Ajijola Oluwademilade 7734092

AJIJOLA OLUWADEMILADE
7734092
ENVR 1000
ASSIGNMENT 2
LESLIE GOODMAN
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1) Three major threats to biological diversity in

Canada are:
I. Loss of Habitat
II. Pollution
III. Overexploitation
I feel that the most significant threat is the Loss
of habitat, because according to Berg, Hagar,
Goodman, & Baydack (2010) most organisms are utterly
dependent on a particular type of environment, habitat
destruction reduces their biological rage and ability to
survive. The loss of habitat is happening everywhere around
the world, which is causing a lot of species to become
extinct, and reducing the genetic diversity of other surviving
species (Berg, Hagar, Goodman, & Baydack, 2010).

2) By identifying people with the same interest in the area,

building a relationship with each of the people as early as possible.
(Berg, Hagar, Goodman, & Baydack, 2010).

3) According to Biodivcanada.ca (2014) protectedareasare

consideredtobeabenefittoconservationofbiologicaldiversity
Becauseprotectedareascanbeestablishedandmanagedinother
toachievediverseobjectiveswhichcanincludemaintenanceof
ecologicalintegrity,conservationofecosystem,speciesand
geneticdiversity,environmentaleducationandsomanyother
things.SomestrategiesbeenusedaccordingtoBiodivcanada.ca
(2014)are:
Theuseofmechanismstosecurerelativelyintactecosystems
withinintensivelydevelopedareas.
Prepareandimplement,inconsultationwithinterested
stakeholders,legislationandpolicies,plans,guidelines,monitoring
programandothermeasurestosupporttheestablishmentand
managementofprotectedareas.
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Useinterimprotectionmeasurestoensurethatcandidate
protectedareasarenotcompromisedbydevelopment.

4)ThefeaturesofBorealWoodlandCariboumakeitinhabit
lichenrichareasoftheborealforest.Thecaribouhabitstendtobe
placesthatarethreatenedbyloggingandhumanactivities.

5) On a global and regional level polar bears are vulnerable, on a

national basis they are seen as special concern (WWF, 2016) and
on a provincial level they are seen as threatened. The classification
depends on the collective population of polar bear in an area and
also depending on the Act that classifies them.

PART B
6) According to Berg, Hagar, Goodman, & Baydack (2010)
Ecosystem Management is an evolving concept that
recognizes the need to use ecological components in
environmental decision making. It is useful in the
conservation of biological diversity because it helps
to examine species at risk. It can also be used to
manage and sustain threatens species in an area.
(Berg, Hagar, Goodman, & Baydack, 2010).

7) 5 steps in ecosystem management are:

Step1: Stakeholders and ecosystem area: This step involves
determining the stakeholders, defining the ecosystem area and
developing the relationship between them. The appropriate
stakeholders have to be part of the decision making of the
geographic area that is under consideration. Difficulty that can be
associated with this step is that it is time consuming. (Berg, Hagar,
Goodman, & Baydack, 2010). There is also a stakeholder issue.
(Shepherd,2004).
Step2: Ecosystem structure, function and management: This step
involves the consideration and also the application of knowledge
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from different sources such as the western, local and also

traditional knowledge. (Berg, Hagar, Goodman, & Baydack, 2010).
Shepard (2004) says that this step involves characterizing the
structure and the function of the ecosystem, and setting in place
mechanism to manage and monitor it. Difficulty that can be
associated is that at the beginning knowledge could be incomplete
and if working methods are not set in place it could remain that
way. (Shepherd, 2004).
Step3: Economic issues: According to Berg, Hagar, Goodman,
& Baydack (2010) This step requires the consideration of key
economic drivers that are associated with different management
choices and only the positive economic incentives should be
promoted. The difficulty that can be associated to this step
according to Shepherd (2004) is that there will be concentration
of the benefits inside one ecosystem while exporting the costs into
the next and also if negative deterrents are not avoided. (Berg,
Hagar, Goodman, & Baydack, 2010).
Step4: Adaptive management over space: Shepherd (2004) says,
It refers to the likely impact of an ecosystem on adjacent
ecosystems. The change in an ecosystem can affect the affect the
neighboring ecosystem. A good management in one ecosystem can
induce a good management in the neighboring ecosystem.
Shepherd (2004) says, Residents in an adjacent ecosystem can
adapt to unforeseen impacts by making their own ecosystem
management changes if a change occurs in another ecosystem.
The difficulty is that there could be unforeseen negative impacts
that can occur.
Step5: Adaptive management overtime: Berg, Hagar, Goodman, &
Baydack (2010) says that it recognizes that unforeseen issues
might affect the initial management goals and that development of
alternative strategies might be needed to maximize success and
also emphasizes the need for regular and science based
monitoring. Difficulty that can be associated with this step is, if
there is no good adaptive management and if there is no trusting
relationship between stakeholders. (Shepherd, 2004).
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8) i) Park and Protected area:

- According to Berg, Hager, Goodman, Baydack (2010)
ecosystem management approach considers multiple stakeholders
with different interests and priorities in resources development.
-An approach to manage the system as a whole to include
ecosystem biodiversity.
ii) Forest ecosystem:
-To promote greater biodiversity
-To provide Habitat

PART C

9) According to the BC space of nature, BC. Coastal

Temperate Rainforest ecosystem is important
because it provides critical habitat for incredibly
varied population of animals such as the grizzly
bears, eagles, spirit bear. The major features of the
ecosystem that contribute to the need for a
management plan are:
a) BC space of nature tells us that animals like
salmon that we as human and other animals depend
on are disappearing along with other species that
can only live in the costal rain forest
b) The temperate rain forest needs management
because half of it has been logged and altered. (BC
Space of Nature)

10)HinterlandwhoswhotellusthatSpeciesofanimalinthe
ecosystemarethegrizzlybears,eagles,andrareKermode,an
unusualsnowwhitevariationiftheblackbear,salmonandalso
NorthernSawwhetOwl.SpeciesofplantareWesternhemlock,
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yellowcedar,WesternRedCedar,Douglasfir,AmabilisFirand
SitkaSpruce.Ibelievethewildlifeisthemostimportant,for
examplethesalmonfishisveryimportantintherainforest
because:1)Salmonreturntofreshwatertoreleaseegganddie,in
theprocessthebringnutrientfromtheoceantotheland.2)Dead
salmoninstreamsandlakesprovidefertilizersandnutrientsfor
plantsinthatarea.Alsowhencarriedbyotheranimalsspread
nutrientstootherpartoftheforests.3)Salmonsisalsoafood
sourceforotheranimals.Alsotheravenbirdhelpsinthe
distributionofnutrientsandcarryingtheremainsofsalmonfrom
watertoinland.

11)i)RedleggedFrog:Itislistedasspecialconcern.Itisthesame
inotherpartsofCanada.Wayesaysthatitisduetotherateof
humandevelopmentleadingtodeclineofhabitatthroughoutits
range.

ii)NorthernSawwhetOwl:AccordingtoGovernmentof
Canadatheconservationstatusisthreatenedaccordingto
COSEWICandSARA,itissecureaccordingtoWildspecies
(Canada).StatusdoesnotdifferinotherpartsofCanada

iii)TheMarbledMurreletbird:itisconsideredThreatened.
WildlifeBranchsays,itisbasedonlossofnestinghabitatand
threatsposedbyoilspillsandfishingnets

12) According to the great bear rainforest story The

governmenttoldpeoplethattheywereprotectingtheforestbut
theywerenotandloggingcompaniesthatwerecuttingdowntrees
hadnorighttodothat.Thestakeholdersfortheforestwere:
Loggingcompanies,Greenpeace,andmediatorfromthe
government,laborcommunity,andenvironmentalist,mining
industries.Theywereabletonegotiatethebiggestmonetarismin
BC,whichgavethemtimetoworkoutasolution.Theyneeded
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independentscientisttoknowwhatitwouldtaketoprotectthe
animalandplanthabitat.Thescientistlookedattherainforestwith
abiggerpicturebylookingattheentiremapofthecoastalrain
foresttoseewhatparthadbeenloggedandthatpartoftheforest
thatstillhadalotoftrees.Lookingatthemapshowedthatthere
hadtobehigherlevelofprotectionthanwhatthegovernmentand
industrieswhereportraying.Stakeholdershadtoseatanddiscuss
onhowmanytreescouldbeloggedandwhatneedstobesaved.
Theywereabletoallocateasharedvisionforwhathastohappen
intheforest,whichwascollectivelywrittendownina
document andsenttothegovernment.Thismadealargearea
to be protected from logging and theforestcompanieshad
todecidewhattoleavebeforedecidingwhattologandalsothe
environmentalistwhereabletoraisemoneyforhuman
wellbeing.

13)PrimaryProducers:Howmuchshouldberetainedtoprotect
theecologicalintegrityoftheregion
Fish:Howsufficientlyprotectsalmonhabitat
Birdsandmammals:Howtoprotectthetheirhabitat
Predators:Inothertohaveabalancedecosystem
Forestandminingpractices:Decidewhattoleavebefore
decidingthetreestocutdown.
14)i)PacificSalmon:1)Tofindawaytoprotectthehabitatof
salmonand2)promoterecreationactivitiessuchasfishing,ant
theirabilitytomovefreelyfromformplacetoplace.

ii)

15) Differentknowledgesystems,partnerships,andmanagement
practicescanbeusedinthedevelopmentandimplementationof
theecosystemmanagementplanbecauseaccordingtoShepherd
(2004)Thebalancebetweentheconservationandtheuseof
biodiversitycanbeachievedthroughajointdecisionmaking
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processandalsothroughagreementsonwhoshouldmanagewhat
partoftheecosystem.Alsotheidea,thoughtsandcontributions
ofdifferentfieldisneededtomakearightdecisiononhowto
implementthemanagementplan.

16)Accordingtolivingoceanssociety(2011)Ifapprovedthere
couldbeoiltankertrafficthatwillpassonaregularbasis.They
arealsotryingtostopthemovementofoiltankersfromusing
BritishColombiaasatransportroute.(LivingoceansSociety,
2011).
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REFRENCES

Berg, L. R., Hager, M. C., Goodman, L. G., Baydack, R. K. (2010).

Visualizing the Environment. John Wiley & Sons Canada LTD.
Canada.
Waye,H.(1999).COSEWICstatusreportontheredleggedfrog
RanaaurorainCanadainCOSEWICassessmentandstatusreport
ontheredleggedfrogRanaaurorainCanada.Committeeonthe
StatusofEndangeredWildlifeinCanada.Ottawa.

GovernmentofCanada(2015),StatusofBirdsinCanada.Retrived
fromhttp://www.ec.gc.ca/socsbc/oiseaubirdeng.aspx?
sY=2011&sL=e&sB=NSWO&sM=a

WildlifeBranch.MarbledMurrelet:Theancientmossytreesin
whichthesebirdsnestaredisappearing.BritishColombia,Canada.
Retrievedfrom
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/murrelet.pdf

Shepherd,Gill.(2004).TheEcosystemApproach:FiveStepsto
Implementation.IUCN,Gland,SwitzerlandandCambridge,UK.
vi+30pp.
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LivingOceanssociety(2011).Retrievedfrom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bear_Rainforest#cite_note
Living_Oceans_Society:_Oil_and_Water24and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Oceans_Society#cite_note24

BCSpaceforNature.Retrievedfrom
http://www.spacesfornature.org/greatspaces/rainforest.html

Hinterlandwhoswho.Retrievedform
http://www.hww.ca/assets/pdfs/factsheets/canadascoastal
rainforest.pdf

Biodivcanada.ca(2014).CanadianBiodiversityStrategy.Retrieved
fromhttp://www.biodivcanada.ca/default.asp?
lang=En&n=560ED58E1&offset=7&toc=show

TheGreatBearRainforestStoryRainforestsolutions(2012).
RainforestSolutionsProject.Retrievedform
http://www.savethegreatbear.org/home/video/the_story_of_the_gre
at_bear_rainforest

WWF (2016). Polarbearstatus,distribution&population.

Retrievedfrom
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/arctic/wildlife/
polar_bear/population/