2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE 14th International
Conference on Smart City; IEEE 2nd International Conference on Data Science and Systems
Towards an IoT Big Data Analytics Framework:
Smart Buildings Systems
Muhammad Rizwan Bashir
School of Software
University of Technology
Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
rizwan.bashir@student.uts.edu.au
Abstract There is a growing interest in IoT-enabled smart
buildings. However, the storage and analysis of large amount of
high-speed real-time smart building data is a challenging task.
There are a number of contemporary Big Data management
technologies and advanced analytics techniques that can be used
to deal with this challenge. There is a need for an integrated IoT
Big Data Analytics (IBDA) framework to fill the research gap in
the Big Data Analytics domain. This paper presents one such
IBDA framework for the storage and analysis of real time data
generated from IoT sensors deployed inside the smart building.
The initial version of the IBDA framework has been developed by
using Python and the Big Data Cloudera platform. The
applicability of the framework is demonstrated with the help of a
scenario involving the analysis of real-time smart building data
for automatically managing the oxygen level, luminosity and
smoke/hazardous gases in different parts of the smart building.
The initial results indicate that the proposed framework is fit for
the purpose and seems useful for IoT-enabled Big Data Analytics
for smart buildings. The key contribution of this paper is the
complex integration of Big Data Analytics and IoT for addressing
the large volume and velocity challenge of real-time data in the
smart building domain. This framework will be further evaluated
and extended through its implementation in other domains.
KeywordsIoT, Smart Building, Big Data, Cloudera, Digital-
Physical Ecosystems, Apache Flume, Apache Spark, Real Time
Data Analytics.
I. INTRODUCTION
With every passing day, an increasing number of Internet of
Things (IoT) devices are connected around the globe. In 2011,
CISCO highlighted that the sum of interconnected objects
around the world exceeded the total number of human beings
on our planet [1]. This report from CISCO also highlighted that
in 2020, the number of connected objects will reach 50 billion,
causing drastic changes and developments in the digital
domain. There are various domains in which IoT is and will
continue to make considerable improvements to human life [2].
One such domain is IoT-enabled smart buildings or smart
cities. IoT sensors inside the buildings continuously monitor
the environment and the data from these IoT sensors can be
collected and stored on a server from where it can be extracted,
transformed and analyzed on demand or in real-time [3].
978-1-5090-4297-5/16 $31.00 2016 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS.2016.201
Asif Qumer Gill
School of Software
University of Technology
Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
asif.gill@uts.edu.au
Advanced analytics techniques, such as machine learning
algorithms, can be used to analyze the IoT data for effective
and efficient operation of smart buildings. For example, the
data generated from the IoT sensors can be extracted and
analyzed in real time or near real time for not only energy
efficiency improvement of smart building but also for the
health, safety and comfort of the residents [4]. Advanced
analytics techniques can be integrated with Big Data
management technologies to effectively support smart building
analytics and autonomous decision making. Thus, this research
focuses on the challenge of real time analytics of the large
amount of high speed data generated from the smart building
IoT devices. It provides an integrated framework of IoT Big
Data Analytics (IBDA). The proposed framework has three
major integrated technology components: IoT Sensors, Big
Data Management and Data Analytics. The applicability of the
proposed framework is evaluated by using it to monitor and
control the oxygen level, luminosity and smoke/hazardous
gases of the smart building to improve user experience,
comfortability, safety and health.
The paper is organized as follows: firstly, it provides the
research background. Secondly, it discusses the research
method. Thirdly, it provides the details and applications of the
proposed framework. Fourthly it discusses the related work and
contribution. Finally, it concludes with future research
directions.
II. RESEARCH BACKGROUND
A. IoT
IoT refers to using multiple connected devices via a
common network to gather and make use of the data generated
by embedded sensors, actuators and other physical objects [5].
IoT has and will continue to spread promptly in upcoming
years. This emerging technological domain will unleash new
horizons and aspects of the services that will result in an
improved quality of life of the consumers and will also prove
fruitful for enterprises in their productivity [6]. For consumers,
IoT has the potential to provide solutions in various sectors
including but not limited to health, security, energy efficiency,
user comfortability and many others. On an enterprise level,
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IoT can provide drastic improvements in productivity,
warehouse management, tracking of goods and items,
agriculture and decision-making.
During the past few years, considerable amount of research
efforts have been made in the IoT domain specially aiming
smart environments including smart buildings, smart grids,
smart cities and so on [7]. These research efforts have made
significant contribution for the technical advancements in this
area. Reports from Ericsson [5] suggest that the total number of
objects connected together through internet will rise above the
50 billion mark by 2020. Not only this, there are various other
sensing devices including fitness bands that also generate data
by sensing various artefacts of the human body. Including all
these sensing devices, it is expected that the number of objects
connected to the internet will reach trillions of number reach
[8] in the next few years.
IoT devices have the capability to sense and transmit the
data at the same instance. Going into the future there will be a
huge demand for these IoT devices and we will be using these
devices in our homes, offices, while travelling and in fact all
the places where we can imagine. This increasing number of
IoT devices will provide new opportunities and challenges at
the same time [9].
B. Smart Buildings
The buildings constructed in the stone age as we know of
were primarily shelters made from stones, animal skin, wooden
sticks and other natural resources [10]. The construction
industry has evolved a lot since then. Although the basic reason
for the Stone Age buildings and the buildings of today has not
changed i.e. to provide a comfortable environment for the
residents, a lot has changed when it comes to the overall
structure and design of the buildings.
Modern buildings today are a complex mixture of
technology, research, structures and systems [3]. Over the
course of time, all the bits and pieces that go into designing a
building have been improved by using various research
methods, technological improvements and the available tools
for designing a reliable and comfortable building. There are a
number of rules and regulations that need to be followed in
order to construct a building. It does take a lot of effort,
research and planning for the construction of a building but
because of all this extra effort, we are now able to control the
environment inside the building just by the touch of a handheld
remote.
Not only this, various countries and organizations have
started thinking about the impact of buildings on the electrical
grid and the impact of these buildings on the environment as
well [4]. Because of this, there has been an increasing trend in
the construction of smart buildings. Smart buildings are
buildings equipped and deployed with a lot of IoT sensors
which continuously monitor the environment inside the smart
building and keep storing this valuable information on a server
[11]. By managing, analysing and visualizing this data, certain
usage patterns can be obtained and the energy consumption of
the building can be minimized. Similarly, using this data, the
electrical energy service providers can analyze the peak times
of energy consumption [12]. This is not only beneficial for the
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residents of the building but is also helpful in reducing the
environmental impacts. It is reasonable to say that smart
buildings provide valuable services to its users or residents that
make them feel more comfortable and productive without
sacrificing the cost of energy [13]. As we continue to move
into the future, the concept of smart buildings will keep on
emerging with a high probability that every building
constructed in future would possibly be a smart building.
C. Real time data analytics
In todays world, every electronic device is generating data
whether it is the cell phones, embedded sensors in buildings or
fitness wrist bands. This increasing amount of data gave rise to
the concept of Big Data [14]. With the advent of Big Data, IoT
and Smart Environments, real time data analytics became
possible to gain useful insights into the data [15]. Real time or
near real time analytics is the analysis of data as soon as it
arrives or it is generated. There are many applications where
analyzing the data in real-time is not very critical so batch
processing can be done. But there are various applications
where this real time or near real time data analytics is very
critical like in case of disasters management [16]. In other
words, the term real-time signifies the use of data as soon as
it arrives rather than first storing it and then processing it at a
later time in future [15].
With the emergence of Big Data, real time data analytics
has become a necessity in various applications where actions
need to be taken as soon as the data is arrived or detected. The
idea of real time data analytics and business analytics has been
around for more than ten years but enterprises have been
reluctant to embrace this vision. Part of the reason is the lack of
technology and tools available for real time data analytics.
Traditional data-warehousing techniques were mostly oriented
towards batch processing which had high latencies and were
extremely expensive. In the last few years, the cost of storing
the data has been decreasing considerably. All these
technological advancements and the availability of affordable
tools for data processing and real time data analytics have
made it possible to analyse large amount of data. In recent
years, the number of powerful open source platforms have
emerged which provide the ability to do real time or near real
time data analytics [17]. One of the most notable and
commonly used is Apache Spark [18]. We will be using the
power of Apache Spark in this research to perform real time
data analytics on the IoT generated data.
In a nutshell, there are emerging concepts of IoT, Big Data
and analytics have been there for quite some time. However,
the challenge is how to effectively integrate and use the power
of these three elements of the overall digital-physical
ecosystem. This is the main research question of our study and
the motivation of developing the integrated IBDA framework.
III. RESEARCH METHOD
The main objective of this study is to develop and evaluate
the IBDA framework for real time data management and
analytics for the data generated from IoT sensors. This will
allow us to control the smart environments in real time by
analyzing the data in real time. Since the focus of this research
is to design a framework. Thus, for this reason, this study
embraced a design research (DR) approach [19]. In the DR
approach, a framework is developed and evaluated for a real
world or perceived problem [19]. The DR approach can be best
explained in three major steps:
1. Literature Review Relevant literature and related work is
first studied to identify the research gap and the research
questions. In this research the literature related to the real
time data analytics framework for IoT generated data and
the techniques to control the smart buildings in real time
were reviewed.
2. Design In the second step of the DR, the implementation
or design of the research question is addressed. In this
research we designed the IBDA framework for real time
data analytics for smart buildings using IoT sensors and
Apache Hadoop.
3. Evaluation In the third and final step of the DR approach,
the framework is evaluated using a real-World problem. In
this research, the developed framework was evaluated for
a smart building scenario.
The scope of this framework is limited to the data
generation, data extraction, data ingestion into HDFS (Hadoop
Distributed File System), data visualization, data analytics and
real time control of the smart building. This research is
intended to facilitate the construction and development of
smart buildings for the real time monitoring and control of
various facilities of the building including HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning), luminosity and other
features for user comfortability.
IV. THE IBDA FRAMEWORK
The proposed IBDA framework has three major integrated
technology components: IoT Sensors, Big Data Management
and Analytics. Firstly, instead of using multiple physical IoT
oxygen sensors, luminosity sensors and smoke/hazardous gases
detectors, we used fifteen virtual sensors to generate the data
through software. For this purpose, we have implemented
python code to simulate five (IoT) oxygen sensors, five
smoke/hazardous gases detectors and five luminosity sensors
inside the smart building. These five sensors represent the
sensors on five different locations of the smart building with
each location having a group of three different sensors.
Secondly, these sensors generate a large amount of data
(Big Data), which is then sent to a TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) port where an Apache Flume agent is already running
and listening to this port. The Apache Flume agent is setup
with the IoT generated real-time data streams as the source and
the HDFS as the sink so it stores the data onto HDFS after
listening from the TCP port. We used the Cloudera [17] Big
Data platform (Virtual Machine for the Apache Hadoop
environment) for storing the data.
Thirdly, we used PySpark [20] scripts (Analytics) to listen
and analyze the data in real-time that is being stored on HDFS.
This PySpark code analyzed the oxygen concentration, smoke
detector data and luminosity sensor data coming from the
sensors. If the level of oxygen concentration generated from
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five IoT oxygen sensor is within the pre-defined comfortable
range for the user or resident of the smart building, then no
action is required. We have chosen a threshold value of 14
which denotes the percentage concentration of oxygen in a
particular room or level. If the level of oxygen concentration is
below the user comfortability level, then an oxygen pump,
which for this research is a virtual oxygen pump, is turned ON
and remains ON until the level of oxygen detected from the
same sensor is reached above the specified threshold level.
This is done to get the required level of oxygen in the particular
room or a particular level where the oxygen sensor read a low
value of oxygen concentration i.e. below threshold. If the value
of the oxygen concentration is within the acceptable limit i.e
above 14, it will print Oxygen level ok on the Cloudera
terminal indicating that no action is required. Otherwise the
terminal displays Oxygen pump X turned ON, where X
represents the pump number. When the pump is turned OFF,
the Cloudera terminal prints Oxygen pump X turned OFF. If
any of the smoke detectors detect smoke or hazardous gases,
the relevant fire alarm is turned ON. This is represented in
Cloudera by printing out Fire alarm X turned ON, where X
represents the room or level where smoke is detected. The
smoke alarm is not turned OFF in the code. It is assumed that
the fire alarm will have to be reset manually. Similarly, if
during the data analytics process, it is detected that a particular
luminosity sensor detected a low luminosity level, the lights in
the room where that particular sensor is installed are turned
ON. The Cloudera terminal will print Lights in room/level X
turned ON where X represents the particular room or level of
the smart building. When the luminosity level in the room is
above the threshold, the lights in the room are turned OFF.
This is denoted in Cloudera by Lights in room/level X turned
OFF. This work will be further extended in future by using
physical IoT sensors and physical actuators and controls like
oxygen pumps and fire alarm or buzzer.
The IBDA framework architecture is shown in Fig. 1. It
shows all the steps involved in the analytics process of the
proposed IBDA framework. Fig. 2 shows IoT sensor data
management, analytics and visualization. It also depicts how
the building environment is controlled based on the real time
data analytics results. As discussed earlier, the data generated
from the virtual sensors is ingested into HDFS. From HDFS,
the data is analyzed in real time using Apache Spark, and based
on the results of the analytics, oxygen pumps, fire alarm and
lights can be turned ON or controlled to keep the users and
residents comfortable inside the building.
Fig. 3 shows the flow chart of the IBDA framework
analytics process. The IoT sensors generate oxygen
concentration data, smoke detectors data and luminosity sensor
data from various levels or rooms of the smart buildings. This
data, after being ingested into Cloudera HDFS, is analyzed
using Apache Spark code. If the levels of oxygen and
luminosity generated from any of the sensors is below the
acceptable range, the corresponding oxygen pump or lights
deployed on that level or in that room are turned ON
respectively to keep the levels of oxygen and luminosity in the
acceptable range for resident comfortability. If the smoke
detectors detect a smoke or a hazardous gas in the smart
building, the fire alarm in that particular room or level is turned
 Fig. 1. IBDA architecture ingest, store, analyse and actuate.

ON. As discussed earlier, for this research, it is assumed that
the fire alarm will need to be reset manually to turn it OFF.
V. IBDA FRAMEWOKR IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUAITON
As discussed earlier, we implemented the IBDA framework
using Cloudera Hadoop distribution. We used python code to
simulate the virtual sensor data and used PySpark to analyze it
in real time. The framework implementation and evaluation is
divided into six steps as explained below:
listen to the same TCP port onto which all the fifteen oxygen
sensors are sending the data. The Apache Flume agent is setup
with HDFS as the sink so it keeps on storing the data onto the
HDFS as soon as it arrives from the virtual sensors. Fig. 5
shows the pseudo code for the data generation in the top half
portion. Fig. 6 shows a flume agent running and listening to the
TCP port.

A. Data Generation
The data from fifteen IoT sensors is generated using python
code to simulate five virtual oxygen sensors, five virtual smoke
detectors and five virtual luminosity sensors. Using the python
code, the data is sent to a TCP port. It is assumed that these
fifteen sensors are deployed at five different levels or rooms of
the smart building whose environment we want to control
automatically. It is also assumed that these fifteen sensors are
deployed in groups of three with each level or room having a
group of one oxygen sensor, one luminosity sensor and one
smoke/hazardous gases detector. Fig. 4 shows the screenshot of
data generation code. For this research, it is assumed that no
two sensors will be generating and sending data at the same
time. Only one sensor is allowed to send the data at a time. The
data from each sensor is generated every ten seconds (defining
real time for this project). We used Pycharm to write the data
generation code in Python because of its ease of use.

B. Data extraction
To extract the data generated from the fifteen virtual
sensors as mentioned above, an Apache Flume agent is setup to Fig. 2 IBDA implementation

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 Fig. 3. Flowchart of the analytics process

C. Data Ingestion into HDFS

The data is ingested into the Cloudera HDFS using Apache
Flume. The data is stored in files with the default timestamp of
Flume in the name. The rollover time setup is thirty seconds, so
after every thirty seconds a new .tmp file was created and after
the next thirty seconds have elapsed, this .tmp file was stored
as a permanent file on HDFS. Fig. 7 shows a screenshot of how
the file structure was setup in Cloudera HDFS.

D. Data Visualization
Once the data is stored into HDFS, it can be visualized by
using the default visualization tools available with Cloudera
environment. The virtual sensor data stored into HDFS, can be
imported into Hue in the form of tables and can be analyzed to
gain useful insights into the data. Fig. 8 shows a snapshot of
the data visualization step.
Fig. 4. Data Generation

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E. Data Analytics
For analyzing the data being generated from the oxygen
sensors in real time, this research used Apache Spark. We
used PySpark which is the Spark Python API (Application
Programming Interface) to analyze the data in real time. This
PySpark code continuously monitors the data stored into the
HDFS coming from all fifteen sensors including five oxygen
sensors, five smoke sensors and five luminosity sensors. If the

Fig. 6. Data Extraction

F. Control of smart building

For this research, as discussed earlier, we are not using any
physical oxygen pumps or fire alarms or lights, and are
representing the turning ON the fire alarms, and turning ON
and OFF the oxygen pumps and lights by printing the results
on the terminal of the Cloudera Hadoop environment. If the
Fig. 5. Pseudo code for data generation and data analysis value analyzed by Apache Spark is below the acceptable limits
for oxygen levels and luminosity levels, the system will print
data generated from the oxygen sensor is below the acceptable out Oxygen pump X ON and Lights in room/level X turned
range i.e 14 where 14 denotes 14 percent oxygen ON. The X represents the level or room number. This way
concentration in a particular room or level, the PySpark code the user or resident comfortability can be achieved in real-time
will print out Oxygen pump X turned ON with X showing without any human intervention. This can effectively result in
which oxygen sensor out of five generated a value below the the energy consumption of the smart building too. For smoke
acceptable value. The pump is turned OFF when the oxygen detectors, if a smoke detector detects smoke or hazardous
level in that level/room goes above the threshold level. This is gases, the corresponding fire alarm is turned ON. This is
depicted by the Cloudera terminal by printing Oxygen pump represented by printing Fire alarm X turned ON where X
X turned OFF On the other hand, if the level of oxygen sent represents the room or level where smoke or hazardous gases
from the sensors is within the acceptable limit, the PySpark are detected. However, the fire alarm is not turned OFF
would print Oxygen level ok depicting that there is nothing through software, instead it is assumed that the fire alarm will
that needs to be done to improve the comfortability of the need to be reset manually once the fire is eliminated. This can
user. If smoke is detected by any of the five smoke sensors, be seen in Fig. 10.
the fire alarm associated with that smoke detector is turned
ON. This is represented in our research by printing Fire alarm
X turned ON where X represents the room or level in which
smoke is detected. The fire alarm in this research remains ON
until it is reset manually. Similarly, if the luminosity sensor
detects that luminosity levels are low in a particular room or
level, the lights in that room or level or turned ON. This is
simulated in our software by printing Lights in room/level X
turned ON where X represents the room or level inside the
smart building. When the luminosity levels reach above the
threshold level, the lights are turned OFF. This is represented
by printing Lights in room/level X turned OFF where X
again represents the room or level in the smart building. Fig. 9
shows a snapshot of the Apache Spark started on Cloudera.
The pseudo code for the data analytics is given in bottom half
of Fig. 5.

Fig. 7. Data ingestion into HDFS

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Fig. 8. Data Visualization
Fig. 9. Preparing Apache Spark for data analytics
Fig. 10. Data Analytics and Smart Building Control Simulation
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VI. RELATED WORK
There has been a growing interest in IoT, Big Data and
Analytics in recent reserches. For example, in one of the
studies [21], authors discuss Apache Spark as a computing
platform for Big Data analytics. They present a survey of
different techniques that can be used in the data analytics
process. In particular, they proposed different Big Data
processing techniques that can be utilized for smart grid data.
In a recent study [22], a number of challenges associated with
the IoT domain have been identified. This study highlights the
potential uncertainties and risks in this emerging domain. In
order to effectively understand and analyse the data, we need to
effectively model the IoT environment. The modelling aspect
of IoT system has been discussed in [23]. This paper proposes
the use of feedback control theory to evaluate the performance
of IoT system. However it does not provide a structured
framework for the real time analytics and control of IoT
devices as discussed in this paper. A framework for real time
semantic annotation of streaming IoT data has been proposed
in [24]. This framework claims to facilitate the transfer of
large volume of IoT generated data from Smart City
applications. This work is a good start towards the
development of a concrete framework that may result in the
improvement of the performance of the Smart City. However,
this framework does not offer any help on how the data can be
analysed in real time so appropriate actions can be taken to
control the smart building.
Finally, most recently, an IoT enabled platform [25] has
been proposed for Wireless Sensing and Monitoring of
environmental conditions in the context of building
automation. This platform monitors the temperature, relative
humidity and light. In the proposed platform, a new hopping
method is used to transmit the data from the sending node to
the receiving node. The received data is then monitored in an
excel sheet. Android app was also developed to monitor the
data. This work provides a basic framework and does not
discuss in detail about the real time data analytics for the IoT-
enabled smart environment.
It is clear, based on the background research and recent
related work, that there is a need of integrated frameworks for
effectively guiding the organisations interesting to adopt IoT,
Big Data Management and Analytics for real time analytics
and effective decision making for the control of their smart
environments such as smart buildings. This paper presented
one such framework and its initial evaluation, which is called
here IBDA, for real time analytics.
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
In this research we have developed and evaluated the
IBDA framework for the IoT enabled smart buildings
scenario. It has been demonstrated that how a smart building
components such as the oxygen pumps, fire alarms and lights
can be controlled automatically in real time without any
human intervention. For this research, we used five virtual
oxygen sensors, five virtual smoke/hazardous gas detectors
and five luminosity sensors generating the virtual values of
oxygen concentration, smoke levels and luminosity levels
respectively. This was achieved using Python code. After
analyzing this data using PySpark which is a Spark Python
API, five virtual oxygen pumps, five virtual fire alarms and
five virtual lights were implemented. For this research it was
assumed that no two sensors would be generating the data
simultaneously. In the second increment of this research and
framework, we will use physical IoT sensors instead of the
virtual sensors used in this research. Similarly, we plan to use
physical oxygen pumps, buzzers or fire alarms and lights
instead of virtual controls. This idea can also be extended to
investigate the real time energy consumption of the smart
building while keeping the user comfortability into account at
the same time. In considering the luminosity levels, we will
also consider the occupancy of the room to make it more
energy efficient. This research can be extended to other
applications besides smart buildings. Some of the applications
could be smart cities and airplanes to monitor and control
oxygen levels inside airplanes to maintain the comfort, health
and safety. In future, we will present next versions of the
integrated IBDA framework to community for further
feedback and refinement.
[19] A. Duffy and F. J. O'Donnel, "A Design Research Approach," in
Proceedings of the AID98 Workshop on Research Methods, Lisbon,
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[20] PySpark, "http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/"
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Soman, "Apache Spark a Big Data Analytics Platform for Smart Grid,"
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[22] A. Magruk, "The Most Important Aspects of Uncertainty in the Internet
of Things Field Context of Smart Buildings," Procedia Engineering,
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[23] K. Sato, Y. Kawamoto, H. Nishiyama, N. Kato, and Y. Shimizu, "A
modeling technique utilizing feedback control theory for performance
evaluation of IoT system in real-time," in Wireless Communications &
Signal Processing (WCSP), 2015 International Conference on, 2015, pp.
1-5.
[24] S. Kolozali, M. Bermudez-Edo, D. Puschmann, F. Ganz, and P.
Barnaghi, "A Knowledge-Based Approach for Real-Time IoT Data
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