
Tropical storms and Typhoons by
month,
for the period 19592013
(Northwest Pacific)
Month Count Average

Jan 26 0.5

Feb 12 0.2

Mar 23 0.4

Apr 34 0.6

May 64 1.2

Jun 98 1.8

Jul 212 3.9

Aug 305 5.5

Sep 272 4.9

Oct 221 4.0

Nov 136 2.5

Dec 67 1.2

Annual 1471 26.7

Source: JTWC[16]

Nearly one-third of the world's tropical cyclones form within the western Pacific. This makes this
basin the most active on Earth.[17] Pacific typhoons have formed year round, with peak months
from August to October. The peak months correspond to that of the Atlantic hurricane seasons.
Along with a high storm frequency, this basin also features the most globally intense storms on
record. One of the most recent busy seasons was 2013. Tropical cyclones form in any month of
the year across the northwest Pacific ocean, and concentrate around June and November in the
northern Indian ocean. The area just northeast of the Philippines is the most active place on
Earth for tropical cyclones to exist. Across the Philippines themselves, activity reaches a
minimum in February, before increasing steadily through June, and spiking from July through
October, with September being the most active month for tropical cyclones across
the archipelago. Activity falls off significantly in November, although Typhoon Haiyan, the
strongest Philippine typhoon on record, was a November typhoon.[18] The most frequently
impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern and central Luzon and
eastern Visayas.[19] A ten-year average of satellite determined precipitation showed that at least
30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines could be traced to tropical cyclones,
while the southern islands receive less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical
cyclones.[20] The genesis and intensity of typhoons are also modulated by slow variation of the
sea surface temperature and circulation features following a near-10-year frequency.[21]
Paths[edit]
See also: Hurricane belt

Tracks of all tropical cyclones in the northernwestern Pacific Ocean between 1980 and 2005. The vertical
line to the right is theInternational Date Line.

Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move
poleward past the ridge axis before recurving north and northeast into the main belt of
theWesterlies.[22] When the subtropical ridge position shifts due to El Nio, so will the preferred
tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience many fewer
SeptemberNovember tropical cyclone impacts during El Nio and neutral years. During El Nio
years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130E, which would favor the Japanese
archipelago.[23] During La Nia years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the
subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific ocean, which increases the
landfall threat to China and greater intensity to Philippines.[23] Those that form near the Marshall
Islands find their way to Jeju Island, Korea.[24]

Typhoon paths follow three general directions.[17]

Straight track (or straight runner). A general westward path affects the Philippines, southern
China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

A parabolic, recurving track. Storms recurving affect eastern Philippines, eastern China,
Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East.

Northward track. From point of origin, the storm follows a northerly direction, only affecting
small islands.

A rare few storms, like Hurricane John, were redesignated as typhoons as its track originated
from the Eastern/Central Pacific and moved its way into the western Pacific.

Basin monitoring[edit]
Within the Western Pacific, RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center, part of the Japan Meteorological
Agency has had the official warning responsibility for the whole of the Western Pacific since
1989,[25] and the naming responsibility for systems of tropical storm strength or greater since
2000.[8] However each National Meteorological and Hydrological Service within the western
Pacific has the responsibility for issuing warnings for land areas about tropical cyclones affecting
their country, such as the Joint Typhoon Warning Center for United States agencies,
[26]
the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
for interests in the island archipelago nation,[8] and the Hong Kong Observatory for storms that
come close enough to cause the issuance of warning signals.[27]

Name sources[edit]

The list of names consists of entries from 14 Southeast and East Asian nations and the United
States who have territories directly affected by typhoons. The submitted names are arranged
into five lists, and each list is cycled with each year. Unlike tropical cyclones in other parts of the
world, typhoons are not named after people. Instead, they generally refer to animals, flowers,
astrological signs, and a few personal names. However, PAGASA retains its own naming list,
which does consist of human names.[28] Therefore, a typhoon can possibly have two names.
Storms that cross the date line from the central Pacific retain their original name, but the
designation of hurricane becomes typhoon. In Japan, people use the numerical designation of
typhoons according to the sequence of their occurrence in the calendar year.[25]

Records[edit]

Tropic
Total Super
Yea al Typhoo
Stor Typhoo
r Stor ns
ms ns
ms

196
39 13 19 7
4

196
5
14 10 11
196
35 15 16 4
7
11 16 4
197
1

199
34 14 14 6
4

199
33 12 15 6
6

197
32 16 16 0
4

31 198 10 15 6
9 13 17 5
199 18 8 5
2
201
3

196
2
196
7 17 6
6
10 17 3
197
30 8 20 2
2
9 17 4
199
10 13 7
0
200
4

The most active Western Pacific typhoon season was in 1964, [citation needed] when 39 storms of
tropical storm strength formed. The least activity seen in the northwest Pacific ocean was during
the 2010 Pacific typhoon season, when only 14 tropical storms and seven typhoons formed. In
the Philippines, the most active season, since 1945, for tropical cyclone strikes was 1993 when
nineteen tropical cyclones moved through the country.[29] There was only one tropical cyclone
that moved through the Philippines in 1958.[30] The 2004 Pacific typhoon season was the busiest
for Okinawa since 1957.[31] Within Guangdong in southern China, during the past thousand
years, the most active decades for typhoon strikes were the 1660s and 1670s. [32]

The highest reliably-estimated maximum sustained winds on record for a typhoon were those
of Typhoon Haiyan at 195 miles per hour (314 km/h) shortly before its landfall in the
central Philippines on Nov. 8, 2013.[33] The most intense storm based on minimum pressure
was Typhoon Tip in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 1979, which reached a minimum pressure
of 870 hectopascals (26 inHg) and maximum sustained wind speeds of 165 knots (85 m/s,
190 mph, 310 km/h).[34] The deadliest typhoon of the 20th century was Typhoon Nina, which
killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a flood that caused 12 reservoirs to fail.
[35]
After Typhoon Morakot landed in Taiwan at midnight on August 8, 2009, almost the entire
southern region of Taiwan (Chiayi County/Chiayi City, Tainan County/Tainan City (now merged
as Tainan), Kaohsiung County/Kaohsiung City (now merged as Kaohsiung), andPingtung
County) and parts of Taitung County and Nantou County were flooded by record-breaking heavy
rain. The rainfall in Pingtung County reached 2,327 millimeters (91.6 in),[36]breaking all rainfall
records of any single place in Taiwan induced by a single typhoon,[37] and making the cyclone the
wettest known typhoon.

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