TER-Ryan Anthony K. Umali

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL REPORT
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUBSTATION OF

POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2 OF JG SUMMIT
PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS CITY
PRESENTED TO:
THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
MANILA, PHILIPPINES
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS
SUBMITTED BY:
RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

REE LICENSE NO. 0034825
IIEE MEMBERSHIP NO. 209595
PEE EXAMINEE
Engr. Ryan Anthony K. Umali
Block 17 Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes,
Banay-Banay, Lipa City, Batangas
Email: RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com
TRANSMITTAL
Date: November 7, 2016
To: BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
P. Paredes St., corner N. Reyes St.,
Sampaloc, Manila
Attn: HON. FRANCIS V. MAPILE

BEE Chairman
Subject: TECHNICAL ENGINEERING REPORT
Sir:
In compliance with the Application for Registration as Professional

Electrical Engineer (PEE) pursuant to the provisions of the New
Electrical Engineering Law or RA 7920, I hereby submit five (5)
copies of my Technical Engineering Report entitled POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUBSTATION OF POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2
OF JG SUMMIT PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS
CITY.
I hope you find the above documents in order.
Respectfully yours,
Ryan Anthony K. Umali, REE

Republic of the Philippines
Professional Regulation Commission
Manila
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
12 May 2016 PRBEE- 2016-082
Engr. RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Blk 17 Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes, Banay-Banay
Lipa City, Batangas
RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com
Dear Engr. Umali:
The Board of Electrical Engineering has unanimously approved your proposed

Technical Engineering Report outline and title: POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF
52 MVA 13.8/6.9kV OF POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2 OF JG SUMMIT
PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS CITY.". However, technical
relevance is a must in your report which shall be by substantial computations.
Descriptive/ administrative report shall not be accepted. Furthermore, knowledge of
the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) 1 and 2 is a must for all PEE applicants.
You may now file a formal application with the Professional Regulation Commission
and proceed with the writing of your technical engineering report. Please submit five
(5) bookbound copies of the report in standard A4 size bond paper (substance 24
or 90 gsm) together with this reply letter, comprehensive bio-data, single-file PDF
copy of the full Technical Engineering Report (including all attachments) saved in
THREE (3) USB flash disks, and application forms (see attached). Use Verdana
Font and Font Size is 12, Line Spacing of 1.5 lines, and the following margins: Left
1.5 inches; Top, Bottom and Right 1 inch.
Be sure to follow Rule 14 of RA 7920 in presenting your Table of Contents. Include

also your most significant achievement/contribution to Electrical Engineering. Please
be guided by the Dos and Donts listed in the attached sheet in preparing your
report.
Your complete technical report must be received by the Board of Electrical

Engineering not later than 12 November 2016, to give us enough time to review the
same prior to the conduct of the oral examination here in PRC Main Office Manila.
Very truly yours,
JAIME V. MENDOZA FRANCIS V. MAPILE

Member Member

P. PAREDES ST., CORNER N. REYES STREET, SAMPALOC, MANILA, PHILIPPINES
P.O. BOX 2038, MANILA
i
PREFACE
This study is of utmost importance to the overall plant

operational safety and reliability of JG Summit Petrochemicals
Group as it provides detailed power system analysis to one of its
plant on critical areas of load flow, voltage drop, short circuit, large
motor starting, protection coordination and arc-flash analysis which
will aide in providing assessment and recommendations for system
improvement and safety. During the whole course of this study, I
have developed and extensively used Microsoft Excel which
provided me an indispensable tool in performing my calculations to
all the analysis in this study.
It is my pleasure to be allowed by our Company to perform
this analysis and be able to contribute to its goal of operational
safety and reliability. I would like to dedicate this endeavor to my
family, my father, my mother, my wife and my kids who are my
inspiration. I would also like to express my gratitude to our IIEE
Southern Luzon Governor Engr. Jed De Castro, Deputy Gov Engr.
Ber Salazar and Engr. Eric Tamondong who guided me into this
whole process of REE upgrading as well as to Dr. Celoy Calibjo and
Engr. Ben S. Jimenez for their mentorship and guidance. Above all I
offer the fruit of my labor to ALMIGHTY GOD.
i
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Project Objectives 4
1.3 Project Scope and Limitations 5
CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM MODELS 7

2.1 Base Values 7
2.2 Connection Point Model 9
2.3 Power Transformer Model 10
2.3.1 Power Transformer Data 10
2.3.2 Power Transformer Impedance Modelling 11
2.4 Motor Model 17
2.4.1 Medium- Voltage Motor Models 19
2.4.2 Low-Voltage Motor Models 25
2.5 Cable Model 34
2.5.1 For Medium-Voltage Cables 34
2.5.2 For Low-Voltage Cables 38
2.6 Load Model 48
2.7 Impedance Networks 75
2.8 Admittance Network 106
CHAPTER 3 LOAD FLOW STUDY 107

3.1 Methodology 107
3.2 Load Flow Analysis for Case 1 (Steady State
without Capacitor) 112
3.2.1 Admittance and Power Data 112
3.2.2 Bus Voltage Calculation 114
3.2.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor
Calculation 127
iii
3.2.4 Evaluation
3.2.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation 133
3.2.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation 133
3.2.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation 156
3.2.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation 156
3.2.4.5 Power Factor Evaluation 157
3.3 Load Flow Analysis for Case 2 (Steady State with
Capacitors at Bus 2) 158
3.3.1 Admittance and Power Data 158
3.3.2. Bus Voltage Calculation 160
3.3.3 Current, Power Flow and Power
Factor Calculation 172
3.4 Overall Load Flow Evaluation 175
3.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation 175
3.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation 176
3.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation 177
3.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation 178
CHAPTER 4 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY 179

4.1 Methodology 179
4.2 Momentary Short Circuit Calculation 183
4.2.1 Calculation of Momentary 3-phase Faults 183
4.2.1.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase
Faults for Main Buses 185
Faults at MV Loads 193
Faults at LV Loads 196
4.2.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line
to Ground Faults 198
4.2.2.1 Calculation of Single Line to
Ground Fault for Main Buses 200
iv
4.2.2.2 Calculation of Momentary

Single Line-to-Ground Faults at MV
and LV Loads 207
4.2.3 Calculation of Momentary Line-to-Line
Faults 212
4.2.3.1 Calculation of Line to
Line Fault for Main Buses 214
4.2.3.2 Calculation of Line-to-Line
Fault for MV and LV Loads 219
4.2.4 Calculation of Momentary Double Line
to Ground Faults 221
4.2.4.1 Calculation of Double Line to
Ground Fault for Main Buses 224
4.2.4.2 Calculation of Momentary
Double Line-to-Ground Faults at
MV and LV Loads 232
4.3 Interrupting Short Circuit Calculation 236
4.3.1 Calculation of Interrupting Three
Phase Fault for Main Buses 236
4.3.2 Calculation of Interrupting
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
for Main Buses 243
4.3.3 Calculation of Interrupting
Line-to-Line Faults for Main Buses 248
4.3.4 Calculation of Interrupting Double
Line-to-Ground Faults for Main Buses 252
4.3.5 Summary of Interrupting Calculation 256
4.4 Equipment Evaluation of Short Circuit
Capacity 270
4.4.1 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers 270
4.4.2 Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 274
4.4.3 Molded Case Circuit Breakers 276
v
CHAPTER 5 PROTECTION COORDINATION 281

5.1 Protection Coordination Guidelines 281
5.1.1 Coordination Time 281
5.1.2 Protection for Medium-Voltage Motor 282
5.1.3 Protection for Power Transformer 282
5.1.4 Protection for MV Capacitor Bank 283
5.1.5 Protection for LV Motors 283
5.1.6 Protection for LV Panel 284
5.2 Equipment Operating Curves and Damage
Curves 284
5.2.1 Transformers and Feeder Cables
TCC Landmark 284
5.2.2 Medium-Voltage Motors TCC Landmark 286
5.3 Setting Calculations and TCC Curves 294
5.3.1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Calculation for MV Loads 294
Calculation for LV Loads 299
Calculation and Coordination for Transformers 305
5.3.4 Time Current Curves 323
5.4 Cable Evaluation 337
5.4.1 Medium-Voltage Cable Minimum Sizing 337
5.4.2 Equipment Grounding Cable Verification 339
CHAPTER 6 LARGE MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS 341

6.1 Methodology 341
6.2 Starting Analysis 343
CHAPTER 7 ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS 359

7.1 Arc-Flash Calculation for Medium-Voltage System 362
7.2 Arc-Flash Calculation for Low-Voltage System 370
vi
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 379

8.1 Load Flow 379
8.2 Short Circuit Analysis 380
8.3 Protection Coordination 381
8.4 Detailed Large Motor Starting Analysis 381
8.5 Arc-Flash Analysis 382
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage 5
Table 1.2 Summary of Sub-Study Area 6
Table 2.1 Summary of Base Values for Power and Voltage 8
Table 2.2 Summary of Base Values of Current and Impedance 9
Table 2.3 Summary of Short Circuit
Impedance at Connection Point at 10MVA Base 9
Table 2.4 Transformer Datasheet 10
Table 2.5 Transformer Impedances Based on MVA 12
Table 2.6 Summary of Zero, Positive and Negative
Sequence Impedances of Transformers at 10MVA Base 17
Table 2.7 Summary of Medium-Voltage Motor Data 19
Table 2.8 Summary of Per Unit Impedances of
Medium- Voltage Motors at 10MVA Base 25
Table 2.9 Summary of Low-Voltage Motor Data of MCC8 25
Table 2.10 Summary of Low-Voltage Motor Data of MCC9 27
Table 2.11 Summary of Calculation for Positive and
Negative Sequence Impedance of MCC8 Motor Load
at 10MVA Base 30
Table 2.12 Summary of Calculation for Positive
and Negative Sequence Impedance of MCC9
Motor Load at 10MVA Base 32
Table 2.13 Cable Data for Medium-Voltage Cables 34
Table 2.14 Cable Zero Sequence Impedances for
Medium-Voltage Cables 35
Table 2.15 Summary of Calculation for Medium-Voltage
Cables on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
Impedance at 10MVA Base 36
Table 2.16 Summary of Admittance Calculation for
Medium-Voltage Cables at 10MVA Base 37
Table 2.17 Summary of Cable Data for Low-Voltage
viii
Cables of MCC8 38
Table 2.18 Summary of Cable Data for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC9 39
Table 2.19 Summary of Zero Sequence Resistance
and Reactance for Medium-Voltage Cables of MCC8 41
Table 2.20 Summary of Zero Sequence Resistance and
Reactance for Medium-Voltage Cables of MCC9 43
Table 2.21 Summary of Calculation for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC8 on Positive, Negative and Zero
Sequence Impedance at 10MVA Base 45
Table 2.22 Summary of Calculation for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC9 on Positive, Negative and Zero
Sequence Impedance at 10MVA Base 46
Table 2.23 Medium-Voltage Load Data 48
Table 2.24 Low-Voltage Load Data for MCC8 49
Table 2.25 Low-Voltage Load Data for MCC9 55
Table 2.26 Summary of Connected Load for Medium
Voltage Load 60
Table 2.27 Summary of Connected Load for
Low-Voltage Load of MCC8 60
Table 2.28 Summary of Connected Load for Low
Voltage Load of MCC9 63
Table 2.29 Calculation for the Operating
Load for Medium-Voltage Loads 66
Table 2.30 Calculated Results of the Operating
Load for Low-Voltage Loads of MCC8 67
Table 2.31 Calculated Results of the Operating
Load for Low-Voltage Loads of MCC9 69
Table 2.32 Medium-Voltage Operating Load 71
Table 2.33 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC8 72
Table 2.34 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC9 72
Table 2.35 Medium-Voltage Operating Load at 10MVA Base 73
ix
Table 2.36 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC8

at 10MVA Base 73
Table 2.37 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC9
at 10MVA Base 74
Table 2.38 Summary of Impedance Network for
ANSI Approved Short Circuit Calculation 75
Table 2.39 Momentary Reactance Values
(IEEE 399-2016) 77
Table 2.40 Calculated Results of Momentary Impedance
for Medium and Low-Voltage Motors 79
Table 2.41 Calculated Results of Equivalent Impedance of
Motor and Cable at 10MVA Base for Momentary Network 81
Table 2.42 Summary of Results for MV and LV Motors
Thevenins Impedance for Momentary Networks 89
Table 2.43 Interrupting Reactance Values
(IEEE 399-2016) 93
Table 2.44 Calculated Results of Interrupting
Impedance for Medium and Low-Voltage Motors 95
Motor and Cable at 10MVA Base for Interrupting Network 95
Table 2.46 Summary of Results for MV and LV Motor
Thevenins Impedance for Interrupting Networks 102
Table 3.1 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 1 112
Table 3.2 Summary of Admittances 113
Table 3.3 Scheduled Power 113
Table 3.4 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=15 124
Table 3.5 Voltage Calculation Error Values 125
Table 3.6 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation 133
Table 3.7 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation after Changing
the Taps of TRL3A and TRL3B to -2.5% Off-Nominal 133
Table 3.8 Summary of Transformer Cable Ratings 135
Table 3.9 Summary of Results for Transformer
x
Feeder Voltage Drop without Capacitor 137

Table 3.10 Summary of Motor Feeder Cable Ratings 138
Table 3.11 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal
Voltage for MV Motor Feeder Cables without Capacitor 141
Table 3.12 Cable Ratings for MCC8 loads 142
Table 3.13 Cable Ratings for MCC9 loads 144
Table 3.14 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation
for MCC8 Loads w/o Capacitor and TRL3A 149
Table 3.15 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation
for MCC9 Loads without Capacitor and TRL3B 151
Table 3.16 Summary of 480V Loads with Unacceptable %VD
(after changing the taps of TRL3A and TRL3B) 152
Table 3.17 Summary of Calculations after Correction 155
Table 3.18 Current Flows and Bus bar Loading 156
Table 3.19 Transformer Loading on Case 1 156
Table 3.20 Summary of Power Factor 157
Table 3.21 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 2 158
Table 3.22 Summary of Admittances 159
Table 3.23 Scheduled Power 159
Table 3.24 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=14 169
Table 3.25 Voltage Calculation Error Values 170
Table 2.26 Power Flow and Power Factor Summary 174
Table 3.27 Bus Voltages on Different Capacitor Steps 175
Table 3.28 Summary of Results for Transformer Feeder
Voltage Drop with Capacitors 176
Table 3.29 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal
Voltage for MV Motor Feeder Cables without Capacitor 176
Table 3.30 Current Flows and Bus bar Loading at Various
Capacitor Steps with Nominal Tap at TRL3A/B 177
Capacitor Steps with -2.5% tap at TRL3A/B 177
Table 3.32 Transformer Loading at Various Capacitor Steps 178
xi
Table 4.1 Summary of Fault Points 180

Table 4.2 Protection Device-Short Circuit Rating
Evaluation Summary 182
Table 4.3 Summary of Momentary Fault Point
Impedances and X/R for Main Buses 191
Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary 3 Phase Fault 192
Table 4.5 Summary of Calculations for Momentary Three
Phase Fault Current and Fault Point Impedance at Motor
Terminals of each MV Motors and Power Factor Capacitor 195
Table 4.6 Three-phase Fault Current for Critical 480V Loads 197
Table 4.7 Summary of Momentary Single Line-to-Ground
Faults 205
Table 4.8 Summary of Single Line-to-Ground Fault
Current Contributions for Main Buses 206
Table 4.9 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances for
Fault on MV Loads 208
Table 4.10 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances
for Fault on LV Loads 208
Table 4.11 Summary of Momentary Single
Line-to-Ground Fault Current for MV Loads 209
Table 4.12 Summary of Momentary Single Line
to Ground Fault Current for LV Loads 212
Table 4.13 Summary of Calculation for
Momentary Single Line-to-Ground Fault Current
Contributions on Fault Current on MV Loads 210
Table 4.14 Summary of Momentary Line-to-Line Faults 218
Table 4.15 Summary of Momentary Line-to-Line Fault
Current Contributions for Main Buses 218
Table 4.16 Calculated Results for Momentary Line-to-Line
Fault for MV Loads 219
Table 4.17 Calculated Results for Momentary
Line-to-Line Fault for LV Loads 219
xii
Table 4.18 Summary of Momentary Double

Line-to-Ground Faults for Phase B 229
Line-to-Ground Faults for Phase C 230
Line-to-Ground Faults for Neutral Short Circuit Current 231
Line-to-Ground Faults Current Contribution for Phase B 231
Line-to-Ground Faults Current Contribution for Phase C 232
Line-to-Ground Faults Current Contribution for Neutral 232
Table 4.24 Summary of Per-Unit Sequence Fault Current for
Momentary Double Line-to-Ground Fault on MV Loads 233
Table 4.25 Summary of Per-Unit Sequence Fault Current for
Momentary Double Line-to-Ground Fault on LV Loads 233
Table 4.26 Summary of Momentary Double Line-to-Ground
Fault Current on MV Loads 234
Line-to-Ground Fault Current on LV Loads 234
Table 4.28 Summary of Interrupting Three-phase
Short Circuit Currents and X/R ratio 242
Table 4.29 Summary of Interrupting Single
Line-to-Ground Faults 247
Table 4.30 Summary of Interrupting Line-to-Line Faults 251
Table 4.31 Summary of Interrupting Double
Line-to-Ground Faults 255
Table 4.32 Summary of Interrupting Short Circuit
Calculations 256
Table 4.33 Summary of Adjusted Interrupting Short
Circuit Currents 261
Table 4.34 Summary of Short Circuit Calculation 262
xiii
Table 4.35 Momentary Rating Evaluation Summary

for Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers 272
Table 4.36 Interrupting Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers 273
Table 4.37 Making Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 275
Table 4.38 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 275
for Medium Molded Case Circuit Breakers of MCC8 277
for Medium Molded Case Circuit Breakers of MCC9 279
Table 5.1 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve
for TRM1 284
Table 5.2 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve
for TRL3A/3B TCC 285
Table 5.3 Magnetizing Inrush Point for TRM1 285
Table 5.4 Magnetizing Inrush Point for TRL3A/B 285
Table 5.5 Short Circuit Damage Curve for
TL1 (5x630mm2 XLPE) 286
Table 5.6 Short Circuit Damage Curve for TL2/TL3
(1x185mm2 XLPE) 286
Table 5.7 Starting Curve for KM5806 287
Table 5.8 Starting Curve for YM7601 287
Table 5.11 Running Overload Curve for KM5806 289
Table 5.12 Starting Overload Curve for KM5806 290
Table 5.13 Running Overload Curve for YM7601 290
Table 5.14 Starting Overload Curve for YM7601 291
xiv

Table 5.19 Short Circuit Damage Curve for Feeder
Cables of Various Load 293
Table 5.20 Summary of Phase and Ground Protection
Calculation for MV Loads 298
Table 5.21 Summary of Phase and Ground Fault
Protection Settings for Power Transformers 320
Table 5.22 MCC8 480V LOADS Protection Settings
and Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary 321
Table 5.23 MCC9 480V LOADS Protection Settings
and Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary 322
Table 5.24 Summary of Calculation for Minimum
Cable Ampacity for Medium-Voltage Cable 338
Table 5.25 Summary of Equipment Grounding
Conductor Sizing for MV Loads 339
Table 5.26 Summary of Equipment Grounding
Conductor Sizing for MV Loads 340
Table 6.1 Motor Torque Data 343
Table 6.2 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for
KM5806 Starting 344
Table 6.3 Total Complex Power Requirement
for Starting KM5806 345
Table 6.4 Large Motor Starting Data (Lock Rotor kVA) 347
Table 6.5 Large Motor Starting Data (Lock Rotor Current) 347
Table 6.6 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for DOL
Starting of YM7601 348
Table 6.7 Simulation for Determining the RVS Tap 349
for Starting YM7601 without Auto Transformer 350
for Starting YM7601 with Auto Transformer 351
xv
Table 6.10 Bus Voltage Calculation Results

for Starting of KM8639 351
Table 6.12 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for
Starting of KM8601 353
for Starting of VM5814 354
for Starting VM5814 355
for Starting of SM8645 356
for Starting SM8645 356
Table 6.18 Summary of Starting Torque Evaluation 357
Table 7.1 Calculated Results for Normalized
Incident Energy 366
Table 7.2 Calculated Results for Incident Energy
at 100% Arcing Fault Current Level 367
Table 7.3 Calculated Results for Incident Energy
at 85% Arcing Fault Current Level 368
Table 7.4 Calculated Results for Arc-Flash
Boundary (AFB) for Medium-Voltage Loads 368
Table 7.5 Calculated Results for Normalized Incident Energy 374
Table 7.6 Calculated Results of Incident Energy at
100% Arcing Fault Current Level for Low-voltages Loads 375
Table 7.7 Calculated Results of Incident Energy at 85%
Arcing Fault Current Level for Low-Voltages Loads 376
Table 7.8 Calculated Results of Arc-Flash
Boundary (AFB) for Medium-Voltage Loads 377
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE expansion substation switchgears

(Bottom with the author in front of MV switchgear) 2
Figure 1.2 System single line diagram 3
Figure 2.1 Positive sequence impedance network
of TRM1 13
Figure 2.2 Negative sequence impedance network
of TRM1 13
Figure 2.3 Zero sequence impedance network of TRM1 14
Figure 2.4 Positive sequence impedance network
of TRL3A/3B 16
Figure 2.5 Negative sequence impedance network
of TRL3A/3B 16
Figure 2.6 Zero sequence impedance network of
TRL3A/3B 16
Figure 2.7 Positive and negative sequence impedance
network of PE-KM5806 20
Figure 2.8 Zero Sequence impedance network of
PE-KM5806 20
network of PE-YM7601 22
Figure 2.10 Zero Sequence impedance network of
PE-YM7601 22
PE-KM8639 23
xvii
PE-KM8601 25
Figure 2.15 Positive/negative sequence impedance
network of PE-GM1412 30
PE-GM1412 30
Figure 2.17 Typical impedance network 76
Figure 2.18 Momentary impedance of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables 83
Figure 2.19 Equivalent circuit of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables for momentary networks 83
Figure 2.20 Thevenins equivalent circuit of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables for momentary networks 84
Figure 2.21 Equivalent network of medium-voltage
motors for momentary positive and negative sequence 84
Figure 2.22 Momentary impedance of low-voltage
motors and motor cables of MCC8 85
Figure 2.23 Equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors
and motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks 85
Figure 2.24 Thevenins equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors
and motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks 86
Figure 2.25 Equivalent network of low-voltage motors
of MCC8 for momentary positive and negative sequence 86
Figure 2.26 Momentary impedance of low-voltage
Figure 2.27 Momentary equivalent circuit of low-voltage
and motor cables of MCC9 for momentary network 88
of MCC9 for Momentary positive and negative sequence 88
Figure 2.30 Momentary positive sequence network 90
Figure 2.31 Momentary negative sequence network 91
xviii
Figure 2.32 Momentary zero sequence network 92

Figure 2.33 Interrupting impedance of medium
voltage motors and motor cables 96
motors and motor cables 96
Motors and Motor cables for interrupting network 97
Figure 2.36 Equivalent network of medium-voltage
Motors for Interrupting positive and negative sequence 97
Figure 2.37 Interrupting impedance of low-voltage
and motor cables of MCC8 for interrupting networks 98
of MCC8 for interrupting positive and negative
sequence 99
Figure 2.41 Interrupting impedance of low
voltage motors and motor cables of MCC9 100
Figure 2.42 Interrupting equivalent circuit of
low-voltage motors and motor cables of MCC9 100
of MCC9 for momentary positive and negative sequence 101
Figure 2.45 Interrupting positive sequence network 103
Figure 2.46 Interrupting negative sequence network 104
Figure 2.47 Interrupting zero sequence network 105
Figure 2.48 System admittance diagram 106
Figure 3.1 Current flow to a bus 108
Figure 3.2 Current flow through a load element 108
xix
Figure 3.3 Current flow through an admittance

element (left), Current flow through admittance
with tap changing transformer (right) 109
Figure 3.4 Voltage calculation/iteration via excel sheet 110
Figure 3.5 Microsoft Excel complex quantity
calculation add-ins 110
Figure 3.6 Load flow case study process flow chart 111
Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1 113
Figure 3.8 Admittance network with power and
current flows 127
Figure 3.9 Admittance network for Case 2 159
Figure 4.1 Three-phase bolted fault 184
Figure 4.2 Momentary positive sequence impedance
with fault at bus 1 185
Figure 4.3 Momentary positive sequence Thevenins
Equivalent impedance calculation diagram 186
Equivalent Circuit at fault point F1 187
Figure 4.5 Momentary positive sequence resistance
with fault at Bus 1 187
Equivalent resistance with fault at Bus 1 188
Figure 4.7 Momentary positive sequence reactance
with fault at Bus 1 188
Equivalent reactance with fault at Bus 1 189
Figure 4.9 Simplification of equivalent
impedance at terminals of KM5806(F8) 193
Figure 4.10 Simplification to Thevenins Equivalent
impedance at terminals of KM5806 (F8) 194
Figure 4.11 Simplification to Thevenins Equivalent
impedance at terminals of GM1412 (F12) 196
xx
Figure 4.12 Illustration of bolted single

line-to-ground fault 199
Figure 4.13 Momentary positive sequence
impedance for fault point 1 200
Figure 4.14 Momentary negative sequence
Figure 4.15 Momentary zero sequence impedance
diagram 201
Figure 4.16 Momentary zero sequence impedance
for fault point 1 201
Figure 4.17 Momentary equivalent impedance
networks for fault point 1 202
Figure 4.18 Simplified MV load zero sequence
impedance network 207
Figure 4.19 Illustration of bolted line-to-line fault 212
Figure 4.20 Equivalent sequence impedance
network for line-to-line fault 213
Figure 4.21 momentary positive sequence impedance
Figure 4.22 Momentary negative sequence impedance
Figure 4.24 Illustration of bolted double
Line-to -ground fault 221
Figure 4.25 Interconnected sequence networks
for double line-to-ground fault 222
for double line-to-ground fault at F1 224
Figure 4.27 Interrupting positive sequence
impedance with fault at Bus 1 237
Figure 4.28 Interrupting positive sequence impedance
xxi
Thevenins Equivalent calculation diagram 238

Figure 4.29 Interrupting positive sequence Thevenins
Equivalent Circuit at fault point F1 239
resistance with fault at Bus 1 239
Figure 4.31 Equivalent interrupting positive sequence
resistance with fault at Bus 1 240
reactance with fault at Bus 1 240
Figure 4.33 Equivalent momentary positive sequence
reactance with fault at Bus 1 241
Figure 4.35 Interrupting negative sequence
Figure 4.36 Interrupting zero sequence
impedance diagram 244
Figure 4.37 Interrupting zero sequence
Figure 4.38 Interrupting equivalent impedance
networks for fault point 1 245
Figure 4.40 Interrupting negative sequence
for double line-to-ground fault at F1 252
Figure 4.43 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying
factors that includes effects of AC and DC decrement
as applied to F2 257
xxii
Figure 4.44 Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors

that includes effects of AC and DC decrement as
applied to F2 258
Figure 4.45 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying
factors that includes effects of AC and DC decrement
as applied to F3 259
Figure 4.46 Specification for medium-voltage
circuit breaker 270
Figure 4.47 Specifications for medium-voltage
circuit breaker 271
Figure 4.48 Specification for low-voltage
air circuit breaker 274
Figure 4.49 Specification for molded case circuit
breaker 276
Figure 5.1 Protection setting values for VM5814 300
Figure 5.2 Protection setting values for SM8645 302
Figure 5.3 Protection setting values for YM7607 304
Figure 5.4 Time-current curve for phase protection
of KM5806 323
of YM7601 324
of KM8639 325
of KM8601 326
of PC001 327
of VM5814 328
of MNDB 329
xxiii
of TRL3A 330
of SM8645 331
of TRL3B 332
of TRM1 333
Figure 5.15 Time-current curve for ground protection
of TRL3A and MCC8 334
of TRL3B and MCC9 335
of TRM1 and 6.9kV Switchgear 336
Figure 6.1 Combined motor and load torque-speed
curve for KM5806 347
Figure 7.1 Arc-Flash location diagram for
medium-voltage system 362
low-voltage system MCC8 370
low-voltage system MCC9 371
Figure 7.4 Sample Arc-resistance clothing with
40cal/cm2 rating 378
xxiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
A Single Line Diagram
B Single Line Diagram-Fault Point Location
C1 Single Line Diagram for Protection 1/3
xxv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This technical report is about power system analysis of one

of JG Summit Petrochemical Groups newly expanded plant. This
covers system modeling, load flow analysis, voltage drop
calculation, large motor starting analysis, short-circuit analysis,
protective device coordination study and arc-flash study.
The author developed MS Excel work sheets to aid various
calculations for all the analysis of this study.
Chapter 1 is the introduction and overview of the study. It
provides an overview of the plant and the PE expansion project
where the author conducted this power system analysis. This
chapter also covers the analysis scope and limitations.
Chapter 2 is the power system modeling where per-unit
quantities of transformers, cables, motors and source connection
were derived and converted to base values of voltages, currents,
impedances and power. The network impedances for momentary
and interrupting network were also derived in this chapter as well
as the network admittance.
Chapter 3 is the load flow analysis where the author used
Microsoft Excel to perform Gauss-Seidel method of calculating the
bus voltages, current flows, power flows and power factors. The
analysis focused on the power flows within the PE2 expansion
system from the power plant to the 52MVA transformer up to the
low-voltage loads. Two cases were evaluated, one without power
factor capacitor and the other with power factor capacitor at various
steps. This chapter also includes voltage drop calculation for all
feeder cables of both MV and LV equipment.
xxvi
Chapter 4 is the short-circuit analysis. Calculations were

performed using the ANSI E/Z methodology where both momentary
and interrupting networks were used to calculate the fault currents.
The analysis calculated 24 fault points and the results were then
used to evaluate the breaker short-circuit capacity. The results were
also used in protective device coordination presented in chapter 5
and arc-flash study in chapter 7.
Chapter 5 is the protective device coordination where
Protective device coordination was conducted in this chapter for all
medium-voltage protection devices and critical low-voltage
protection devices. The author utilized the Microsoft excel to plot
the equipment TCC landmarks and protection curves.
Chapter 6 deals with large motor starting analysis. The
effect on bus voltages of starting large motors with output power
equal or greater than 100kW were evaluated using the load flow
analysis in Microsoft excel developed by the author. The starting
performances of the motors were evaluated in terms of its starting
torques. The required numbers of generating sets were also
calculated in consideration with the generator limits. Transient
Transformer loading were also evaluated to verify the transient
loading of all three (3) transformer.
Chapter 7 is the Arc-Flash analysis where the incident
energies generated during an arc-fault were calculated for specified
points at specified conditions. The flash protection boundaries were
also calculated and the results were used to evaluate the flash
protection rating of the personal protection equipment.
Chapter 8 covers the Conclusion and Recommendation of
this technical report.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview
JG Summit Petrochemicals Group (JGSPG) consists of JG

Summit Petrochemical Corporation (JGSPC) and JG Summit Olefins
Corporation (JGSOC) which are both wholly owned subsidiaries of
JG Summit Holdings, Incorporated (JGSHI). JGSPG has a 250-
hectare fully integrated, world-class, PEZA-accredited
manufacturing complex in Barangay Simlong, Batangas City, 120
km south of Manila.
JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation has three (3)
polymer plants namely Polyethylene 1, Polyethylene 2 and
Polypropylene which are currently producing a combined capacity of
510 kTA of resins per year.
On the other hand JG Summit Olefins Corporation is
producing polymer grade Ethylene and Propylene that are both
exported overseas and used by JGSPC as its main raw material for
producing PE and PP resins.
Power to the entire petrochemical complex is coming from
its own 74MW Diesel power plant located inside the complex. The
power plant also increases its capacity from its original rating of
47MW through additional generating units.
From 2011 to 2014, PE plants undergo a major de-
bottlenecking project (PE Expansion Project) to increase the
capacity from 200kTA to 320kTA. The Basic Engineering was
handled by JGSPCs Project Engineering group which the author was
part of the team and with its technology vendor from US while
Detailed Engineering, Project and Construction Management was
handled by Toyo-Thai Engineering PTE LTD of Thailand.
Part of the PE Expansion project was the extension of the
existing substation to cater the additional load requirement such as
Chapter 1-Introduction Page 1

motors, lightings, instrument and control systems and process
heaters. These additional loads have a combined total capacity
requirement of about 33.3MVA which the existing substation cannot
cater.
Construction of the said plant was completed last April 2014
while pre-commissioning, commissioning and start-up activities
were completed last June 2014.
MV SWGR LV SWGR(MCC8)
LV SWGR(MCC9)
Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE-Expansion Substation

Switchgears (Bottom with the Author in front of MV
switchgear)

The extended substation consist of 52MVA 13.8kV/6.9kV
Delta-wye (solidly grounded) transformer, two(2) x 3MVA
6.9kV/480V Delta/wye transformer (solidly grounded), MV 6.9kV
switchgears, four(4) large induction motors, Power factor correction
capacitors, two(2) spare MV feeder intended for future requirement
and 480V switchgears (see Figure 1.2 for Single Line Diagram).
Generator
G 8 sets
8.375MVA
13.8kV
Bus 1
Polyethylene
Plant no. 2
Estimated equivalent Loads Expansion
Momentary:
Z=0.000639 + j 0.019257
TRM1
p.u (10MVA base) 40/52MVA
Interrupting:
13.8kV/6.9kV
Z=0.000685 + j 0.021452
p.u (10MVA base)
Bus 2
TRL3A TRL3B
3MVA 3MVA
6.9kV/480V 6.9kV/480V
M M M M
PE-KM5806 PE-YM7601 PE-KM8601 PE-KM8639

540W 4850W 250W 315W
6.9kV 6.9kV
Bus 3 Bus 4
6.9kV 6.9kV
Low Voltage Low Voltage
Loads Loads
Figure 1.2 System Single Line Diagram

1.2 Project Objectives
This technical report has the following objectives:

1. To determine the per-unit model of impedance networks,
admittance networks and loads from the point of
connection Power Plant Bus (BAC908) up to low-voltage
loads;
2. To evaluate the bus voltages, terminal voltages and
percent (%) voltage drop of each load;
3. To evaluate the transformer and bus bar loading;
4. To evaluate power factor and its effect on the bus voltages,
transformer and bus bar loading;
5. To determine the minimum and maximum fault current at
each fault point and evaluate the short circuit capacity of
circuit breakers;
6. To design and evaluate the time current coordination of
protection for all medium-voltage loads and critical low-
voltage loads;
7. To calculate the minimum size of medium-voltage cables
and evaluate the Equipment Grounding Conductor for all
loads;
8. To determine the impact of large motor starting scenario to
the power system voltage and evaluate each large motor
starting performance;
9. To determine the incident energies, hazard ratings and arc
flash protection boundaries for medium and low-voltage
switchgears from the point of connection, medium-voltage
loads and critical low-voltage loads.

1.3 Project Scope and Limitations
This study comprises of Load Modelling, Load Flow Analysis,

Short Circuit Analysis, Protection Coordination, Large Motor Starting
Analysis and Arc-Flash Analysis. As depicted in Figure 1.2, these
analyses are performed from the PE2 Expansions power plant
connection point at BAC908 13.8kV feeder up to the 480V loads.
Table 1.1 summarizes the coverage of the study. The equivalent
momentary and interrupting fault impedances at the connection
point were already provided by an earlier study of the original
power system before the PE plant expansion and since it is given at
10MVA base, is not necessary to model it.
Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage
Analysis Type Coverage or scope
Load Flow Study From BAC 908 down to all PE2

expansion power system up to 480V
loads
Short Circuit Study Fault point at TRM1 primary and
secondary, 6.9kV bus, 6.9kV loads,
TRL3A/B primary and secondary,
480V bus and critical 480V loads
Device Coordination Study From BAC 908 protection down to
all the protective devices of PE2
power system.
Large Motor Starting Study All motors 100kW and above
Arc-Flash Study Fault point at TRM1 primary and
secondary, 6.9kV bus, 6.9kV loads,
TRL3A/B primary and secondary,
480V bus and critical 480V loads

Table 1.2 Summary of Sub-Study Area
Analysis Type Sub-Study Area
Power System 1. Impedance model

Model 2. Admittance Model
3. Load Model
Load Flow Study 1. Bus voltage and Load Voltage Calculation
2. Current and Power Flow Calculation
3. Percent (%) Voltage Drop Calculation
4. Power Factor Calculation
5. Voltage Drop Evaluation
6. Transformer and Bus Bar Loading Evaluation
7. Power Flow Evaluation
Short Circuit 1. 3-phase fault at various location (Momentary
Study Symmetrical, Asymmetrical and peak)
2. SLG Fault at various location
3. Line-to-line Fault at various Location
4. Double Line-to-ground fault at various
location
Device 1. TCC coordination of all MV Loads and critical
Coordination LV Loads
Study 2. Medium-voltage cable size evaluation
3. Equipment grounding conductor evaluation
Large Motor 1. Motor Starting Analysis
Starting Study 2. Starting Torque Analysis
Arc-Flash Study 1. Incident Energy and Arc-flash hazard level
Calculation
2. Arc-Flash boundary calculation

CHAPTER 2
POWER SYSTEM MODELS
This chapter derives the PE2 expansions per-unit models

necessary for all the power system studies in this technical report.
2.1 Base Values
The per-unit value of any quantity is its ratio to the chosen

base quantity of the same dimensions, expressed as a
dimensionless number [1]. In power system analysis, there are
four (4) base quantities in the per-unit system; base power (MVA),
base voltage (kV), base impedance (), and base current (A). Base
voltages assigned per section are presented in Table 2.1. Base
currents and impedances calculation and summary are presented on
this section. These base values are used in calculating the per-unit
quantities which will be extensively applied throughout this
technical report.
Actual Value
Per Unit
Base Value Equation (2.1)
ZBASE
VBASE 2
SBASE Equation (2.2)
SBASE
IBASE
3 VBASE Equation (2.3)
Chapter 2-Power System Models Page 7

Table 2.1 Summary of Base Values for Power and Voltage
Section Description Base Base Voltage

Power (kV)
(MVA)
Bus 1 Generator 13.8kV Bus 13.8
TRM1 secondary
Bus 2 6.9
(6.9kV) bus
TRL3A secondary
Bus 3 0.48
(480V) bus 10
TRL3B secondary
Bus 4 0.48
(480V) bus
The calculated values of base impedances and currents,

summarized in Table 2.2 are presented per system voltage level.
Equations (2.2) and (2.3) are used to calculate base impedances
and base currents respectively.
13.8kV system:
ZBASE
VBASE 2
13.8x10 3 2
19.044
SBASE 10x106
SBASE 10x10 418.369

6
3 13.8x10
IBASE A
3VBASE 3
6.9kV system:
ZBASE
VBASE 2
6.9x10 3 2
4.761
SBASE 10x106
SBASE 10x10 836.739

6
3 6.9x10
IBASE A
3 VBASE 3
0.48kV system:
ZBASE
VBASE
2

4802 0.02304
SBASE 10x106
IBASE
SBASE

10x106
120 ,028 A
3 VBASE 3480

Table 2.2 Summary of Base Values of Current and Impedance
Base
Base
Section Description Impedance
Current (A)
()
13.8kV Generator 13.8kV 418.36976 19.04400
System Bus
6.9kV TRM1 secondary 836.73952 4.76100
System (6.9kV) bus
0.48kV TRL3A secondary 12028.13061 0.02304
System (480V) bus
0.48kV TRL3B secondary 12028.13061 0.02304
System (480V) bus
2.2 Connection Point Model
An old study was conducted on the existing system by

Mitsubishi Heavy Industry [2] and the summary of Thevenins
equivalent impedances is presented in Table 2.3. Both momentary
and interrupting impedances are provided in the table.
Table 2.3 Summary of Short-circuit Impedance at connection

point at 10MVA base
NETWORK Z1 (pu)/ Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)

Momentary 0.000639+0.019257 0.000555+ J0.017761
Networks
Interrupting 0.000685+j0.021452 0.000555+ J0.017761
Networks
Since the impedances are given in per-unit quantity at

10MVA base, no further conversion is required.

2.3 Power Transformer Model
2.3.1 Power Transformer Data
There are three (3) power transformers on this system

namely TRM1 which is the main transformer and TRL3A and TRL3B
which serve the low-voltage loads of the plant. Table 2.4 shows the
detailed information for each of the three (3) transformers.
Table 2.4 Transformer Datasheet
ID TRM1 TRL3A TRL3B

Installation Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor
Standard IEC 60076 IEC 60076 IEC 60076
Manufacturer Tirathai Tirathai Tirathai
Model/Type PT 3W PT 3W PT 3W
5200/13800
Serial No. 5512751 5512752 5512753
HV Side Voltage 13.8kV +/- 6.9 kV +/- 6.9 kV +/-
5%, 3ph, 3W 5%, 3ph, 3 5%, 3ph, 3
W W
Frequency 60Hz +/- 3% 60Hz +/- 60Hz +/-
3% 3%
LV Side Voltage 6.9kV +/- 0.48kV +/- 0.48kV +/-
5%,3ph,3W 5%, 3ph, 5%, 3ph,
3W 3W
Circuit Solidly earth Solidly Solidly
System earth earth
grounding
Construction Cooling ONAN/ONAF ONAN ONAN
Type (40/52MVA) (3MVA) (3MVA)
Oil Conservator Conservator Conservator
preservation type type type
Tap Off Load tap Off Load tap Off Load tap
changer changer changer changer
type
Ratings Rated 40/52MVA 3MVA 3MVA
Capacity (ONAN/ONAF) (ONAN) (ONAN)
Duty Continuous Continuous Continuous
Phases 3phase 3phase 3phase
Vector Dyn 11 Dyn 11 Dyn 11
Group
Tap of HV +/- 2 x 2.5%, '+/- 2 x '+/- 2 x
winding NVTC 2.5% 2.5%
Impedance 16% at 7% @ 3MVA 7% @ 3MVA
(Pos Seq) 52MVA

Impedance 13.8% at 7% @ 3MVA 7% @ 3MVA
(Zero Seq) 52MVA
X/R 35.39 6.28 6.28
Tolerance +/-7.5% +/- 10% +/- 10%
Impedance
Rated 65degC 65degC 65degC
Winding
Temp
Rated Top 60degC 60degC 60degC
Oil Temp
Maximum 40degC 40degC 40degC
Design
Temp
Inrush 6420 A 1780 A 1780 A
Current
Source: PECEP (JGSPC) document V-F031-TRAN-01-006
2.3.2 Power Transformer Impedance and Admittance Modelling
Transformer impedances are converted from their

respective impedances based on their MVA rating to 10MVA base
using Equation 2.4.
ZNEW ZOLD x
VOLD
2
x
SNEW
Equation (2.4)
VNEW 2 SOLD
In order to express the impedances in complex rectangular

format R+ jX, resistance (R) and reactance (X) can be calculated
from impedance (Z) and X/R ratio using the following equation:
X
R Z x cos tan-1 Equation (2.5)
R
X
X Z x sin tan-1 Equation (2.6)
R

Table 2.5 Transformer Impedances based on their MVA base
Z1 Z2 Z0 Z rated at VBASE
ID/Description X/R
() () () (MVA) (kV)
TRM1/Main 0.16 0.16 0.138 52 13.8 35.39
Transformer
TRL3A/ Load A 0.07 0.07 0.07 3 6.9 6.28
TRL3B/ Load B 0.07 0.07 0.07 3 6.9 6.28
Impedances and Admittance for TRM1
For Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
Using Equation 2.4 and data from Table 2.5, with the
positive and negative sequence impedance of TRM1 on 52MVA at
16% or 0.16p.u, the impedance at 10MVA base is calculated below.
ZNEW ZOLD x
VOLD 2 S
x NEW
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z1@10MVA Z x
13.8x10 x 10x10
32 6
13.8x10 52x10
1@ 52MVA
32 6
Z1@10MVA 0.16x
13.8x10 x 10x10 0.03076923 p.u
3 2 6
13.8x10 52x10
3 2 6
Z1 Z2 0.03076923 p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using Equation 2.5

and 2.6:
X
R Z x cos tan-1 0.030769 cos (tan-1(35.39)) 0.000869 p.u
R
X
X Z x sin tan- 1 0.030769 sin (tan- 1(35.39)) 0.030757 p.u
R

Therefore, the positive and negative sequence impedance of
transformer TRM1 in rectangular format is
Z1 Z2 0.000869 j0.030756 p.u
The equivalent networks are shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2.
Z1
0.000869086 p.u J0.0307556 p.u
PRI SEC
(DELTA SIDE) (WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Figure 2.1 Positive Sequence Impedance network of TRM1
Z2
0.000869086 p.u J0.0307556 p.u
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.2 Negative Sequence Impedance network of TRM1
For Zero Sequence Impedance
Using Equation 2.4 and data from Table 2.5, with the zero
sequence impedance of TRM1 on 52MVA at 13.8% or 0.138p.u, the
zero sequence impedance is calculated below.
ZNEW ZOLD
VOLD 2 SNEW
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z0@10MVA Z0@52MVA
13.8x10
32
10x106
13.8x10
32 52x106

Z0@10MVA 0.138
13.8x10
32
10x106
13.8x10
32 52x106
Z0@10MVA 0.026538 p.u
At 10MVA zero sequence impedance is
Z0 0.026538 p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using

Equation 2.5 and 2.6:
X
R
X
X Z x sin tan-1 0.026538 sin (tan-1(35.39)) 0.026527 p.u
R
Therefore, the Zero Sequence impedance of transformer

TRM1 at 10MVA base in rectangular format is
Z0 0.000749 j0.026527 p.u
For a Delta-wye transformer with solidly grounded

secondary neutral, the equivalent zero sequence impedance
representation is shown in Figure 2.3.
Zo
0.000749 pu j0.026527 pu
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.3 Zero Sequence Impedance network of TRM1

For TRM1 Admittance
1
Y
Z1
1
Y
0.000869 j0.030756
YTRM1 0.917938 - j32.488044 p.u
Impedances and Admittances for TRL3A and TRL3B

For Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance
Using Equation 2.4 and data from Table 2.5, with the
positive and negative sequence impedance of TRL3A/B on 3MVA
base at 7% or 0.07p.u, the impedance at 10MVA base is calculated
below.
ZNEW ZOLD x
VOLD 2 S
x NEW
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z1@10MVA Z x
13.8x10 x 10x10
32 6
13.8x10 3x10
1@ 3MVA
32 6
Z1@10MVA 0.07
13.8x10 x 10x10
3 2 6
13.8x10 3x10
3 2 6
Z1@10MVA 0.2333 p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using

Equation 2.5 and 2.6:
X
R
X
X Z x sin tan-1 0.2333 sin (tan-1(6.28)) 0.230430 p.u
R

Therefore, the positive, negative and zero sequence
impedance of transformer TRL3A/3B in rectangular format is
Z1 Z2 Z0 0.036692 j0.23043 p.u
The equivalent networks are shown in Figures 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6
Z1
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.4 Positive Sequence Impedance network of

TRL3A/3B
Z2
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.5 Negative Sequence Impedance network of

TRL3A/3B
Zo
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.6 Zero Sequence Impedance network of TRL3A/3B

For TRL3A and TRL3B Admittance
1
Y
Z1
1
Y
0.036692 j0.23043
YTRM1 0.673936 - j4.232399 p.u
Table 2.6 Summary of Zero, Positive and negative sequence

impedances of transformers at 10MVA base
ID Z1 (pu) Z2 (pu)
TRM1 0.000869 + j0.030756 0.000869 + j0.030756
TRL3A 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.036692 + j0.23043
TRL3B 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.036692 + j0.23043
ID Z0 (pu) Y (pu)
TRM1 0.000749 + j0.026527 0.917938 - j32.488044
TRL3A 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.673936 - j4.232399
TRL3B 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.673936 - j4.232399
2.4 Motor Model
For motor sub-transient impedance ZM, the per-unit value is

given as:
" ZM
ZM PU
ZBASE
In order to estimate the motor sub-transient impedance ZM,

IEC 60909-0:2001 Equation 26 [3] is used and the impedance ZM
for induction motor is given as:
" 1 VM "
ZM x R M jXM
ILR 3 IM
IM

Where ILR is the motor locked-rotor current
IM is the motor rated current
VM is the motor rated voltage
Since only the locked-rotor current data of the motors are

available, XM and RM will be approximated using IEC 60909-0:2001
recommendation [3] which is:
RM " "
0.1 with XM 0.995 ZM for medium-voltage motors power per
"
XM
pair poles > 1MW;
RM " "
0.15 with XM 0.989 ZM for medium-voltage motors power
"
XM
per pair poles < 1MW; and
RM "
0.42 with XM 0.922 ZM for low-voltage motors
"
XM
From Equation 2.2, ZBASE
ZBASE
VBASE 2
SBASE
ZM pu will be
1 VM
x
ILR 3 IM
2
" IM SBASE V
ZM PU x M
VBASE 2 3 ILR VM VBASE
SBASE
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M Equation (2.7)
3 ILR VM VBASE

2.4.1 Medium-voltage Motor Models
Table 2.7 Summary of Medium-voltage Motor Data (6.9kV)
Current No. of Pair

Description kVA ILR/IM
(A) Poles Pole
Vent Recovery 727.17 4.5 60.85 12 0.12

compressor
Motor
Mixer Motor 5806.99 5.5 485.89 6 1.94
Blower Motor 394.74 5.5 33.03 4 0.20
Blower Motor 320.92 5.5 26.85 4 0.16
(Continuation)Table 2.7 Summary of Medium-voltage Motor

Data
Description RM PU/XM XM PU/ZM PU
PU
Vent Recovery compressor Motor 0.150 0.989

Mixer Motor 0.100 0.995
Blower Motor 0.150 0.989
Blower Motor 0.150 0.989
For PE-KM5806 VRS Motor
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to

calculate KM5806 sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 6900
ZM PU x
3 (273.81)(6900) 6900
"
ZM P U 3.0560 p.u
" XM "
XM pu x ZM PU;
ZM
"
XM pu 0.989 x 3.0560 3.0224 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM

RM PU 0.15 x 3.0224 0.4534 p.u
"
ZM P U 0.4534 j3.0224 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of PE-KM5806 VRS

motor is
" "
Z1 PU Z2 PU 0.4534 j3.0224 p.u
The equivalent positive, negative and zero sequence

impedance are shown in Figures 2.7 and 2.8. Zero sequence
impedance of this motor is presented only for illustration and is not
used in any of the analysis.
Z1"/Z2"
0.4534 pu J 3.0224 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.7 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance

network of PE-KM5806
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus
Figure 2.8 Zero Sequence Impedance network of PE-KM5806

(wye-ungrounded)

For YM7601 Mixer Motor
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to calculate

YM7601 sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 6900
ZM P U x
3 (2672.42)(6900) 6900
"
ZM P U 0.3131 p.u
" XM "
XM pu x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu 0.995 x 0.3131 0.3115 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM
RM PU 0.10 x 0.3115 0.0312 p.u
"
ZM P U 0.0312 j0.3115 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of PE-YM7601 Mixer

Motor is
Z1 PU Z2 PU 0.0312 j0.3115 p.u


Z1"/Z2"
0.0312 pu J 0.3115 pu
Reference bus

network of PE-YM7601
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus
Figure 2.10 Zero Sequence Impedance network of PE-

YM7601 (wye-ungrounded)
For KM8639 Blower 1 Motor
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to calculate

KM8639 sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 6900
ZM PU x
3 (181.66)(6900) 6900
"
ZM P U 4.6061 p.u
" XM
XM pu x ZM P.U
ZM

"
XM pu 0.989 x 4.6061 4.5554 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM
RM PU 0.150 x 4.5554 0.6833 p.u
"
ZM P U 0.6833 j4.5554 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of PE-KM8639

Blower 1 Motor is
Z1 PU Z2 PU 0.6833 j4.5554 p.u

Z1"/Z2"
0.6833 pu J 4.5554 pu
Reference bus
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus

KM8639 (wye-ungrounded)
For KM8601 Blower 2 Motor
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to calculate KM8601
sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 6900
ZM P U x
3 (147.69)(6900) 6900
"
ZM P U 5.6655 p.u
" XM "
XM pu x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu 0.989 x 5.6655 5.6031 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM
RM PU 0.150 x 5.6031 0.8405 p.u
"
ZM P U 0.8405 j5.6031 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of PE-KM8601

blower 2 motor is
Z1 PU Z2 PU 0.8405 j5.6031 p.u

Z1"/Z2"
0.8405 pu J 5.6031 pu
Reference bus


Z0"
N Line
Reference bus

KM8601 (wye-ungrounded)
Table 2.8 Summary of per-unit impedances of medium-

voltage motors at 10MVA base
Equipment
Description Z1 PU Z2 PU
ID
PE-KM5806 Vent Recovery 0.4533+j3.0223 0.4533+j3.0223

compressor Motor
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor 0.0311+j0.3115 0.0311+j0.3115
PE-KM8639 Blower Motor 0.6833+j4.5553 0.6833+j4.5553
PE-KM8601 Blower Motor 0.8404+j5.6031 0.8404+j5.6031
2.4.2 Low Voltage Motor Models
Table 2.9 Summary of Low Voltage Motor Data of MCC8
Equipment ID Description ILR RM /XM XM /ZM
GM-1412 ICA Charge 247.448 0.420 0.922

Pump
GM-1413 ICA Charge 247.448 0.420 0.922
Pump
PE-YM4078 BMC-200 16.6257 0.420 0.922
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
PE-YM4089 Modifier D 11.3966 0.420 0.922
Feed Tank
Agitator motor

PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed 11.3966 0.420 0.922
Tank Agitator
Motor
PE-GM4356 T3 Residence 5.54979 0.420 0.922
Time pot
Agitator Motor
PE-GM4357 DC Residence 5.54979 0.420 0.922
Time pot
Agitator Motor
PE-SM4360 Cylinder Roller 48.0481 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-SM6825 Additive Lift 147.601 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper 44.0707 0.420 0.922
PE-SM6853 Talc bulk bag 37.5711 0.420 0.922
discharger
motor
PE-KM6831-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6832-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-YCM6832 Bag Compactor 16.1019 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-KM6833-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6834-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6835-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
motor
PE-YM6851 Talc surge bin 3.97181 0.420 0.922
filter motor
PE-GM-5814-1 Vent Recovery 11.8081 0.420 0.922
Ref
Compressor Oil

Pump
PE-GM5821 Glycol pump 203.544 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-GM5812 Low pressure 67.628 0.420 0.922
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5815 High pressure 266.563 0.420 0.922
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5825 Interstage 276.407 0.420 0.922
condensate
return pump
PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery 1484.84 0.420 0.922
Ref
Compressor
Motor
PE-GM5806A-2 Main Cooling 42.9384 0.420 0.922
Pump motor
PE-GM5806B2 Aux Cooling 42.9384 0.420 0.922
pump motor
PE-GM5806BD-2 Lube oil pump 24.7465 0.420 0.922
motor
GM8102 Hexene-1 80.5096 0.420 0.922
unloading
pump
GM8103A Hexene-1 feed 319.438 0.420 0.922
pump
GM8103S Hexene-1 feed 319.438 0.420 0.922
pump
Table 2.10 Summary of Low Voltage Motor Data of MCC9
Equipment
Description ILR RM /XM XM /ZM
ID
PE-7601M1 Barring unit motor 456.163 0.420 0.922

PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer motor 182.64 0.420 0.922
PE-GM7612 Pelleting water pump 638.531 0.420 0.922
motor
PE- Lube oil pump motor 221.248 0.420 0.922
7601VG1M
7601VG2M
PE- Lube oil return pump 54.0537 0.420 0.922
7604G1M-A motor
PE- Lube oil return pump 54.0537 0.420 0.922
7604G1M-B motor
7604K1M Cooling fan for PE- 46.3377 0.420 0.922
YM7604
PE- Hydraulic oil pump 99.5536 0.420 0.922
7601G1M motor
PE- hydraulic oil pump 182.64 0.420 0.922
7605G1M motor for S/C
PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer exhaust 73.1219 0.420 0.922
fan dryer
PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 129.087 0.420 0.922
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass flowmeter 40.7915 0.420 0.922
motor
PE- Hot oil pump 161.019 0.420 0.922
7604G3M
PE- Hot oil pump 161.019 0.420 0.922
7604G4M
7601VG3M for mixer motor
7601VG4M for mixer motor
PE-KM7604 Meltpump purge air 212.903 0.420 0.922
fan
PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary feeder 16.1019 0.420 0.922
SM8605 Elutriator rotary 23.6161 0.420 0.922
feeder motor
SM8606 Elutriator Filter rotary 4.29384 0.420 0.922
feeder motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan motor 415.269 0.420 0.922
SM8610 Aim grade bin rotary 23.6161 0.420 0.922
feeder
SM8614A Transition bin rotary 23.6161 0.420 0.922
feeder motor
SM8641 Aim grade bin rotary 23.6161 0.420 0.922
feeder
SM8645 Pellet Blending 1562.29 0.420 0.922
blower motor
PE-SM5611 Product purge bin 118.081 0.420 0.922
rotary feeder motor
PE- Lube oil fan motor 4.07915 0.420 0.922
YM5611C
PE-YM5612 Particle screener 26.8365 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-Y5160 Product purge bin 95.6454 0.420 0.922
filter

PE-Y5619 Low product purge 95.6454 0.420 0.922
bin filter
PE-Y5951 Seed bed resin 31.0403 0.420 0.922
storage bin filter no 1
storage bin filter no 2
PE-SM5962 Seed bed rotary 38.3214 0.420 0.922
feeder motor
For GM-1412 ICA Charge Pump Motor
2
" SBASE V
ZM PU x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2
" 10x106 480
ZM P U x
3 (247.448)(480) 480
"
ZM P U 48.6087 p.u
" XM "
XM pu x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu 0.922 x 48.6087 44.8172 p.u
RM "
RM PU x XM pu
XM
RM PU 0.420 x 44.8172 18.8232 p.u
"
ZM P U 18.8232 j44.8172 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of GM-1412 ICA

charge Pump Motor is
Z1 PU Z2 PU 18.8232 j44.8172 p.u

impedance are shown in Figures 2.15 and 2.16.

Z1" / Z2"
18.8232 pu J 44.8172 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.15 Positive/Negative Sequence Impedance network

of PE-GM1412
Z0"
Line
Reference bus

GM1412 (Delta)
The same calculation procedure is repeated for the rest of

the low voltage motors and the results are summarized in Table
2.11 and 2.12 below.
Table 2.11 Summary of Calculation for Positive and Negative

Sequence Impedance of MCC8 Motor Load at 10MVA base
ICA Charge 18.8232+j44.8172 18.8232+j44.8172

Pump
ICA Charge 18.8232+j44.8172 18.8232+j44.8172
Pump
BMC-200 280.1555+j667.0369 280.1555+j667.0369
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor

Modifier D 408.6992+j973.0935 408.6992+j973.0935
Feed Tank
Agitator motor
Slurry Feed 408.6992+j973.0935 408.6992+j973.0935
Tank Agitator
Motor
T3 Residence 839.2696+j1998.2611 839.2696+j1998.2611
Time pot
Agitator Motor
DC Residence 839.2696+j1998.2611 839.2696+j1998.2611
Time pot
Agitator Motor
Cylinder Roller 96.9397+j230.8089 96.9397+j230.8089
motor
Additive Lift 31.5565+j75.1346 31.5565+j75.1346
motor
Drum Dumper 105.6886+j251.6395 105.6886+j251.6395
motor
Talc bulk bag 123.9721+j295.1717 123.9721+j295.1717
discharger
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag 289.2682+j688.734 289.2682+j688.734
Compactor
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag 289.2682+j688.734 289.2682+j688.734
Compactor

motor
Talc surge bin 1172.7092+j2792.1648 1172.7092+j2792.1648
filter motor
Vent Recovery 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
Ref
Compressor
Oil Pump
Glycol pump 22.8833+j54.4841 22.8833+j54.4841
motor
Low pressure 68.8734+j163.9842 68.8734+j163.9842
condensate
return pump
High pressure 17.4734+j41.6034 17.4734+j41.6034
condensate
return pump
Interstage 16.8511+j40.1217 16.8511+j40.1217
condensate
return pump
Vent Recovery 3.1368+j7.4687 3.1368+j7.4687
Ref
Compressor
Motor
Main Cooling 108.4756+j258.2752 108.4756+j258.2752
Pump motor
Aux Cooling 108.4756+j258.2752 108.4756+j258.2752
pump motor
Lube oil pump 188.2191+j448.1408 188.2191+j448.1408
motor
Hexene-1 57.8536+j137.7468 57.8536+j137.7468
unloading
pump
Hexene-1 feed 14.5811+j34.717 14.5811+j34.717
pump
Hexene-1 feed 14.5811+j34.717 14.5811+j34.717
pump
Table 2.12 Summary of Calculation for Positive and Negative

Sequence Impedance of MCC9 Motor Load at 10MVA base
Barring unit motor 10.2107+j24.3113 10.2107+j24.3113

Pellet dryer motor 25.5025+j60.7202 25.5025+j60.7202
Pelleting water pump 7.2945+j17.3678 7.2945+j17.3678
motor
Lube oil pump motor 21.0523+j50.1245 21.0523+j50.1245
Lube oil return pump 86.1693+j205.165 86.1693+j205.165
motor
Lube oil return pump 86.1693+j205.165 86.1693+j205.165
motor
Cooling fan for PE- 100.5179+j239.3284 100.5179+j239.3284
YM7604
Hydraulic oil pump 46.7865+j111.3965 46.7865+j111.3965
motor
hydraulic oil pump 25.5025+j60.7202 25.5025+j60.7202
motor for S/C
Pellet dryer exhaust 63.6987+j151.6637 63.6987+j151.6637
fan dryer
Pellet screener 36.0823+j85.9103 36.0823+j85.9103
Pellet Mass flow 114.1848+j271.8686 114.1848+j271.8686
meter motor
Hot oil pump 28.9268+j68.8734 28.9268+j68.8734
Hot oil pump 28.9268+j68.8734 28.9268+j68.8734
for mixer motor
for mixer motor
Melt pump purge air 21.8774+j52.0891 21.8774+j52.0891
fan
Pellet rotary feeder 289.2682+j688.734 289.2682+j688.734
Elutriator rotary 197.2283+j469.5913 197.2283+j469.5913
feeder motor
Elutriator Filter 1084.756+j2582.752 1084.756+j2582.7525
rotary feeder motor 5
Wash Air fan motor 11.2162+j26.7054 11.2162+j26.7054
Aim grade bin rotary 197.2283+j469.5913 197.2283+j469.5913
feeder
Transition bin rotary 197.2283+j469.5913 197.2283+j469.5913
feeder motor
Aim grade bin rotary 197.2283+j469.5913 197.2283+j469.5913
feeder
Pellet Blending 2.9813+j7.0985 2.9813+j7.0985
blower motor
Product purge bin 39.4456+j93.9182 39.4456+j93.9182
rotary feeder motor
Lube oil fan motor 1141.8484+j2718.68 1141.8484+j2718.686
6
Particle screener 173.5609+j413.2404 173.5609+j413.2404
motor

Product purge bin 48.6983+j115.9484 48.6983+j115.9484
filter
Low product purge 48.6983+j115.9484 48.6983+j115.9484
bin filter
Seed bed resin 150.0555+j357.275 150.0555+j357.275
storage bin filter no
1
Seed bed resin 150.0555+j357.275 150.0555+j357.275
storage bin filter no
2
Seed bed rotary 121.5449+j289.3927 121.5449+j289.3927
feeder motor
2.5 Cable Model
The cable impedances are converted to per-unit values

using equation 2.8 and base impedances from Table 2.1.
Z Actual
ZP U
ZBase Equation (2.8)
Rper km jXper km x lenght

ZP U
ZBase
2.5.1 For Medium-voltage Cables
Cable data including zero sequence impedances for

medium-voltage cables are tabulated in Table 2.13 and Table 2.14,
respectively. These data are used to calculate the per-unit
impedances of each cable.
Table 2.13 Cable data for Medium-voltage Cables
Wire Length R1 X1
Eqpt ID Size
Cable Type / (m) (/km) (/km)
(mm2)
TL1 1C- 630 5 115 0.04 0.1138
CV(8.7/15kV),
Cu/XLPE/CTS/A
WA/PVC
TL2 3C-CV 185 1 54 0.128 0.0888
6/10(12)kV

TL3 3C-CV 185 1 60 0.128 0.0888
6/10(12)kV
PE- 3C-CV 185 1 313 0.128 0.1066
KM5806 6/10(12kV)
PE- 1C-CV 240 1 458 0.0986 0.1027
YM7601 6/10(12kV)
PE- 3C-CV 185 1 218 0.128 0.1066
KM8639 6/10(12)kV
PE- 3C-CV 185 1 405 0.128 0.1066
KM8601 6/10(12)kV
Table 2.14 Cable Zero Sequence Impedances for Medium-

voltage Cables
RO XO
Equipment ID
( /km) (/km)
TL1 0.1648 0.0361
TL2 0.6034 0.0287
TL3 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-KM5806 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-YM7601 0.3121 0.0417
Cable of PE-KM8639 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-KM8601 0.6034 0.0287
For TL1 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
Rper km jXper km x length

ZP U
ZBase x wire/phase
ZP U 0.000048 j0.000137 pu
Z1 Z2 0.000048 j0.000137 pu
ZP U
0.04 j0.1138 x 115/1000
19.044x5
For TL1 Zero Sequence Impedance

ZP U
ZBase x wire/phase

ZP U
0.1648 j0.0361 x 115/1000
19.044x5
ZP U 0.000199 j0.000043 pu
Z0 0.000199 j0.000043 pu
The same calculation procedure is repeated for each of the

positive, negative and zero sequence impedance for rest of the
medium-voltage cables and the results are summarized in Table
2.15.
Table 2.15 Summary of Calculation for Medium-voltage

Cables on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance
at 10MVA base
Equipment ID Z1 and Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)
TL1 0.000048 + j0.000137 0.000199 + j0.000043

TL2 0.001451 + j0.001007 0.006843 + j0.000325
TL3 0.001613 + j0.001119 0.007604 + j0.000361
PE-KM5806 0.008415 + j0.007008 0.039669 + j0.001886
PE-YM7601 0.009485 + j0.009879 0.030023 + j0.004011
PE-KM8639 0.00586 + j0.004881 0.027628 + j0.001314
PE-KM8601 0.010888 + j0.009068 0.051328 + j0.002441
PE-YM7604 0.011867 + j0.006559 0 + j0
Cable Positive Sequence Admittance for TL1, TL2 and TL3
TL1
1
YTL1
Z TL1pos
1
YTL1
0.000048 + j0.000137
YTL1 2277.796 - j6501.210 p.u

TL2
1
YTL2
Z TL2pos
1
YTL2
0.001451 + j0.001007
YTL2 465.146 - j322.813 p.u
TL3
1
YTL3
Z TL3pos
1
YTL3
0.001613 + j0.001119
YTL3 418.533 - j290.352 p.u
Table 2.16 Summary of Admittance Calculation for Medium-

voltage Cables at 10MVA base
ID Y (pu)
TL1 2277.796 - j6501.210
TL2 465.146 - j322.813
TL3 418.533 - j290.352

2.5.2 For Low-Voltage Cables
Cable data for low-voltage cables are tabulated in Tables

2.17 and 2.18. These data are used to calculate the per-unit
impedances of each cable.
Table 2.17 Summary of Cable data for Low Voltage Cables of

MCC8
Size Length R X
Eqpt ID Cable Type
(mm2) (m) ( /m) (/m)
GM-1412 3C+PE- 70 374 0.343 0.0886

CV(0.6/1kV)
GM-1413 3C+PE- 70 374 0.343 0.0886
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM4078 3C+PE- 2.5 302 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM4089 3C+PE- 2.5 302 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM4352 3C+PE- 2.5 244 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM4356 3C+PE- 2.5 216 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM4357 3C+PE- 2.5 216 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM4360 4C+PE- 6 237 3.93 0.101
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM6825 4C+PE- 95 426 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM6828 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM6853 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6831-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6832-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YCM6832 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6833-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6834-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)

PE-KM6835-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YCM6835 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM6851 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM-5814-1 3C+PE- 2.5 343 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5821 3C+PE- 35 349 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5812 3C+PE- 16 336 1.47 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5815 3C+PE- 50 336 0.494 0.0882

CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5825 3C+PE- 50 336 0.494 0.0882

CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-VM5814 3C+PE- 150 343 0.16 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806A-2 3C+PE- 6 326 3.93 0.101
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806B2 3C+PE- 6 326 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806BD-2 3C+PE- 4 326 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
GM8102 3C+PE- 25 444 0.927 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
GM8103A 3C+PE- 95 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
GM8103S 3C+PE- 95 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
Note: all cables are 1 wire per phase
Table 2.18 Summary of Cable Data for Low Voltage Cables of

MCC9
Size Length R( X
Equipment ID Cable Type
(mm2) (m) /m) (/m)
PE-7601M1 3C+PE- 95 445 0.248 0.0852

CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM7610 3C+PE- 35 422 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)

PE-GM7612 3C+PE- 240 448 0.0998 0.0848
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601VG1M 3C+PE- 50 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601VG2M 3C+PE- 50 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7604G1M-A 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7604G1M-B 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
7604K1M 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601G1M 3C+PE- 25 444 0.927 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7605G1M 3C+PE- 50 444 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM7615 3C+PE- 16 440 1.47 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y7730 3C+PE- 10 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y7733 3C+PE- 4 408 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7604G3M 3C+PE- 35 422 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7604G4M 3C+PE- 35 422 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601VG3M 3C+PE- 4 445 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601VG4M 3C+PE- 4 445 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM7604 3C+PE- 50 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM7714 3C+PE- 6 417 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8605 3C+PE- 2.5 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8606 3C+PE- 2.5 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
KM8607 3C+PE- 25 174 0.927 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8610 3C+PE- 2.5 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8614A 3C+PE- 4 180 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)

SM8641 3C+PE- 2.5 167 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8645 3C+PE- 240 212 0.0998 0.0848
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM5611 3C+PE- 6 78 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM5611C 3C+PE- 2.5 78 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM5612 3C+PE- 6 461 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y5160 3C+PE- 10 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y5619 3C+PE- 10 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y5951 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y5952 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965

CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM5962 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965

CV(0.6/1kV)

Reactance for Medium-voltage Cables of MCC8
RO XO
Equipment ID
( /km) (/km)
GM-1412 0.7586 0.071
GM-1413 0.7586 0.071
PE-YM4078 13.493 0.0902
PE-YM4089 13.493 0.0902
PE-YM4352 13.493 0.0902
PE-GM4356 13.493 0.0902
PE-GM4357 13.493 0.0902
PE-SM4360 5.8425 0.0778
PE-SM6825 0.5616 0.067

PE-SM6828 13.493 0.0902
PE-SM6853 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6831-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6832-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-YCM6832 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6833-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6834-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6835-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-YCM6835 13.493 0.0902
PE-YM6851 13.493 0.0902
PE-GM-5814-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-GM5821 1.4954 0.0732
PE-GM5812 2.3692 0.0737
PE-GM5815 1.0815 0.072
PE-GM5825 1.0815 0.072
PE-VM5814 0.3348 0.0691
PE-GM5806A-2 5.901 0.0808
PE-GM5806B2 5.901 0.0808
PE-GM5806BD-2 8.9393 0.085
GM8102 1.7904 0.0761
GM8103A 0.5739 0.069
GM8103S 0.5739 0.069

Reactance for Medium-voltage Cables of MCC9
RO XO
Equipment ID
( /km) (/km)
PE-7601M1 0.5739 0.069
PE-YM7610 1.4954 0.0732
PE-GM7612 0.2369 0.0685
PE-7601VG1M 1.0815 0.072
PE-7601VG2M 1.0815 0.072
PE-7604G1M-A 3.7375 0.0776
PE-7604G1M-B 3.7375 0.0776
7604K1M 3.7375 0.0776
PE-7601G1M 1.7904 0.0761
PE-7605G1M 1.0815 0.072
PE-KM7615 2.3692 0.0737
PE-Y7730 3.7375 0.0776
PE-Y7733 8.9393 0.085
PE-7604G3M 1.4954 0.0732
PE-7604G4M 1.4954 0.0732
PE-7601VG3M 8.9393 0.085
PE-7601VG4M 8.9393 0.085
PE-KM7604 1.0815 0.072
PE-SM7714 5.901 0.0808
SM8605 13.493 0.0902
SM8606 13.493 0.0902
KM8607 1.7904 0.0761
SM8610 13.493 0.0902
SM8614A 8.9393 0.085
SM8641 13.493 0.0902
SM8645 0.2369 0.0685
PE-SM5611 5.901 0.0808

PE-YM5611C 13.493 0.0902
PE-YM5612 5.901 0.0808
PE-Y5160 3.7375 0.0776
PE-Y5619 3.7375 0.0776
PE-Y5951 3.7375 0.0776
PE-Y5952 3.7375 0.0776
PE-SM5962 3.7375 0.0776
For ICA Charge Pump motor G-1412 Positive and Negative

Sequence Impedance

ZP U
ZBase x wire/phase
ZP U
0.343 j0.0886 x 374/1000
0.02304x1
ZP U 5.567795 j1.438211 pu
Z1 Z2 5.567795 j1.438211 pu
For ICA Charge Pump motor G-1412 Zero Sequence

Impedance

ZP U
ZBase x wire/phase
ZP U
0.7586 j0.071 x 374/1000
0.02304x1
ZP U 12.314079 j1.152517 pu
Z0 12.314079 j1.152517 pu

the low-voltage cables for positive, negative and zero sequence
impedance and the results are summarized in Tables 2.21 and 2.22.
Table 2.21 Summary of Calculation for Low Voltage Cables of

MCC8 on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance at
10MVA base
Equipment
Z1/Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)
ID
GM-1412 5.567795 + j1.438211 12.314079 + j1.152517

GM-1413 5.567795 + j1.438211 12.314079 + j1.152517
PE-YM4078 123.867187 + j1.481163 176.861371 + j1.182309
PE-YM4089 123.867187 + j1.481163 176.861371 + j1.182309
PE-YM4352 100.078125 + j1.196701 142.894618 + j0.955243
PE-GM4356 88.59375 + j1.059375 126.496875 + j0.845625
PE-GM4357 88.59375 + j1.059375 126.496875 + j0.845625
PE-SM4360 40.425781 + j1.038932 60.098632 + j0.800286
PE-SM6825 4.585416 + j1.575312 10.38375 + j1.238802
PE-SM6828 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-SM6853 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-KM6831- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-KM6832- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-YCM6832 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-KM6833- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-KM6834- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-KM6835- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-YCM6835 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-YM6851 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-GM- 140.683593 + j1.682248 200.872352 + j1.342821
5814-1
PE-GM5821 10.133723 + j1.352677 22.651675 + j1.108802
PE-GM5812 21.4375 + j1.341666 34.550833 + j1.074791
PE-GM5815 7.204166 + j1.28625 15.771875 + j1.05

PE-GM5825 7.204166 + j1.28625 15.771875 + j1.05
PE-VM5814 2.381944 + j1.268385 4.984218 + j1.028702
PE- 55.60677 + j1.429079 83.495052 + j1.143263
GM5806A-2
PE- 12.451388 + j1.499826 83.495052 + j1.143263
GM5806B2
PE- 83.197916 + j1.499826 126.484887 + j1.20269
GM5806BD-
2
GM8102 17.864062 + j1.772916 34.5025 + j1.46651
GM8103A 4.78993 + j1.645572 11.08444 + j1.332682
GM8103S 4.78993 + j1.645572 11.08444 + j1.332682
Table 2.22 Summary of Calculation for Low Voltage Cables of

MCC9 on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance at
10MVA base
Equipment
Z1/Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)
ID
PE-7601M1 4.78993 + j1.645572 11.08444 + j1.332682

PE-YM7610 12.253385 + j1.635616 27.389704 + j1.340729
PE-GM7612 1.940555 + j1.648888 4.606388 + j1.331944
PE- 4.78993 + j1.645572 20.888346 + j1.390625
7601VG1M
PE- 4.78993 + j1.645572 20.888346 + j1.390625
7601VG2M
PE- 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
7604G1M-A
PE- 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
7604G1M-B
7604K1M 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-7601G1M 17.864062 + j1.772916 34.5025 + j1.46651
PE-7605G1M 4.779166 + j1.641875 20.841406 + j1.3875
PE-KM7615 28.072916 + j1.756944 45.245138 + j1.407465
PE-Y7730 42.676215 + j1.767491 68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y7733 104.125 + j1.877083 158.300104 +
j1.505208
PE- 12.253385 + j1.635616 27.389704 + j1.340729
7604G3M
PE- 12.253385 + j1.635616 27.389704 + j1.340729
7604G4M
PE- 113.567708 + j2.047309 172.65575 + j1.64171

7601VG3M
PE- 113.567708 + j2.047309 172.65575 + j1.64171
7601VG4M
PE-KM7604 4.78993 + j1.645572 20.888346 + j1.390625
PE-SM7714 15.927083 + j1.918489 106.801953 +
j1.462395
SM8605 71.367187 + j0.853385 101.90026 + j0.681197
SM8606 71.367187 + j0.853385 101.90026 + j0.681197
KM8607 7.000781 + j0.694791 13.52125 + j0.574713
SM8610 71.367187 + j0.853385 101.90026 + j0.681197
SM8614A 45.9375 + j0.828125 69.838281 + j0.664062
SM8641 68.496093 + j0.819053 97.800824 + j0.653793
SM8645 0.918298 + j0.780277 2.179809 + j0.630295
PE-SM5611 2.979166 + j0.358854 19.977343 + j0.273541
PE-YM5611C 31.992187 + j0.382552 45.679427 + j0.305364
PE-YM5612 17.607638 + j2.12092 118.071223 +
j1.616701
PE-Y5160 42.676215 + j1.767491 68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y5619 42.676215 + j1.767491 68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y5951 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-Y5952 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-SM5962 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416

2.6 Load Model
Calculating the connected load
The operating load will be calculated using the following equation
kW output x Load Factor x Demand Factor

Operating Load (kW) Equation (2.9)
Effeciency
Operating Load (kVA) Operating Load (kW)/power factor Equation (2.10)
Table 2.23 Medium Voltage Load Data

Eqpt. ID Description Load Duty Voltage kW P.F Eff. Load Demand FLC (A)
Type (kV) Output Factor Factor
PE- Vent Induction Continuous 6.9 540 0.79 0.94 0.91 1 60.846
KM5806 Recovery Motor
compressor
Motor
PE- Mixer Motor Induction Continuous 6.9 4850 0.87 0.96 0.91 1 485.894
YM7601 Motor
PE- Blower Motor Induction Continuous 6.9 315 0.84 0.95 0.79 1 33.029
KM8639 Motor
PE- Blower Motor Induction Continuous 6.9 250 0.82 0.95 0.76 1 26.853
KM8601 Motor

Table 2.24 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC8
Voltage kW Load Demand

Eqpt.ID Description Load Type Duty P.F Eff. FLC (A)
(kV) Output Factor Factor
GM- ICA Charge Induction Continuous 0.48 35 0.86 0.91 0.61 1 53.793
1412 Pump Motor
GM- ICA Charge Induction Continuous 0.48 35 0.86 0.91 0.87 1 53.793
1413 Pump Motor
GM- T2 Charge VFD- Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 0.358
1504 Pump Induction
Motor
PE- BMC-200 Induction Continuous 0.48 1.8 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 3.220
YM4078 Slurry Feed Motor
Tank
Agitator
Motor
PE- Modifier D Induction Continuous 0.48 1.3 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 2.326
YM4089 Feed Tank Motor
Agitator
motor
PE- Slurry Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.85 0.8 0.85 3.751
GM4351 Pump Motor Induction
Motor
PE- Slurry Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.85 0.8 1 3.751
GM4355 Pump Motor Induction

Cont. Table 2.24 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC8
Motor
PE- Slurry Feed Induction Continuous 0.48 1.3 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 2.326
YM4352 Tank Motor
Agitator
Motor
PE- DC Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 0.358
GM4353 pump Motor Induction
Motor
PE- T3 Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.358
GM4354 Pump motor Induction
Motor
PE- T3 Induction Continuous 0.48 0.66 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 1.181
GM4356 Residence Motor
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
PE- DC Induction Continuous 0.48 0.66 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 1.181
GM4357 Residence Motor
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
PE- T3/DC Feed Induction Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 0.358
GM4358 pump motor Motor
PE- Cylinder Induction Continuous 0.48 3.73 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 6.673
SM4360 Roller motor Motor
PE- Additive Lift Induction Continuous 0.48 15 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 26.837

SM6825 motor Motor
PE- Drum Induction Continuous 0.48 3.7 0.83 0.73 0.8 0.5 7.345
SM6828 Dumper Motor
motor
PE- Solid Feeder Continuous 0.48 43 0.8 1 0.68 1 125
SM6800 Additive
Package
PE- Talc bulk Induction Continuous 0.48 3.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 6.262
SM6853 bag Motor
discharger
motor
PE- Bag Dump Induction Continuous 0.48 1.1 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 1.968
KM6831 station Motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Induction Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 2.684
YCM683 Compactor Motor
2 motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor

-1 exhaust fan
motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Induction Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 2.684
YCM683 Compactor Motor
5 motor
PE- Talc surge Induction Continuous 0.48 0.37 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.662
YM6851 bin filter Motor
motor
PE- Mixer feed Feeder Continuous 0.48 11 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 20.673
Y6860 hopper and
vent filter
PE- Granular Feeder Continuous 0.48 11 0.8 0.81 0.8 1 20.418
D6810 resin surge
and vent
filter
MNDB Main normal Feeder Continuous 0.48 298.7 0.87 1 0.43 1 412.966
distribution
board
WRP-01 Welding Feeder Intermitten 0.48 238 0.85 1 0.8 1 336.788
socket t
MCC 480V Feeder Continuous 0.48 173.3 0.85 1 0.8 1 245.162

EM2 Emergency
MCC EM2
PE-GM- Vent Induction Continuous 0.48 1.1 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 1.968
5814-1 Recovery Motor
Ref
Compressor
Oil Pump
PE- Glycol pump Induction Continuous 0.48 18.5 0.83 0.92 0.8 1 29.078
GM5821 motor Motor 2
PE- Low Induction Continuous 0.48 6.3 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 11.271
GM5812 pressure Motor
condensate
return pump
PE- High Induction Continuous 0.48 21 0.83 0.68 0.87 1 44.427
GM5815 pressure Motor 5
condensate
return pump
PE- Interstage Induction Continuous 0.48 25 0.86 0.75 0.87 1 46.068
GM5825 condensate Motor 9
return pump
PE- Vent Induction Continuous 0.48 155 0.86 0.94 0.91 1 228.436
VM5814 Recovery Motor 9
Ref
Compressor
Motor
PE- Main Cooling Induction Continuous 0.48 4 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 7.156
GM5806 Pump motor Motor
A-2

PE- Aux Cooling Induction Continuous 0.48 4 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 7.156
GM5806 pump motor Motor
B2
PE- Lube oil Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.77 0.8 0.5 4.124
GM5806 pump motor Motor 3
BD-2
GM8102 Hexene-1 Induction Continuous 0.48 7.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 13.418
unloading Motor
pump
GM8103 Hexene-1 Induction Continuous 0.48 37 0.86 0.81 0.8 1 63.888
A feed pump Motor
GM8103 Hexene-1 Induction Continuous 0.48 37 0.86 0.81 0.8 1 63.888
S feed pump Motor

Table 2.25 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC9
Voltage kW Load Demand FLC

Eqpt.ID Description Load Type Duty P.F Eff
(kV) Output Factor Factor (A)
PE- Pelletizer VFD- Continuous 0.48 75 0.86 0.86 0.91 0.85 121.97
YM7607 Motor Induction
Motor
PE- Barring unit Induction Continuous 0.48 42 0.85 0.934 0.87 1 63.633
7601M1 motor motor
PE- Pellet dryer Induction Continuous 0.48 17 0.85 0.922 0.8 1 26.091
YM7610 motor motor
PE- Pelleting Induction Continuous 0.48 63 0.88 0.944 0.91 1 91.219
GM7612 water pump motor
motor
PE- Lube oil Induction Continuous 0.48 20 0.83 0.917 0.8 1 31.607
7601VG pump motor motor
1M
PE- Lube oil Induction Continuous 0.48 20 0.83 0.917 0.8 1 31.607
2M
CP-7601 YM7601 Continuous 0.48 1 0.81 0.9 0.91 1 1.650
starter
control panel
PE- Lube oil Induction Continuous 0.48 4.6 0.82 0.853 0.8 1 7.910
7604G1 return pump motor

M-A motor
7604G1 return pump motor
M-B motor
7604K1 Cooling fan Induction Continuous 0.48 3.7 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 6.620
M for PE- motor
YM7604
CP-7604 PE-YM7604 Continuous 0.48 2 0.83 1 0.8 1 2.898
thyristor
control panel
PE- Hydraulic oil Induction Continuous 0.48 8.6 0.8 0.887 0.8 1 14.577
7601G1 pump motor motor
M
PE- hydraulic oil Induction Continuous 0.48 17 0.85 0.922 0.8 1 26.091
7605G1 pump motor motor
M for S/C
PE- Pellet dryer Induction Continuous 0.48 6.3 0.85 0.874 0.8 1 10.200
KM7615 exhaust fan motor
dryer
PE- Pellet Induction Continuous 0.48 11.3 0.69 0.888 0.8 1 22.183
Y7730 screener motor
PE- Pellet Mass Induction Continuous 0.48 3.8 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 6.799
Y7733 flowmeter motor
motor
PE- Hot oil pump Induction Continuous 0.48 15 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 26.837
7604G3 motor
M

PE- Hot oil pump Induction Continuous 0.48 15 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 26.837
7604G4 motor
M
3M for mixer
motor
4M for mixer
motor
PE- Meltpump Induction Continuous 0.48 17 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 30.415
KM7604 purge air fan motor
CP- Hot oil Continuous 0.48 20 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 35.782
7600 heater
control panel
PE- Pellet rotary Induction Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.59 1 2.684
SM7714 feeder motor
SM8605 Elutriator Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.81 0.83 1 3.936
rotary feeder motor
motor
SM8606 Elutriator Induction Continuous 0.48 0.4 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.716
Filter rotary motor
feeder motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan Induction Continuous 0.48 37 0.83 0.81 0.85 1 66.197
motor motor
SM8610 Aim grade Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 3.936

bin rotary motor
feeder
SM8614 Transition Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.81 0.83 1 3.936
A bin rotary motor
feeder motor
SM8641 Aim grade Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 3.936
bin rotary motor
feeder
SM8645 Pellet Induction Continuous 0.48 150 0.86 0.94 0.67 1 223.18
Blending motor 4
blower
motor
PE- Seed Bed VFD- Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.49 0.85 2.684
S5961 rotary feeder Induction
no 1 Motor
PE- Product Induction Continuous 0.48 11 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 19.680
SM5611 purge bin motor
rotary feeder
motor
PE- Lube oil fan Induction Continuous 0.48 0.38 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.680
YM5611 motor motor
C
PE- Particle Induction Continuous 0.48 2.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 4.473
YM5612 screener motor
motor
PE- Product Continuous 0.48 11 0.83 1 0.8 1 15.941
Y5160 purge bin

filter
PE- Low product Continuous 0.48 11 0.83 1 0.8 1 15.941
Y5619 purge bin
filter
PE- Seed bed Continuous 0.48 4 0.93 1 0.8 1 5.173
Y5951 resin storage
bin filter no
1
PE- Seed bed Continuous 0.48 4 0.93 1 0.8 1 5.173
Y5952 resin storage
bin filter no
2
PE- Seed bed Induction Continuous 0.48 4 0.93 0.81 0.8 1 6.387
SM5962 rotary feeder motor
motor
TR-Ex Packaging Continuous 0.48 312 0.87 1 0.8 1 431.35
Panel

Using Microsoft Excel sheet developed by the Author,
connected load values are calculated based on Equations 2.9 and
2.10. The results are summarized in Tables 2.26, 2.27 and 2.28.
Table 2.26 Summary of Connected Load for Medium-voltage

Load
Equipment CONNECTED LOAD
Description
ID kW kVAR kVA
PE-KM5806 Vent 574.468 445.836 727.175
Recovery
Compressor
Motor
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor 5052.083 2863.148 5806.992
PE-KM8639 Blower 331.579 214.179 394.737
Motor
PE-KM8601 Blower 263.158 183.685 320.924
Motor
Table 2.27 Summary of Connected Load for Low-voltage Load

of MCC8
Description
ID kW KVAR kVA
GM-1412 ICA Charge 38.4615 22.8217 44.7227
Pump
GM-1413 ICA Charge 38.4615 22.8217 44.7227
Pump
GM-1504 T2 Charge 0.2469 0.1659 0.2975
Pump
PE-YM4078 BMC-200 2.2222 1.4933 2.6774
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
PE-YM4089 Modifier D 1.6049 1.0785 1.9337
Feed Tank
Agitator motor
PE-GM4351 Slurry Feed 2.5882 1.7393 3.1184
Pump Motor
PE-GM4355 Slurry Feed 2.5882 1.7393 3.1184
Pump Motor
PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed 1.6049 1.0785 1.9337
Tank Agitator

Motor
PE-GM4353 DC Feed Pump 0.2469 0.1659 0.2975
Motor
PE-GM4354 T3 Feed Pump 0.2469 0.1659 0.2975
motor
PE-GM4356 T3 Residence 0.8148 0.5476 0.9817
Time pot
Agitator Motor
Time pot
Agitator Motor
PE-GM4358 T3/DC Feed 0.2469 0.1659 0.2975
pump motor
motor
motor
PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper 5.0685 3.4060 6.1066
motor
PE-SM6800 Solid Additive 18.1000 13.5750 22.6250
Package
discharger
motor
PE-KM6831-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6832-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor
motor
PE-KM6833-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6834-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6835-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor

motor
filter motor
PE-Y6860 Mixer feed 13.7500 10.3125 17.1875
hopper and
vent filter
PE-D6810 Granular resin 13.5802 10.1852 16.9753
surge and vent
filter
MNDB Main normal 298.700 169.2811 343.3333
distribution 0
board
WRP-01 Welding socket 238.000 147.4992 280.0000
0
MCC EM2 480V 173.250 107.3707 203.8235
Emergency 0
MCC EM2
PE-GM-5814-1 Vent Recovery 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
Ref
Compressor Oil
Pump
PE-GM5821 Glycol pump 20.0651 13.4838 24.1748
motor
condensate
return pump
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5825 Interstage 32.9381 19.5443 38.3001
condensate
return pump
Ref 8
Compressor
Motor
PE-GM5806A-2 Main Cooling 4.9383 3.3185 5.9497
Pump motor
PE-GM5806B2 Aux Cooling 4.9383 3.3185 5.9497
pump motor
PE- Lube oil pump 2.8461 1.9126 3.4290
GM5806BD-2 motor
GM8102 Hexene-1 9.2593 6.2223 11.1557
unloading
pump

GM8103A Hexene-1 feed 45.6790 27.1043 53.1151
pump
GM8103S Hexene-1 feed 45.6790 27.1043 53.1151
pump
Table 2.28 Summary of Connected Load for Low-voltage Load

of MCC9
Description
ID kW KVAR kVA
PE-YM7607 Pelletizer 87.209 51.747 101.406
Motor
PE-7601M1 Barring unit 44.968 27.869 52.903
motor
PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer 18.438 11.427 21.692
motor
PE-GM7612 Pelleting 66.737 36.021 75.838
water pump
motor
PE-7601VG1M Lube oil 21.810 14.657 26.277
pump motor
PE-7601VG2M Lube oil 21.810 14.657 26.277
pump motor
CP-7601 YM7601 1.111 0.804 1.372
starter
control panel
PE-7604G1M- Lube oil 5.393 3.764 6.577
A return pump
motor
PE-7604G1M- Lube oil 5.393 3.764 6.577
B return pump
motor
7604K1M Cooling fan 4.568 3.070 5.503
for PE-
YM7604
CP-7604 PE-YM7604 2.000 1.344 2.410
thyristor
control panel
PE-7601G1M Hydraulic oil 9.696 7.272 12.120
pump motor
PE-7605G1M hydraulic oil 18.438 11.427 21.692
pump motor
for S/C
PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer 7.208 4.467 8.480
exhaust fan

dryer
PE-Y7730 Pellet 12.725 13.349 18.442
screener
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass 4.691 3.153 5.652
flowmeter
motor
PE-7604G3M Hot oil pump 18.519 12.445 22.311
PE-7604G4M Hot oil pump 18.519 12.445 22.311
PE-7601VG3M Lube oil 2.114 1.585 2.642
pump motor
for mixer
motor
PE-7601VG4M Lube oil 2.114 1.585 2.642
pump motor
for mixer
motor
PE-KM7604 Meltpump 20.988 14.104 25.286
purge air fan
CP-7600 Hot oil 24.691 16.593 29.749
heater
control panel
PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary 1.852 1.244 2.231
feeder
SM8605 Elutriator 2.716 1.825 3.272
rotary feeder
motor
SM8606 Elutriator 0.494 0.332 0.595
Filter rotary
feeder motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan 45.679 30.696 55.035
motor
SM8610 Aim grade 2.716 1.825 3.272
bin rotary
feeder
SM8614A Transition 2.716 1.825 3.272
bin rotary
feeder motor
SM8641 Aim grade 2.716 1.825 3.272
bin rotary
feeder
SM8645 Pellet 159.574 94.686 185.552
Blending
blower motor
PE-S5961 Seed Bed 1.852 1.244 2.231
rotary feeder
no 1

PE-SM5611 Product 13.580 9.126 16.362
purge bin
rotary feeder
motor
PE-YM5611C Lube oil fan 0.469 0.315 0.565
motor
PE-YM5612 Particle 3.086 2.074 3.719
screener
motor
PE-Y5160 Product 11.000 7.392 13.253
purge bin
filter
PE-Y5619 Low product 11.000 7.392 13.253
purge bin
filter
PE-Y5951 Seed bed 4.000 1.581 4.301
resin storage
bin filter no 1
PE-Y5952 Seed bed 4.000 1.581 4.301
resin storage
bin filter no 2
PE-SM5962 Seed bed 4.938 1.952 5.310
rotary feeder
motor
TR-Ex Packaging 312.000 176.819 358.621
Panel
Calculating the operating load:

Operating Load (kW)
Efficiency
Operating Load(kW)
Operating Load (kVA)
power factor
Operating Load (kVAR) Operating Load (kVA)2 Operating Load(kW)2

The operating load for PE-KM5806 is calculated as:
For PE-KM5806
Operating Load (kW)
Effeciency
540 x 0.91 x 1
Operating Load (kW) 522.766 kW
0.94
Operating Load(kW)
Operating Load (kVA)
power factor
522.766
Operating Load (kVA) 661.729 kVA
0.79
Operating Load (kVAR) Operating Load (kVA)2 Operating Load(kW)2
Operating Load (kVAR) 661.7292 522.7662 405.711 kVAR

the medium-voltage loads and the results are summarized in Table
2.29.
Table 2.29 Calculated Results of the Operating Load for

Medium-voltage Loads
Equipment OPERATING LOAD
Description
ID P(Kw) Q(kVAR) S(kVA)
PE-KM5806 Vent Recovery 522.766 405.711 661.729
Compressor
Motor
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor 4597.396 2605.464 5284.363
PE-KM8639 Blower Motor 261.947 169.201 311.842
PE-KM8601 Blower Motor 200.000 139.601 243.902

The same calculation procedure as the medium-voltage
loads is repeated for the rest of the low-voltage loads and the
results are summarized in Tables 2.30 and 2.31.
Table 2.30 Calculated Results of the Operating Load for Low-

voltage Loads of MCC8
Description P(Kw) Q(kVAR) S(kVA)
ID
GM-1412 ICA Charge Pump 23.4615 13.9213 27.2809
GM-1413 ICA Charge Pump 33.4615 19.8549 38.9088
GM-1504 T2 Charge Pump 0.1679 0.1128 0.2023
PE-YM4078 BMC-200 Slurry 1.7778 1.1947 2.1419
Feed Tank
Agitator Motor
PE-YM4089 Modifier D Feed 1.2840 0.8628 1.5469
Tank Agitator
motor
PE-GM4351 Slurry Feed Pump 1.7600 1.1827 2.1205
Motor
PE-GM4355 Slurry Feed Pump 2.0706 1.3914 2.4947
Motor
PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed Tank 1.2840 0.8628 1.5469
Agitator Motor
PE-GM4353 DC Feed Pump 0.1679 0.1128 0.2023
Motor
PE-GM4354 T3 Feed Pump 0.1975 0.1327 0.2380
motor
PE-GM4356 T3 Residence 0.6519 0.4380 0.7854
Time pot Agitator
Motor
Time pot Agitator
Motor
PE-GM4358 T3/DC Feed pump 0.1679 0.1128 0.2023
motor
motor
motor
PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper 2.0274 1.3624 2.4426
motor
PE-SM6800 Solid Additive 12.3080 9.2310 15.3850
Package

discharger motor
PE-KM6831- Bag Dump station 0.9235 0.6206 1.1126
1 exhaust fan
motor
1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Compactor 0.7407 0.4978 0.8925
YCM6832 motor
1 exhaust fan
motor
1 exhaust fan
motor
1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Compactor 1.4815 0.9956 1.7849
YCM6835 motor
filter motor
PE-Y6860 Mixer feed hopper 11.0000 8.2500 13.7500
and vent filter
PE-D6810 Granular resin 10.8642 8.1481 13.5802
surge and vent
filter
MNDB Main normal 128.4410 72.7909 147.6333
distribution board
WRP-01 Welding socket 190.4000 117.9993 224.0000
MCC EM2 480V Emergency 138.6000 85.8966 163.0588
MCC EM2
PE-GM- Vent Recovery 1.0864 0.7301 1.3089
5814-1 Ref Compressor
Oil Pump
PE-GM5821 Glycol pump 16.0521 10.7871 19.3398
motor
condensate
return pump
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5825 Interstage 28.6561 17.0035 33.3211
condensate

return pump
Ref Compressor
Motor
PE- Main Cooling 3.9506 2.6548 4.7598
GM5806A-2 Pump motor
PE- Aux Cooling 3.9506 2.6548 4.7598
GM5806B2 pump motor
PE- Lube oil pump 1.1384 0.7650 1.3716
GM5806BD- motor
2
GM8102 Hexene-1 7.4074 4.9778 8.9246
unloading pump
GM8103A Hexene-1 feed 36.5432 21.6835 42.4921
pump
GM8103S Hexene-1 feed 36.5432 21.6835 42.4921
pump
Table 2.31 Calculated Results of the Operating Load for Low-

voltage Loads of MCC9
Description
ID P(Kw) Q(kVAR) S(kVA)
PE-YM7607 Pelletizer Motor 67.456 40.026 78.438
PE-7601M1 Barring unit 39.122 24.246 46.026
motor
PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer 14.751 9.142 17.354
motor
PE-GM7612 Pelleting water 60.731 32.779 69.012
pump motor
PE- Lube oil pump 17.448 11.725 21.022
7601VG1M motor
PE- Lube oil pump 17.448 11.725 21.022
7601VG2M motor
CP-7601 YM7601 starter 1.011 0.732 1.248
control panel
PE- Lube oil return 4.314 3.011 5.261
7604G1M-A pump motor
PE- Lube oil return 4.314 3.011 5.261
7604G1M-B pump motor
7604K1M Cooling fan for 3.654 2.456 4.403
PE-YM7604
CP-7604 PE-YM7604 1.600 1.075 1.928
thyristor control
panel

PE-7601G1M Hydraulic oil 7.756 5.817 9.696
pump motor
PE-7605G1M hydraulic oil 14.751 9.142 17.354
pump motor for
S/C
PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer 5.767 3.574 6.784
exhaust fan
dryer
PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 10.180 10.679 14.754
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass 1.877 1.261 2.261
flowmeter motor
PE- Hot oil pump 14.815 9.956 17.849
7604G3M
PE- Hot oil pump 14.815 9.956 17.849
7604G4M
PE- Lube oil pump 1.691 1.268 2.114
7601VG3M motor for mixer
motor
PE- Lube oil pump 1.691 1.268 2.114
7601VG4M motor for mixer
motor
PE-KM7604 Melt pump purge 16.790 11.283 20.229
air fan
CP-7600 Hot oil heater 19.753 13.274 23.799
control panel
PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary 1.093 0.734 1.316
feeder
SM8605 Elutriator rotary 2.254 1.515 2.716
feeder motor
SM8606 Elutriator Filter 0.395 0.265 0.476
rotary feeder
motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan 38.827 26.092 46.780
motor
SM8610 Aim grade bin 2.173 1.460 2.618
rotary feeder
SM8614A Transition bin 2.254 1.515 2.716
rotary feeder
motor
SM8641 Aim grade bin 2.173 1.460 2.618
rotary feeder
SM8645 Pellet Blending 106.915 63.440 124.320
blower motor
PE-S5961 Seed Bed rotary 0.771 0.518 0.929
feeder no 1
PE-SM5611 Product purge 10.864 7.301 13.089
bin rotary feeder
motor
PE-YM5611C Lube oil fan 0.375 0.252 0.452
motor
PE-YM5612 Particle screener 2.469 1.659 2.975
motor
PE-Y5160 Product purge 8.800 5.914 10.602
bin filter
PE-Y5619 Low product 8.800 5.914 10.602
purge bin filter
storage bin filter
no 1
storage bin filter
no 2
PE-SM5962 Seed bed rotary 3.951 1.561 4.248
feeder motor
TR-Ex Packaging Panel 249.600 141.455 286.897
The sum of real, reactive and apparent power from Table

2.29 is summarized in Table 2.32. These values represent the total
operating load of medium-voltage system with PE2 running at
maximum capacity.
Table 2.32 Medium-voltage Operating Load

TOTAL OPERATING LOAD
P2 5.58210 MW
Q2 3.31997 MVAR
S2 6.50183 MVA
The sum of real, reactive and apparent power from Table

2.30 and 2.31 are summarized in Tables 2.33 and 2.34. These
values represent the total operating load of low-voltage system with
PE2 running at maximum capacity.

For MCC8 480V loads:
Table 2.33 Low-voltage Operating Load for MCC8

P3 0.894639 MW
Q3 0.548985 MVAR
S3 1.050065 MVA
For MCC9 480V Loads:
Table 2.34 Low-voltage Operating Load for MCC9

P4 0.789850 MW
Q4 0.480991 MVAR
S4 0.926013 MVA
Values of operating load are still on power units and are

converted in per-unit quantities using the equations below.
Converting to per-unit values based on 10MVA:

P
PPU ACTUAL
SBASE
Q ACTUAL
QPU
SBASE
S ACTUAL
SPU
SBASE
SBASE=10MVA
For medium-voltage motor loads, the real, reactive and

apparent powers are converted to per-unit values.
5.58210MVA
P2PU 0.558210 pu
10MVA
3.31997 MVA
Q2PU 0.331997 pu
10MVA
6.50183 MVA
S2PU 0.650183 pu
10MVA

Table 2.35 Medium-voltage Operating Load at 10MVA Base
P2PU 0.558210 pu
Q2PU 0.331997 pu
S2PU 0.650183 pu
For low-voltage loads, the real, reactive and apparent

powers are converted to per-unit values.

0.894639 MVA
P3PU 0.0894639 pu
10MVA
0.548985 MVA
Q3PU 0.0548985 pu
10MVA
1.050065 MVA
S3PU 0.1050065 pu
10MVA

0.789850 MVA
P4PU 0.0789850 pu
10MVA
0.480991 MVA
Q 4PU 0.0480991 pu
10MVA
0.926013 MVA
S4PU 0.0926013 pu
10MVA
Table 2.36 Low-voltage Operating Load for MCC8 at 10MVA

Base
P3PU 0.0894639 pu
Q3PU 0.0548985 pu
S3PU 0.1050065 pu

Table 2.37 Low-voltage Operating Load for MCC9 at 10MVA
Base
P4PU 0.0789850 pu
Q4PU 0.0480991 pu
S4PU 0.0926013 pu
Values from Table 2.35, 2.36 and 2.37 represent the normal
operating load with the PE2 plant running at its full capacity of 24
tons/hr. These values will be used in the load flow analysis to
determine the bus voltages, power flows, current flows and power
factors.

2.7 Impedance Networks
In accordance with IEEE violet book STD 551-2006 [4],

there are three types of fault currents, namely, first cycle current
(also called momentary), interrupting current, and time delayed
current. These different fault currents correspond to the different
networks in which we can calculate the fault current. These network
models are summarized in Table 2.38 below.
Table 2.38 Summary of Impedance Network for ANSI

Approved Short Circuit Calculation
Network Sequence Impedance

Momentary Positive
Negative
Zero
Interrupting Positive
Negative
Zero
Time Delayed Positive
Negative
Zero
Aside from the abovementioned method, the impedance

networks of the motors for each voltage level and bus are reduced
to its Thevenins equivalent impedance.

Typical network impedance diagram is shown in Figure 2.17
below.
ZEqA-Equivalent Thevenins network impedance of medium-voltage
motors which includes PE-KM5806, PE-YM7601, PE-KM8639 and PE-
KM8601.
ZEqB-Equivalent Thevenins network impedance of Non-VFD driven

motors of MCC8.
ZEqC-Equivalent Thevenins network impedance of Non-VFD driven

motors of MCC9.
Figure 2.17 Typical impedance networks

All impedance network diagrams will be derived based in
Table 2.38.
Momentary Networks
For motor, equivalent impedance will be modelled by

applying the multiplying factor in Table 2.39 third column. These
factors can be used for multi-voltage system that will allow a single
and combined momentary network calculation for both
high/medium and low-voltage system.
Table 2.39 Momentary Reactance Values (IEEE 399-1997)
Using the above table from IEEE Brown book IEEE 399-1997 [1],
the values of reactance are derived as follows:
X"d,MOM ANSI Multiplier x X"d Equation (2.8)

1.0 Induction Motor above 1000hp

ANSI Multiplier 1.2 - Induction motor 50hp and above
1.67 induction below 50hp


For PE-KM5806 (more than 50hp but less than 1000hp, ANSI
multiplier=1.2)
X"d,MOM ANSI Multiplier x X"d
X"d,MOM 1.2 x 3.0224
X"d,MOM 3.6268 pu
R ,MOM ANSI Multiplier x R
R,MOM 1.2 x 0.4534 pu
R,MOM 0.5440 pu
" "
ZMOM,1 PU Z2 PU 0.5440 j3.6268 p.u
Adding the motor impedance to the cable impedance

Z1,CABLE= 0.008415 + j0.007008 pu
ZEQ = Z1,CABLE + ZMOM,1
ZEQ = 0.008415 + j0.007008 + 0.5440 j3.6268
ZEQ = 0.552438 +j3.633829 pu
Calculation results for the rest of the medium and low-
voltage motors are summarized in Tables 2.40 and 2.41.

Table 2.40 Calculated Results of Momentary Impedance for
Medium and Low-voltage Motors
Original Values ANSI Momentary Values
Equipment
multiplie
ID R (pu) X"d (pu) R (pu) X"d (pu)
r
PE-KM5806 0.4534 3.0224 1.2 0.5440 3.6268
PE-YM7601 0.0312 0.3115 1.0 0.0312 0.3115
PE-KM8639 0.6833 4.5554 1.2 0.8200 5.4665
PE-KM8601 0.8405 5.6031 1.2 1.0086 6.7238
GM-1412 18.8232 44.8172 1.7 31.4348 74.8448
GM-1413 18.8232 44.8172 1.7 31.4348 74.8448
PE-YM4078 280.1555 667.0370 1.7 467.8597 1113.951
PE-YM4089 408.6993 973.0936 1.7 682.5278 1625.066
PE-YM4352 408.6993 973.0936 1.7 682.5278 1625.066
PE-GM4356 839.2697 1998.261 1.7 1401.580 3337.096
PE-GM4357 839.2697 1998.261 1.7 1401.580 3337.096
PE-SM4360 96.9398 230.8090 1.7 161.8894 385.4510
PE-SM6825 31.5565 75.1346 1.7 52.6994 125.4748
PE-SM6828 105.6886 251.6395 1.7 176.5000 420.2380
PE-SM6853 123.9721 295.1717 1.7 207.0334 492.9368
PE-KM6831-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-KM6832-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-YCM6832 289.2683 688.7340 1.7 483.0780 1150.185
PE-KM6833-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-KM6834-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-KM6835-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-YCM6835 289.2683 688.7340 1.7 483.0780 1150.185
PE-YM6851 1172.709 2792.165 1.7 1958.424 4662.915
PE-GM-5814-1 394.457 939.183 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-GM5821 22.883 54.484 1.7 38.2152 90.9885
PE-GM5812 68.873 163.984 1.7 115.0186 273.8538
PE-GM5815 17.473 41.603 1.7 29.1806 69.4777
PE-GM5825 16.851 40.122 1.7 28.1414 67.0033
PE-VM5814 3.137 7.469 1.2 3.7643 8.9626
PE-GM5806A-2 108.476 258.275 1.7 181.1543 431.3197
PE-GM5806B2 108.476 258.275 1.7 181.1543 431.3197
PE- 188.219 448.141 1.7 314.3260 748.3953
GM5806BD-2
GM8102 57.854 137.747 1.7 96.6156 230.0372
GM8103A 14.581 34.717 1.2 17.4974 41.6604
GM8103S 14.581 34.717 1.2 17.4974 41.6604

PE-7601M1 10.2108 24.3113 1.2 12.2529 29.1736
PE-YM7610 25.5025 60.7203 1.7 42.5892 101.4029
PE-GM7612 7.2945 17.3679 1.2 8.7534 20.8415
PE-7601VG1M 21.0523 50.1245 1.7 35.1573 83.7080
PE-7601VG2M 21.0523 50.1245 1.7 35.1573 83.7080
PE-7604G1M-A 86.1693 205.1650 1.7 143.9028 342.6256
PE-7604G1M-B 86.1693 205.1650 1.7 143.9028 342.6256
7604K1M 100.5179 239.3284 1.7 167.8650 399.6785
PE-7601G1M 46.7866 111.3966 1.7 78.1336 186.0323
PE-7605G1M 25.5025 60.7203 1.7 42.5892 101.4029
PE-KM7615 63.6988 151.6638 1.7 106.3770 253.2785
PE-Y7730 36.0823 85.9104 1.7 60.2575 143.4703
PE-Y7733 114.1848 271.8687 1.7 190.6887 454.0207
PE-7604G3M 28.927 68.873 1.7 48.3078 115.0186
PE-7604G4M 28.927 68.873 1.7 48.3078 115.0186
PE-7601VG3M 222.481 529.717 1.7 371.5437 884.6278
PE-7601VG4M 222.481 529.717 1.7 371.5437 884.6278
PE-KM7604 21.877 52.089 1.7 36.5353 86.9888
PE-SM7714 289.268 688.734 1.7 483.0780 1150.185
SM8605 197.228 469.591 1.7 329.3714 784.2176
SM8606 1084.756 2582.753 1.7 1811.542 4313.196
KM8607 11.216 26.705 1.2 13.4595 32.0465
SM8610 197.228 469.591 1.7 329.3714 784.2176
SM8614A 197.228 469.591 1.7 329.3714 784.2176
SM8641 197.228 469.591 1.7 329.3714 784.2176
SM8645 2.981 7.099 1.2 3.5777 8.5182
PE-SM5611 39.446 93.918 1.7 65.8743 156.8435
PE-YM5611C 1141.848 2718.687 1.7 1906.887 4540.207
PE-YM5612 173.561 413.240 1.7 289.8468 690.1115
PE-Y5160 48.698 115.948 1.7 81.3263 193.6340
PE-Y5619 48.698 115.948 1.7 81.3263 193.6340
PE-Y5951 150.056 357.275 1.7 250.5927 596.6493
PE-Y5952 150.056 357.275 1.7 250.5927 596.6493
PE-SM5962 121.545 289.393 1.7 202.9801 483.2859

Motor and Cable at 10MVA Base for Momentary Network
Equipment ID Zeq
PE-KM5806 0.552438 +j3.633829

PE-YM7601 0.040638 +j0.321415
PE-KM8639 0.82583 +j5.471353
PE-KM8601 1.019452 +j6.732829
GM-1412 37.002591 +j76.282964
GM-1413 37.002591 +j76.282964
PE-YM4078 591.726919 +j1115.432908
PE-YM4089 806.395012 +j1626.547414
PE-YM4352 782.60595 +j1626.262952
PE-GM4356 1490.1741 +j3338.155448
PE-GM4357 1490.1741 +j3338.155448
PE-SM4360 202.3152 +j386.48993
PE-SM6825 57.284837 +j127.050124
PE-SM6828 223.667948 +j420.802066
PE-SM6853 254.201408 +j493.500781
PE-KM6831-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-KM6832-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-YCM6832 530.245995 +j1150.749799
PE-KM6833-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-KM6834-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-KM6835-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-YCM6835 530.245995 +j1150.749799
PE-YM6851 2005.592404 +j4663.479343
PE-GM-5814-1 799.426357 +j1570.117402
PE-GM5821 48.348904 +j92.341204
PE-GM5812 136.456078 +j275.195423
PE-GM5815 36.384805 +j70.763962
PE-GM5825 35.345562 +j68.289575
PE-VM5814 6.146216 +j10.230938
PE-GM5806A-2 236.76103 +j432.748746
PE-GM5806B2 193.605648 +j432.819493
PE-GM5806BD-2 397.523939 +j749.895118
GM8102 114.479667 +j231.810072
GM8103A 22.287317 +j43.306017
GM8103S 22.287317 +j43.306017
PE-7601M1 17.042835 +j30.819157

PE-YM7610 54.842593 +j103.038493
PE-GM7612 10.69397 +j22.490353
PE-7601VG1M 39.947275 +j85.353537
PE-7601VG2M 39.947275 +j85.353537
PE-7604G1M-A 188.803802 +j344.485257
PE-7604G1M-B 188.803802 +j344.485257
7604K1M 212.765992 +j401.538091
PE-7601G1M 95.997631 +j187.805223
PE-7605G1M 47.368374 +j103.044752
PE-KM7615 134.449886 +j255.035445
PE-Y7730 102.933735 +j145.237777
PE-Y7733 294.813695 +j455.897785
PE-7604G3M 60.561187 +j116.654194
PE-7604G4M 60.561187 +j116.654194
PE-7601VG3M 485.111369 +j886.675073
PE-7601VG4M 485.111369 +j886.675073
PE-KM7604 41.325243 +j88.634412
PE-SM7714 499.00511 +j1152.104269
SM8605 400.738569 +j785.070962
SM8606 1882.90979 +j4314.05006
KM8607 20.460309 +j32.741287
SM8610 400.738569 +j785.070962
SM8614A 375.308882 +j785.045702
SM8641 397.867475 +j785.03663
SM8645 4.495953 +j9.298503
PE-SM5611 68.853442 +j157.202369
PE-YM5611C 1938.879138 +j4540.589578
PE-YM5612 307.454454 +j692.232387
PE-Y5160 124.002482 +j195.40146
PE-Y5619 124.002482 +j195.40146
PE-Y5951 295.493726 +j598.508885
PE-Y5952 295.493726 +j598.508885
PE-SM5962 247.881115 +j485.145527

Equivalent Thevenins Momentary Network for Medium-voltage
Motors (ZEQA,MOM)
0.5524 0.0406 0.8258 1.0195

ZEQA,MOM
+ j3.633829 +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601
Figure 2.18 Momentary impedance of medium-voltage

motors and motor cables
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZeqA with impedance

values from Table 2.40.
0.5524 0.0406 0.8258 1.0195
ZEQA,MOM
+j3.633829 +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829
Figure 2.19 Equivalent circuit of medium-voltage motors and

motor cables for momentary networks

1
" 1 " 1 " 1 " 1
ZEQA,MOM ZKM5806 Z YM7601 ZKM8601 ZK8639

ZEQA,MOM 0.5524 j3.6338291 0.0406 j0.3214151
0.8258 j5.4713531 1.0195 j6.732829

1
ZEQA,MOM 0.035107 j0.269004 pu

0.035107
0.035107 Thevenins
Equivalent
ZEQA,MOM +j0.269004 for Medium
+j0.269004 Voltage
Motors
1pu
Reference
Figure 2.20 Thevenins equivalent circuit of medium-voltage

motors and motor cables for momentary networks
Since the positive and negative impedance are the same,

values of positive and negative sequence impedance are
summarized as follows:
ZEQA , MOM , pos ZEQA , MOM , neg 0.035107 j0.269004 pu
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence

Impedance Network Impedance Network
0.035107
0.035107
+j0.269004
+j0.269004
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.21 Equivalent network of medium-voltage motors

for momentary positive and negative sequence

Equivalent Thevenins Momentary Network for Low-voltage Motors
of MCC8 (ZEQB,MOM)
37.0026 37.0026 591.7269 22.2873

ZEQB
+j76.282964 +j76.282964 +j1115.432908 +j43.306017
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
GM-1412 GM-1413 PE-YM4078 GM8103S
Figure 2.22 Momentary impedance of low-voltage motors

and motor cables of MCC8
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZEQB with impedance

37.0026 37.0026 591.7269 22.2873

ZEQB,MOM
+j76.282964 +j76.282964 +j1115.432908 +j43.306017
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
GM-1412 GM-1413 PE-YM4078 GM8103S
Figure 2.23 Equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors and

motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks
1
ZEQB,MOM
1 1 1 1
...
Z"GM-1412 Z"GM-1413 "
ZPE- YM4078 Z"GM8103S

ZEQB,MOM Z"GM-1412

1
Z"GM-1413
1
Z"GM-1413
1
...

1
" 1 1
ZPE- YM4078 Z"GM8103S

ZEQB,MOM 37.0026 j76.2829641 37.0026 j76.2829641
591.7269 j1115.4329081 ... 22.2873 j43.3060171

1
ZEQB,MOM 2.189525 j4.056443 pu

2.189525 Thevenins
2.189525 Equivalent
ZEQA,MOM for Low
+J4.056443 Voltage
+J4.056443 Motors of
MCC8
1pu
Reference
Figure 2.24 Thevenins equivalent circuit of low-voltage

motors and motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks

ZEQB , MOM, pos ZEQB , MOM , neg 2.189525 j4.056443 pu

2.189525 2.189525
+J4.056443 +J4.056443
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.25 Equivalent network of low-voltage motors of

MCC8 for momentary positive and negative sequence

Equivalent Thevenins Momentary Network for Low-voltage Motors
of MCC9 (ZEQC,MOM)
54.8426 247.8811
17.0428 10.6940
ZEQB,MOM
+j103.038493
+j30.819157
+j485.145527
+j22.490353
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
GM-1412 GM-1413 PE-YM4078 GM8103S
Figure 2.26 Momentary Impedance of Low-voltage Motors

and Motor Cables of MCC9
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZEQB with impedance

54.8426 10.6940 247.8811

17.0428
ZEQB,MOM
+j103.038493
+j30.819157 +j22.490353 +j485.145527
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
PE-7601M1 PE-YM7610 PE-GM7612 PE-SM5962
Figure 2.27 Momentary Equivalent Circuit of Low-voltage

Motors and Motor Cables of MCC9
"
ZEQC,MOM ZPE

1 "
-7601M1 ZPE- YM7610
1 "
ZPE
-GM7612
1
...

1
" 1
ZPE-SM5962

ZEQC,MOM 17.0428 j30.8191571 54.8426 j103.0384931
10.6940 j22.4903531 ... 247.8811 j485.1455271

1
ZEQB,MOM 1.486806 j2.906046 pu

1.486806 Thevenins
1.486806 Equivalent
ZEQC,MOM for Low
+J2.906046 Voltage
+J2.906046 Motors of
MCC9
1pu
Reference
Figure 2.28 Equivalent Circuit of Low-voltage Motors and

Motor Cables of MCC9 for Momentary Network

ZEQC , MOM , pos ZEQC , MOM, neg 1.486806 j2.906046 pu

1.486806 1.486806
+J2.906046 +J2.906046
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.29 Equivalent Network of Low-voltage Motors of

MCC9 for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence

Table 2.42 Summary of Results for MV and LV motors
Thevenins Impedance for Momentary Networks
Impedance (pu) Impedance (pu)
MV Motors
0.035107+j0.269004 0.035107+j0.269004
(ZEQA,MOM)
LV Motors
MCC8 2.189525+j4.056443 2.189525+j4.056443
(ZEQB,MOM)
LV Motors
MCC9 1.486806+j2.906046 1.486806+j2.906046
(ZEQC,MOM)

Momentary Network Diagram
From previous results of transformer model, cable model,
motor model and connection point equivalent impedance, the
positive and negative sequence momentary impedance is shown in
Figures 2.30, 2.31 and 2.32.
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.000137
j0.019257
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.269004 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
Reference ZTRL3A ZTRL3B
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.30 Momentary Positive Sequence Network

BUS1
0.000639 0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.019257 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.269004 j0.001007 j0.001119
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
Reference Reference
Figure 2.31 Momentary Negative Sequence Network

ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ J0.017761
BUS1
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843+j0.000325 ZTL3,ZERO =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
BUS3 Reference BUS4 Reference
Figure 2.32 Momentary Zero Sequence Network

Interrupting Networks
Interrupting networks for motor equivalent impedance are

derived as follow:
Table 2.43 Interrupting Reactance values (IEEE 399-2016)
Using the above table from IEEE Brown book IEEE 399-1997 [5],
the values of reactance are derived as follows:
X"d,MOM ANSI Multiplier x X"d Equation (2.11)
1.5 Induction Motor above 1000hp

ANSI Multiplier 3.0 - Induction motor 50hp and above
neglect induction below 50hp


For PE-KM5806 (more than 50hp but less than 1000hp, ANSI
multiplier=3.0)
X"d,INT ANSI Multiplier x X"d
X"d,INT 3.0 x 3.0224
X"d,INT 9.0671 pu
R ,MOM ANSI Multiplier x R
R,MOM 3.0 x 0.4534 pu
R,MOM 1.3601 pu
Z"INT,1 PU Z"2 PU 1.3601 j9.0671 p.u
Adding the motor impedance to the cable impedance
Z1,CABLE= 0.008415 + j0.007008 pu
ZEQ = Z1,CABLE + ZMOM,1
ZEQ = 0.008415 + j0.007008 + 1.3601 j9.0671
ZEQ = 0.051829+j0.427677 pu

Calculated results for the rest of the medium and low-
voltage motors are summarized in Tables 2.44 and 2.45.
Table 2.44 Calculated Results of Interrupting Impedance for

Medium and Low-voltage Motors
Original Values Interrupting Values
Equipment ANSI
ID X"d multiplier
R (pu) R (pu) X"d (pu)
(pu)
PE-KM5806 0.4534 3.0224 3.0 1.3601 9.0671
PE-YM7601 0.0312 0.3115 1.5 0.0467 0.4673
PE-KM8639 0.6833 4.5554 3.0 2.0499 13.6662
PE-KM8601 0.8405 5.6031 3.0 2.5214 16.8094
PE-VM5814 3.137 7.469 3.0 9.4107 22.4064
GM8103A 14.581 34.717 3.0 43.7435 104.1511
GM8103S 14.581 34.717 3.0 43.7435 104.1511
PE-7601M1 10.2108 24.3113 3.0 30.6323 72.9340
PE-GM7612 7.2945 17.3679 3.0 21.8835 52.1037
KM8607 11.216 26.705 3.0 33.6488 80.1162
SM8645 2.981 7.099 3.0 8.9441 21.2956

Motor and Cable at 10MVA Base for Interrupting Network
Equipment ID ZEQ (PU)
PE-KM5806 1.368473 +j9.074062

PE-YM7601 0.056215 +j0.477183
PE-KM8639 2.055787 +j13.671062
PE-KM8601 2.532298 +j16.818471
PE-VM5814 11.792625 +j23.674769
GM8103A 48.533397 +j105.796685
GM8103S 48.533397 +j105.796685
PE-7601M1 35.422194 +j74.579535
PE-GM7612 23.824093 +j53.75255
KM8607 40.649602 +j80.811032
SM8645 9.862435 +j22.075842

Equivalent Thevenins Interrupting Network for Medium-
voltage Motors (ZEQA)
1.3685 0.0562 2.0558 2.5323

ZEQA,INT
+ j9.0741
+j0.4772 +j13.6711 +j16.8185
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601
Figure 2.33 Interrupting Impedance of Medium-voltage

Motors and Motor Cables
Equivalent impedances ZEQB are calculated with impedance values

from Table 2.40.
1.3685 0.0562 2.0558 2.5323
ZEQA
+j9.0741 +j0.4772 +j13.6711 +j16.8185
Figure 2.34 Equivalent Circuit of Medium-voltage Motors and

Motor Cables

1
" 1 " 1 " 1 " 1
ZEQA,INT ZKM5806 Z YM7601 ZKM8601 ZK8639

ZEQA,INT 1.3685 j9.07411 0.0562 j0.47721
2.0558 j13.67111 2.5323 j16.8185

1
ZEQA,INT 0.051829 j0.427677 pu

0.051829
0.051829 Thevenins
Equivalent
ZEQA for Medium
+j0.427677
+j0.427677 Voltage
Motors
1pu
Reference
Figure 2.35 Equivalent Circuit of Medium-voltage Motors and

Motor Cables for Interrupting Network

ZEQA , INT , pos ZEQA , INT , neg 0.051829 j0.427677 pu

0.051829 0.051829
+j0.427677 +j0.427677
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.36 Equivalent Network of Medium-voltage Motors

for Interrupting Positive and Negative Sequence

Equivalent Thevenins Interrupting Network for Low-voltage
Motors of MCC8 (ZEQB,MOM)
48.5334 48.5334
11.7926
ZEQB,INT
+j23.674769 +j105.796685 +j105.796685
1pu 1pu 1pu
Reference Reference Reference Reference
PE-VM5814 GM8103A GM8103S
Figure 2.37 Interrupting Impedance of Low-voltage Motors


from Table 2.40.
48.5334
11.7926 48.5334
ZEQB,INT
+j23.674769 +j105.796685
+j105.796685
1pu 1pu 1pu
PE-VM5814 GM8103A GM8103S

Motor Cables of MCC8 for Interrupting Networks

1
" 1 " 1 " 1
ZEQB,INT ZPE-VM5814 ZGM8103A ... ZGM8103S

ZEQB,INT 11.7926 j23.6747691 48.5334 j105.7966851
... 48.5334 j105.7966851

1
ZEQB,INT 7.945445 j16.359467 pu

7.945445 Thevenins
7.945445
Equivalent
ZEQB,INT for Low
+j16.359467 Voltage
+j16.359467 Motors of
MCC8
1pu
Reference


ZEQB , INT, pos ZEQB , INT , neg 7.945445 j16.359467 pu

7.945445 7.945445
+j16.359467 +j16.359467
1pu
Reference Reference

MCC8 for Interrupting Positive and Negative Sequence

Equivalent Thevenins Interrupting Network for Low-voltage
Motors of MCC9 (ZEQC,INT)
23.8241 9.8624
35.4222 40.6496
ZEQB,INT
+j53.7526
+j74.5795
+j22.0758
+j80.8110
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
PE-7601M1 PE-GM7612 KM8607 SM8645
Figure 2.41 Interrupting Impedance of Low-voltage Motors


from Table 2.40.
23.8241 40.6496 9.8624

35.4222
ZEQB,INT
+j53.7526
+j74.5795 +j80.8110 +j22.0758
PE-7601M1 PE-GM7612 KM8607 SM8645
Figure 2.42 Interrupting Equivalent Circuit of Low-voltage

Motors and Motor Cables of MCC9
"
ZEQC,INT ZPE

1
"
-7601M1 ZPE-GM7612
1 "

ZKM8607
1
...

1
1
Z"SM8645

ZEQC,INT 35.4222 j74.57951 23.8241 j53.75261
40.6496 j80.81101 ... 9.8624 j22.07581 1
ZEQC,INT 5.104858 j11.154007 pu

5.104858 5.104858 Thevenins
Equivalent
ZEQC,INT for Low
+j11.154007 Voltage
+j11.154007 Motors of
MCC9
1pu
Reference


ZEQC , INT , pos ZEQC , INT, neg 5.104858 j11.154007 pu

5.104858 5.104858
+j11.154007 +j11.154007
1pu
Reference Reference

MCC9 for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence

Table 2.46 Summary of Results for MV and LV Motors
Thevenins Impedance for Interrupting Networks
Impedance (pu) Impedance (pu)
MV Motors
0.051829+j0.427677 0.051829+j0.427677
(ZEQA,INT)
LV Motors
MCC8 7.945445+j16.359467 7.945445+j16.359467
(ZEQB,INT)
LV Motors
MCC9 5.104858+j11.154007 5.104858+j11.154007
(ZEQC,INT)
From previous results of transformer model, cable model,

motor model and connection point equivalent impedance, the
positive and negative sequence momentary impedance is shown in
the figures 2.45, 2.46 and 2.47.

BUS1
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.427677 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.45 Interrupting Positive Sequence Network

BUS1
0.000048
0.000685 ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.427677 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.46 Interrupting Negative Sequence Network

ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ J0.017761
BUS1
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843+j0.000325 ZTL3,ZERO =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
Figure 2.47 Interrupting Zero Sequence Network

2.8 Admittance Network
From the admittance values derived from transformers and

cables in this chapter, the admittances are calculated and presented
below in Figure 2.48.
Bus 1
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1

y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
Bus 2
y23 =[(yTL2)-1+(yTRL3A)-1]-1 y24 =[(yTL3)-1+(yTRL3B)-1]-1

y23 =0.693282-j4.206570 y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
S2=P2+jQ2
0.5582 + j0.3319 p.u
Bus 3 Bus 4
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.118437+j0.072 p.u S4=0.103948+j0.06 p.u
Figure 2.48 System Admittance diagram

CHAPTER 3
LOAD FLOW STUDY
This load flow study analyses two (2) system conditions.

The first condition is a system at normal loading without capacitor
and with all transformers set at nominal tap. This will establish the
base condition where all the necessary power system parameters
are calculated. The second condition is a system at normal loading
condition with power factor correction capacitors on various steps
and with the necessary taps set at all transformers. The power
system parameters that will be evaluated using this load flow study
are (1) the voltage on each bus, (2) the % voltage drop and the
terminal voltage on each load, (3) the transformer loading, (4) the
bus bar loading, (5) the power factor of system.
3.1 Methodology
A load flow study is a steady-state analysis whose aim is to

determine the voltages, currents, and real and reactive power flows
in a system under a given load condition.
This load flow study utilizes the Gauss-Seidel Method to
calculate the bus voltages. It is selected over other methods due to
its accuracy and simple approach in calculation that individual bus
voltages can be calculated iteratively via manual calculation or with
the aid of simple Microsoft excel sheet.
The load flow analysis will consist of two (2) study cases
representing two (2) operating modes namely steady-state without
capacitor and steady-state with capacitor. On each study case, a
three-step procedure will be followed.
Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis Page 107

Step1. Bus Voltage Calculations
This step uses Kirchhoffs Current Law where bus voltage

equations are derived by balancing the currents flowing into the bus
from the currents leaving the bus. The vector sum of the currents
entering the bus is equal to the vector sum of the currents leaving
the bus.
IIN=IOUT
IIN
Bus i Vi
IOUT
Figure 3.1 Current flow to a bus
For each load element, the current will be represented in

terms of complex power S and bus voltage V.
S*
2
I
V2*
Bus i Vi
Si=Pi+jQi
Figure 3.2 Current flow through a load element
Where: S* and V* are conjugates of complex power S and bus

voltage V respectively.
The current flowing through an admittance element Yij is given as

Iij yij(Vi Vj )

For a transformer element with admittance Yij and a tap ratio of 1:a,
the current flowing into bus j (Iij) is given as:
V Vj
Iij" Yij( i )
a a2
While the current flowing out of bus i (Iij) is given as:
Vj
Iij Yij(Vi )
a
And the relation between these two current is:
Iij a*Iij"
Bus i Vi
Bus i Vi
Iij
yij
yij
Iij Vx
tap
1:a
Iij
Vj Bus j Vj
Bus j
Figure 3.3 Current flow through an admittance element

(left), Current flow through admittance with tap changing
transformer (right)
The derived current equation yields a non-linear equation

which can only be solved using iterative method such as Gauss-
Seidel, Newton-Raphson, etc. The author used Microsoft Excel
2010TM and developed iteration formula that calculates voltages at
each bus.

Iteration voltage
Iteration
Admittances values
Power
output at
Figure 3.4 Voltage Calculation/Iteration via excel sheet
The author further utilized the Microsoft Excel 2010s

capability to calculate complex qualities by enabling the analysis
tool pack add-in as shown in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5 Microsoft Excel complex quantity calculation

add-ins
Voltage drop on each load is determined using the

calculated bus voltage.
Step 2. Calculation of Current Flow, Voltage drop, Power Flow and
Power Factor
After calculating the voltage on each bus, the current and
power flow can be derived from the following equation. From Figure
3.3 the current flow (Iij) into bus Vj is given as
Iij=yij(Vi-Vj) Equation (3.1)
The power Sij from into bus Vj is given as
Sij=VijIij* Equation (3.2)

Given complex power in polar format S/0, the power factor will be
calculated as
PF=cos
If is positive, PF is said to be lagging and leading if is negative.
yij is th complex admittance between bus i and bus j

Iij is the complex current flow from bus i into bus j
Sij is the complex power (apparent power) flow from bus i into bus j
Vi and Vj are complex bus voltages of bus i and bus j respectively
Step 3. Evaluation of Results
Based on the results of bus voltages, voltage drops on

each loads, current and power flows and power factor will be
evaluated.
The summary of Load Flow case study process is shown in
Figure 3.6.
CASE STUDY PROCESS
STEP 1:
CALCULATION OF BUS VOLTAGES AND PHASE
ANGLES
STEP 2:
CALCULATION OF POWER AND CURRENT
FLOWS
STEP 3:
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
Figure 3.6 Load flow case study process flow chart

3.2 Load Flow Analysis for Case 1 (Steady-state without
Capacitor)
This study case analyzes the system under normal loading

condition. All three power transformers TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B are
on-line, all loads of PE 2 plant are running at maximum capacity of
24 Tons/hr. and no power factor correction capacitor on-line.
3.2.1 Admittance and Power Data
Bus 1 which is the generator bus will be the swing bus

where the voltage is constant at 1/00 p.u and the active and
reactive power will be calculated from this bus. Bus 2, Bus 3 and
Bus 4 are the load bus where voltage will be calculated.
Table 3.1 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 1

Bus Type Known Unknown
Bus 1 Generator Bus V1 /10=1/00 p.u P and Q
(swing)
Bus 2 Load Bus P and Q V2 /20
Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1 Page 112

Bus 1 V1
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1

y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
Bus 2 V2

y23 =0.693282-j4.206570 y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
S2=P2+jQ2
S2=0.5582+ j0.332
Bus 3 Bus 4 V
V3 4
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.08946+j0.054898 S4=0.07898+j0.048099
Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1
From Chapter 2, values of admittances and power schedule

are summarized in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 respectively.
Table 3.2 Summary of Admittances

Admittances Values (mho p.u)
y12 0.959989-j32.341297
y23 0.693282-j4.206570
y24 0.695415-j4.203698
Table 3.3 Scheduled Power

P (p.u) @ Q (p.u) @
Q
Bus No P (MW) 10MVA 10MVA
(MVAR)
base base
S2 Bus 2 5.58210 3.31997 0.558210 0.331997
S3 Bus 3 0.8946 0.54898 0.08946 0.054898
S4 Bus 4 0.7898 0.48099 0.07898 0.048099

3.2.2 Bus Voltage Calculation
Bus voltages are calculated based on Gauss-Seidel Method

which is a numerical method for calculating non-linear equations.
These non-linear voltage equations are derived as follows:
Derivation of voltage equations
Bus no. 2 6.9kV Bus V2
At Bus 2 by KCL, ,
Current flowing into Bus 2 from Bus 1 and considering transformer
tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using Equation 3.1:
V V2
I12" y12 1
aTRM1 a 2
TRM1
Currents flowing out from Bus 2 to Bus 3 and considering

transformer tap aTRL3A of TRL3A using Equation 3.1:
V3
I23 y23 V2
aTRL3A

transformer tap aTRL3B of TRL3B using Equation 3.1:
V4
I24 y24 V2
aTRL3B
And current due to power out of Bus 2:
S*
2
V2*

By KCL, vector sum of currents into Bus 2 equals vector sum of
currents out of Bus 2.
V V2 V3 V4 S*
y12 1 y23 V2 y24 V2 2
aTRM1 a 2
aTRL3A aTRL3B V2
*
TRM1
Arranging the current equation yields a non-linear equation for

voltage V2.
S*
2 y12 V V3 V4
y23 y24
V2* aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
If we let V2(k) be the initial estimate of voltage V2 then the iterative

equation V2(k+1) will be
S*
2y V V3(k) V4(k)
12 1 y23 y24
V*(k) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
Equation (3.3)
V2(k 1) aTRM1 2
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
Bus 3 MCC8 480V bus V3
At Bus 3 by KCL, ,
Current flowing into Bus 3 using Equation 3.1:
V V3
I23" y23 2
aTRL3A a 2
TRL3A
S*
3
V3*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of current out

of Bus 3.

V V3 S*
y23 2 3
aTRL3A a 2
V3*
TRL3A

voltage V3.
S* y V
3
23 2
V* aTRL3A
V3 3
y23

aTRL3A 2


S*
3 y V (k)

23 2
V *(k) aTRL3A
(k 1)
V3 3 Equation (3.4)
y 23

aTRL3A 2

Bus 4 MCC9 480V V4
At bus 3 by KCL, ,
Current flowing into the Bus 4 using Equation 3.1:

V V4
I24" y24 2
aTRL3B a 2
TRL3B
S*
4
V4*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of currents out
of Bus 4.

V V4 S*4
y 24 2

aTRL3B a 2
V4*
TRL3B

voltage V4.
S*
4 y 24 V2
V* aTRL3B
V4 4
y24

aTRL3B2


S* (k)
4 y24 V2
V *(k) aTRL3B
(k 1)
V4 4 Equation (3.5)
y24

aTRL3B2

Gauss-Siedel Iteration for bus voltage
Bus voltage estimates at

V2(0)= V3(0)= V4(0)= 1/00 V p.u
and V1(k)= 1/00 V p.u (for all values of k)
For TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B,

tap=+ 2.5% (0.95, 0.975, 1.0, 1.025, 1.05)
Transformer taps (Primary) are selected at principal tap
aTRM1=1; aTRL3A=1; aTRL3B=1
Complex power values from Table 3.2.

S2=0.558210 + j 0.331997 p.u
S3=0.08946 + j 0.054898p.u
S4=0.07898+ j 0.048099 p.u

Taking the conjugates of the complex power
S2*=0.558210 - j 0.331997p.u
S3*=0.08946 j 0.054898p.u
S4*=0.07898 j 0.048099 p.u
Admittance values from Table 3.2

y12=0.959989-j32.341297 p.u
y23=0.693282-j4.206570 p.u
y24=0.695415-j4.203698 p.u
(y12 + y23 + y24) = 2.348687-j40.751566 p.u
k=0, 1st iteration

For V2(1) using Equation 3.3
S*
2 y12 V1 V3(0) V4(0)
y 23 y 24
V2*(0) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2(1)
y12
y 23 y 24
aTRM12
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(1) 1 1
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566

0.558210 - j 0.3319971 0.695415 - j4.2036981
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(1) = 0.991093-j0.013184p.u

S*
3 y23 V2(0)

V3*(0) aTRL3A
V3(1)
y23
aTRL3A 2
(1) (0.0894638 j0.0548985)*

V3 1 1
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611p.u
S*4 y24 V2(0)

V4*(0) aTRL3B
V4(1)
y24
aTRL3B2
(1) (0.0789849 j0.0480991)*

V4 1 1

0.695415 - j4.203698 1

V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u
k=1, 2nd iteration

(1) (1)
S*
2 y V V3 V4
12 1 y 23 y 24
V2(2)
y12
y 23 y 24
aTRM12

0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(2) 1
0.990201 - j0.014405*
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566

0.693282 - j4.2065700.983882 - j0.018611
2.348687 - j40.751566

0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
S*
3 y V (1)
23 2
V3*(1) aTRL3A
V3(2)
y23
aTRL3A 2
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
V3(2)
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.983882 - j0.018611*
0.991093 - j0.013184
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784p.u
S*4 y24 V2(1)

V4*(1) aTRL3B
V4(2)
y24
aTRL3B2
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(2) 1
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446*
0.991093 - j0.013184
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u

Calculating the errors
Calculating the real term errors (ereal) and imaginary term
errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the first iteration and the
second iteration
V2(1) = 0.991093-j0.013184 p.u

V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
ereal =|0.991093 -0.988081| =0.003011922 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.013184 0.017155| =0.003971283 (>1x10-6)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u

V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u
ereal =|0.983882-0.974359| =0.00952263 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.018611 j0.031784 | = 0.013172916(>1x10-6)
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u
ereal =|0.985837-0.976452| =0.009384458 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.016446 j0.029623| = 0.013176597(>1x10-6)
Since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6 then further
iterations are required until all errors are less than 1x10-6 in which
case the solution is said to converge to the correct value.

K=2, 3rd iteration
For V2(3) using equation 3.3
(2) (2)
S*
2 y V V3 V4
12 1 y 23 y 24
V2(3)
y12
y 23 y 24
aTRM12
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(3) 1
0.987138 - j0.018375*
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566

0.693282 - j4.2065700.973467 - j0.033004
2.348687 - j40.751566

0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(3) = 0.986328-j0.020102p.u
S*
3 y23 V2(2)

V3*(2) aTRL3A
V3(3)
y23
aTRL3A 2
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
V3(3)
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.973467 - j0.033004*
0.988081 - j0.017155
V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697p.u

S*4 y V (2)
24 2
V4*(2) aTRL3B
V4(3)
y24
aTRL3B2
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(3) 1
0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843*
0.988081 - j0.017155
V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543p.u
errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the 2nd iteration and the third
iteration:
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
V2(3) = 0.986328-j0.020102 p.u
ereal =|0.988081-0.986328| =0.001752721 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.017155 -0.020102| =0.002946738 (>1x10-6)
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u

V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697 p.u
ereal =|0.974359-0.970934| =0.003425034 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.031784 0.035697 | =0.003913351 (>1x10-6)
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623 p.u

V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543 p.u
ereal =|0.976452-0.973079| =0.003372922 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.029623 -0.033543 | =0.003920754 (>1x10-6)

Again, since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6,
continuous iterations are required until the errors become less than
1x10-6 to converge to the correct value.
Repeating the same calculation procedure using the load
flow sheet developed by the Author up to 15 iterations yield an
error to e<1x10-6, equivalent to five (5) decimal places of accuracy.
The result of the whole calculation is summarized in Table 3.4 while

the voltage error values are summarized in Table 3.5. It shows the
error on the 15th iteration to be at least 3x10-7 which is less than
the set reference value to converge.
Table 3.4 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=15
k V2 (Bus 2) V3 (Bus 3) V4 (Bus 4)
1 0.991093-j0.013184 0.983882-j0.018611 0.985837-j0.016446

2 0.988081-j0.017155 0.974359-j0.031784 0.976452-j0.029623
3 0.986328-j0.020102 0.970934-j0.035697 0.973079-j0.033543
4 0.985653-j0.020985 0.969046-j0.038635 0.971209-j0.036482
5 0.98531-j0.021637 0.968282-j0.039498 0.970456-j0.037348
6 0.985159-j0.021832 0.967909-j0.040148 0.970086-j0.037999
7 0.985093-j0.021975 0.96774-j0.040338 0.969919-j0.038188
8 0.985059-j0.022018 0.967666-j0.04048 0.969847-j0.038331
9 0.985047-j0.022049 0.967629-j0.040522 0.96981-j0.038373
10 0.985039-j0.022058 0.967614-j0.040553 0.969796-j0.038404
11 0.985037-j0.022065 0.967606-j0.040562 0.969788-j0.038413
12 0.985035-j0.022067 0.967604-j0.040569 0.969785-j0.03842
13 0.985035-j0.022069 0.967602-j0.04057 0.969783-j0.038422
14 0.985034-j0.022069 0.967601-j0.040572 0.969783-j0.038423
15 0.985034-j0.022069 0.967601-j0.040572 0.969782-j0.038424

Table 3.5 Voltage Calculation Error Values
Accuracy
k V2 V3 V4
ereal eimaginary ereal eimaginary ereal eimaginary
1 0.008907 0.0131846 0.016118 0.0186112 0.0141628 0.01644644

2 0.003012 0.0039713 0.0095226 0.0131729 0.0093845 0.0131766
3 0.001753 0.0029467 0.003425 0.0039134 0.0033729 0.00392075
4 0.000675 0.0008832 0.0018876 0.0029381 0.0018705 0.00293904
5 0.000343 0.000652 0.000764 0.0008634 0.000753 0.00086607
6 0.00015 0.0001945 0.0003735 0.0006499 0.0003697 0.00065017
7 6.68E-05 0.0001433 0.0001692 0.0001892 0.0001669 0.00018988
8 3.32E-05 4.255E-05 7.347E-05 0.0001428 7.263E-05 0.00014288
9 1.29E-05 3.13E-05 3.725E-05 4.122E-05 3.675E-05 4.1391E-05
10 7.31E-06 9.259E-06 1.435E-05 3.121E-05 1.417E-05 3.1221E-05
11 2.46E-06 6.803E-06 8.149E-06 8.935E-06 8.046E-06 8.9773E-06
12 1.6E-06 2.005E-06 2.781E-06 6.785E-06 2.741E-06 6.7865E-06
13 4.65E-07 1.471E-06 1.774E-06 1.928E-06 1.752E-06 1.9381E-06
14 3.47E-07 4.322E-07 5.34E-07 1.468E-06 5.255E-07 1.4682E-06
15 8.66E-08 3.169E-07 3.842E-07 4.144E-07 3.796E-07 4.1664E-07
Calculation results:
V2(15) = 0.985034-j0.022069 p.u
V3(15) =0.967601-j0.040572 p.u
V4(15) =0.969782-j0.038424 p.u
Converting V2(15) to polar form:

V2 = (0.985034)2+(-0.022069)2 /Arctan(-0.022069/0.985034)0
V2 = 0.985281/-1.2830 p.u
Actual value of bus voltage is

V2 =(0.985281/-1.2830 )(Vbase)= (0.985281/-1.2830 )(6.9kV)
V2 = 6.798/-1.2830 kV

V3 = (0.967601)2+(-0.040572)2 /Arctan(-0.040572 /0.967601)0
V3 = 0.968451/-2.4010 p.u

V3 =(0.968451/-2.4010)(Vbase)=( 0.968451/-2.4010)(480V)
V3= 464.856/-2.4010 V

V4 = (0.969782)2+(-0.038424)2 /Arctan(-0.038424/0.969782)0
V4 = 0.970543/-2.2690 p.u

V4 =(0.970543/-2.2690)(Vbase)=( 0.970543/-2.2690)(480V)
V4= 465.8609/-2.2690 V

3.2.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor Calculation
Bus 1 V1=1/00 V p.u
S12-1
yTL1
I12
yTRM1 S12-2
Bus 2 V2=0.985281/-1.2830 V p.u
yTL2 S23-2 y24

S24-2
I24
S2=0.5582 + j0.331 I23
yTRL3A S23-3 y24
S24-4
Bus 3 Bus 4
V3=0.968451/-2.4010 p.u V4=0.970543/-2.2680 p.u
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.118437+j0.072 S4=0.103948+j0.06
Figure 3.8 Admittance Network with Power and Current
Flows
Current Flows
Using Equation 3.1 and admittance values from Table 3.2 to

calculate the current flows:
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I 12) as referred from the primary
side (13.8kV) of TRM1:
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=(0.959989-j32.341297) (1-0.9850347+j0.022069)
I12= 0.728131-j0.462808 p.u
Converting to polar form:

I12 = (0.728131)2+ (-0.462808)2/Arctan(-0.462808/0.728131)
I12= 0.862767/-32.441480 p.u

Actual value of I12 is
I12= (I12 p.u)( Ibase 13.8kV)
I12= (0.862767/-32.4410)(418.36976)
I12= 360.955671/-32.4410 A
As referred to secondary:
I12= 360.955671 x (13.8/6.9)
I12=721.91 A
Current flow from bus 2 to bus 3 (I23)

I23=y23(V2-V3)
I23=(0.693282-j4.206570)(0.9850347-j0.022069-0.9676013
+j0.04057)
I23= 0.0899208 - j0.060507 p.u

I23 = (0.0899208)2+ (-0.0607507)2 /Arctan(-0.0607507/0.0899)
I23= 0.108382/-33.9370 p.u

I23= (I23 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I23= (0.108382/-33.9370)(12028.13061)
I23= 1303.643/-33.9370 A

I24=y24(V2-V4)
I24=(0.695415-j4.203698) (0.985034-j0.022069 -
0.969782+j0.038424)
I24= 0.079354-j0.0527418 p.u

I24 = (0.079354)2 + (-0.0527418)2/Arctan(-0.0527418/0.079354)
I24= 0.095283/-33.6100 p.u

I24= (I24 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I24= (0.095283/-33.6100)( 12028.13061)
I24= 1146.079/-33.6100 A
Power Flow and Power Factor
Using Equation 3.2 and the calculated bus voltages as well

as the calculated currents and power flows, power factor will be
calculated as follow:
For power out from Bus 1 to TRM1:

S1TRM1= V1I12*
S1TRM1= (1)(0.728131-j0.462808)*
S1TRM1= (0.728131+j0.4462808) p.u
S1TRM1 = (0.728131)2+(0.4462808)2/Arctan(0.4462808/0.728131)
S1TRM1= 0.862767/32.4410 p.u
Actual value of S12 is

S1TRM1= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
S1TRM1= (0.862767/32.4410)(10MVA)
S1TRM1= 8.627/32.4410 MVA
Calculating the Power Factor

PF1TRM1=cos(32.4410)
PF1TRM1= 0.84395 lagging at bus 1

Power Flow from TRM1 to Bus 2:
STRM12= V2I12*
STRM12= (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.728131-j0.462808)*
STRM12= 0.727448+j0.439813 p.u

STRM12 = (0.727448)2+ (0.439813)2/Arctan(0.439813/0.727448)
STRM12= 0.850068/31.1570 p.u

STRM12= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
STRM12= (0.850068/31.1570)(10MVA)
STRM12= 8.50068/31.1570 MVA

PFTRM12=cos(31.157)
PFTRM12= 0.85575 lagging at Bus 2
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3A:

S2TRL3A= V2I23*
S2TRL3A = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.089920 - j0.060507)*
S2TRL3A = 0.089910+j0.057561 p.u

S2TRL3A = (0.089910)2+ (0.057561)2/Arctan(0.057561/0.089910)
S2TRL3A = 0.106787/32.6530 p.u
Actual value of S2TRL3A is

S2TRL3A = (S2TRL3Ap.u)( Sbase )
S2TRL3A = (0.106787/32.6530 )(10MVA)
S2TRL3A = 1.06787/32.6530 MVA

PF2TRL3A=cos(32.6530)
PF2TRL3A= 0.84196 lagging
For power out from TRL3A to Bus 3:

STRL3A3= V3I23*
STRL3A3= (0.967601-j0.0405728)( 0.0899208 - j0.060507)*
STRL3A3= 0.089462+j0.0548983 p.u
STRL3A3 = (0.089462)2+(0.0548983)2/Arctan(0.089462/0.0548983)
STRL3A3= 0.104963/31.5360 p.u
Actual value of STRL3A3 is

STRL3A3= (STRL3A3p.u)( Sbase )
STRL3A3= (0.104963/31.5360)(10MVA)
STRL3A3= 1.04963/31.5360 MVA

PFTRL3A3=cos(31.5360)
PFTRL3A3=0.85232 lagging
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3B:
S2TRL3B= V2I24*
S2TRL3B = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.079354-j0.052741)*
S2TRL3B = 0.079331+j0.0502011 p.u

S2TRL3B = (0.079331)2+(0.0502011)2/Arctan(0.0502011/0.079331)
S2TRL3B= 0.09388/32.3260 p.u

Actual value of S2TRL3B is
S2TRL3B= (S2TRL3B p.u)( Sbase )
S2TRL3B= (0.09388/32.3260)(10MVA)
S2TRL3B= 0.9388/32.3260 MVA
Calculating the power factor

PF2TRL3B=cos(32.3260)
PF2TRL3B=0.84502 lagging
For power out from TRL3B to Bus 4:

STRL3B4= V4I24*
STRL3B4= (0.968546-j0.039988)(0.079362-j0.052937)*
STRL3B4= 0.078983+j0.048098 p.u

STRL3B4 = (0.078983)2+ (0.048098)2/Arctan(0.048098/0.078983)
STRL3B4= 0.092476/31.3410 p.u
Actual value of STRL3B4 is

STRL3B4= (S24p.u)( Sbase )
STRL3B4= (0.092476/31.3410)(10MVA)
STRL3B4= 0.92476/31.3410 MVA
PFTRL3B4=cos(31.340)
PFTRL3B4= 0.85409 lagging

3.2.4 Evaluation
3.2.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation
Table 3.6 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation

Actual Per-unit Permissible
Per-unit
Voltage
V2 6.798/-1.28530 kV 0.985281/-1.28530 p.u 0.98
V3 464.856/-2.4010 V 0.968451/-2.4010 p.u 0.98
V4 465.860/-2.2690 V 0.970543/-2.2690 p.u 0.98
The above result shows that the bus voltage on Bus 2

(6.9kV bus) is more than the permissible limit. The secondary
voltage of both TRL3A and TRL3B are both less than the permissible
value and can still be improved by changing the transformer
primary tap from the nominal tap 3 to off-nominal tap 4 (2.5% tap
position). The per-unit tap a will be 1/0.975 or 1.02564. The
calculation results using the Microsoft Excel load flow sheet
developed by the Author is shown in Table 3.7. The result shows a
significant improvement of the bus voltages at Bus 2 (0.993 per-
unit) and Bus 3 (0.995 per-unit) under normal load condition.
Table 3.7 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation after Changing

the Taps of TRL3A and TRL3B to -2.5% Off-nominal
Actual Per-unit
0
V2 6.799/-1.283 kV 0.985281/-1.2830
V3 476.776/-2.4010 V 0.993283/-2.4010
V4 477.806/-2.2690 V 0.995429/-2.2690
3.2.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation
According to PEC Chapter 2.10.2.1 fine print note number

4, 2.15.1.2 and fine print note number 2 recommend that the
maximum combined voltage drop for both feeders and branch
circuit should not exceed 5%, and the maximum voltage drop on

the branch circuit or feeder should not exceed 3%. As per JG
Summit Design Standards, under normal condition the maximum
permissible voltage drop on feeder shall be 2% and 3% on branch
circuit. On the other hand, during a transient event such as motor
starting, the maximum permissible voltage drop at the motor being
started is 15% while 10% for the other loads. This recommendation
is related to equipment performance and line loss issue.
Therefore, the voltage drop should be one of the
fundamental considerations in cable selection. This section will
calculate the voltage drop for:
1. Transformer Feeder Cables
2. Medium Voltage Motors
3. 480V Loads
Voltage Drop for Transformer Feeder Cables
The voltage drop of transformer feeder cable is calculated

using the equation below:
Mag[I] Mag[Z]
%VD x100
Mag[V] Equation (3.6)
3
Where Mag[I], Mag[Z] and Mag[V] are magnitude of

complex load current, cable impedance of the load and voltage of
the bus where the load is connected, respectively.

Table 3.8 Summary of Transformer Cable Ratings
Cable Rating
Eqpt
Cable Type Size Wire/ Length R XL
ID
(mm2) (m) ( /km) (/km)
TL1 1C- 630 5 115 0.04 0.1138
CV(8.7/15kV),
Cu/XLPE/CTS/
AWA/PVC
TL2 3C- 185 1 54 0.128 0.0888

CV(6/10(12)k
V)
TL3 3C- 185 1 60 0.128 0.0888

CV(6/10(12)k
V)
Source: Resistance and Reactance values from Cable vendor-Fujikura Federal

Cables SDN. BHD.
Presented below are the calculations of the percent voltage

drop using the resistances and reactances from Table 3.8, as well as
the current and voltages derived from Section 3.2.3.
Voltage drop for TRM1 feeder cable TL1

For ZTL1:
[R per km jXper km ][length]
Z TL1
wire per phase
[0.04 j0.1138][115 / 1000]

Z TL1
5
Z TL1 0.00092 j0.0026174

Mag[ZTL1] = (0.00092)2+ (0.0026174)2 = 0.002774

%VDTL1:
MagI12 MagZ TL1
%VD TL1 x 100%
MagV1
3
%VDTL1
360.9550.002774 x 100%
13800
3
%VDTL1 0.013%
Voltage Drop for TRL3A feeder cable TL2

For ZTL2:
Z TL1
wire per phase
[0.128 j0.0888][54 / 1000]

Z TL1
1
ZTL1 0.006912 j0.0047952

Mag[ZTL2] = (0.006912)2+ (0.0047952)2 = 0.008412
%VDTL2:
MagI23 MagZ TL2
%VD TL2 x 100%
MagV2
3
%VDTL2
1303.6430.008412 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDTL2 0.2794%
Voltage Drop for TRL3B feeder cable TL3

For ZTL3:
Z TL1
wire per phase
[0.128 j0.0888][60 / 1000]

Z TL1
1

ZTL1 0.00768 j0.005328
Mag[ZTL3] = (0.00768)2+ (0.005328)2 = 0.009347
%VDTL3:
MagI24 MagZ TL3
%VD TL3 x 100%
MagV2
3
%VDTL3
1146.079 0.009347 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDTL3 0.27292%

Voltage Drop without Capacitor
Eqpt Acceptance
From To %VD Conclusion
ID Criteria
TRM1 <3% Acceptable

TL1 Bus 1 0.013
Primary
<3% Acceptable
Primary
TL2 Bus 2 0.279
of TRL3A
<3% Acceptable
Primary
TL3 Bus 2 0.273
of TRL3B
The above result for transformer feeder % voltage drop

shows acceptable values for all transformer feeders.

Voltage Drop for Medium Voltage Motors during Normal Running
Condition
3.10 Summary of Motor Feeder Cable Ratings
Eqpt Size Wire Length R X

Cable Type
ID (mm2) / (m) ( /km) (/km)
CBL- 3C- 185 1 313 0.128 0.1066
KM5806 CV(6/10(12kV))
CBL- 1C- 240 1 458 0.0986 0.1027
YM7601 CV(6/10(12kV))
CBL- 3C- 185 1 218 0.128 0.1066
KM8639 CV(6/10(12)kV)
CBL- 3C- 185 1 405 0.128 0.1066
KM8601 CV(6/10(12)kV)
Cables SDN. BHD.
Calculating the percent voltage drop using the resistances

and reactances from Table 3.10, as well as the current and voltages
derived from Section 3.2.3:
Voltage Drop for PE-KM5806 (running condition):

For ZCBL-KM5806:
ZCBL -KM5806
wire per phase
[0.128 j0.1066][313 / 1000]

ZCBL-KM5806
1
ZCBL KM5806 0.0401 j0.0334
Mag[ZCBL-KM5806] = (0.0401)2+ (0.0334)2 = 0.052138

%VDCBL-KM5906:
MagI MagZ
%VD x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM5806
60.8460.052138 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM5806 0.081%

For ZCBL-YM7601:
ZCBL - YM7601
wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][458 / 1000]

ZCBL- YM7601
1
ZCBL KM5806 0.0452 j0.0047
Mag[ZCBL-YM7601] = (0.0452)2+ (0.0047)2 = 0.06520
%VDKM7601:
MagI MagZ
%VD x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM7601
485.8940.06520 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM7601 0.807%

For ZCBL-KM8639:
ZCBL -KM8639
wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][218 / 1000]

ZCBL-KM8639
1
ZCBL KM8639 0.0279 j0.0232
Mag[ZCBL-KM8639] = (0.0279)2+ (0.0232)2 = 0.03631
%VDKM8639:
MagI MagZ
%VD x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM8639
33.0290.03631 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM8639 0.031%

For ZCBL-KM8601:
ZCBL -KM8601
wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][405 / 1000]

ZCBL-KM8601
1
ZCBL KM8601 0.0518 j0.0432
Mag[ZCBL-KM8601] = (0.0518)2+ (0.0432)2 = 0.06746

%VDKM8601:
MagI MagZ
%VD x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM8601
26.8530.06746 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM8601 0.046%
Table 3.11 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal Voltage

for MV Motor Feeder Cables without Capacitor
Terminal
Equipment Acceptance Voltage
Description % VD Conclusion
ID Criteria (V)
PE-KM5806 Vent <3% Acceptable
Recovery (normal
0.081 6797.435
compressor running)
Motor
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor <3% Acceptable
0.807 (normal 6797.205
running)
PE-KM8639 Blower Motor <3% Acceptable
0.031 (normal 6798.124
running)
PE-KM8601 Blower Motor <3% Acceptable
0.046 (normal 6797.924
running)
The running % voltage drop of all MV motors shows

acceptable results as summarized in Table 3.11. A detailed large
motor starting analysis will be presented in Chapter 6 to analyze the
effects of large motor starting to the power system under study.

Voltage Drop for 480V Loads
Table 3.12 Cable Ratings for MCC8 Loads
Size Wire Length R X

Eqpt ID Cable Type
(mm2) / (m) (/km) (/km)
CLB-GM- 3C+PE- 70 1 374 0.343 0.0886

1412 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-1413 3C+PE- 70 1 374 0.343 0.0886
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-YM4078 3C+PE- 2.5 1 302 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 302 9.45 0.113
YM4089 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 244 9.45 0.113
YM4352 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 216 9.45 0.113
GM4356 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 216 9.45 0.113
GM4357 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 4C+PE- 6 1 237 3.93 0.101
SM4360 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 4C+PE- 95 1 426 0.248 0.0852
SM6825 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
SM6828 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
SM6853 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
KM6831-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
KM6832-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
YCM6832 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
KM6833-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
KM6834-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6835- 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
YCM6835 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
YM6851 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -GM- 3C+PE- 2.5 1 343 9.45 0.113
5814-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 35 1 349 0.669 0.0893

GM5821 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 16 1 336 1.47 0.092
GM5812 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 336 0.494 0.0882
GM5815 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 336 0.494 0.0882
GM5825 CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-VM5814 3C+PE- 150 1 343 0.16 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 6 1 326 3.93 0.101
GM5806A-2 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 6 1 326 0.88 0.106
GM5806B2 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 4 1 326 5.88 0.106
GM5806BD- CV(0.6/1kV)
2
CBL - 3C+PE- 25 1 444 0.927 0.092
GM8102 CV(0.6/1kV)
GM8103A 3C+PE- 95 1 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 95 1 445 0.248 0.0852
GM8103S CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 4C+PE- 150 1 403 0.160 0.085
SM6800 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y6860 3C+PE- 35 1 349 0.669 0.089
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -D6810 3C+PE- 35 1 349 0.669 0.089
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -MNDB 4C+PE- 240 1 37 0.100 0.085
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-WRP-01 4C+PE- 120 1 446 0.197 0.085
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-MCC 4C+PE- 240 1 37 0.100 0.085
EM2 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-GM- MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
1504 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 307 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
CBL- MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4351 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 249 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)

CBL - MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4355 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 249 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
CBL - MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4353 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 257 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
CBL - MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4354 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 257 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
CBL - MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4358 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 257 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
Cables SDN. BHD.
Table 3.13 Cable Ratings for MCC9 Loads
Size Wire Length R X

Eqpt ID Cable Type
(mm2) / (m) ( /km) (/km)
CBL-7601M1 3C+PE- 95 1 445 0.248 0.0852

CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -YM7610 3C+PE- 35 1 422 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 240 1 448 0.0998 0.0848
GM7612 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 445 0.248 0.0852
7601VG1M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 445 0.248 0.0852
7601VG2M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
7604G1M-A CV(0.6/1kV)

CBL - 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
7604G1M-B CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL- 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
7604K1M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 25 1 444 0.927 0.092
7601G1M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 444 0.248 0.0852
7605G1M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -KM7615 3C+PE- 16 1 440 1.47 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y7730 3C+PE- 10 1 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y7733 3C+PE- 4 1 408 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-PE- 3C+PE- 35 1 422 0.669 0.0893
7604G3 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-PE- 3C+PE- 35 1 422 0.669 0.0893
7604G4 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 4 1 445 5.88 0.106
7601VG3M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 4 1 445 5.88 0.106
7601VG4M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL- PE- 3C+PE- 50 1 445 0.248 0.0852
KM7604 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM7714 3C+PE- 6 1 417 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL- 3C+PE- 2.5 1 174 9.45 0.113
SM8605 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-SM8606 3C+PE- 2.5 1 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -KM8607 3C+PE- 25 1 174 0.927 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM8610 3C+PE- 2.5 1 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 4 1 180 5.88 0.106
SM8614A CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM8641 3C+PE- 2.5 1 167 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL SM8645 3C+PE- 240 1 212 0.0998 0.0848
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM5611 3C+PE- 6 1 78 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 78 9.45 0.113
YM5611C CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -YM5612 3C+PE- 6 1 461 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y5160 3C+PE- 10 1 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y5619 3C+PE- 10 1 422 2.33 0.0965

CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y5951 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y5952 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM5962 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL TR-Ex 3C+PE- 240 1 37 0.0996 0.0848
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL CP-7601 3C+PE- 4 1 445 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL CP-7604 3C+PE- 4 1 445 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL CP-7600 3C+PE- 50 1 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -YM7607 VFD to 185 1 412 0.121 0.0947
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
MCC9 to 120 1 35 0.197 0.0852
VFD 3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -S5961 VFD to 4 1 89 5.52 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
MCC9 to 6 1 405 0.88 0.106
VFD C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
Cables SDN. BHD.
With the calculated bus voltage at Bus 3, 464.9V, the %

voltage drop for MCC 8 loads are calculated as follows:
Voltage Drop for GM-1412 (running condition)

For ZCBL-GM-1412
ZCBL -GM-1412
wire per phase
[0.343 j0.0886][374 / 1000]

ZCBL-GM-1412
1
ZCBL GM-1412 0.128 j0.033
Mag[ZCBL GM-1412 ] 0.1282 0.0332 0.132

%VDGM1412:
MagI MagZ
%VDGM1412 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM1412
53.7930.132 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDGM1412 2.656%
Voltage Drop for GM-1413 (running condition)
For ZCBL-GM-1413:
ZCBL -GM-1413
wire per phase
[0.343 j0.0886][374 / 1000]

ZCBL-GM-1413
1
ZCBL GM-1413 0.128 j0.033
Mag[ZCBL GM-1413 ] 0.1282 0.0332 0.132
%VDGM1413:
MagI MagZ
%VDGM1413 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM1413
53.7930.132492613 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDGM1413 2.656%

Voltage drop for PE-YM4078 (running condition)
For ZCBL-YM4078:
ZCBL - YM4078
wire per phase
[9.45 j0.113][302 / 1000]

ZCBL- YM4078
1
ZCBL YM4078 2.854 j0.034
Mag[ZCBL YM4078 ] 2.8542 0.0342 2.854
%VDYM4078:
MagI MagZ
%VD YM4078 x 100%
MagV
3
%VD YM4078
2.8662.854 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDYM4078 3.048%
Voltage drop for PE-YM4089 (running condition)

For ZCBL-YM4089:
ZCBL - YM4089
wire per phase
[9.45 j0.113][302 / 1000]

ZCBL- YM4089
1
ZCBL YM4089 2.854 j0.034
Mag[ZCBL YM4089 ] 2.8542 0.0342 2.854

%VDYM4089:
MagI MagZ
%VD YM4089 x 100%
MagV
3
%VD YM4089
2.3262.854 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDYM4089 2.473%
By repeating the same calculation to the rest of the 480V

loads, the % voltage drop for each load is determined and
summarized in Tables 3.14 and 3.15 for MCC8 and MCC9 loads,
respectively.
Table 3.14 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation for MCC8

Loads without Capacitor and TRL3A
-2.5% Off Nominal
Nominal Tap
Tap
Equipment ID % VD % VD
Terminal Terminal
(% of (% of
Voltage Voltage
Terminal Terminal
(V) (V)
Voltage) Voltage)
GM-1412 2.656 458.357 2.589 470.273
GM-1413 2.656 458.357 2.589 470.273
PE-YM4078 3.048 454.558 2.972 466.475
PE-YM4089 2.473 456.485 2.412 468.402
PE-YM4352 1.998 458.082 1.948 470.000
PE-GM4356 0.898 461.801 0.876 473.720
PE-GM4357 0.898 461.801 0.876 473.720
PE-SM4360 2.317 457.114 2.259 469.032
PE-SM6825 1.117 462.366 1.089 474.285
PE-SM6828 2.974 454.805 2.900 466.722
PE-SM6853 2.536 456.275 2.472 468.193
PE-KM6831-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-KM6832-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-YCM6832 1.087 461.162 1.060 473.081
PE-KM6833-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-KM6834-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-KM6835-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-YCM6835 1.087 461.162 1.060 473.081

PE-YM6851 0.268 463.943 0.261 475.862
PE-GM-5814-1 2.377 456.808 2.318 468.726
PE-GM5821 2.552 457.273 2.488 469.190
PE-GM5812 2.078 458.158 2.026 470.076
PE-GM5815 2.791 457.023 2.721 468.939
PE-GM5825 2.894 456.929 2.822 468.845
PE-VM5814 5.292 457.494 5.160 469.398
PE-GM5806A-2 3.417 453.478 3.332 465.394
PE-GM5806B2 0.770 462.513 0.751 474.432
PE-GM5806BD-2 2.946 454.957 2.873 466.874
GM8102 2.068 458.450 2.016 470.368
GM8103A 2.778 458.948 2.708 470.863
GM8103S 2.778 458.948 2.708 470.863
PE-SM6800 0.741 463.639 0.722 475.558
PE-Y6860 1.814 459.330 1.769 471.248
PE-D6810 1.792 459.397 1.747 471.316
MNDB 0.745 464.498 0.726 476.417
WRP-01 12.004 445.141 11.704 456.984
MCC EM2 0.442 464.617 0.431 476.536
GM-1504 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
0.234 464.067 0.228 475.986
PE-GM4351 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
2.105 457.783 2.053 469.701
PE-GM4355 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
2.105 457.783 2.053 469.701
PE-GM4353 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
0.196 464.195 0.191 476.115
PE-GM4354 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
0.196 464.195 0.191 476.115
PE-GM4358 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
0.196 464.195 0.191 476.115

Table 3.15 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation for MCC9
Loads without Capacitor and TRL3B
-2.5% Off Nominal
Nominal Tap
Tap
Equipment % VD % VD
ID (% of Terminal (% of Terminal
Terminal Voltage (V) Terminal Voltage (V)
Voltage) Voltage)
PE-7601M1 2.827 459.604 2.757 471.545
PE-YM7610 2.763 457.735 2.694 469.677
PE-GM7612 1.990 464.979 1.940 476.922
PE-7601VG1M 1.371 462.790 1.337 474.734
PE-7601VG2M 1.371 462.790 1.337 474.734
PE-7604G1M-A 2.973 456.116 2.898 468.059
PE-7604G1M-B 2.973 456.116 2.898 468.059
7604K1M 2.548 457.445 2.485 469.388
PE-7601G1M 2.187 459.011 2.132 470.955
PE-7605G1M 1.129 463.381 1.101 475.326
PE-KM7615 2.517 457.725 2.454 469.668
PE-Y7730 6.747 443.921 6.579 455.852
PE-Y7733 6.065 445.612 5.913 457.546
PE-7604G3 2.842 457.385 2.771 469.327
PE-7604G4 2.842 457.385 2.771 469.327
PE-7601VG3M 2.910 456.150 2.837 468.093
PE-7601VG4M 2.910 456.150 2.837 468.093
PE-KM7604 1.320 462.905 1.287 474.849
PE-SM7714 0.369 464.732 0.360 476.677
SM8605 2.406 457.678 2.346 469.622
SM8606 0.438 464.364 0.427 476.309
KM8607 3.850 454.207 3.754 466.147
SM8610 2.406 457.678 2.346 469.622
SM8614A 1.549 460.609 1.510 472.553
SM8641 2.310 458.005 2.252 469.948
SM8645 2.304 464.735 2.246 476.677
PE-SM5611 0.506 464.313 0.493 476.258
PE-YM5611C 0.186 465.223 0.182 477.168
PE-YM5612 0.680 463.783 0.663 475.728
PE-Y5160 5.833 446.829 5.687 458.764
PE-Y5619 5.833 446.829 5.687 458.764
PE-Y5951 1.992 459.652 1.942 471.595
PE-Y5952 1.992 459.652 1.942 471.595
PE-SM5962 2.459 458.210 2.397 470.153
TR-Ex 0.776 465.478 0.757 477.423
CP-7601 1.605 460.358 1.565 472.302
CP-7604 2.820 456.340 2.750 468.283
CP-7600 1.552 462.389 1.514 474.333
PE-YM7607 2.871 463.960 2.799 475.900
0.737 464.494 0.719 476.439
PE-S5961 0.490 464.198 0.478 476.143
0.681 463.780 0.664 475.725
Based on the % voltage drop calculation results for 480V

loads, there are several equipment that has unacceptable voltage
drop as shown in Table 3.16.
Table 3.16 Summary of 480V Loads with Unacceptable %VD
Equipment % VD
Description Size (mm2)
ID (Normal)
PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery Ref 150 5.292
Compressor Motor
PE- Main Cooling Pump motor 6 3.417
GM5806A-2
PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 10 6.747
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass flowmeter motor 4 6.065
KM8607 Wash Air fan motor 25 3.850
PE-Y5160 Product purge bin filter 10 5.833
PE-Y5619 Low product purge bin filter 10 5.833
For each 480V motor from the above table that has
unacceptable voltage drop, recommendations with re-calculations
are as follows:
For PE-VM5814:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance
with the tap of TRL3A at -2.5%:
MagI MagZ
%VDVM5814 x 100%
MagV
3

%VD VM5814
228.4360.031 x 100%
476.776
3
%VDVM5814 2.580%
For PE-GM5806A-2:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance
with the tap of TRL3A at -2.5%:
MagI MagZ
%VDGM5806A -2 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM5806A -2
7.1560.641 x 100%
476.776
3
%VDGM5806A -2 1.666%
For YM7730:
Change the wire size from 1 x 3C-10mm2 to 2 x 3C-16mm2
MagI MagZ
%VDYM7730 x 100%
MagV
3
%VD YM7730
18.4410.311 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDYM7730 2.078%
For YM7733:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance.
MagI MagZ
%VDYM7733 x 100%
MagV
3

%VD YM7733
6.7991.2 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDYM7733 2.957%
For YM8607:
MagI MagZ
%VDKM8607 x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM8607
63.8880.081 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDKM8607 1.877%
For Y5160:
MagI MagZ
%VDY5160 x 100%
MagV
3
%VD Y5160
15.9410.492 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDY5160 2.843%
For Y5619:
MagI MagZ
%VDY5619 x 100%
MagV
3

%VD Y5619
15.9410.492 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDY5619 2.843%
Table 3.17 Summary of Calculations after Correction
Size Z % VD % VD
Eqpt. ID wire/ I (A)
(mm2) () Before After
PE-VM5814 150 2 (1) 228.436 0.031 5.292 2.580

PE-GM5806A-2 6 2 (1) 7.156 0.641 3.417 1.666
PE-YM7730 16(10) 2 (1) 18.441 0.311 6.747 2.078
PE-YM7733 4 2 (1) 6.799 1.200 6.065 2.957
KM8607 25 2 (1) 63.888 0.081 3.850 1.877
PE-YM5160 10 2 (1) 15.941 0.492 5.833 2.843
PE-Y5619 10 2 (1) 15.941 0.492 5.833 2.843
Based on the above results, after correcting the wire sizes

and increasing the number of conductors per phase, the percent
voltage drop of 480V loads becomes satisfactory. Total cost of the
modifications will pay for itself due to the savings in reducing the
line loss and running the motor efficiently so the recommendation is
justified.

3.2.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation
Table 3.18 Current Flows and Bus bar Loading

Panel Bus Bar Current Current Flow at Remarks
Rating Flow at -2.5%Nominal
(A) Nominal Tap (A)
Tap (A)
6.9kV 4000 721.91 721.91 Satisfactory
Switchgear
480V MCC8 1600 1305.23 1271.053 Satisfactory
480V MCC9 1600 1146.08 1117.428 Satisfactory
As shown in Table 3.18, the result of current flow

calculation shows a normal loading condition for all bus bars.
3.2.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation

The result of the power flow calculation shows normal
loading conditions for all power transformers at normal load case.
JG Summit site operating standard recommends that the power
transformer loading be maintained below 60% (ONAN) on continues
basis and below 80% on intermittent basis (1-5 days). Based on the
calculated loading at operating condition, TRM1 can still be allowed
to handle future requirement of about 40% and is fairly sufficient.
Table 3.19 Transformer Loading on Case 1

Rated Capacity Loading %
Transformer Remarks
(MVA-@ONAN) (MVA) Loading
TRM1 40 8.5 21.25 Satisfactory
TRL3A 3 1.049 34.99 Satisfactory
TRL3B 3 0.924 30.83 Satisfactory

3.2.4.5 Power Factor Evaluation
Table 3.20 Summary of Power Factor
Location Apparent Power Power Factor Remarks

Flow (MVA)
Primary side 8.627/32.4410 84.395 Lagging Satisfactory

of TRM1 (>80 % LAG)
Secondary 8.5/31.1570 85.575 Lagging Satisfactory
Side of TRM1 (>80 % LAG)
of TRL3A (>80 % LAG)
Bus 3 1.04/31.5360 85.232 Lagging Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
of TRL3B (>80 % LAG)
Bus 4 0.924/31.3410 85.409 Lagging Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
As presented in Table 3.23, the results of power factor

calculations show a normal loading condition for all voltage level.

3.3 Load Flow Analysis for Case 2
(Steady-state with Capacitors at Bus 2)
In this study case, the system performance and effects of

the power factor correction capacitors to the whole electrical system
of PE2 expansion under normal loading condition will be evaluated.
All three power transformers TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B are on-line
and all loads of PE 2 plant are running at maximum capacity of 24
Tons/hr.
3.3.1 Admittance and Power Data
As summarized in Table 3.21, Bus 1 which is the generator

bus will be the swing bus where the voltage is constant at 1/00 p.u
and the active and reactive power flows will be calculated from this
bus. Bus 2, Bus 3 and Bus 4 are the load bus where voltages will
be calculated. Automatic switching power factor correction
capacitors are connected to Bus 2.
Table 3.21 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 2

Bus Type Known Unknown
Bus 1 Generator Bus V1 /10=1/00 p.u P and Q
Bus 2 Load Bus with Cap P and Q V2 /20

Bus 1 V1
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1

y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
Bus 2 V2

y23 =0.693282-j4.206570 y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
S2=P2+jQ2 Q3=0.3
S2=0.5582+ j0.332 To 1.8
Bus 3 Bus 4 V
V3 4
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.08946+j0.054898 S4=0.07898+j0.048099
Figure 3.9 Admittance network for Case 2
From Chapter 2, values of the admittance are summarized in Table

3.22.
Table 3.22 Summary of Admittances

Admittances Values (mho p.u)
y12 0.959989-j32.341297
y23 0.693282- j4.206570
y24 0.695415-j4.203698
From Chapter 2, power schedule is summarized in Table 3.23.
Table 3.23 Scheduled Power

P (p.u) @ Q (p.u) @
Q
Bus No P (MW) 10MVA 10MVA
(MVAR)
base base
S2 Bus 2 5.582100 3.319970 0.558210 0.331997
S3 Bus 3 0.894600 0.548980 0.089460 0.054898
S4 Bus 4 0.789800 0.480990 0.078980 0.048099
Q2 Bus 2 - 0.3 to 1.8 0.03 to
capacitive 1.8

3.3.2. Bus Voltage Calculation
Derivation of voltage equations

Bus no. 2 6.9kV Bus V2
At bus 2 by KCL, ,
Current flowing into Bus 2 from Bus 1 and considering transformer
tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using Equation 3.1:
V V2
I12" y12 1
aTRM1 a 2
TRM1

transformer tap aTRL3A of TRL3A using Equation 3.1:
V3
I23 y23 V2
aTRL3A

transformer tap aTRL3B of TRL3B using Equation 3.1:
V4
I24 y24 V2
a TRL3B
S*
2
V2*
The current injected from the capacitor bank
Qcap
Scap j
V2*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in to Bus 2 equals vector sum of

currents out of Bus 2.
V
y12 1
V2
y V V3
y24 V2
V4 S*
2

Scap *
aTRM1 a 2 23 2
TRM1 a TRL3A a TRL3B V2* V2*

voltage V2.
S*
2 S*
cap y V V3 V4
12 1 y23 y24
V2* V2* aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12

y
S*2 S*cap 12V1 y23
V3(k)
y24
V4(k)
V2*(k) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
Equation (3.7)
V2(k 1)
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12

At bus 3 by KCL, ,
V V3
I23" y23 2
aTRL3A a 2
TRL3A
S*
3
V3*

of Bus 3.
V V3 S*
2 3
aTRL3A a 2
V3*
TRL3A

voltage V3.
S*
3 y23V2

V3* aTRL3A
V3
y23
aTRL3A 2

S*
3 y V (k)
23 2
(k) aTRL3A
(k 1) V3*
V3 Equation (3.8)
y23
aTRL3A 2

At Bus 3 by KCL, ,
V V4
I24 " y24 2
aTRL3B a 2
TRL3B
And current due to power out of the Bus 4:
S*4
V4*
of Bus 4.
V V4 S*
y24 2 4
aTRL3B a 2
V4*
TRL3B

voltage V4.
S*4 y24 V2

V4* aTRL3B
V4
y24
aTRL3B2

y24 V2(k)
S*4

*(k) aTRL3B
(k 1) V4
V4 Equation (3.9)
y24
aTRL3B2

In summary, the following equations derived from the
above admittance network will be used to calculate the bus
voltages.
S*
2 j Q cap V3(k) V4(k)
y12 V1 y 23 y 24
V2*(k) aTRL3A aTRL3B
Equation (3.7)
V2(k 1) aTRM1
y12 y 23 y 24
S*
3y23 V2(k)

*(k) aTRL3A
(k 1) V3
V3 Equation (3.8)
y23
aTRL3A 2
S*4y24 V2(k)

*(k) aTRL3B
(k 1) V4
V4 Equation (3.9)
y24
aTRL3B2

Gauss-Siedel iteration for bus voltage
Bus voltage estimates at
V2(0)= V3(0)= V4(0)= 1/00 V p.u
and V1(k)= 1/00 V p.u (for all values of k)
For TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B,

tap=+ 2.5% (0.95, 0.975, 1.0, 1.025, 1.05)
Transformer taps (Primary) are selected at nominal value
aTRM1=1; aTRL3A=1; aTRL3B=1
Complex power values from Table 3.3

S2=0.558210 + j 0.331997 p.u
S3=0.089460 + j 0.054898 p.u
S4=0.078980 + j 0.048099 p.u
QCAP= 0.03 pu
Taking the conjugates of the complex power

S2*=0.558210 - j 0.331997 p.u
S3*=0.089460 - j 0.054898 p.u
S4*=0.078980 - j 0.048099 p.u
Admittance values from Table 3.2

y12=0.959989-j32.341297 p.u
y23=0.693282-j4.206570 p.u
y24=0.695415-j4.203698 p.u
(y12 + y23 + y24) = 2.348687-j40.751566 pu

k=0, 1st iteration
S*
2 jQcap
*
y V V3(0) V4(0)
12 1 y23 y24
V2(1)
y12
y23 y24
aTRM12
0.558210 + j 0.331997* j0.03*

V2(1) 1 1
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348686 - j40.751565 2.348686 - j40.751565
V2(1) = 0.991826-j0.0132226 p.u
S*
3 y23 V2(0)

V3*(0) aTRL3A
V3(1)
y23
aTRL3A 2
(1) (0.08946 j0.05490)*

V3 1 1
1(0.69328 - j4.20657)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u
S*4 y24 V2(0)

V4*(0) aTRL3B
V4(1)
y24
aTRL3B2
(0.078980 j0.048099)*
V4(1) 1 1
10.695415 - j4.203698
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

k=1, 2nd iteration
S*
2 jQcap
*
y V V3 (1)
V4 (1)
12 1 y 23 y 24
V2(2)
y12
y 23 y 24
aTRM12
0.558210 + j 0.331997* j0.03*
V2(2) 1
00.99094 - j0.01445*
0.959989 - j32.341997 1
2.348686 - j40.751565 2.348686 - j40.751565

0.69328 - j4.206570.98388 - j0.01861
2.34869 - j40.75157

0.69542 - j4.203700.98584 - j0.01645
2.34869 - j40.75157
V2(2) = 0.988826-j0.017198 p.u
S*
3 y 23 V2(1)

V3*(1) aTRL3A
V3(2)
y 23
aTRL3A 2
(0.08946 j0.05490)*
V3(2)
1(0.69328 - j4.20657)0.98388 - j0.01861*
0.99183 - j0.01323
V3(2) = 0.975093-j0.031826 p.u
S*4 y V (1)
24 2
V4*(1) aTRL3B
V4(2)
y24
aTRL3B2

(0.07898 j0.04810)*
V4(2) 1
0.69542 - j4.203700.98584 - j0.01645*
0.99183 - j0.01323
V4(2) = 0.977186-j0.029665 p.u

errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the first iteration and the
second iteration
V2(1) = 0.991826-j0.013226 p.u
V2(2) = 0.988826-j0.017198 p.u
ereal =|0.991826-0.988826| =0.0030002 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.013226 - 0.017198| =0.0039714 (>1x10-6)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u

V3(2) = 0.975093-j0.031826 p.u
ereal =|0.983882-0.975093| =0.008789 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.018611 - 0.031826 | =0.0132152 (>1x10-6)
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

V4(2) = 0.977186-j0.029665 p.u
ereal =|0.985837-0.977186| =0.008650 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.016446 - 0.029665 | =0.013218 (>1x10-6)
Since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6, further

iterations are required until these errors become less than 1x10-6 in
which case the solution is said to converge to the correct value.
Repeating the same calculation procedure using the load
flow sheet developed by the Author up to 15 iterations yield an
error e<1x10-6, equivalent to five (5) decimal places of accuracy.
The result of the calculation is summarized in Table 3.24. The

values of error summarized in Table 3.25 shows that the 15
iteration satisfies the condition e<1x10-6.
Table 3.24 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=15

k V2 (Bus 2) V3 (Bus 3) V4 (Bus 4)
1 0.991826-j0.013226 0.983882-j0.018611 0.985837-j0.016446

2 0.988826-j0.017198 0.975093-j0.031826 0.977186-j0.029665
3 0.987229-j0.020140 0.971692-j0.035725 0.973836-j0.033573
4 0.986561-j0.021020 0.969961-j0.038659 0.972121-j0.036508
5 0.986251-j0.021669 0.969207-j0.039516 0.971378-j0.037368
6 0.986103-j0.021862 0.968867-j0.040162 0.971042-j0.038015
7 0.986043-j0.022004 0.968701-j0.040350 0.970878-j0.038203
8 0.986011-j0.022046 0.968634-j0.040491 0.970813-j0.038344
9 0.985999-j0.022077 0.968598-j0.040532 0.970777-j0.038385
10 0.985992-j0.022086 0.968585-j0.040563 0.970764-j0.038416
11 0.98599-j0.0220930 0.968577-j0.040571 0.970756-j0.038425
12 0.985989-j0.022095 0.968575-j0.040578 0.970754-j0.038431
13 0.985988-j0.022096 0.968573-j0.040580 0.970752-j0.038433
14 0.985988-j0.022096 0.968573-j0.040581 0.970752-j0.038435
15 0.985988-j0.022097 0.968572-j0.040582 0.970751-j0.038435

Table 3.25 Voltage Calculation Error Values
Accuracy
V2 V3 V4
k
ereal eimaginary ereal eimaginary ereal eimaginary
1 0.008173 0.013226 0.01611 0.018611 0.01416 0.016446
2 0.003000 0.003971 0.00878 0.013215 0.00865 0.013218
3 0.001597 0.002942 0.00340 0.003899 0.00335 0.003908
4 0.000667 0.000880 0.00173 0.002933 0.00171 0.002934
5 0.000310 0.000648 0.00075 0.000857 0.00074 0.000860
6 0.000147 0.000193 0.00034 0.000646 0.00033 0.000646
5.986E- 0.000188
7 0.0001419 0.000166 0.0001874 0.000164
05 2
3.249E- 0.000141
8 4.215E-05 6.64E-05 0.0001414 6.56E-05
05 5
1.142E-
9 3.088E-05 3.63E-05 4.071E-05 3.58E-05 4.09E-05
05
7.101E-
10 9.144E-06 1.28E-05 3.078E-05 1.27E-05 3.079E-05
06
2.154E-
11 6.686E-06 7.91E-06 8.803E-06 7.81E-06 8.847E-06
06
1.544E-
12 1.974E-06 2.46E-06 6.666E-06 2.42E-06 6.668E-06
06
4.001E-
13 1.441E-06 1.71E-06 1.895E-06 1.69E-06 1.905E-06
07
14 3.34E-07 4.244E-07 4.67E-07 1.437E-06 4.59E-07 1.437E-06
7.291E-
15 3.092E-07 3.69E-07 4.06E-07 3.65E-07 4.083E-07
08
Calculation of results:
V2(15) = 0.985988-j0.022097 p.u
V3(15) = 0.968572-j0.040582 p.u
V4(15) = 0.970751-j0.038435 p.u

V2 = (0.985988)2+(-0.022097)2 =/Arctan(-0.022097/0.985988)0
V2 = 0.986235/-1.2830 p.u

V2 =(0.986235/-1.2830 )(Vbase)= (0.986235/-1.2830 )(6.9kV)
V2 = 6.805/-1.2830 kV
V3 = (0.968572)2+(-0.040582)2 =/Arctan(-0.040582/0.968572)0
V3 = 0.969422/-2.3990 p.u

V3 =(0.969422/-2.3990)(Vbase)=( 0.969422/-2.3990)(480V)
V3= 465.322/-2.3990 V

V4 = (0.970751)2+(-0.038435)2 /Arctan(-0.038435/0.970751)0
V4 = 0.971512/-2.2670 p.u
V4 =(0.971512/-2.2670)(Vbase)=( 0.971512/-2.2670)(480V)
V4= 466.325/-2.2670 V

3.3.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor Calculation
Current Flows
Using Equation 3.1 and admittance values from Table 3.22
to calculate the current flows:
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I12) as referred from the primary
side (6.9kV) of TRM1
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=( 0.959989-j32.341297) (1- 0.985988+j0.022097)
I12= 0.728104-j0.431945 p.u

I12 = (0.728104)2+ (-j0.431945)2/Arctan(-j0.431945 /0.728104)
I12= 0.846588/-30.6790 p.u

I12= (I12 p.u)( Ibase 13.8kV)
I12= (0.846588/-30.6790 )(418.36976)
I12= 354.187/-30.6790 A

I23=y23(V2-V3)
I23=(0.693282-j4.206570) (0.985988-j0.022097 -
0.968572+j0.0405823)
I23= 0.089832-j0.0604435 p.u

I23 = (0.089832)2+ (-0.0604435)2 /Arctan(-0.0604435/0.089832)
I23= 0.108274/-33.935 0 p.u

I23= (I23 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I23= (0.108274/-33.9350)(12028.13061)
I23= 1302.338/-33.9350 A

I24=y24(V2-V4)
I24=(0.695415-j4.203698) (0.985988-j0.022097-
0.970751+j0.0384)
I24= 0.079277-j0.0526870 p.u

I24 = (0.079277)2 + (-0.0526870)2/Arctan(-0.0526870/0.079277)
I24= 0.095188/-33.6080 p.u

I24= (I24 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I24= (0.095188/-33.6080 )( 12028.13061)
I24= 1144.936 /-33.6080 A
Power Flow and Power Factor

Using Equation 3.2 and the calculated bus voltages as
well as the calculated currents and power flows, power factor will be
calculated as follow:
For power out from Bus 1 to TRM1:

S12= V1I12*
S12= (1)(0.728104-j0.431945)*
S12= (0.728104-j0.431945) p.u

S12 = (0.728104)2+ (-0.431945)2/Arctan(0.431945/0.728104)

S12= 0.846588/30.6790 p.u
S12= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
S12= (0.846588/30.6790)(10MVA)
S12= 8.4658/30.6790 MVA

PF12=cos(30.6790)
PF12= 86.004 lagging at bus 1

the buses and the results are summarized in Table 2.26.
Table 2.26 Power Flow and Power Factor Summary

APPARENT
LOCATION POWER FLOW POWER FACTOR (%)
(MVA)
Primary side of 8.465/30.6790 86.004 Lagging
TRM1
Secondary Side 8.349/29.3950 87.126 Lagging
of TRM1
TRL3A
Bus 3 1.049/31.5360 85.232 Lagging
TRL3B
Bus 4 0.92476/31.3410 85.409 Lagging
The same calculation procedure is repeated to compute the

bus voltages, current flows, power flows and power factor for all
capacitor steps scenarios using the load flow sheet developed by the
Author. In these calculations, nominal tap and off nominal tap at -
2.5% for both TRL3A and TRL3B are considered. The results of case
2 study and the overall results of the load flow study are evaluated
on Section 3.4.

3.4 Overall Load Flow Evaluation
Based on the results of calculation and individual evaluation

of cases, the following are the overall assessment:
3.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation
Table 3.27 Bus Voltages on Different Capacitor Steps

kVAR TAP 0 TAP-2.5%
V2 (pu) V3(pu) V4(pu) V2 (pu) V3(pu) V4(pu)
0 0.985281 0.968451 0.970543 0.985281 0.993283 0.995429
(6.798kV) (464.856V) (465.860V) (6.799kV) (476.776V) (477.806V)
300 0.986235 0.96942 0.971512 0.985281 0.993283 0.995429
(6.805kV) (465.322V) (466.325V) (6.798kV) (476.776V) (477.806V)
600 0.987187 0.970391 0.972479 0.987187 0.995273 0.997414
(6.811kV) (465.788V) (466.790V) (6.811kV) (477.731V) (478.759V)
900 0.988137 0.971359 0.973444 0.988137 0.996265 0.998404
(6.818kV) (466.252V) (467.253V) (6.818kV) (478.207V) (479.234V)
1200 0.98908 0.972324 0.974407 0.989086 0.997255 0.999392
(6.824kV) (466.715V) (467.715V) (6.824kV) (478.682V) (479.708V)
1500 0.990032 0.973287 0.975368 0.990032 0.998243 1.000378
(6.831kV) (467.178V) (468.176V) (6.831kV) (479.157V) (480.181V)
1800 0.990977 0.974249 0.97632pu 0.990977 0.999229 1.001361
(6.837kV) (467.639V) (468.637V) (6.837kV) (479.630V) (480.653V)
Bus Voltage of 6.9kV is satisfactory at 6.798kV and is

further improved by the capacitors with the maximum value of
6.837kV. Bus voltages on 480V MCC8 and MCC9 are both below
permissible value at 464V and 465V, respectively. This condition
can be corrected by changing the primary transformer tap from
nominal value to -2.5% which improve the bus voltage to at least
477V and 478V for MCC8 and MCC9, respectively. These voltages
are further improved by the power factor correction capacitors,
increasing the voltages to a maximum of 480V for both MCC8 and
MCC9.

3.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation

Voltage Drop with Capacitors
Point kVAR
Eqpt
ID
From To 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
TRM1
TL1 Bus 1 0.012 0.012 0.0119 0.0117 0.01152 0.01135
Primary
Primary
TL2 Bus 2 of 0.278 0.278 0.27776 0.27722 0.27668 0.27614
TRL3A
Primary
TL3 Bus 2 of 0.272 0.271 0.27132 0.2708 0.27027 0.26975
TRL3B
Table 3.29 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal Voltage

for MV Motor Feeder Cables without Capacitor
%
Equipment % VD
Description VD
ID 300 (Max)
1800 (Min)
PE-KM5806 Vent Recovery
compressor Motor 0.08074 0.08035
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor 0.80641 0.80255
PE-KM8639 Blower Motor 0.03052 0.03038
PE-KM8601 Blower Motor 0.0461 0.04588
The percent (%) voltage drop values are almost invariant

with the effect of the power factor correction capacitors. Based on
the results, the % voltage drop of transformer feeders and medium-
voltage motors are all within permissible values. On the other hand,
there are seven (7) low voltage loads that has a %voltage drop
above permissible value. As a recommendation, additional cable per
phase can improve the % voltage drop as discussed in detailed in
section 3.2.4.2.

3.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation

Capacitor Steps with nominal tap at TRL3A/B
Panel kVAR
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
6.9kV Switchgear 708 695 683 672 661 652
480V MCC8 1302 1301 1299 1298 1297 1295
480V MCC9 1144 1143 1142. 1141 1140 1139

Capacitor Steps with -2.5% tap at TRL3A/B
Panel kVAR
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
6.9kV Switchgear 708 695 683 672 661 652
480V MCC8 1270 1269 1267 1266 1264 1263
480V MCC9 1116 1115 1114 1113 1111 1110
Based on the calculation for both cases, all bus bars sizes
are correct and will be able to carry the load current. The loading
performance is further improved by the power factor correction
capacitor and tap change on both TRL3A and TRL3B. For 6.9kV bus
bar, it has been shown that the capacitors reduce the current flow
to as low as 652A at 1800kVAR which is about 9.68% reduction
from current calculated without power factor correction capacitors.
On the other hand for both MCC8 and MCC9, the bus currents are
reduced by changing the primary tap from nominal to -2.5%. These
currents are further reduced by the capacitor to as low as 1263A
and 1110A for MCC8 and MCC9, respectively. This represents about
3.23% reduction on MCC8 and 3.14% reduction for MCC9 currents
from the current based on nominal tap.

3.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation
Table 3.32 Transformer Loading at Various Capacitor Steps

Panel kVAR
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
TRM1 20.87 20.52 20.18 19.87 19.58 19.31
TRL3A 34.99 34.99 34.99 34.99 34.99 34.99
TRL3B 30.83 30.83 30.83 30.83 30.83 30.83
All three transformers are not overloaded. TRM1 has a

maximum loading of 21.25% at ONAN with a maximum loading
reduction due to power factor correction capacitors of 19.31%. This
represents about 2% maximum improvement on TRM1 loading.

CHAPTER 4
SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDY
One of the objectives of a short-circuit study is to evaluate

the short-circuit current rating of a protection device such as close
and latch (Making) rating of MV circuit breakers and interrupting
(Breaking) rating of the MV and LV circuit breakers. The calculation
results of this study will also be used in protective device
coordination as well as on arc-flash analysis. This short-circuit study
will perform both ANSI momentary and interrupting calculations of
three-phase faults, single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults
and double line-to-ground faults on various fault points within the
PE2 expansion system.
4.1 Methodology
According to Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 2009 Article

1.10.1.9, Equipment intended to interrupt current at fault levels
shall have an interrupting rating sufficient for the nominal circuit
voltage and the current that is available at the line terminals of the
equipment. Therefore, a short-circuit study is essential in selecting
the interrupting and making capacity of circuit breakers and fuses.
Calculated values of short-circuit current are also used in Protective
Device Coordination and Arc-Flash Study.
Fault points are selected such that the short-circuit
condition occurs on the immediate point of the downstream
terminals of the protection equipment and is summarized in Table
4.1. Fault locations
Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation Page 179

Table 4.1 Summary of Fault Points
Fault Fault Location Fault Type Networks
Point
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
and downstream of LL, DLG Interrupting
BAC908
F2 Primary terminals of Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
TRM1 LL, DLG Interrupting
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
LL, DLG Interrupting
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
F6 MCC8 Bus Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F7 MCC9 Bus Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F8 PE-KM5806 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F9 PE-YM7601 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
LL, DLG
LL, DLG
F12 PC001 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F13 GM1412 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
LL, DLG
F15 VM5814 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F16 GM8103A Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F17 GM8103S Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F18 MNDB Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F19 EMBD Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F20 YM7607 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG

F21 SM8645 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
LL, DLG
F23 7601M1 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F24 KM8607 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F1 is a fault point occurring just downstream of BAC 908

breaker while F2 is fault on high voltage terminal of TRM1. F3, F4
and F5 are fault points on 6.9kV buses while F6 and F7 are fault
points on 480V buses. F8 up to F24 are fault points on critical 480V
loads. These fault locations are shown in Appendix B (Single Line
Diagram-Fault Point Locations).
This study used the detailed recommendations from IEEE
Std. 551-2006 Violet Book in calculating the fault currents and
evaluation of equipment ratings [4] as well as ANSI IEEE C37.010-
1999 [5]. The calculations will have two major parts namely
Momentary short-circuit calculations and Interrupting short-circuit
calculations.
Both momentary and interrupting calculations are
performed. With each calculation, the three-phase, single line-to-
ground, line-to-line and double line-to-ground fault currents are
calculated. The E/Z method is used while separate X and R network
reduction is utilized to calculate the X/R ratio at fault point
necessary in determining the AC and DC decrement factors.

Table 4.2 Protection Device Short-circuit Rating Evaluation
Summary
SHORT- LV
CIRCUIT POWER FUSE MV VCB LV ACB MCC
CURRENT B
I Rated
MOM,SYM, Interrupting
RMS Capacity
I Rated Rated Making
MOM,ASY Asymmetrical (Peak) or Rated Interrupting
M,PEAK Interrupting Peak C&L
I Rated
MOM,ASY Asymmetrical
M,RMS Interrupting RMS
I Rated
INT,ASYM, Interrupting
RMS capacity
It should be clearly noted that motors driven by PWM type

VFD are not expected to contribute fault currents and therefore not
included in the short-circuit impedance network. This is because in
standard PWM VFD, no energy can be transferred back to the AC
line since the overvoltage condition forces the input rectifier section
of the drive into an off or non-conducting state.
For capacitor bank, since each capacitor is installed with a
current limiting reactor, the contribution of capacitor during short-
circuit condition is also neglected. Moreover, IEEE Violet Book
recommends the exclusion of capacitor contribution on short-circuit
studies [4].

4.2 Momentary Short-Circuit Calculation
The Momentary short-circuit calculation also called Half

(1/2) cycle calculation will be used to evaluate the protective device
duties at cycle after the fault. For medium-voltage circuit
breakers, the calculated peak value of the asymmetrical momentary
short-circuit current is used to check the closing and latching
capability also called making current. For Low-voltage ACBs, MCCBs
and Fuses, the calculated peak asymmetrical and the RMS
asymmetrical value of the momentary short-circuit currents will be
used to evaluate the interrupting capacity, also known as breaking
capacity, of the protective devices summarized in Table 4.2.
Momentary calculation will be performed on fault points F1 up to
F24.
4.2.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults
A three-phase fault occurs when all the three ungrounded

conductors come in contact with each other and make a current
path to ground or equipment ground as illustrated in Figure 4.1. The
magnitude of the fault current IFAULT (in per-unit) is calculated as:
VPREFAULT Equation (4.1)
IFAULT
ZTH
Where:
VPRE-FAULT is the pre-fault per-unit voltage. It will be assumed

that pre-fault voltage is 1.0 per-unit
ZTH is the Thevenins Equivalent per-unit Impedance at Fault

point

The value of per-unit fault current IFAULT is then converted
to actual value using the equation below.
IFAULT ACTUAL=IFAULT PER-UNIT x IBASE
Where: IBASE is the base current at the fault point
Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Source
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.1 Three-phase bolted fault
The resulting IFAULT ACTUAL is the momentary symmetrical

RMS value of the three-phase fault current at fault point or
IMOM,SYM,RMS. The asymmetrical root-mean-square and the peak
asymmetrical value of the short-circuit current will be calculated
using IEEE Violet book approximation [4] as shown below.
-2
IMOM, ASYM,RMS IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1 2e X/R

Equation (4.2)
-2

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x 2 1 e X/R

Equation (4.3)
X / R
3
0.49 0.1e Equation (4.4)

4.2.1.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults for Main
Buses
For Bus 1 (Fault Point F1)
Using the impedance model from Chapter 2, the positive

sequence impedance network with fault on F1 is shown below in
Figure 4.2.
F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.000137
j0.019257
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.269004 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 4.2 Momentary positive sequence impedance with

fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000917086
ZTRM1 + ZTL1
+ +j0.030893
j0.019257
0.035107 2.2276687 1.525111

Reference
ZEQA
+0.269004i +4.287880 +3.137595
1pu 1pu 1pu
Reference Reference Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000917086
+ j0.019257
+j0.03089395
0.0404044
Reference
+j0.237222
1pu
Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000639 0.0413215
+ +j0.268116
j0.019257
1pu
Reference Reference

equivalent impedance calculation diagram
1

1
1

ZTH,F1,MOM ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZEQA 1

1
ZTRM1 ZTL1 ZCON


0.0007394
+j0.0179826
1pu
Reference

Equivalent Circuit at fault point F1
ZTH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu
Calculating for the separate R and X

For R
F1
BUS1
0.000639 0.000048
ZTL1
Reference 0.000869086
BUS2
REQA 0.034015 0.001451 RTL3 0.001613

RTL2
Reference RTRL3A 0.036692711 RTRL3B 0.036692711

BUS3 BUS4
REQB 1.750735 REQC 1.185925
Reference Reference
Figure 4.5 Momentary positive sequence resistance with

fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
0.000639
Reference Reference
0.0006274
Reference
equivalent resistance with fault at bus 1
1

1
1

R R TL2 R TRL3A REQB 1 R TL3 R TRL3B REQC 1 REQA 1

1
R TRM1 R TL1 RCON

R=0.0006274 pu
For X F1
BUS1
j0.000137
j0.019257 ZTL1
Reference j0.030756955
BUS2
XEQA j0.001007 XTL3 j0.001119

XTL2
j0.269004
Reference XTRL3A j0.230430227 XTRL3B j0.230430227
BUS3 BUS4
XEQB j4.056443 XEQC j2.906046
Reference Reference
Figure 4.7 Momentary positive sequence reactance with fault

at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
j0.019257 j0.265121
Reference Reference
j0.017952
Reference
equivalent reactance with fault at Bus 1
1

1
1

X XTL2 XTRL3A XEQB 1 XTL3 XTRL3B XEQC 1 XEQA 1

1
XTRM1 XTL1 XCON

X=j0.017952 pu
Calculating for the Momentary three-phase Fault at F1
Momentary symmetrical rms fault current IMOM,SYM,RMS :

VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS
ZTH,F1,MOM
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS
0.0007394 j0.0179826
IMOM,SYM,RMS 2.282737 - j55.515243 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 pu

Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x IBASE 13.8kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 23,245.483 A
Calculating the Motor and System Contribution to fault

1x836.739
IMotor 3477.16A
0.04040443 j0.2372222
1x836.739
ISystem 16,676.4A
0.00155608 j0.0501509
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS :
-2
From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms values,
Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
0.017952
X /R 28.612
0.000627
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 23,245.483 x 1 2e28.612
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 37,523.193 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS :

-2


X / R
3
0.49 0.1e

0.49 0.1e

28.612
3 0.4899
-2x0.4899x
28.612
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 23245.483 x 2 1 e

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 62,394.567 A

the major buses (F2, F3, F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using Microsoft Excel
sheet developed by the Author and results are summarized in
Tables 4.3 and 4.4. The results also include the fault current
contributions from both System and load as summarized in Table
4.4. The positive sequence impedance will be used in later
calculations of momentary single line-to-ground, line-to-line and
double line-to-ground faults.
Table 4.3 Summary of Momentary Fault Point Impedances

and X/R for Main Buses
Separately
Fault Positive Seq.
Fault Location Reduced
Point Impedance (pu)
X/R
F1 13.8kV Power 0.000739 + j0.017982 28.612
Plant Bus
F2 Primary terminals 0.000783 + j0.0181 26.826
of TRM1
F3 6.9kV switchgear 0.002274 + j0.041512 27.768
(bus)
TRL3A
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 0.043135 + j0.257877 6.574
F7 MCC9 Bus 0.043743 + j0.252115 6.447

Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary Three-Phase Fault
Fault IMOM,SYM,RMS IMOM,ASYM, IMOM,ASYM,

Fault Location
Point (A) RMS (A) PEAK (A)
13.8kV Power
F1 23,245.483 37,523.193 62,394.567
Plant Bus
Primary
F2 terminals of 23,091.652 37,107.764 61,772.309
TRM1
6.9kV
F3 switchgear 20,126.295 32,421.524 53,938.763
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 19,616.625 29,705.332 50,154.45
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 19,565.408 29,439.931 49,779.202
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 46,003.586 61,187.319 106,226.737
F7 MCC9 Bus 47,006.429 62,268.447 108,186.321
(Continuation) Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary Three-

Phase Fault Contributions
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault Contribution Contribution
Fault Location
Point (A, sym (A, sym
RMS) RMS)
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus 21,713.60 1,542.19
Primary terminals of
F2 21,558.56 1,543.01
TRM1
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) 16,676.38 3,477.16
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 19,456.65 173.22
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 19,341.16 239.97
F6 MCC8 Bus 43,542.54 2,609.34
F7 MCC9 Bus 43,501.20 3,684.74

4.2.1.2 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults at MV Loads
For momentary three-phase fault at KM5806

Calculating the individual momentary three-phase fault at motor
terminals for individual medium-voltage motors:
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.000137
j0.019257
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
2.2276687 1.525111
Zth
+4.287880 +3.137595
1pu 1pu
Figure 4.9 Simplification of Equivalent Impedance at

terminals of KM5806 (F8)

1

1
ZTH ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZCON ZTRM1 ZTL1

ZTH = 0.0020197 + j0.049027 pu

0.5524 0.0406 0.8258 0.0020197
1.0195
+ j3.633829 +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829

+ j0.049027
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601 Zth
0.008415
0.0406 0.8258 0.0020197
1.0195
+ j0.007008
F8
0.5440 3Ph +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829
+ j0.049027
+j3.6268
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
1pu
Reference Reference Reference Reference
Reference
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601 Zth
Figure 4.10 Simplification To Thevenins Equivalent

Impedance at terminals of KM5806 (F8)
1
1

1 1
" 1 " 1 " 1 " 1 "
ZTH,F8,MOM ZTH ZYM7601 ZKM8601 ZK8639 ZTLKM5860 ZKM5806

ZTH,F8,MOM=0.010480+j0.049115 pu
VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS
Z TH,F8,MOM
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS
0.010480 + j0.049115

IMOM,SYM,RMS 4.2837123 - j19.755751 pu
0
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.765 pu
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x IBASE 6.9kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x 836.739 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 16,914.55 A
Calculating for the Motor and System Contribution to fault

1x836.739
IMotor 228.157 81.4690 A
0.544 j3.6268
ISystem (20.214 77.765)(836.739) (228.157 81.469)
ISystem 16,686.16A

the medium-voltage motors using Microsoft Excel sheet developed
by the Author and the results are summarized in Table 4.5. The
results also include the fault current contributions from both System
and load.
Table 4.5 Summary of calculation for momentary three-

phase fault current and fault point impedance at motor
terminals of each MV motors and Power Factor Capacitor
Motor Fault IMotor ISYSTEM IMOM,SYM,RMS Momentary Positive
at (A) (A) (A) (Total) Sequence Impedance
PE-KM5806 228 16,687 16,914.55 0.010482 + j 0.048345
PE-YM7601 2672 14,263 16,924.59 0.009012 + j 0.04861
PE-KM8639 151 17,650 17,800.91 0.008043 + j 0.046312
PE-KM8601 123 15,935 16,057.54 0.013011 + j 0.050458
PC001 19,783.26 0.00308+j0.042183

4.2.1.3 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults at LV Loads
GM1412 F13
Using the circuit simplification from F6 and calculating the

equivalent motor-cable impedance other than GM1412 will result on
the following circuit:
5.56775+j1.438211 F12
3Ph
0.040286 18.823231
2.325952
+j0.273285
+j4.283648
+j44.8172173
GM1412
Figure 4.11 Simplification To Thevenins Equivalent

Impedance at terminals of GM1412 (F12)
Fault point impedance
ZTH,F13,MOM= 5.036830 + j2.010275 p.u
VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS
Z TH,F8,MOM
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS
5.036830 + j2.010275
IMOM,SYM,RMS 0.171257 - j0.068351 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 p.u

Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x IBASE 480V
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x 12028.13 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 2217.91 A

the low-voltage critical motors using Microsoft Excel sheet
developed by the Author and the results are summarized in Table
4.6.
Table 4.6 Three-phase Fault Current for Critical 480V Loads
IMOM,
Fault Point
Fault Point IMOM, SYM,RMS (p.u) SYM,RMS
Impedance (p.u)
(A)
GM1412
5.03683 + j 2.01027 0.17125 - j 0.06835 2052
(F13)
GM1413
5.03683 + j 2.01027 0.17125 - j 0.06835 2052
(F14)
KM5814
1.75164 + j 1.47179 0.33463 - j 0.28117 4195
(F15)
GM8103A
4.31435 + j 2.09191 0.18766 - j 0.09099 2315
(F16)
GM8103S
4.31435 + j 2.09191 0.18766 - j 0.09099 2315
(F17)
MNDB (F18) 0.20308 + j 0.39405 1.03337 - j 2.00513 27132
EMBD (F19) 0.20308 + j 0.39405 1.03337 - j 2.00513 27132
YM7607
0.343 + j 0.38154 1.30307 - j 1.44947 23444
(F20)
SM8645
0.79707 + j 0.94461 0.52177 - j 0.61835 8498
(F21)
GM7612
1.70714 + j 1.78667 0.27955 - j 0.29258 4375
(F22)
7601M1
4.11122 + j 2.13814 0.19145 - j 0.09956 2316
(F23)
KM8607
6.09 + j 1.83224 0.15057 - j 0.0453 1692
(F24)

4.2.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults
A single line-to-ground fault occurs when one of the phase

conductors comes in contact with the ground or equipment ground
as illustrated in Figure 4.12. For Analytical convenience, phase A is
traditionally chosen as the faulted line. The magnitude of the fault
current IFAULT (in per-unit) is calculated as
I
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0 aFAULT
3 Equation (4.5)
3Vpre fault
IaFAULT,pu 3Ia1 3Ia2 3Ia0
Z1 Z2 Z0 3ZFAULT
3Vpre fault
IaFAULT,pu
Z1 Z2 Z0 3ZFAULT Equation (4.6)
Where: Ia1, Ia2, Ia0 is the positive, negative and zero

sequence current component of IaFAULT.
Z1, Z2, Z0, is the Thevenins equivalent positive, negative and zero
sequence impedance respectively.
VPRE-FAULT is the Thevenins equivalent Voltage.
In this study, the fault impedance ZFAULT is assumed to be
zero or bolted fault condition. In that case, Equation 4.6 can be
reduced to:
3Vpre fault
IaFAULT,pu
Z1 Z2 Z0 Equation (4.6)

Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Source
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.12 Illustration of bolted single line-to-ground fault
The actual value is then calculated using the equation below
IaFAULT,actual IaFAULT,pu x IBASE
For X/R, the separately reduced X and R from positive

sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedance
network will be used as recommended by IEEE Violet Book [10].
XsepPositive XsepNegative XsepZero

X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative R sepZero Equation (4.7)

4.2.2.1 Calculation of Single Line-to-ground Fault for Main Buses

The fault point impedance derived from three-phase fault
calculation at F1 is the positive sequence impedance for fault point
with the driving voltage equal to 1 pu as shown in Figure 4.13.
Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.13 Momentary positive sequence impedance for

fault point 1
Consequentially, the negative sequence network is equal to

the positive sequence network impedance as shown in Figure 4.14.
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.14 Momentary negative sequence impedance for

fault point 1

The zero sequence impedance at fault point F1 will derive
as follows:
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ j0.017761

F1
BUS1SLG
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843 ZTL3,ZERO
+j0.000325 =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430 +j0.230430
Figure 4.15 Momentary zero sequence impedance diagram
0.000555
+ j0.017761 Ia0
Reference
Figure 4.16 Momentary zero sequence impedance for fault

point 1
Z TH,F1,MOM,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu

Using these three impedance networks and from the
relation on Equation 4.5 where Ia1=Ia2=Ia0, the equivalent network
diagram is shown below where the three impedance networks are
connected in series.
0.000555
ZMOM,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761
0.0007394
ZMOM,NEG,F1
+j0.0179826
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 ZMOM,POS,F1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.17 Momentary equivalent impedance networks for

fault point 1
Using Equation 4.6 and Figure 4.17, the SLG fault current is
calculated below.
3VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG
Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM,2 Z TH,F1,MOM,0
3(1)
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.000555 + J0.017761
3(1)
0.0020338 j0.0537263
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 2.1107975 - j55.758635 pu

0
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.832 pu
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.8320 x IBASE 13.8kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.8320 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 23,344.393 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG :

-2
From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms

values, Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative R sepZero
0.017952 0.017952 0.017761
X /R 29.652
0.0006274 0.0006274 0.000555
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 23,344.393 x 1 2e 29.652
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 37,772.456 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG

-2


X / R
0.49 0.1e 3
0.49 0.1e

29.652
3 0.489
-2x0.498x

IMOM, ASYM,PEAK 23,344.393 x 2 1 e 29.652

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 62,772.059A

Calculating the system and load contribution to fault current
System Contribution (ISYSTEM)

ISYSTEM Ia1pu Ia2pu Ia0pu xIBASE
Ia0puZ1,LOAD Ia0puZ2,LOAD
ISYSTEM Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD
Referring to the network simplification at Figure 4.3 for Momentary

Positive Impedance we get
Z1SYSTEM = Z2SYSTEM = 0.000639 + j0.019257 pu
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
I0pu
I
MOM,SYM,RMS,SLG
0.703599 - j18.586211 pu
3
ISYSTEM 0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.703599 - j18.586211 x (418.369)
ISYSTEM 22,318.64 A
Load Contribution (ILOAD)

ILOAD Ia1pu Ia2pu Ia0pu xIBASE
Ia0puZ1,SYSTEM Ia0puZ2,SYSTEM
ILOAD Ia0pu xIBASE

ILOAD 0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.703599 - j18.586211 x (418.369)
ILOAD 1,032.50 A

sheet developed by the Author and results are summarized in Table
4.7. This table summarizes the Momentary Symmetrical,
Momentary Asymmetrical and Momentary Peak asymmetrical
currents for the main buses. Table 4.8 provides a summary of
current contributions from the Load and the System for each of the
main buses.
Table 4.7 Summary of Momentary Single Line-to-ground

Faults
Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults
Fault
Fault Location IMOM,SYM,RMS IMOM,ASYM, IMOM,ASYM,
Point
(A) RMS (A) PEAK (A)
13.8kV Power
F1 23,344.39 37,772.46 62,772.06
Plant Bus
Primary
F2 terminals of 23,218.87 37,192.39 61,962.16
TRM1
6.9kV
F3 switchgear 22,886.87 37,003.65 61,506.19
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 22,245.65 30,954.18 53,252.87
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 22,171.50 30,419.29 52,486.52
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 47,714.93 63,272.95 109,910.03
F7 MCC9 Bus 48,430.04 64,041.41 111,303.31

Table 4.8 Summary of Single Line-to-ground Fault Current
Contributions for Main Buses
Fault Fault Location I SYSTEM I LOAD

Point Contribution Contribution
(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)
F2 Primary terminals of TRM1 22,191.03 1,034.34
F6 MCC8 Bus 46,011.25 1,804.28
F7 MCC9 Bus 46,019.14 2,530.89

4.2.2.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults for
MV and LV Loads
From the zero-sequence impedance model of Chapter 2, the

zero-sequence network impedance for MV Loads is constructed.
Since all the power transformers connected to the power plant bus
are delta-wye grounded including TRM1, the network diagram can
be isolated and simplified as shown in the figure below. On each
fault point, the Thevenins equivalent impedance is the sum of TRM1
zero sequence impedance and the MV load cable zero sequence
impedance as summarized in Table 4.9.
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
0.039669 0.027628 0.027628 0.003802

0.030023
+J 0.001886 +j0.004011 +j0.001314 +j0.001314

+j0.00018
F8 F9 F10 F11 F12

SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG
Figure 4.18 Simplified MV load zero sequence impedance

network

Table 4.9 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances for Fault on MV
Loads
Fault Momentary Positive Momentary Negative Momentary Zero
Point Sequence Impedance Sequence Impedance Sequence Impedance
F8 0.010482+j0.048345 0.010482+j0.048345 0.040418+j0.028413
F9 0.009012+j0.048610 0.009012+j0.048610 0.030772+j0.030538
F10 0.008043+j0.046312 0.008043+j0.046312 0.028377+j0.027841
F11 0.013011+j0.050458 0.013011+j0.050458 0.052077+j0.028968
F12 0.00308+j0.042183 0.00308+j0.042183 0.004551+j0.026707
Table 4.10 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances for Fault on LV

Loads
Fault Positive Negative Zero Sequence
Point Sequence Sequence Impedance
Impedance Impedance
GM1412 5.03683 + 5.03683 + 12.35077 +
j2.01027 j2.01027 j1.38294
GM1413 5.03683 + 5.03683 + 12.35077 +
j2.01027 j2.01027 j1.38294
KM5814 1.75164 + 1.75164 + 5.02091 +
j1.47179 j1.47179 j1.25913
GM8103A 4.31435 + 4.31435 + 6.50309 +
j2.09191 j2.09191 j1.56311
GM8103S 4.31435 + 4.31435 + 6.50309 +
j2.09191 j2.09191 j1.56311
MNDB 0.20308 + 0.20308 + 0.41054 +
j0.39405 j0.39405 j0.33754
EMBD 0.20308 + 0.20308 + 0.41054 +
j0.39405 j0.39405 j0.33754
YM7607 0.343 + 0.343 + 0.54528 +
j0.38154 j0.38154 j0.33539
SM8645 0.79707+ 0.79707 + 2.2165 +
j0.94461 j0.94461 j0.86072
GM7612 1.70714 + 1.70714 + 4.64308 +
j1.78667 j1.78667 j1.56237
7601M1 4.11122 + 4.11122 + 11.12113 +
j2.13814 j2.13814 j1.56311
KM8607 6.09 + 6.09 + 13.55794 +
j1.83224 j1.83224 j0.80514

The same procedure used in calculating the momentary
single line-to-ground fault current for faults on Main Buses and
current contributions is repeated using Microsoft Excel sheet and
the results are summarized in Tables 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 and 4.14.

Fault Current for MV Loads
Fault Point IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG (A)

(F8) PE-KM5806 18,013.59
(F9) PE-YM7601 18,354.72
(F10) PE-KM8639 19,548.60
(F11) PE-KM8601 16,562.86
(F12) PC001 22,495.35

Fault Current for LV Loads
Fault Point IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG (A)
(F13) GM1412 1,564.38
(F14) GM1413 1,564.38
(F15) KM5814 3,796.78
(F16) GM8103A 2,229.31
(F17) GM8103S 2,229.31
(F18) MNDB 25,946.37
(F19) EMBD 25,946.37
(F20) YM7607 21,868.29
(F21) SM8645 7,678.70
(F22) GM7612 3,776.52
(F23) 7601M1 1,785.85
(F24) KM8607 1,381.32

Table 4.13 Summary of Calculation Results for Momentary
Single Line-to-ground Fault Current Contributions on Fault
Current on MV Loads
Positive
Ia1 pu
Motor Fault at I0pu Sequence
Contribution
Impedance
PE- System 3.161-j6.4423 0.0106+j0.0489 3.1241-j6.3529
KM5806 Motor 0.544+j3.6268 0.0369-j0.0894
PE- System 2.6089-j6.8307 0.0115+j0.0575 2.2885-j5.7214
YM7601 Motor 0.0311+j0.3115 0.3204-j1.1092
PE- System 2.6965-j7.3058 0.0081+j0.0467 2.675-j7.2432
KM8639 Motor 0.8199+j5.4664 0.0214-j0.0626
PE- System 3.4001-j5.6546 0.0131+j0.0508 3.3786-j5.6088
KM8601 Motor 1.0085+j6.7237 0.0214-j0.0457
Table 4.13 (continuation)

Negative
Ia2 pu
Motor Fault at Sequence
Contribution
Impedance
PE-KM5806 System 0.0106+j0.0489 3.1241-j6.3529
Motor 0.544+j3.6268 0.0369-j0.0894
PE-YM7601 System 0.0115+j0.0575 2.2885-j5.7214
Motor 0.0311+j0.3115 0.3204-j1.1092
PE-KM8639 System 0.0081+j0.0467 2.675-j7.2432
Motor 0.8199+j5.4664 0.0214-j0.0626
PE-KM8601 System 0.0131+j0.0508 3.3786-j5.6088
Motor 1.0085+j6.7237 0.0214-j0.0457

Table 4.13 (continuation)
Ia0 pu
Motor Fault at ISLG pu ISLG (A)
Contribution
PE- System 3.161-j6.4423 9.4092-j19.1482
KM5806 17,851.94
Motor 0 0.0738-j0.1789
161.99
PE- System 2.6089-j6.8307 7.186-j18.2736
YM7601 16,430.04
Motor 0 0.6408-j2.2185
1,932.23
PE- System 2.6965-j7.3058 8.0467-j21.7922
KM8639 19,437.80
Motor 0 0.0429-j0.1252
110.82
PE- System 3.4001-j5.6546 10.1575-j16.8723
KM8601 16,478.69
Motor 0 0.0428-j0.0915
84.63
PC001 22,495.35

4.2.3 Calculation of Momentary Line-to-line Faults
A line-to-line fault occurs when two of the three-phase

conductors come in contact with each other as illustrated in Figure
4.19. For Analytical convenience, phase B and phase C are
traditionally chosen as the faulted lines. The magnitude of the
fault current IFAULT (in per-unit) is calculated as
Ia 0; Ib Ic IFAULT
Ia0 1 1 1 Ia
I 1 1 a a2 Ib
a1 3
Ia2 1 a2 a Ic
Ia0 1 1 1 0
I 1 1 a a2 Ib
a1 3
Ia2 1 a2 a Ib
Ia0 0
Ia1
1
3
1

aIb a2Ib (a a2 )Ib
3
Ia2
3

1 2 1

a Ib aIb (a2 a)Ib
3
Ia1 Ia2
Ph-A
Ph-B
IFAULT
Ph-C
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Figure 4.19 Illustration of bolted line-to-line fault
The derived relation between symmetrical components of

currents shows that Ia1=-Ia2 and Ia0=0. This means that one can
construct an equivalent sequence network where the positive and

negative sequence impedance can be connected in parallel as
shown in Figure 4.20. Using this network, the positive sequence
current can be calculated in terms of the sequence impedance
values.
Z1 Z2
Va1 Ia1 Ia2 Va2
VF
Figure 4.20 Equivalent sequence impedance network for line-

to-line fault.
VF Equation (4.8)
Ia1 Ia2
Z1 Z2
Using these values of positive and negative sequence

currents, Phase values of the fault current I b and Ic can be derived
using the matrix equation for sequence and phase domain currents.
Ia 1 1 1 Ia0
I 1 a2 a Ia1
b
Ic 1 a a2 Ia2
Ia 0
IFAULT Ib (a2Ia1 aIa2 )

Since Ia1=-Ia2, above equation can be simplified as
IFAULT Ib (a2Ia1 aIa2 ) j 3 Ia1 Equation (4.9)
Ic IFAULT j 3 Ia1 Equation (4.10)

4.2.3.1 Calculation of Line-to-line Fault for Main Buses
The fault point impedance derived from 3-phase fault

0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.21 Momentary positive sequence impedance for
fault point 1

0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.22 Momentary negative sequence impedance for
fault point 1
Using these three impedance networks and from the relation

on Equation 4.8 where Ia1=-Ia2 and Ia0=0, the equivalent network

diagram is shown in Figure 4.23 where the two impedance networks
are connected in parallel.
0.0007394 0.0007394
+j0.0179826 +j0.0179826
1 pu
Ia1 Ia2
Figure 4.23 Equivalent sequence impedance for fault point 1
Using Equation 4.8, the value of the positive and negative

sequence impedance is calculated below.
VF
Ia1 Ia2
ZTH,MOM,1 ZTH,MOM,2
1
Ia1
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.0007394 j0.0179826
1
Ia1
0.001478 j0.035965
Ia1 1.141368 j27.757621 pu
Ia2 Ia1 -1.141368 j27.757621 pu
Using Equation 4.9 and 4.10 to calculate the line b and c fault
current
Ib Ic j 3 Ia1 j 3 1.141368 j27.757621

Ib -48.077611 - j1.976908 pu
Ib=48.118/-117.640 pu
Actual value
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x 418.369 A

IMOM,SYM,RMS,LL = Ib= 20,131.179/-117.640 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL :

-2

values, using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
For X/R ratio

XsepPositive XsepNegative
X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative
0.017952 0.017952
X /R 28.612
0.0006274 0.0006274
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL 20,131.179 x 1 2e28.612
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL 32,496.039 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG :

-2


X / R
3
0.49 0.1e
0.49 0.1e

28.612
3 0.489
-2x0.498x

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,LL 20,131.179 x 2 1 e 28.612

IMOM, ASYM,PEAK,LL 54,035.28 A

Calculating the current contribution:
j 3 Ia1Z1LOAD
IbSYSTEM xIBASE
Z
1SYSTEM Z
1LOAD
j 3 Ia1Z1SYSTEM
IbLOAD xIBASE
Z
1SYSTEM Z
1LOAD
Referring to the network simplification in Figure 4.3 for Momentary

Positive Impedance:
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
j 3 1.1413 j27.7570.04132 + j0.268

IbSYSTEM x418.369
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413 + j0.268
IbSYSTEM 18,804.53 A
j 3 1.1413 j27.7570.000639 + j0.019257

IbLOAD x418.369
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413 + j0.268
IbSYSTEM 1,335.58 A

sheet and results are summarized in Table 4.14. This table
summarizes the Momentary Symmetrical, Momentary Asymmetrical
and Momentary Peak asymmetrical currents for the main buses.
Table 4.15 summarizes the current contributions from the Load and
the System for each of the main buses.

Table 4.14 Summary of Momentary Line-to-line Faults
Momentary Line-to-line Faults
Fault Fault
Point Location IMOM,ASYM,PEAK
IMOM,SYM,RMS (A) IMOM,ASYM,RMS (A)
(A)
13.8kV
F1 Power Plant 20,131.18 32,496.04 54,035.28
Bus
Primary
F2 terminals 19,997.96 32,136.27 53,496.39
of TRM1
6.9kV
F3 switchgear 17,429.88 28,077.86 46,712.34
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 16,988.50 25,725.57 43,435.03
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 16,944.14 25,495.73 43,110.05
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 39,840.27 52,989.77 91,995.05
F7 MCC9 Bus 40,708.76 53,926.06 93,692.10
Table 4.15 Summary of Momentary Line-to-line Fault Current

Contributions for Main Buses
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault
Fault Location Contribution Contribution
Point
F6 MCC8 Bus 37,708.95 2,259.76
F7 MCC9 Bus 37,673.14 3,191.08

4.2.3.2 Calculation of Line-to-line Fault for MV and LV Loads
The line-to-line fault for MV and LV loads are calculated

using the positive and negative sequence impedance derived from
momentary three-phase and single line-to-ground fault calculation.
Repeating the same procedure used for calculating the momentary
line-to-line fault for the main buses using Microsoft Excel, the
calculation results are summarized in Table 4.16 ad 4.17.
Table 4.16 Calculation Results for Momentary Line-to-line

Fault for MV Loads
Fault Ia1 (pu) Ib (pu) Ib (A)
Point Mom, Sym, RMS Mom, Sym, RMS Mom, Sym,
RMS
PE- 2.141856-j9.877875 -17.108982-j3.709803 14,648.4280
KM5806
PE- 1.843597-j9.943964 -17.223451-j3.193204 14,657.1222
YM7601
PE- 1.820142-j10.480192 -18.152226-j3.152579 15,416.0407
KM8639
PE- 2.395899-j9.291376 -16.093135-j4.149820 13,906.2400
KM8601
PC001 0.860868-j11.790259 -20.421328-j1.491067 17,132.809
Table 4.17 Calculation Results for Momentary Line-to-line

Fault for LV Loads
Fault Ia1 (pu) Ib (pu) Ib (A)
Point Mom, Sym, RMS Mom, Sym, RMS Mom, Sym, RMS
(F13) 0.085628-j0.034175 -0.059194-j0.148313 1,920.77
GM1412
(F14) 0.085628-j0.034175 -0.059194-j0.148313 1,920.77
GM1413
(F15) 0.167318-j0.140587 -0.243504-j0.289804 4,552.95
KM5814
(F16) 0.093832-j0.045496 -0.078802-j0.162522 2,172.51
GM8103A
(F17) 0.093832-j0.045496 -0.078802-j0.162522 2,172.51
GM8103S
(F18) 0.516685-j1.002566 -1.736496-j0.894925 23,497.42
MNDB
(F19) 0.516685-j1.002566 -1.736496-j0.894925 23,497.42
EMBD
(F20) 0.651537-j0.724739 -1.255285-j1.128496 20,303.14

YM7607
(F21) 0.260886-j0.309178 -0.535513-j0.451867 8,427.93
SM8645
(F22) 0.139779-j0.146292 -0.253385-j0.242105 4,215.33
GM7612
(F23) 0.095726-j0.049784 -0.08623-j0.165802 2,247.88
7601M1
(F24) 0.075286-j0.02265 -0.039232-j0.1304 1,637.93
KM8607

4.2.4 Calculation of Momentary Double Line-to-ground Faults
A double line-to-ground fault occurs when two of the three-

phase conductors touch each other and at the same time come in
contact with the equipment grounding as illustrated in Figure 4.24.
For analytical convenience, phase B and phase C are traditionally
chosen as the faulted lines. The magnitude of the fault current I FAULT
(in per-unit) is calculated as
Ph-A
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Ph-B
IBFAULT
Ph-C
ICFAULT
Source
IN
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.24 Illustration of bolted double line-to-ground fault
For Double line-to-ground fault, the conditions are as follows

1. Line A current is approximately zero (IA=0)
2. Vector Sum of IB and IC is IN
3. VB=VC=0
Using condition 1 Ia=0, since Ia=Ia0+Ia1+Ia2
Ia0+Ia1+Ia2 = 0
Using the relation between the sequence voltage and phase voltage
and condition 3 (VB=VC=0)

Va0 1 1 1 Va
V 1 1 a a2 Vb
a1 3
Va2 1 a2 a Vc
Va0 1 1 1 Va
V 1 1 a a2 0
a1 3
Va2 1 a2 a 0
1 1 1
Va0 Va; Va1 Va; Va2 Va
3 3 3
So it follows that
Va0 Va1 Va2
Now, using the relation derived from condition 1 and 3, the

sequence networks can be arranged as follows.
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

+ + +
ZPOS ZNEG ZZERO

Va1 Va2 Va0
VF
- - -
Figure 4.25 Interconnected sequence networks for double
line-to-ground fault
Using the above sequence diagram in Figure 4.25, the

1 Z2Z0
VF Ia1(Z1 ) Ia1(Z1 )
1 1 Z0 Z2

Z2 Z0
VF
Ia1
Z2Z0 Equation (4.11)
(Z1 )
Z0 Z2

Using current division to determine the I a2 and Ia0
Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Equation (4.12)
Z0 Z2
Z0
Ia2 Ia1
Equation (4.13)
Z0 Z2
Then, using the relation between the sequence currents and phase
Ia 1 1 1 Ia0
2
a Ia1
currents Ib 1 a Equation (4.14)
Ic 1 a a2 Ia2
Ia Ia0 Ia1 Ia2
Ib Ia0 a2Ia1 aIa2
Ic Ia0 aIa1 a2Ia2
For the ground current IN
IN Ib Ic Equation (4.15)
Actual value
IaFAULT,actual IaFAULT,pu x IBASE
For X/R, the separately reduced X and R from positive

sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedance
network will be used.
X sep,2 X sep,0
X sep,1
X sep,2 X sep,0
X /R
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,1 Equation (4.16)
R sep,2 R sep,0

4.2.4.1 Calculation of Double Line-to-ground Fault for Main Buses
The fault point impedances derived from single line-to-

ground fault calculation at F1 are
ZTH,F1,MOM,1 ZTH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu
ZTH,F1,MOM,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu
Using these values, the sequence network is presented in the figure

below.
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
0.0007394 0.0007394 0.000555
j0.0179826 j0.0179826 j0.017761
1 pu

line-to-ground fault at F1
Calculating the positive sequence current I a1 using Equation 4.11

VF
Ia1
Z2Z0
(Z1 )
Z0 Z2
1
Ia1
0.0007394 j0.0179826
0.0007394 j0.01798260.000555 j0.017761
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.000555 j0.017761
Ia1 1.4641 - j37.091449 pu

Calculating the zero-sequence current Ia0 using Equation 4.12
Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Z0 Z2
0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia0 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia0 -0.645262 j18.667654 pu
Calculating the negative sequence current Ia2 using Equation 4.13
Z0
Ia2 Ia1
Z0 Z2
0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia2 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia2 -0.818737 j18.423794 ipu
Calculating the phase currents using Equation 4.14
Ia 1 1 1 - 0.645262 j18.667654
I 1 a2 a 01.4641 - j37.091449
b
Ic 1 a a2 - 0.818737 j18.423794
Ia 0
Ib -49.045505 j26.024573 pu
Ib = 55.522/152.0480 pu
Ic 47.109717 j29.978391 pu
0
Ic = 55.839/32.47 pu
Calculating the ground current using Equation 4.15
IN Ib Ic
IN -49.045505 j26.024573 47.109717 j29.978391

IN -1.935787 j56.002964 pu
IN = 56.036/91.9790 pu

Actual value
Ib 55.522/152.0480 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib 55.522/152.0480 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,b 23228.862/152.0480 A
Ic 55.839/32.470 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ic 55.839/32.470 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,c 23361.439/32.470 A
0
IN 56.036/91.979 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
IN 56.036/91.979 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,N 23,443.897/91.9790 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault currents
-2

values, Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
For X/R ratio using Equation 4.16
X sep,2 X sep,0
X sep,1
X sep,2 X sep,0
X /R
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,1
R sep,2 R sep,0
0.017952 x 0.017761
0.017952
X /R 0.017952 0.017761 29.156
0.0006274 x 0.000555
0.0006274
0.0006274 0.000555

-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,b 23,228.862 x 1 2e 29.156
IMOM, ASYM,RMS,b 37,543.784 A
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,c 23,361.439 x 1 2e 29.156
IMOM, ASYM,RMS,c 37,758.063 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault currents

-2


X / R
3
0.49 0.1e
0.49 0.1e

29.156
3 0.489
-2x0.489x

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b 23,228.862 x 2 1 e 29.156

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b 62,409.251 A
-2x0.489x

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c 23,361.439 x 2 1 e 29.156

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c 37,758.063 A
Calculating the current contribution:

a2I
a1puZ1,LOAD aIa2puZ2,LOAD
IBSystem Ia0pu xIBASE

a2I aIa2puZ2,SYSTEM
a1puZ1,SYSTEM
IBLOAD xIBASE


aIa1puZ1,LOAD a2Ia2puZ2,LOAD
ICSystem Ia0pu xIBASE

aI
a1puZ1,SYSTEM a2Ia2puZ2,SYSTEM
ICLOAD xIBASE

Referring to the network simplification in Figure 4.3 for

Momentary Positive Impedance,
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
Z1LOAD + Z1SYSTEM = Z2LOAD + Z2SYSTEM = 0.0419605+j0.287373 pu

Z1,LOAD 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.9340 j7.4030 pu
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD 0.0419605 + j0.287373
Z1,SYSTEM 0.000639 + j0.019257
0.06592 j7.4030 pu
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD 0.0419605 + j0.287373

IBSystem a2Ia1pu aIa2pu *

Z1,LOAD
Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD
Substituting the values to calculate the current contributions
IBSystem 22,012.50 A
IBLOAD 1,358.84 A
ICSystem 22,034.85 A
ICLOAD 1,362.17 A
INSystem 22928.75 A
INLOAD 518.45 A

sheet and results are summarized in Table 4.18, 4.19 and 4.20
These tables summarize the Momentary Symmetrical, Momentary
Asymmetrical and Momentary Peak asymmetrical currents for the
main buses of phase B, phase C and neutral, respectively. Table
4.21, 4.22, 4.23 summarize the current contributions from the Load
and the System for each of the main buses.
Table 4.18 Summary of Momentary Double Line-to-ground

Faults for Phase B
Fault Fault DLG FAULT CURRENT PHASE B Ib
Point Location IMOM,SYM,
RMS(A) IMOM,ASYM IMOM,ASYM,
,RMS(A) PEAK (A)
F1 13.8kV Power
Plant Bus 23,228.86 37,543.78 62,409.25
F2 Primary
terminals of 23,149.79 37,244.80 61,982.52
TRM1
F3 6.9kV
switchgear 21,744.04 35,126.22 58,397.82
(bus)
F4 Primary
terminals 22,336.41 32,863.58 55,852.39
TRL3A
F5 Primary
terminals 22,382.07 32,659.18 55,608.18
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus
46,811.78 62,162.35 107,952.32
F7 MCC9 Bus
47,565.81 62,950.86 109,391.00

Faults for Phase C
Fault Fault DLG FAULT CURRENT PHASE C Ic

RMS(A) IMOM,ASY IMOM,ASY
M,RMS(A) M,PEAK (A)
F1 13.8kV Power 23,361.44 37,758.06 62,765.45
Plant Bus
F2 Primary 23,161.97 37,264.40 62,015.14
terminals of
TRM1
F3 6.9kV 22,057.77 35,633.02 59,240.39
switchgear
(bus)
F4 Primary 20,152.43 29,650.28 50,391.31
terminals
TRL3A
F5 Primary 19,943.15 29,100.40 49,548.71
terminals
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 47,022.97 62,442.79 108,439.34
F7 MCC9 Bus 47,947.66 63,456.22 110,269.17

Faults for Neutral Short-circuit Current
Fault Fault DLG FAULT NEUTRAL CURRENT In
RMS(A) IMOM,ASY IMOM,ASY
M,RMS(A) M,PEAK (A)
F1 13.8kV Power
Plant Bus 23,443.90 37,891.34 62,986.99
F2 Primary
terminals of
TRM1 23,347.50 37,562.89 62,511.88
F3 6.9kV
switchgear
(bus) 26,523.46 42,847.08 71,233.87
F4 Primary
terminals
TRL3A 25,605.38 37,673.21 64,026.46
F5 Primary
terminals
TRL3B 25,474.63 37,171.76 63,291.65
F6 MCC8 Bus 49,558.20 65,809.37 114,285.81
F7 MCC9 Bus 49,941.53 66,095.00 114,854.64

Faults Current Contribution for Phase B
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault
Point
F2 Primary terminals of 21,939.59 1,351.47
TRM1
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 21,286.85 1,191.03
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 21,329.92 1,191.12
F6 MCC8 Bus 44,417.90 2,696.67
F7 MCC9 Bus 45,119.75 2,751.79

Faults Current Contribution for Phase C
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault
Point
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 19,081.06 1,132.43
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 18,879.37 1,125.75
F6 MCC8 Bus 44,402.31 2,702.05
F7 MCC9 Bus 45,266.37 2,761.50

Faults Current Contribution for Neutral
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault
Point
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus 22,928.76 518.45
F2 Primary terminals of
TRM1 22,834.47 516.32
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) 25,940.65 586.56
F6 MCC8 Bus 48,469.24 1,095.96
F7 MCC9 Bus 48,844.15 1,104.44
4.2.4.2 Calculation of Momentary Double Line-to-ground Faults at

MV and LV Loads
Double line-to-ground fault for MV and LV loads are

calculated using the positive, negative and zero sequence
impedance derived from momentary three-phase and single line-to-
ground fault calculation. The same procedure used in calculating the
momentary double line-to-ground fault current for faults on main
buses and current contributions is repeated using Microsoft Excel

sheet the results are summarized in Table 4.24, 4.25, 4.26 and
4.27.
Table 4.24 Summary of Per-unit Sequence Fault Current for

Momentary Double Line-to-ground Fault on MV Loads
Motor
Ia1 (pu) Ia0 (pu) Ia2 (pu)
Fault at
PE- 4.495422 - -4.707132 + 0.211710 +
KM5806 j12.588457 j5.421164 j7.167293
PE- 3.917636 - -4.148078 + 0.230442 +
YM7601 j13.168263 j6.448597 j6.719665
PE- 4.0390 - -4.437715 + 0.398714 +
KM8639 j13.972787 j6.985188 j6.987598
PE- 4.695331 - -4.598863 + -0.09646 +
KM8601 j11.418670 j4.254588 j7.164081
1.516717 - -1.31169 + -0.20502 +
PC001
j16.936973 j10.293428 j6.643545
Table 4.25 Summary of Per-unit Sequence Fault Current for

Momentary Double Line-to-ground Fault on LV Loads
Motor Fault
Ia1 (pu) Ia0 (pu) Ia2 (pu)
at
GM1412 0.102 - -0.0327 - -0.0692-
j0.036808 j0.005264 j0.031543
GM1413 0.102 - -0.0327 - -0.0692-
j0.036808 j0.005264 j0.031543
KM5814 0.2053 - -0.076 - -0.1292-
j0.153457 j0.025741 j0.127716
GM8103A 0.1202 - -0.0529 - -0.0673-
j0.053469 j0.015946 j0.037523
GM8103S 0.1202 - -0.0529 - -0.0673-
j0.053469 j0.015946 j0.037523
MNDB 0.7503 - -0.4672 - -0.283-
j1.24644 j0.487746 j0.758693
EMBD 0.7503 - -0.4672 - -0.283-
j1.24644 j0.487746 j0.758693
YM7607 0.8781 - -0.4532 - -0.4248-
j0.891114 j0.332749 j0.558364
SM8645 0.3367 - -0.1517 - -0.185-
j0.34786 j0.077363 j0.270497
GM7612 0.1776 - -0.0758 - -0.1018-

j0.16323 j0.033877 j0.129353
7601M1 0.1139 - -0.0364- -0.0774-
j0.053429 j0.007289 j0.04614
KM8607 0.0901 - -0.0297- -0.0603-
j0.024195 j0.003088 j0.021106

Fault Current on MV Loads
Fault Point Contribution Ib (A) Ic (A) IN (A)

From
PE-KM5806 Total 20,559.40 12,994.81 18,022.26
System 20,342.56 12,837.64 17,941.40
Motor 219.95 181.62 81.03
PE-YM7601 Total 20,353.26 14,164.53 19,247.16
System 17,852.87 12,358.83 18,237.81
Motor 2,549.73 2,173.84 1,013.09
PE-KM8639 Total 21,644.47 14,919.71 20,773.65

System 21,503.94 14,811.92 20,714.78
Motor 144.97 122.84 58.88

PE-KM8601 Total 19,328.27 11,698.25 15,726.68
System 19,210.24 11,614.48 15,686.72
Motor 118.66 97.19 40.18

PC001 22,072.13 20,955.39 26,047.69

Fault Current on LV Loads
Fault Point Ib (A) Ic (A) IN (A)

GM1412 2,133.42 1,882.78 1,198.04
GM1413 2,133.42 1,882.78 1,198.04
KM5814 5,256.68 4,245.71 2,898.31
GM8103A 2,529.84 2,242.56 1,994.77

GM8103S 2,529.84 2,242.56 1,994.77
MNDB 29,382.43 23,193.47 24,372.40
EMBD 29,382.43 23,193.47 24,372.40
YM7607 24,477.24 20,764.36 20,290.83
SM8645 10,028.84 7,770.08 6,146.84
GM7612 4,979.34 3,903.19 2,996.91
7601M1 2,518.89 2,159.30 1,342.72
KM8607 1,818.63 1,625.54 1,080.89

4.3 Interrupting Short-Circuit Calculation
The interrupting short-circuit calculation will be used to

evaluate the protective device duties at 1 to 4 cycles after the
fault. The calculated symmetrical value of the short-circuit current
will be adjusted to account for the ac and dc decrement resulting to
asymmetrical value which will be used to evaluate the interrupting
capacity of the medium-voltage circuit breakers as summarized in
Table 4.2. Interrupting short-circuit calculation will be performed on
fault points where medium-voltage circuit breakers are used.
4.3.1 Calculation of Interrupting Three-phase Fault for Main Buses
Using the same set of equations from the Momentary

Calculations, the interrupting calculations will be performed on fault
points where medium-voltage circuit breakers are used as
overcurrent protection device.
Using the impedance model from Chapter 2, the positive

sequence impedance with fault on F1 is shown in Figure 4.27.

BUS1 F1
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.427677 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 4.27 Interrupting positive sequence impedance with

fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000917
ZTL1
+ +j0.030893
j0.019257
5.143164
0.051829 7.98358
Reference
+j0.427677
+j11.385556
+j16.59090
1pu 1pu 1pu
F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.000917
+j0.021452 +j0.030893
0.05596569
Reference
+j0.404413
1pu
Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.0568827
+j0.021452 +j0.435307
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 4.28 Thevenins Equivalent interrupting positive

sequence impedance calculation diagram

0.0007465
+j0.020453
1pu
Reference

sequence impedance at fault point F1

1
1

ZTH,F1,INT ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZEQA 1 ZTRM1 ZTL1 ZCON
1

ZTH,F1,INT 0.0007465 j0.0204532 pu
Calculating for the separate R and X
For R
F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
Reference 0.000869086
BUS2
REQA 0.051829 RTL3

RTL2 0.001451 0.001613
Reference RTRL3A 0.036692711 RTRL3B 0.036692711

BUS3 BUS4
REQB 7.945445 REQC 5.104858
Reference Reference
Figure 4.30 Interrupting positive sequence resistance with

fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.0519012
Reference Reference
0.00067607
Reference

sequence resistance with fault at Bus 1
1

1
1

R R TL2 R TRL3A REQB 1 R TL3 R TRL3B REQC 1 REQA 1

1
R TRM1 R TL1 RCON

R=0.00067607 pu
For X
F1
BUS1
j0.000137
j0.021452 ZTL1
Reference j0.030756955
BUS2
XEQA j0.001007 XTL3 j0.001119

XTL2
j0.427677
Reference XTRL3A j0.230430227 XTRL3B j0.230430227
BUS3 BUS4
XEQB j16.359467 XEQC j11.154
Reference Reference
Figure 4.32 Interrupting positive sequence reactance with
fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
j0.021452 j0.433095
Reference Reference
j0.020439
Reference
Figure 4.33 Thevenins Equivalent momentary positive
sequence reactance with fault at Bus 1

1
1

X XTL2 XTRL3A XEQB 1 XTL3 XTRL3B XEQC 1 XEQA 1 XTRM1 XTL1 XCON
1

X=j0.020439 pu
Calculating for the Momentary 3phase Fault at F1
VPREFAULT
IINT,SYM,RMS
ZTH,F1,INT
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
1.0
IINT,SYM,RMS
0.0007465 j0.020453
IINT,SYM,RMS 1.782150 - j48.826877 pu
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 pu

Actual Value
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 x IBASE 13.8kV
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS= 20,441.254 A
0.020439
X /R 30.232
0.00067607
The table below shows the summary of results by

performing the same calculation procedure as the above for the rest
of the major buses (F2, F3, F4 and F5) using Microsoft Excel. Table
4.28 summarizes the interrupting three-phase short-circuit currents
for the main buses. These values along with other interrupting fault
currents will be used to evaluate the interrupting capacity of
medium-voltage circuit breakers.
Table 4.28 Summary of Interrupting Three-phase Short-

circuit Currents and X/R ratio.
Fault Separately
Fault Location IMOM,SYM,RMS (A)
Point Reduced X/R
F1 13.8kV Power 20,441.254 30.232
Plant Bus
F2 Primary 20,316.761 28.450
terminals of
TRM1
F3 6.9kV 18,016.418 29.820
switchgear (bus)
F4 Primary 17,606.617 15.755
terminals TRL3A
F5 Primary 17,562.726 14.986
terminals TRL3B

4.3.2 Calculation of Interrupting Single Line-to-ground Faults for
Main Buses
Using the same set of equation as in the Momentary


Z TH,F1,INT,1 Z TH,F1,INT 0.0007465 j0.0204532 pu
0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia1
1pu
Reference
sequence impedance for fault point 1


0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.35 Thevenins Equivalent interrupting negative

The zero-sequence impedance at fault point F1 will derived

as follow:
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ j0.017761

F1
BUS1SLG
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843 ZTL3,ZERO
+j0.000325 =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430 +j0.230430
Figure 4.36 Interrupting zero-sequence impedance diagram

0.000555
+ j0.017761 Ia0
Reference
Figure 4.37 Thevenins Equivalent interrupting zero

ZTH,F1,INT,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu

relation on equation 4.5 where I a1=Ia2=Ia0, the equivalent network
diagram is shown below where the three impedance networks are
connected in series.
0.000555
ZINT,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761
0.0007465
ZINT,NEG,F1
+j0.020453
0.0007465
+j0.020453 ZINT,POS,F1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.38 Interrupting equivalent impedance networks for

fault point 1

Using Equation 4.6 and Figure 4.158, the SLG fault current
is calculated below.
3VPREFAULT
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG
Z TH,F1,INT,1 Z TH,F1,INT,2 Z TH,F1,INT,0
3(1)
0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.000555 + J0.017761

3(1)
0.002048 j0.058667
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 1.782952 - j51.073351 pu

0
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 51.104/-88 pu
Actual Value
0
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 51.104/-88 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 51.104/-88 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 21,380.522 A

For X/R ratio
X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative R sepZero
0.020439 0.020439 0.017761
X /R 30.747
0.00067607 0.00067607 0.000555

of the major buses (F2, F3, F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using the Microsoft
Excel sheet. Table 4.29 summarizes the interrupting three-phase
short-circuit currents for the main buses. These values along with
other interrupting fault currents will be used to evaluate the
interrupting capacity of medium-voltage circuit breakers.

Table 4.29 Summary of Interrupting Single Line-to-ground
Faults
Interrupting Single Line-to-
Fault
Fault Location ground Faults
Point
IINT,SYM,RMS (A) X/R
F1 13.8kV Power
30.747
Plant Bus 21,380.522
F2 Primary terminals
26.792
of TRM1 21,271.385
F3 6.9kV switchgear
30.908
(bus) 21,019.777
8.933
TRL3A 20,490.260
8.291
TRL3B 20,426.803

4.3.3 Calculation of Interrupting Line-to-line Faults for Main Buses
Using the same set of equations as in Momentary

points where Medium-voltage Circuit breakers are used as

0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.39 Thevenins equivalent interrupting positive



0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.40 Thevenins equivalent interrupting negative


relation on equation 4.5 where I a1=-Ia2 and Ia0=0, the equivalent
network diagram is shown in Figure 4.41 where the two impedance
networks are connected in parallel.
0.0007465 0.0007465
+j0.020453 +j0.020453
1 pu
Ia1 Ia2
Figure 4.41 Equivalent Sequence Impedance for Fault point 1
Using Equation 4.8, the value of the positive and negative

sequence impedance is calculated below.
VF
Ia1 Ia2
Z TH,INT,1 Z TH,INT,2

1
Ia1
0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.0007465 j0.0204532
1
Ia1
0.001493 J0.040906
Ia1 0.891075 - J24.413438 pu
Ia2 Ia1 -0.891075 j24.413438 pu
Using Equation 4.9 and 4.10 to calculate the line b and c fault
current
Ib j 3 Ia1
Ib j 3 0.891075 - j24.413438
Ib -42.285316 - j1.543387 pu
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 pu
Actual Value
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS,LL = Ib=-Ic = 17,702.645 A

of the major buses (F2, F3, F4, and F5) using the Microsoft Excel
sheet. Table 4.30 shows the summary of the interrupting line-to-
line short-circuit currents for the main buses. These values along
with other interrupting fault currents will be used to evaluate the
Table 4.30 Summary of Interrupting Line-to-line Faults

Fault Momentary Line-to-line Faults
Fault Location
Point IINT,SYM,RMS (A)
F1 13.8kV Power Plant
Bus 17,702.645
F2 Primary terminals of
TRM1 17,594.831
F3 6.9kV switchgear
(bus) 15,602.676
TRL3A 15,247.777
TRL3B 15,209.767

4.3.4 Calculation of Interrupting Double Line-to-ground Faults for
Main Buses
Using the same set of equations as in Momentary


The fault point impedances derived from single line-to-
ground fault calculation at F1 are
ZTH,F1,INT,2 ZTH,F1,INT 0.0007465 j0.0204532 pu
Z TH,F1,INT,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu
Using these values, the sequence network is arranged in figure

below.
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

0.0007465 0.0007465 0.000555
+j0.020453 +j0.020453
+j0.017761
1 pu

line-to-ground fault at F1

Calculating the positive sequence current Ia1 using Equation 4.11
VF
Ia1
Z2Z0
(Z1 )
Z0 Z2
1
Ia1
0.0007465 j0.0204532
0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.000555 j0.017761
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia1 1.187014 - j33.336138 pu
Calculating the zero-sequence current Ia0 using Equation 4.12
Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Z0 Z2

Ia0 Ia1
0.0007465 j0.0204532

0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia0 -0.591878 j17.845399 pu
Calculating the negative sequence current Ia2 using Equation 4.13

Z0
Ia2 Ia1
Z
0 Z2

Ia2 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761

0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia2 -0.595135 j15.490739 ipu
Calculating the phase currents using Equation 4.14
Ia 1 1 1 - 0.591878 j17.845399
I 1 a2 a 1.187014 - j33.336138
b
Ic 1 a a2 - 0.595135 j15.490739
Ia 0
Ib -43.173133 j25.224712 pu
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 pu
Ic 41.397499 j28.311486pu
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 pu

Calculating the ground current using Equation 4.15
IN Ib Ic
IN -43.173133 j25.224712 41.397499 j28.311486
IN -1.775634 j53.536199 pu
IN = 53.565/91.8990 pu
Actual Value
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,b 20,919.31/149.7030 A
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,c 20,982.334/34.3670 A
IN = 53.565/91.8990 x IBASE 13.8kV
IN = 53.565/91.8990 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,N 22410.202/91.8990 A
Calculating the separate X/R
(X0 X1 X2 ) (0.0204532 0.0204532 0.01776)

X /R
(R 0 R1 R2 ) (0.0007465 0.0007465 0.0005555)
X / R 28.645
The table below shows the summary of results after

of the major buses (F2, F3, F4 , and F5) using the Microsoft Excel

sheet. Summarize in Table 4.32 are the interrupting double line-to-
ground short-circuit currents for the main buses. These values along
with other interrupting fault currents will be used to evaluate the
Table 4.31 Summary of Interrupting Double Line-to-ground

Faults
Fault Fault DLG FAULT CURRENTS

Point Location IINT,SYM,RMS,B IINT,SYM,RMS,C IINT,SYM,RMS,N
13.8kV Power
F1 20919.31 20982.334 22410.202
Plant Bus
Primary
F2 terminals of 20858.892 20812.409 22320.105
TRM1
6.9kV
F3 switchgear 19986.624 20138.408 25224.338
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 20551.363 18459.184 24417.64
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 20593.303 18271.82 24301.009
TRL3B

4.3.5 Summary of Interrupting Calculation
Based on the results of interrupting short-circuit

calculations for three-phase, single line-to-ground, line-to-line and
double line-to-ground faults, the maximum interrupting short-circuit
currents is summarized in Table 4.32. For fault point F1, F2 and F3,
maximum fault current will occur on a single line-to-ground fault.
For fault point F4 and F5, the maximum fault current will occur in a
double line-to-ground fault although these values are close to the
single line-to-ground fault values. These maximum values will be
adjusted to account for the AC and DC decrement and shall be used
to check the interrupting capacity of the medium-voltage circuit
breakers.
Table 4.32 Summary of Interrupting Short-Circuit

Calculations
Fault 3- DLG
Fault Location SLG LL
Point Phase Ib Ic
13.8kV Power
F1 20.44 17.70 20.91 20.98
Plant Bus 21.38
Primary
20.31
F2 terminals of 17.59 20.85 20.81
21.27
TRM1
6.9kV
18.01
F3 switchgear 15.60 19.98 20.13
21.01
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 17.60 15.24 20.55 18.45
20.49
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 17.56 15.20 20.59 18.27
20.426
TRL3B

Adjustment Factor
As per ANSI C37.010-1999, AC and DC decrement curve as

shown in Figure 4.43 shall be applied for a three-phase short-circuit
current that is fed mainly from generators through a reactance
external to the generator that is less than 1.5 times the generator
per-unit sub transient reactance [5].
On this study, the fault current is assumed to be
predominantly local therefore the figure below for AC and DC
decrement adjustment factor of single line-to-ground fault will be
used to derive the adjustment factor.
4.4.5.1 Adjustment Factor for Single Line-to-ground Fault at Fault

Point F1
40
30.747
30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.1133
Source: IEEE Std C37.010-1999 Table 9
Figure 4.43 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors

that includes effects of AC and DC decrement as applied to
F2.
Using Microsoft Visio Scaling of the curve in Figure 4.43,

X/R scale: 15 vertical units/10x/r
Factor Scale: 15 horizontal units/0.1factor

For X/R = 30.747, Converting to vertical scale
15 units
x 30.747 46.1205 vertical units which is 17 horizontal
10 x / r
0.1 factor
17Horizontal units x 1 1.1133
15 horizontal units
Adjustment Factor=1.1133
The Asymmetrical RMS of Interrupting Single-Line-to-ground Fault

is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.1133 x 21,380.522 = 23,802.935 A
4.4.5.2 Adjustment Factor for Single Line-to-ground Fault Point F2
40
30
26.792
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.0836
Figure 4.44 Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors that

includes effects of AC and DC decrement as applied to F2.


For X/R = 26.792 , Converting to vertical scale
15 units
x 26.792 40.188 vertical units which is 12.55 hor. units
10 x / r
0.1 factor
12.55 Horizontal units x 1 1.0836
15 horizontal units
is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.0836 x 21,271.39 = 23,049.672 A

Point F3
40
30.908
30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.1146

Figure 4.45 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors
that includes effects of ac and dc decrement as applied to F3.

For X/R = 30.908 , Converting to vertical scale

15 units
x 30.908 46.362 vertical units which is 17.2 hor. units
10 x / r
0.1 factor
17.2 Horizontal units x 1 1.1146
15 horizontal units

is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.1146 x 21,019.777 = 23,428.643 A

Point F4 and F5
Since the X/R =8.417 and is less than 10, the adjustment
factor is 1.0
is IAsym,RMS,INT,F4= 20,551.363
4.4.5.5 Adjustment Factor for Double Line-to-ground Fault at Fault

Point F4 and F5
Since the X/R=7.849 and is less than 10, the adjustment

factor is 1.0
The Asymmetrical RMS of Interrupting Double-Line-to-ground Fault
is IAsym,RMS,INT,F5=20,593.303A

4.33 Summary of Adjusted Interrupting Short-Circuit
Currents
Sym, RMS Asym,RMS
Fault Point Fault Location
(kA) (kA)
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus 23.80

21.38
F2 Primary terminals of TRM1 23.05
21.27
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) 23.43
21.01
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 20.55
20.55
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 20.59
20.59

Table 4.34 Summary of Short-Circuit Calculation
ISC F1 (kA) ISC at F2 (kA) ISC at F3 (kA) ISC at F4 (kA)
ANSI
13.8kV Power Plant Primary terminals of 6.9kV switchgear Primary terminals
Fault Type Bus TRM1 (bus) TRL3A
NETWORK
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 23.24 37.52 62.39 23.09 37.1 61.77 20.12 32.42 53.93 19.61 29.7 50.15
Single-Line- 23.34 37.77 62.77 23.21 37.19 61.96 22.88 37 61.5 22.24 30.95 53.25
to-ground
Line-to-Line 20.13 32.49 54.03 19.99 32.13 53.49 17.42 28.07 46.71 16.98 25.72 43.43
Momentary
Double-line- 23.22 37.54 62.4 23.14 37.24 61.98 21.74 35.12 58.39 22.33 32.86 55.85
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 23.36 37.75 62.76 23.16 37.26 62.01 22.05 35.63 59.24 20.15 29.65 50.39
to-ground Ic
Three-Phase 20.44 20.31 18.01 17.6
Single-Line- 21.38 23.80 21.27 23.04 21.01 23.42 20.49 20.49
to-ground
Line-to-Line 17.7 17.59 15.6 15.24
Interrupting
Double-line- 20.91 20.85 19.98 20.55
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 20.98 20.81 20.13 18.45
to-ground Ic
Note: highlighted values are the maximum values of short-circuit current within the same ANSI network and fault point location

(Continuation) Table 4.34 Summary of Short-Circuit Calculation
ISC at F5 (kA) ISC at F6 (kA) ISC at F7 (kA)
ANSI
Primary terminals
Fault Type MCC8 Bus MCC9 Bus
NETWORK TRL3B
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 19.56 29.43 49.77 46 61.18 106.2 47 62.26 108.2
Single-Line-to-ground 22.17 30.41 52.48 47.71 63.27 109.9 48.43 64.04 111.3
Momentary Line-to-Line 16.94 25.49 43.11 39.84 52.98 91.99 40.7 53.92 93.69
Double-line-to-ground Ib 22.38 32.65 55.6 46.81 62.16 108 47.56 62.95 109.4
Double-line-to-ground Ic 19.94 29.1 49.54 47.02 62.44 108.4 47.94 63.45 110.3
Three-Phase 17.56
Single-Line-to-ground 20.42
Interrupting Line-to-Line 15.2
Double-line-to-ground Ib 20.59 20.59
Double-line-to-ground Ic 18.27
Note: highlighted values are the maximum values of short-circuit current within the same ANSI network and fault point location

ANSI
PE-KM5806 PE-YM7601 PE-KM8639 PE-KM8601
Fault Type Terminals Terminals Terminals Terminals
NETWORK
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 16.91 16.92 17.8 16.06
Single-Line- 18.01 18.35 19.55 16.562
to-ground
Line-to-Line 14.65 14.66 15.416 13.91
Momentary
Double-line- 20.56 20.35 21.64 19.33
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 12.99 14.16 14.92 11.7
to-ground Ic

ANSI
Fault Type PC001 Terminals GM1412 Terminals GM1413 Terminals
NETWORK
Three-Phase 19.78 2.22 2.22
Single-Line-to-ground 22.49 1.56 1.56
Momentary Line-to-Line 17.13 1.920 1.920
Double-line-to-ground Ib 22.07 2.133 2.133
Double-line-to-ground Ic 20.95 1.882 1.882
ANSI KM5814 Terminals GM8103A Terminals GM8103S Terminals

Fault Type
NETWORK
Three-Phase 5.26 2.51 2.51

ANSI
Fault Type MNDB Terminals EMBD Terminals YM7607 Terminals
NETWORK
Three-Phase 27.13 27.13 23.44
ANSI SM8645 Terminals GM7612 Terminals 7601M1 Terminals

Fault Type
NETWORK
Three-Phase 9.73 4.87 2.60

ISC at F24 (kA)
ANSI
Fault Type KM8607 Terminals
NETWORK
Sym,
RMS
Three-Phase 1.89
Single-Line-to-ground 1.381
Momentary Line-to-Line 1.637
Double-line-to-ground Ib 1.818
Double-line-to-ground Ic 1.625


13.8kV Power Plant Primary terminals of 6.9kV switchgear Primary terminals
ANSI Fault Bus TRM1 (bus) TRL3A
NETWORK Type ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM ILOAD
( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym,
RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS)
Three- 21.71 1.542 21.558 1.543 16.676 3.477 19.456 0.173
Phase
Single- 22.318 1.032 22.191 1.034 20.270 2.636 22.124 0.130
Line-to-
ground
Line-to- 18.804 1.335 18.670 1.336 14.442 3.011 16.849 0.150
Line
Momentary Double- 22.012 1.358 21.939 1.351 20.719 1.188 21.286 1.191
line-to-
ground
Ib
Double- 22.034 1.362 21.846 1.351 20.911 1.197 19.081 1.132
line-to-
ground
Ic

ISC F5 (kA) ISC at F6 (kA) ISC at F7 (kA)

Primary Terminal of TRL3B MCC8 MCC9
ANSI ILOAD
Fault Type ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM
NETWORK (
( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym,
Sym,
RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS)
RMS)
Three-Phase 19.341 0.239 43.542 2.609 43.501 3.684
Single-Line-to- 22.002 0.181 46.011 1.804 46.019 2.530
ground
Line-to-Line 16.749 0.207 37.708 2.259 37.673 3.191
Momentary
Double-line-to- 21.329 1.191 44.417 2.696 45.119 2.751
ground Ib
Double-line-to- 18.879 1.125 44.402 2.702 45.266 2.761
ground Ic

4.4 Equipment Evaluation of Short-Circuit Capacity
4.4.1 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
For medium-voltage circuit breaker, the rated short-circuit

making current and the rated short-circuit interrupting current will
be compared against the calculated momentary and interrupting
currents. Figure below shows the medium-voltage circuit breaker
specification sheet for an MV breaker from Hyundai Electric.
Source: Hyundai Heavy Industries and PE Capacity Expansion Project files.

Figure 4.46 Specifications for Medium-voltage Circuit
Breaker.
Figure 4.47 shows the circuit breaker specification for the

TRM1 primary circuit breaker. Highlighted values in the specification
are the rated making and breaking capacity of HD4 17 SF6 circuit
breaker which will be used for the evaluation of TRM1 primary side
circuit breaker.

Source: ABB.
Figure 4.47 Specifications for Medium-voltage Circuit
Breaker.
From Table 4.34, the maximum fault currents for both

momentary and interrupting network at fault points F1, F2 and F3
were identified. These currents are used to evaluate the medium-
voltage circuit breakers based on Table 4.2. From this table, the
rated short-circuit making current (peak) will be compared against
the calculated maximum value of the momentary peak
asymmetrical short-circuit current that can occur at fault point F1,
F2 and F3. Likewise, the rated short-circuit breaking current will be
compared against the calculated maximum value of the interrupting
asymmetrical RMS short-circuit current that can occur at fault
points F1, F2 and F3. For the safe operation of these circuit
breakers, the rated short-circuit making current (peak) and the
rated short-circuit breaking current should be greater than the
calculated maximum fault current values. The proximity between
the breaker rating and the calculated value is quantified to perform
proper evaluation. This quantification is sometimes called Percent
Safety Margin [18]. Percent Safety Margin is calculated as
Fault Current Rating - Calculated fault level
%Safety M arg in x100
Calculated fault level

As per JGSPCs Electrical Standard, at the time of order the
Safety Margin shall be not less than 10%. This means that fault
current rating of the equipment must be at least 10% higher than
the calculated fault level.
Table 4.35 Momentary Rating Evaluation Summary for

Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breaker Calculated Momentary Fault

Ratings Current
Maximum
Rated Safety
Calculated Short-circuit
CB Tag short- Margin
Peak Type where
Make/ circuit (%)
Asym. Maximum
Model Making
Short- Short-circuit
Current
circuit Condition occur
(kA Peak)
(kA)
ABB/HD4
52TRM1P 125 62.77 DLG Fault at F1 99.13
17
Hyundai/
52TRM1S 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2178
Hyundai/
52TRL3A 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52TRL3B 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52KM5806 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52YM7601 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52KM8639 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52KM8601 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52KM7604 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52PC001-1 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52PC001-2 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52PC001-3 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52PC001-4 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52PC001-5 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
52PC001-6 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3 111.36
HVF2172F

Table 4.36 Interrupting Rating Evaluation Summary for
Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Calculated Interrupting
Circuit Breaker Ratings
Ratings
Short-
Maximum circuit
Rated Short- Calculated Type Safety
circuit Asym. where Margin
CB Tag Make/
Interrupting RMS Maximum (%)
Model
Rating Short- Short-
(Asym. RMS) circuit circuit
(kA) Condition
occur
ABB/HD4 SLG Fault at
52-TRM1 50 23.8 110.08
17 F1
Hyundai/ SLG Fault at
52-TRM1 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2178 F3
52-TRL3A 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52-TRL3B 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52-KM5806 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52-YM7601 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52-KM8639 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52-KM8601 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52-KM7604 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52PC001-1 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52PC001-2 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52PC001-3 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52PC001-4 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52PC001-5 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
52PC001-6 50 23.42 113.49
HVF2172F F3
In Table 4.35 and 4.36, the summaries of evaluation for

medium-voltage circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for
each circuit breaker are all satisfactory with no less than 90%
safety margins. This is more than the JGSPCs requirement of no
less than 10% and therefore acceptable.

4.4.2 Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers
For low-voltage air circuit breakers, the rated breaking

capacity and the rated making capacity will be evaluated against
the momentary calculation results. The figure below shows the air
circuit breaker specification sheet.

Figure 4.48 Specifications for low-voltage air circuit breaker
From Table 4.34, the maximum momentary fault current at

fault point F6 and F7 are identified and can occur on a single line-
to-ground fault. These currents will be used to evaluate the low-
voltage air circuit breakers based on Table 4.2. From this table, the
rated short-circuit making current (peak) will be compared against
the calculated maximum value of the momentary peak
asymmetrical short-circuit current that can occur at fault point F6
and F7. Likewise, the rated short-circuit breaking current will be
compared against the calculated maximum value of the interrupting
asymmetrical RMS short-circuit current that can occur at the said
fault points.

Table 4.37 Making Rating Evaluation Summary for Low-
voltage Air Circuit Breakers
Short-
circuit
Rated short- Type
Maximum
circuit Safety where
Make/ Calculated
Tag Making Margin Maximum
Model Peak Short-
Current (%) Short-
circuit (kA)
(kA Peak) circuit
Condition
occur
52-TRL3A Hyundai/Hi 220 109.9 100.2% SLG at F6
AN40
52-TRL3B Hyundai/Hi 220 111.3 97.7% SLG at F7
AN40
Table 4.38 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary for Low-

voltage Air Circuit Breakers
Short-
Rated
Maximum circuit Type
short-
Calculated where
circuit Safety
Make/ Sym.RMS Maximum
Tag Breaking Margin
Model Short- Short-
Current (%)
circuit circuit
(kA
(kA) Condition
Peak)
occur
52-TRL3A Hyundai/HiAN40 100 47.71 109.6% SLG at F6
52-TRL3B Hyundai/HiAN40 100 48.43 106.5% SLG at F7

low-voltage air circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for
each circuit breaker are all satisfactory and exceeded the JGSPCs
requirement of not less than 10%, therefore, acceptable.

4.4.3 Molded Case Circuit Breakers
For Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB), the rated

breaking capacity will be evaluated based on the calculated short-
circuit from momentary calculations. The figure below shows the
MCCB specification sheet.

Figure 4.49 Specifications for molded case circuit breaker

molded case circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for each
circuit breaker are all satisfactory with no less than 100% safety
margins. This surpassed the JGSPCs requirement of not less than
10% and therefore acceptable.

Table 4.39 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary for Molded
Case Circuit Breakers of MCC8
Maximum
Breaking
Calculated
Capacity Safety
Sym.RMS
Equipment ID Description Model Sym. Margin
Short-
RMS (%)
circuit
(kA)
(kA)
GM-1412 ICA Charge UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Pump
GM-1413 ICA Charge UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Pump
GM-1504 T2 Charge UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Pump
PE-YM4078 BMC-200 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
PE-YM4089 Modifier D UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Feed Tank
Agitator motor
PE-GM4351 Slurry Feed UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Pump Motor
PE-GM4355 Slurry Feed UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Pump Motor
PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Tank Agitator
Motor
PE-GM4353 DC Feed pump UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Motor
PE-GM4354 T3 Feed Pump UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
motor
PE-GM4356 T3 Residence UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Time pot
Agitator Motor
PE-GM4357 DC Residence UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Time pot
Agitator Motor
PE-GM4358 T3/DC Feed UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
pump motor
PE-SM4360 Cylinder Roller UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
motor
PE-SM6825 Additive Lift UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
motor
PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
motor
PE-SM6800 Solid Additive UPB250L 100 47.71 109.60%
Package
PE-SM6853 Talc bulk bag UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
discharger
motor
PE-KM6831-1 Bag Dump UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
station
exhaust fan
motor

station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-YCM6832 Bag Compactor UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
motor
station
exhaust fan
motor
station
exhaust fan
motor
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-YCM6835 Bag Compactor UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
motor
PE-YM6851 Talc surge bin UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
filter motor
PE-Y6860 Mixer feed UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
hopper and
vent filter
PE-D6810 Granular resin UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
surge and vent
filter
MNDB Main normal UPB400L 100 47.71 109.60%
distribution
board
EMDB 480V UPB400L 100 47.71 109.60%
Emergency
MCC EM2
PE-GM-5814-1 Vent Recovery UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Ref
Compressor Oil
Pump
PE-GM5821 Glycol pump UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
motor
PE-GM5812 Low pressure UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5815 High pressure UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5825 Interstage UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
condensate
return pump
PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery UPB400L 100 47.71 109.60%
Ref
Compressor
Motor
PE-GM5806A-2 Main Cooling UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
Pump motor

PE-GM5806B2 Aux Cooling UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
pump motor
PE-GM5806BD-2 Lube oil pump UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60%
motor
Table 4.40 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary for Molded

Case Circuit Breakers of MCC9
Maximum
Breaking
Calculated
Capacity Safety
Equipment Sym.RMS
Description Model Sym. Margin
ID Short-
RMS (%)
circuit
(kA)
(kA)
PE-YM7607 Pelletizer Motor UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48%
PE-7601M1 Barring unit UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
motor
PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
motor
PE-GM7612 Pelleting water UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48%
pump motor
PE-7601VG1M Lube oil pump UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48%
motor
motor
CP-7601 YM7601 starter UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
control panel
PE-7604G1M-A Lube oil return UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
pump motor
PE-7604G1M-B Lube oil return UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
pump motor
7604K1M Cooling fan for UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
PE-YM7604
CP-7604 PE-YM7604 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
thyristor control
panel
PE-7601G1M Hydraulic oil UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
pump motor
PE-7605G1M hydraulic oil UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
pump motor for
S/C
PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
exhaust fan
dryer
PE-Y7730 Pellet screener UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
flowmeter motor
PE-7604G3 Hot oil pump UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
PE-7604G4 Hot oil pump UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
motor for mixer

motor
motor for mixer
motor
PE-KM7604 Meltpump purge UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48%
air fan
PE-7604E2 Hot oil heater UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
control panel
PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
feeder
SM8605 Elutriator rotary UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
feeder motor
SM8606 Elutriator Filter UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
rotary feeder
motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
motor
SM8610 Aim grade bin UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
rotary feeder
SM8614A Transition bin UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
rotary feeder
motor
SM8641 Aim grade bin UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
rotary feeder
SM8645 Pellet Blending UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48%
blower motor
PE-S5961 Seed Bed rotary UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
feeder no 1
PE-SM5611 Product purge UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48%
bin rotary feeder
motor
PE-YM5611C Lube oil fan UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
motor
PE-YM5612 Particle screener UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
motor
PE-Y5160 Product purge UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
bin filter
PE-Y5619 Low product UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
purge bin filter
PE-Y5951 Seed bed resin UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
storage bin filter
no 1
PE-Y5952 Seed bed resin UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
storage bin filter
no 2
PE-SM5962 Seed bed rotary UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48%
feeder motor

CHAPTER 5
PROTECTION COORDINATION
Article 2.40.1.12 and 2.40.9.1 of Philippine Electrical

Code I 2009 requires overcurrent protection coordination to
minimize the hazard to personnel and equipment. This Chapter
provides protection setting calculations and coordination for all
medium voltages loads, all power transformers and major low-
voltage loads. Microsoft Excel was used to perform the
calculations and the protection coordination.
5.1 Protection Coordination Guidelines

5.1.1 Coordination time
According to IEEE Buff book Standard 242-2001,
coordination time interval (CTI) should be maintained between
curves of protection devices in series to ensure correct selective
operation and to reduce nuisance tripping [6]. It is therefore
required to assign a suitable CTI based on the protection device
operating time and accuracy. For this study, CTI is calculated as
follows:
CTI (Device operating Times) (measurement and relay timing Errors) Safety Margin
(2ErRe lay ErCT )
CTI (OTCB OTRELAYO/ S ) xOTRELAY OTSAFETY
100
Where, OTCB is Circuit breaker interrupting time (taken as 75ms)

OTRELAY O/S is Relay overshoot time (taken as 20ms)
OTRELAY is the maximum operating time of relay (taken as
1000ms)
ErRELAY is Relay timing error (taken as +/- 2%)
ErCT is the CT error (taken as +/-5%)
Chapter 5-Protective Device Coordination Page 281

OTSAFETY is the safety margin (taken as 15ms)
((2x2) 5)
CTI (75 20) 1000 15 200ms
100
CTI 200 ms
Therefore, the coordination time interval is 200ms.
5.1.2 Protection for Medium-Voltage Motor

For medium-voltage motor feeder unit, the following motor
protection scheme shall apply. This motor protection scheme is
based on ANSI IEEE standard C37.96-2000 [7].
50P/51P-Phase Instantaneous and Time overcurrent relay for
phase overcurrent protection. The 51 pickup shall be set at 115% of
motor FLA using ANSI Very Inverse time-current curve while 50
pickup shall be set at 200% of motor LRA.
50G-Ground Instantaneous relay for ground overcurrent protection
shall be 30% of the motor full load current
49-Motor overload relay protection for thermal protection.
46-Phase Unbalance relay which is to be set at 15% of the rated
motor current
37-Load Loss/under current relay which is to be set at 40% of the
rated motor current
5.1.3 Protection for Power Transformer

The Primary side circuit breaker protection relay shall
compose of a phase time overcurrent element. The primary phase
time-overcurrent relay (51) shall be set between 100 to 200% of
transformer rated full-load current with ANSI very inverse curve.
This complies with the requirement of PEC I 2009 PEC I Table
4.50.1.3(a) on the maximum setting of overcurrent protection for
transformer over 600V for supervised location for circuit breaker
which is 300% of transformer rated current. This protection serves
as a back-up for a short-circuit at the secondary side of the

transformer. Primary ground fault protection pickup setting shall be
set at 30% of the primary full load current.
The secondary side circuit breaker protection relay shall
have the same elements as the primary side protection and shall
serve as overcurrent protection of the secondary bus. The
secondary phase time-overcurrent relay (51) shall be set at 110%
of the transformer rated full-load current with ANSI very inverse
curve. For secondary ground fault protection, pickup setting shall be
set at 30% of the full load current.
5.1.4 Protection for MV Capacitor Bank

Damage curve for the capacitor bank is based on the
vendors rapture curve. The phase time-overcurrent relay (51) shall
be set at 150% of the capacitors rated full-load current with ANSI
very inverse curve. The phase instantaneous overcurrent relay shall
be set at 200% of the capacitor inrush current. The phase
instantaneous ground relay shall be set at 30% of the capacitors
rated full-load current.
5.1.5 Protection for LV Motors

50P/51P-Phase Instantaneous and Time overcurrent relay for
phase overcurrent protection. The 51 pickup shall be set at 125% of
motor FLA using ANSI Very Inverse time-current curve while 50
pickup shall be set at 200% of motor LRA.
50G-Ground Instantaneous relay for ground overcurrent protection
shall be 20% of the circuit breaker rated current.
49-Motor overload relay protection for thermal protection.
5.1.6 Protection for LV Panel

Long-time setting- shall be set at 125% of the panel full load
current.

Short-time setting- shall be set at 400 to 800% of the Long-time
setting
Instantaneous current setting- shall be set at 600 to 800% of
breaker rated current
Ground Fault setting- shall be set at 20-30% of the breaker rated
current
5.2 Equipment Operating Curves and Damage Curves
5.2.1 Transformers and Feeder Cables TCC Landmark

Damage points for TRM1,TRL3A and TRL3B are based on
IEEE C57.109-1993 and calculated as Category IV liquid-immersed
transformers (30,000kVA and above) for TRM1 and Category II
liquid-immersed transformers (501-5000kVA) for TLR3A/B as shown
in Table 5.1, 5.2 respectively. For both TRM1 and TRL3A/B, the
magnetizing Inrush point is calculated at 12 times the transformers
full load current and is shown in Table 5.3 and 5.4.
Table 5.1 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve for TRM1

TRM1 Thermal Damage Curve
Time Current at Wye (A) Current at Delta (A)
(s) (58% of Current at Wye)
1800 2xIFL = 6693.92 3882.47
300 3xIFL =10040.87 5823.71
60 4.75xIFL =15898.05 9220.87
30 6.3xIFL =21085.84 12229.78
10 11.3xIFL =37820.63 21935.96
2 25xIFL =83673.95 48530.89
TRM1 Mechanical Damage Curve
5000Z(p 0.5xIFL /Zpu =10459.24 6066.36
u)2
8 0.5xIFL /Zpu=10459.24 6066.36
2 1xIFL /Zpu =20918.49 12132.72

Table 5.2 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve for
TRL3A/3B TCC
TRL3A Damage Curve
Time(s) Current at Wye (A) Current at Delta (A)
1800 2 xIFL =7216.87 4,185.79
300 3 xIFL = 10825.31 6,278.68
60 4.75 xIFL = 17140.08 9,941.25
30 6.3 xIFL = 22733.16 13,185.2
10 11.3 xIFL = 40775.36 23,649.7
2 25 xIFL = 90210.97 52,322.4
TRL3A Mechanical Damage Curve
2551Z(pu)2 0.7 xIFL /Zpu =36084.39 20,928.9
4.08 0.7 xIFL /Zpu =36084.39 20,928.9
2 1 xIFL /Zpu =51549.13 29,898.5
Table 5.3 Magnetizing Inrush Point for TRM1

Inrush Point
Current (A) Time (S)
11866.667 0.053
5506.667 0.993
2746.667 2.297
1133.333 5.007
Table 5.4 Magnetizing Inrush Point for TRL3A/B

Inrush Point
Current(A) Time
22,953.629 0.0157
15,766.129 0.107
63,76.008 0.430
463.709 3.521
The short-circuit damage curve for TL1, TL2 and TL3

transformer feeder cable is based on IEEE STD 242-2001 [6] and is
calculated below and summarized in Table 5.5 and 5.6.
2
ISC 5 234.5 TF
A t 1.18x10 log10 234.5 Ti Equation 5.1

Where Isc is short-circuit current (sym RMS)

A conductor size in mm2
t time in secs (0.01 to 10 seconds)
TF is short-circuit current Temperature rating (2500C for XLPE)
Ti is the continuous current Temperature rating (900C to XLPE)
Table 5.5 Short-circuit Damage Curve for TL1 (5x630mm2
XLPE)
Time ISC Current
(secs) (A)
0.1 4514580
1 451458
10 142763.55
100 45145.8
1000 14276.35
Table 5.6 Short-circuit Damage curve for TL2/TL3

(1x185mm2 XLPE)
Time ISC Current
(secs) (A)
0.01 265142
1 26514
10 8384.5
100 2651.4
1000 838.45
5.2.2 Medium-Voltage Motors TCC Landmark

Motor starting curves represent the time-current
characteristic at normal operating condition of the motor including
the acceleration time, the locked rotor current and the normal full
load current. The points for the medium voltage motors are
summarized in Tables 5.7 to 5.10. The running overload curve
represents the stator thermal capability from rated full load current
back to the current drawn at breakdown torque while the motor is
running [8]. A reduced stator insulation life will occur if the motor is
operated beyond this region. The accelerating thermal limit curve
(also called starting overload curve) represents the rotor thermal

capability during acceleration from locked rotor up to the
breakdown torque for a specified terminal voltage. Both curves for
all Medium voltage motors are shown in Tables 5.11 to 5.18.
Table 5.7 Starting Curve for KM5806

Starting Curve
Time (S) Current (A)
3000 60.85
1000 60.85
5 60.85
3 60.85
2.3 60.85
2.1 231.21
1 265.47
0.9 266.82
0.8 267.72
0.7 268.80
0.6 269.97
0.5 271.06
0.4 271.78
0.3 272.41
0.2 273.31
0.01 273.31
Table 5.8 Starting Curve for YM7601

Starting Curve
3000 485.89
1000 485.89
5 485.89
4 485.89
3.5 485.89
3 2325.20
2 2539.88
1 2628.22
0.9 2637.06
0.8 2642.36
0.7 2648.54
0.6 2654.73
0.5 2659.14

0.4 2667.09
0.3 2669.74
0.2 2672.40
0.01 2672.40

Starting Curve
7000.00 33.03
100.00 33.03
5.50 34.24
5.45 34.37
5.40 34.51
5.35 34.67
5.30 34.84
5.25 35.03
5.20 35.24
5.15 35.48
5.10 35.73
5.05 36.02
5.00 36.33
5.00 163.49
4.98 165.31
4.97 167.13
4.96 168.94
4.94 170.76
4.92 172.58
4.88 174.39
4.83 176.21
4.76 178.03
4.65 179.84
4.50 181.66
0.10 181.66
0.01 181.66

Starting Curve
7000.00 26.85
100.00 26.85
5.50 27.84

5.45 27.94
5.40 28.06
5.35 28.18
5.30 28.32
5.25 28.48
5.20 28.65
5.15 28.84
5.10 29.05
5.05 29.28
5.00 29.54
5.00 132.92
4.96 134.40
4.95 135.87
4.94 137.35
4.92 138.83
4.89 140.31
4.85 141.78
4.79 143.26
4.72 144.74
4.63 146.21
4.50 147.69
0.10 147.69
0.01 147.69
Table 5.11 Running Overload Curve for KM5806

Running OL (Cold)
7000 77.25
6000 78.15
5000 79.60
4000 81.40
3000 83.56
2000 87.71
1000 96.00
900 97.44
800 98.89
700 101.23
600 104.29
500 107.54
400 112.41
300 118.72
200 130.43

Table 5.12 Starting Overload Curve for KM5806
Starting OL (Cold)
40 212.73
30 249.24
20 303.60
Table 5.13 Running Overload Curve for YM7601

Running OL (Cold)
7000 615.76
6000 633.42
5000 655.51
4000 681.13
3000 713.82
2000 764.17
1000 871.95
900 895.80
800 917.01
700 947.04
600 980.61
500 1024.79
400 1077.79
300 1157.30
200 1245.65
100 1387.00
Table 5.14 Starting Overload Curve for YM7601

Starting OL (Cold)
20 1707.24
10 2256.30
9 2357.89
8 2436.52
7 2546.06
6 2674.16

Running OL (Cold)
7000 43.96
6000 44.56
5000 45.52
4000 46.72
3000 48.16
2000 50.92
1000 56.45
900 57.41
800 58.37
700 59.93
600 61.97
500 64.14
400 67.38
300 71.58
200 79.39
100 96.32

Starting OL (Cold)
20 116.05
10 153.37
9 160.28
8 165.63

Running OL (Cold)
7000 35.73
6000 36.22
5000 37.00
4000 37.98
3000 39.15
2000 41.40
1000 45.89
900 46.67
800 47.45
700 48.72
600 50.38
500 52.14
400 54.77
300 58.19
200 64.54
100 78.30

Starting OL (Cold)
20 94.34
10 124.68
9 130.30
8 134.64

Damage curve points for MV motor feeders will based on
the same philosophy as the transformer feeder cables and are
summarized in Table 5.19.
Table 5.19 Short-circuit Damage Curve for Feeder Cables of

Various Load
Time Current (A)
(secs) KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601
2 2 2
(185mm ) (240mm ) (185mm ) (185mm2)
0.01 265,142.00 429,960.00 265,142.00 265,142.00
1 26,514.20 42,996.00 26,514.20 26,514.20
10 8,384.53 13,596.53 8,384.53 8,384.53
100 2,651.42 13,819.52 2,651.42 2,651.42
1000 838.45 4,428.16 838.45 838.45
(Continuation) Table 5.19 Short-circuit Damage Curve for

Feeder Cables of Various Load
Time Current (A)
(secs) PC01 VM5814 MNDB KM8645
2 2
(185mm ) (150mm ) (240mm2) (240mm2)
0.01 265,142.00 214,980.00 343,968.00 343,968.00
1 26,514.20 21,498.00 34,396.80 34,396.80
10 8,384.53 6,798.26 10,877.22 10,877.22
100 2,651.42 2,149.80 3,439.68 3,439.68
1000 838.45 679.83 1,087.72 1,087.72

5.3 Setting Calculations and TCC Curves
5.3.1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation for MV Loads
For KM5806 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation

a. 51PYKM5806-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
CT ratio: 125:1
ZCT ratio: 50:1
51 Pickup Current Setting
Set at 115% of rated motor current
= (1.15) x (60.84) x (1/125)
= 0.55 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.55)x(125)
=68.75 A
51 Curve is ANSI Very Inverse
51 Time Dial Setting

KM5806 LRC is 273.8 A and acceleration time is about
2.1 seconds therefore a 2 seconds margin above the knee of
the motor curve or above 2.1 seconds is sufficient to avoid
nuisance tripping during motor starting.
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
2.1 2
TD 11.32
3.922
0.0982
2
273.8
1
68.75

Say TD=11.33
b. 50PKM5806-Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay

50 Pickup current setting
200% of the LRA
=2x273.8x(1/125)
=4.38 In
50 Pickup current
=4.38x125
=547.5 A
50 Time delay
Instantaneous time delay is set at 0.05 seconds.
c. 49KM5806-Overload Relay
=(1.15)x(60.84)x(1/125)
=0.55 In
49 pickup current
=(0.55)x(125)
=68.75 A
d. 50GKM5806-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

50G pickup current setting
Set at 80% of ZCT ratio or 30% of full load
current(60.86A) whichever is smaller
= (0.8) x (50) x (1/50)
=0.8 In
Or
= (0.3) x (60.86) x (1/50)
=0.365 In

So use 0.365 In
50G Pickup Current
=(0.365)x(50)
=18.3 A
50G Time delay

For PC001 Phase Fault Protection Calculation

a. 51PPC001-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
Set at 150% of capacitor rated current
=(1.25)x(150)x(1/400)
=0.56 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.56)x(400)
=224
51 Curve is ANSI Short Inverse
51 Time Dial Setting

PC001 inrush current is 617.5 A at 0.1 seconds
therefore a margin of 1 second above the inrush is sufficient
to avoid nuisance tripping during energization.
0.1 1
TD 5.93
0.2663
0.03393
2
617.5
1
224
Say TD=6

b. 50PPC001-Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
50 pickup current setting
200% of Inrush current (617.5A)
=2x617.5 x(1/400)
=3.08 In
50 Pickup current
=3.08 x 400
=1232 A
50 Time delay
c. 50GPC001-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

50G Pickup current setting
Set at 80% of ZCT ratio
= (0.8) x (50) x (1/50)
=0.8 In
50G Pickup Current
=(0.8)x(50)
=40A
50G Time delay

Calculation for the rest of the medium voltage motors is
repeated using the same procedure and summarize in Table 5.20.
Table 5.20 Summary of Phase and Ground Protection

Calculation Results for MV Loads
KM 5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601 PC001
Relay Hi-Map Hi-Map Hi-Map Hi-Map Hi-Map
CT Ratio 125:1 1000:1 50:1 50:1 400:1
ZCT Ratio 50:1 50:1 50:1 50:1 50:1
CB Rating (A) 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250
51 pickup 0.55 0.55 0.75 0.61 0.56
Current
Setting (A)
51 pickup 68.75 550 37.5 30.5 224
current (A)
51 curve ANSI ANSI ANSI ANSI ANSI
Very Very Very Very Short
Inverse Inverse Inverse Inverse inverse
TD 11.4 12 20 20 6
50 pickup 4.38 5.34 7.26 5.9 3.08
current setting
(A)
50 pickup 547.5 5340 363 295 1232
current (A)
50 Time delay 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
49 pickup 0.55 0.55 0.75 0.61 NA
Current
Setting
49 pickup 68.75 550 37.5 30.5 NA
current
TD 12 3 3.5 3.8 NA
50G pickup 0.365 0.8 0.198 0.8 0.9
current setting
(A)
50G pickup 18.3 40 9.9 8 40
current (A)
50G Time 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
delay (s)

5.3.2 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation for LV Loads
Only critical and the biggest LV Loads are presented for
coordination purposes. These loads are VM5814 for MCC8 and
SM8645 for MCC9.
For VM5814 Phase and Ground Fault Protection

a. Long Time Setting (LT)
Set at 125% of the motor full load current (228.4)
=1.25x228.4
=285.5A, Next available setting is 290A which is 127% of the
motor full load current and is less than 250% which the PEC
article 4.30.4.2 and Table 4.30.4.2 requires for Inverse Time
Breaker setting.
b. Short Time Setting (ST)
Set at 800% of the Long Time setting
=8x290A
=2320A
c. Instantaneous setting
Set at 200% of the LRA (1484.8A)
=2x1484.8A
=2969.7A next available setting is 800% of LT
d. Overload Setting
=(1.15)x(228.43)x(5/300)
=4.37 In
49 Pickup Current
=(4.37)x(300/5)
=262.2A
e. Ground Fault Protection Setting
Set at 20% of the LT setting (290A)
=0.2 x 290A

=58 A
Time delay is set at 0.1 secs (to allow coordination with
upstream breaker)
Figure 5.1 Protection Setting Values for VM5814

For SM8645 Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Set at 125% of the motor full load current (223)
=1.25x223
=278.5A, Next available setting is 290A which is 162% of the
motor full load current and is less than 250% which the PEC
Article 4.30.4.2 and Table 4.30.4.2 requires for Inverse Time
Breaker setting.
=8x290A
=2320A
Set at 200% of the LRA (1562)
=2x1562A
=3124 A next available setting is 1000% of LT
d. Overload Setting
=(1.15)x(223)x(5/300)
=4.27 In
49 Pickup Current
=(4.27)x(300/5)
=256.2A

Figure 5.2 Protection Setting sheet for SM8645

For YM7607-VFD panel Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Set at 125% of the VFD input current (264)
=1.25x264
=330A, Next available setting is 340 A
=8x340A
=2720A
=8x340A
=2720 A
d. Ground Fault Protection Setting
=0.2 x 340A
=68 A
Time delay is set at 0.1 secs (to allow coordination with
upstream breaker).

Figure 5.3 Protection Setting sheet for YM7607 VFD Panel

5.3.3 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation and
Coordination for Transformers
For TRL3A Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation

and Coordination
CT Information for TRL3A:

CT Ratio (primary) = 630:1
CT Ratio (secondary) =4000:5
ZCT Ratio (primary) = 50:1
NCT Ratio (secondary) = 4000:1
a. 51PTRL3AS-Secondary Side Inverse Time Overcurrent

Relay
Set at 110% of transformer rated current
=(1.10)x(3608.43)x(5/4000)
=4.96 say 5 In
51 Pickup Current
= (5) x (4000/5)
=4000 A
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting is set to provide TRL3A secondary
phase protection with at least 0.2 second coordination time
clearance (interval) from the phase and ground protection of
the load that has the highest fault at load side terminals. This
fault is a double line-to-ground fault at MNDB terminals at
29,382 A. Phase instantaneous time delay is 0.03 second and
the ground instantaneous time delay is 0.1 second. Since the
ground relay of this load has a higher time delay setting, this

has to coordinate with the phase protection of the TRL3A
secondary which is a demonstration of coordination between
phase and ground protection.
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.03 0.2
TD 1.335
3.922
0.0982
2
29,382
1
4000
TD is set at 1.335
At three-phase fault current of 43.5kA at the secondary

terminals of TRL3A downstream of the circuit breaker, the
tripping time is

3.922
t 0.0982 1.335 0.175 second
2
43,500

4000 1

b. 50GTRL3AS-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

50G Pickup Current Setting
Set at 30% of TRL3A full load current (3608 A)
=0.3 x 3608 x (1/4000)
=0.27 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.27 x 4000
=1082.5 A

Time delay is set at 0.3 second to provide 0.2 second
coordination time interval from ground fault relay of MNDB
which is set at 0.1 second trip time from single line-to-ground
fault that can occur on load side terminals (25,950 A at
MNDB).
The current setting is less than the maximum
permitted by PEC 2009 article 2.30.7.6 (a) (<1200A) and
complies with its requirement of setting the time delay less
than 1 second for ground fault current greater than 3000A.
c. 51PTRL3AP-Primary Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

=(1.1)x(251.02)x(1/630)
=0.44 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.44)x(630)
=277
This setting is less than 300% (753 A) of TRL3A FLA as

required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3.

Time Dial Setting
Time dial setting should satisfy all of the conditions below
(i) Should allow Transformer Inrush (1596.7 A at
0.0157s)
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I

1
IP

0.1157
TD 0.526
3.922
0.0982
2
1596.7
1
277
TD>>0.526
(ii) Should be at least 1 second below transformer

mechanical damage curve
Time dial is set such that the proximity of the protection
curve from the lowest point of mechanical damage
curve (29kA at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
TD
2 1 5.76
3.922
0.0982
2
29000
1
277x6.9 / 0.48
TD<5.76
(iii) Should coordinate with the secondary time
overcurrent relay at maximum through fault as
seen by the primary overcurrent relay. The
Maximum though fault is a single line-to-ground
fault at 46kA at the secondary terminals however
for a single line-to-ground fault at secondary, only
58% or about 26.54kA can be seen by the primary
overcurrent relay. The same is true for a double

line-to-ground fault at 44.4kA where the primary
overcurrent relay will only see 63% of the fault
current or about 27.9kA. Therefore we used the
three-phase fault current at 43.5kA as the basis for
coordinating primary and secondary overcurrent
protective relay. At 43.5kA, secondary time
overcurrent relay will trip at about 0.175 second.
Using this trip time, the time dial is calculated as
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.175 0.2
TD 2.855
3.922
0.0982
2
43500x0.48 / 6.9
1
277
Time dial of 2.855 satisfies both inrush condition and

transformer damage curve condition 0.526<<TD<5.76.
The fault current at the primary of terminals of TRL3A (F4) is

a single line-to-ground fault at 22.124kA and tripping time is

3.922
t 0.0982 2.855 0.282 second
22,124 2
1
277
d. 50GTRL3AP-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of transformer rated current (251 A)
=0.3 x 251 x (1/50)

=1.51 In
50G Pickup Current

=1.51 x 50
=90.36 A
Time delay is set at 0.05 second since a ground fault on the
secondary side of a delta wye grounded transformer is not going to
trip the primary ground overcurrent relay.
For TRL3B Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation

and Coordination
CT Ratio (primary)= 630:1

CT Ratio (secondary)=4000:5
ZCT Ratio (primary)=50:1
NCT Ratio (secondary)= 4000:1
a. 51PTRL3BS-Secondary Side Inverse Time Overcurrent

Relay
=(1.10)x(3608.43)x(5/4000)
=4.96 In
51 Pickup Current
=(4.96)x(4000/5)
=3968
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting is set to provide TRL3B secondary
clearance (interval) from the phase and ground protection of

the load that has the highest fault at load side terminals. This
fault is a double line-to-ground fault at YM7607 terminals at
24,477 A. Phase instantaneous time delay is 0.03 second and
the ground instantaneous time delay is 0.1 second.
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.03 0.2
TD 1.127
3.922
0.0982
2
24477
1
3968
TD is set at 1.127

terminals of TRL3B downstream of the circuit breaker, using
the same time dial setting the tripping time is

3.922
t 0.0982 1.127 0.148 second
43,500 2
1
3968
b. 50GTRL3BS-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of TRL3B full load current (3608 A)
=0.3 x 3608 x (1/4000)
=0.27 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.27 x 4000

=1082.5 A
coordination time interval from ground fault relay of YM7601
which is set at 0.1 second trip time.
The current setting is less than the maximum
permitted by PEC 2009 article 2.30.7.6 (a) (<1200A) and
complies with its requirement of setting the time delay less
than 1 second for ground fault current greater than 3000A.
c. 51PTRL3BP-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

=(1.1)x(251.02)x(1/630)
=0.44 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.44)x(630)
=277 A
This setting is less than 300% (753 A) of TRL3A FLA as
required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3.
Time Dial Setting

(i) Should allow Transformer Inrush (1596.7 A at
0.0157s)
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.1157
TD 0.526
3.922
0.0982
2
1596.7
1
277
TD>>0.526

curve (29kA at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
TD
2 1 5.76
3.922
0.0982
2
29000
1
277x6.9 / 0.48
TD<5.76

overcurrent relay at maximum through fault as seen
by the primary overcurrent relay. The Maximum
though fault is a single line-to-ground fault at 46kA
at the secondary terminals however for a single line-
to-ground fault at secondary, only 58% or about
26.7kA can be seen by the primary overcurrent
relay. The same is true for a double line-to-ground
fault at 45kA where the primary overcurrent relay
will only see 63% of the fault current or about
28.35kA. Therefore we used the three-phase fault
current at 43.5kA as the basis for coordinating
primary and secondary overcurrent protective relay.
At 43.5kA, primary time overcurrent relay will trip at

about 0.148 second. Using this trip time, the time
dial is calculated as
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.148 0.2
TD 2.65
3.922
0.0982
2
43500x0.48 / 6.9
1
277

d. 50GTRL3BP-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 80% of ZCT ratio (50)
=0.8 x 50/50
=0.8 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.8 x 50
=40 A
50G time delay set at 0.05 second

For TRM1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation and
Coordination
a. 51PTRM1S-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
=(1.1)x(3346.95)x(1/4000)
=0.92 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.92)x(4000/1)
=3680
This setting is less than 300% (5020A) of TRM1 FLA as
required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3. It will also allow TRM1's
Forced-Air rating (52MVA@2092A) to be utilized.
51 Curve
ANSI Very Inverse curve
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting is set to provide TRM1 secondary
clearance (interval) from the phase protection of the load that
has the slowest time delay at the highest fault current. To
check, trip time of both TRL3A and TRL3B are determined and
the slowest is selected.

For TRL3A, at single line-to-ground fault (22,124 A) at the
primary terminals, the trip time is

3.922
t 0.0982 2.855 0.282 second
22,124 2
1
277
For TRL3B, at single line-to-ground fault (22,000 A) at the

primary terminals, the trip time is

3.922
t 0.0982 2.65 0.261 second
22,000 2
1
277
Therefore, since TRL3A has the slowest tripping time, we will

use it to coordinate with the secondary phase protection of
TRM1.
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.282 0.2
TD 2.297
3.922
0.0982
2
22,124
1
3680
TD is set at 2.297

terminals of TRM1 downstream of the circuit breaker, using
the same time dial setting the tripping time is

3.922
t 0.0982 2.297 0.687 second
16,676 2
1
3680
b. 50GTRM1S-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of TRL3B full load current (3346.95 A)
=0.3 x 3346.95 x (1/4000)
=0.25 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.25 x 4000
=1004 A
coordination time interval from the instantaneous ground
fault relay of the loads.
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
c. 51PTRM1P-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

51 pickup Current Setting
=(1.1)x(1673.47)x(1/2000)
=0.92 In
51 Pickup Current

=(0.92)x(2000/1)
=1840 A
This setting is less than 300% (5020 A) of TRM1 FLA as
required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3. It will also allow
TRM1's Forced-Air rating (52MVA@2092A) to be utilized.
Time Dial Setting

(i) Should allow Transformer Inrush (5933 A at 0.052s)
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I

1
IP

0.052
TD 0.1
3.922
0.0982
2
5933
1
1840
TD>>0.1

curve (27,194 A at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
TD
2 1 5.835
3.922
0.0982
2
27,194
1
1840x2

TD<5.83

overcurrent relay at maximum through fault as seen
by the primary overcurrent relay. At 16.676kA,
primary time overcurrent relay will trip at about
0.691 second. Using this trip time, the time dial is
calculated as
t
TD
3.922
0.0982
2
I
1
IP
0.686 0.2
TD 2.963
3.922
0.0982
2
16,676 / 2
1
1840

d. 50GTRM1P-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 80% of ZCT ratio (50)
=0.8 x 50/50
=0.8 In
50G Pickup Current
=0.8 x 50
=40 A
50G time delay set at 0.05 second

Table 5.21 Summary of Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Settings for Power Transformers
TRM1 TRL3A TRL3B
Primary 51 pickup Current 0.92 0.44 0.44
Setting (A)
Primary 51 pickup current 1840 277 277
(A)
Primary 51 curve ANSI Very ANSI Very ANSI
Inverse Inverse Very
Inverse
Primary 51 TD 2.963 2.855 2.65
Primary 50G pickup current 0.8 1.51 0.8
setting (A)
Primary 50G pickup current 40 90.36 40
(A)
Primary 50G Time delay (s) 0.05 0.05 0.05
Secondary 51 pickup 0.92 4.96 4.96

Current Setting (A)
Secondary 51 pickup 3680 4000 3968
current (A)
Secondary 51 curve ANSI Very ANSI Very ANSI
Inverse Inverse Very
Inverse
Secondary TD 2.297 1.127 1.127
Secondary 50G pickup 0.25 0.27 0.27
current setting (A)
Secondary 50G pickup 1004 1082 1082
current (A)
Secondary 50G Time delay 0.25 0.3 0.3
(s)

Table 5.22 MCC8 480V LOADS Protection Settings and Equipment
MCCB-Adjustable Instantaneous Trip Breaker
UMP-C (HYUNDAI-DIGITAL Required Minimum
Electronic Type Adjustable Electronic
MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY) Equipment
(Hyundai-UPB) Type(Hundai-UPB)
Ground Fault Grounding
Feeder No Equipment ID Description PE Size (mm2) I FL (A) Long Short
Amp Conductor (mm2)
Time Time Rating Current Set Motor Over Current Time
Frame Set (Table 2.50.6.13
Set Set (A) (A) Load Set (A) Setting Delay
(A) PEC 2009)
(A) (A) (A) (s)
1 GM-1412 ICA Charge Pump 70 53.79 125 50 400 8 67.24 0.5 0.2 8
2 GM-1413 ICA Charge Pump 70 53.79 125 50 400 8 67.24 0.5 0.2 8
3 PE-YM4078 BMC-200 Slurry Feed Tank Agitator Motor 2.5 2.87 125 2.5 20 8 3.58 0.5 0.2 2
4 PE-YM4089 Modifier D Feed Tank Agitator motor 2.5 2.33 125 2.5 15 6 2.91 0.5 0.2 2
5 PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed Tank Agitator Motor 2.5 2.33 125 2.5 15 6 2.91 0.5 0.2 2
6 PE-GM4356 T3 Residence Time pot Agitator Motor 2.5 1.18 125 2.5 15 6 1.48 0.5 0.2 2
7 PE-GM4357 DC Residence Time pot Agitator Motor 2.5 1.18 125 2.5 15 6 1.48 0.5 0.2 2
8 PE-SM4360 Cylinder Roller motor 6 6.67 125 6.3 50.4 8 8.34 0.5 0.2 2
9 PE-SM6825 Additive Lift motor 95 26.84 125 32 192 6 33.55 0.5 0.2 5.5
10 PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper motor 2.5 7.35 125 6.3 50.4 8 9.18 0.5 0.2 2
11 PE-SM6853 Talc bulk bag discharger motor 2.5 6.26 125 6.3 50.4 8 7.83 0.5 0.2 2
12 PE-KM6831-1 Bag Dump station exhaust fan motor 2.5 1.97 125 2.5 15 6 2.46 0.5 0.2 2
14 PE-YCM6832 Bag Compactor motor 2.5 2.68 125 3.2 19.2 6 3.35 0.5 0.2 2
18 PE-YCM6835 Bag Compactor motor 2.5 2.68 125 3.2 19.2 6 3.35 0.5 0.2 2
19 PE-YM6851 Talc surge bin filter motor 2.5 0.66 125 2.5 15 6 0.83 0.5 0.2 2
20 PE-GM-5814-1 Vent Recovery Ref Compressor Oil Pump 2.5 1.97 125 2.5 15 6 2.46 0.5 0.2 2
21 PE-GM5821 Glycol pump motor 35 29.08 125 32 224 7 36.35 0.5 0.2 5.5
22 PE-GM5812 Low pressure condensate return pump 16 11.27 125 12.5 87.5 7 14.09 0.5 0.2 2
23 PE-GM5815 High pressure condensate return pump 50 44.43 125 50 350 7 55.53 0.5 0.2 5.5
24 PE-GM5825 Interstage condensate return pump 50 46.07 125 50 350 7 57.58 0.5 0.2 5.5
25 PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery Ref Compressor Motor 150 228.44 400 290 2320 285.55 0.5 0.2 22
26 PE-GM5806A-2 Main Cooling Pump motor 6 7.16 125 6.3 50.4 8 8.95 0.5 0.2 2
27 PE-GM5806B2 Aux Cooling pump motor 6 7.16 125 6.3 50.4 8 8.95 0.5 0.2 2
28 PE-GM5806BD-2 Lube oil pump motor 4 4.12 125 3.2 22.4 7 5.16 0.5 0.2 2
29 GM8102 Hexene-1 unloading pump 25 13.42 125 12.5 100 8 16.77 0.5 0.2 3.5
30 GM8103A Hexene-1 feed pump 95 63.89 125 63 504 8 79.86 0.5 0.2 8
31 GM8103S Hexene-1 feed pump 95 63.89 125 63 504 8 79.86 0.5 0.2 8
32 PE-SM6800 Solid Additive Package 150 125.00 250 125 250 25 0.1 14
33 PE-Y6860 Mixer feed hopper and vent filter 35 20.67 125 30 60 20 160 8 25 0.1 5.5
34 PE-D6810 Granular resin surge and vent filter 35 20.42 125 30 60 20 160 8 25 0.1 5.5
35 MNDB Main normal distribution board 240 412.97 400 400 800 80 0.1 30
36 WRP-01 Welding socket 120 336.79 400 400 800 80 0.1 30
37 MCC EM2 480V Emergency MCC EM2 240 245.16 400 400 800 80 0.1 30
3 6.20 125 15 2
GM-1504 T2 Charge Pump
38 4 0.37
3 6.20 125 15 2
39 PE-GM4351 Slurry Feed Pump Motor
4 4.11
3 6.20 125 15 2
40 PE-GM4355 Slurry Feed Pump Motor 4 4.11
3 6.20 125 15 2
41 PE-GM4353 DC Feed pump Motor
4 0.37
3 6.20 125 15 2
PE-GM4354 T3 Feed Pump motor
42 4 0.37
3 6.20 125 15 2
43 PE-GM4358 T3/DC Feed pump motor
4 0.37
Page 321
Table 5.23 MCC9 480V LOADS Protection Settings and Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary
MCCB-Adjustable Instantaneous Trip Breaker
UMP-C (HYUNDAI-DIGITAL Required Minimum
Electronic Type Adjustable Electronic Equipment
MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY)
(Hyundai-UPB) Type(Hundai-UPB) Grounding
Feeder No Equipment ID Description PE Size (mm2) I FL (A) Long Short Ground Fault
Amp Conductor (mm2)
Time Time Rating Current Set Motor Over Current Time
Frame Set (Table 2.50.6.13
Set Set (A) (A) Load Set (A) Setting Delay
(A) PEC 2009)
(A) (A) (A) (s)
1 PE-7601M1 Barring unit motor 95 65.17 125 63 504 8 81.46 0.5 0.2 8
2 PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer motor 35 26.09 125 32 192 6 32.61 0.5 0.2 5.5
3 PE-GM7612 Pelleting water pump motor 240 91.22 250 100 700 7 114.02 0.5 0.2 14
4 PE-7601VG1M Lube oil pump motor 50 31.61 125 32 224 7 39.51 0.5 0.2 5.5
5 PE-7601VG2M Lube oil pump motor 50 31.61 125 32 224 7 39.51 0.5 0.2 5.5
6 PE-7604G1M-A Lube oil return pump motor 10 7.72 125 6.3 50.4 8 9.65 0.5 0.2 2
7 PE-7604G1M-B Lube oil return pump motor 10 7.72 125 6.3 50.4 8 9.65 0.5 0.2 2
8 7604K1M Cooling fan for PE-YM7604 10 6.62 125 6.3 50.4 8 8.27 0.5 0.2 2
9 PE-7601G1M Hydraulic oil pump motor 25 14.22 125 12.5 100 8 17.78 0.5 0.2 3.5
10 PE-7605G1M hydraulic oil pump motor for S/C 50 26.09 125 32 192 6 32.61 0.5 0.2 5.5
11 PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer exhaust fan dryer 16 10.45 125 12.5 75 6 13.06 0.5 0.2 2
12 PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 10 18.44 125 20 140 7 23.05 0.5 0.2 5.5
13 PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass flowmeter motor 4 6.80 125 6.3 50.4 8 8.50 0.5 0.2 2
14 PE-7604G3 Hot oil pump 35 26.84 125 32 192 6 33.55 0.5 0.2 5.5
15 PE-7604G4 Hot oil pump 35 26.84 125 32 192 6 33.55 0.5 0.2 5.5
16 PE-7601VG3M Lube oil pump motor for mixer motor 4 2.99 125 3.2 22.4 7 3.74 0.5 0.2 2
17 PE-7601VG4M Lube oil pump motor for mixer motor 4 2.99 125 3.2 22.4 7 3.74 0.5 0.2 2
18 PE-KM7604 Meltpump purge air fan 50 30.41 250 32 224 7 38.02 0.5 0.2 5.5
19 PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary feeder 6 2.68 125 3.2 19.2 6 3.35 0.5 0.2 2
20 SM8605 Elutriator rotary feeder motor 2.5 3.94 125 3.2 25.6 8 4.92 0.5 0.2 2
21 SM8606 Elutriator Filter rotary feeder motor 2.5 0.72 125 2.5 15 6 0.89 0.5 0.2 2
22 KM8607 Wash Air fan motor 25 63.89 125 63 504 8 79.86 0.5 0.2 8
23 SM8610 Aim grade bin rotary feeder 2.5 3.94 125 3.2 25.6 8 4.92 0.5 0.2 2
24 SM8614A Transition bin rotary feeder motor 4 3.94 125 3.2 25.6 8 4.92 0.5 0.2 2
25 SM8641 Aim grade bin rotary feeder 2.5 3.94 125 3.2 25.6 8 4.92 0.5 0.2 2
26 SM8645 Pellet Blending blower motor 240 223.18 250 290 2320 278.98 0.5 0.2 22
27 PE-SM5611 Product purge bin rotary feeder motor 6 19.68 250 20 140 7 24.60 0.5 0.2 5.5
28 PE-YM5611C Lube oil fan motor 2.5 0.68 125 2.5 15 6 0.85 0.5 0.2 2
29 PE-YM5612 Particle screener motor 6 4.47 125 3.2 25.6 8 5.59 0.5 0.2 2
30 PE-Y5160 Product purge bin filter 10 15.94 125 19.926 40 3.5
31 PE-Y5619 Low product purge bin filter 10 15.94 125 19.926 40 3.5
32 PE-Y5951 Seed bed resin storage bin filter no 1 10 5.17 125 15 30 2
33 PE-Y5952 Seed bed resin storage bin filter no 2 10 5.17 125 15 30 2
34 PE-SM5962 Seed bed rotary feeder motor 10 6.39 125 6.3 50.4 8 7.98 0.5 0.2 2
35 TR-Ex Packaging Panel 240 431.35 400 400 800 30
36 CP-7601 YM7601 starter control panel 4 1.65 125 15 30 2
37 CP-7604 PE-YM7604 control panel 4 2.90 125 15 30 2
38 CP-7600 Hot oil heater control panel 50 35.78 125 50 30 5.5
185 121.97 400 68 0.1
39 PE-YM7607 Pelletizer Motor
120 264.00 330 30
4 2.68 125
40 PE-S5961 Seed Bed rotary feeder no 1
6 5.10 15 2
Page 322
5.3.4 Time Current Curves
TCC for Phase OC Protection for KM5806
1000
KM5806 KM5806
FULL LOAD CABLE
2
CURVE (185mm
1per Ph)
RUNNING THERMAL
OL LIMIT OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
100 VCB:52KM5806 LIMIT
OLR:49KM5806
STARTING
OL LIMIT
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
VCB:52KM5806
OCR: 51PKM5806
10 OCR: 50PKM5806
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
TIME (S)
1 Backup
Trip Time
=578ms
CTI=528ms
0.1
KM5806
STARTING
CURVE
F8:(DLG) 20.34kA (max)

0.01
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
CURRENT (A) AT 6.9kV BASE
Figure 5.4 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of KM5806

TCC for Phase OC Protection for YM7601
KM5806
CABLE
10000 2
(240mm
1per Ph)
YM7601 THERMAL
FULL LOAD OL
CURVE &
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
1000 RUNNING
OL LIMIT
VCB:52YM7601 VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PYM7601 OCR: 51PTRM1P
OCR: 50PYM7601 OCR: 50PTRM1P
100 VCB:52TRM1S
VCB:52YM7601 OCR: 51PTRM1S
OLR:49YM7601 OCR: 50PTRM1S
TIME(S)
10
STARTING
OL
1 LIMIT
Backup
Trip Time
=673ms
CTI=623ms
0.1
YM7601
STARTING
CURVE
@F9,(DLGFault IB) 17.85kA (MAX)

0.01
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Figure 5.5 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of YM7601

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for KM8639
1000 KM8639
CABLE
(185mm2
KM8639 1per Ph)
FULL LOAD THERMAL
CURVE OL
&
SHORT
RUNNING CIRCUIT
OL LIMIT LIMIT
100 VCB:52KM8639
OCR: 51PKM8639 VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 50PKM8639 OCR: 51PTRM1P
OCR: 50PTRM1P
VCB:52KM8639
OLR:49KM8639
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
10 STARTING OCR: 50PTRM1S
OL LIMIT
TIME(S)
1
Backup
Trip Time
=550ms
CTI=500ms
0.1
KM8639
STARTING
CURVE
0.01 @F10,(DLGFault IB) 21.5kA MAX

1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Figure 5.6 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of KM8639

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for KM8601
1000
KM8601
CABLE
RUNNING 2
OL (185mm
LIMIT 1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
VCB:52KM8601 SHORT
OCR:51KM8601 CIRCUIT
100 OCR:50KM8601 LIMIT
VCB:52KM8601
OLR:49KM8601
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
KM8601 OCR: 50PTRM1P
OPERATING
CURVE
VCB:52TRM1S
10 OCR: 51PTRM1S
OCR: 50PTRM1S
TIME (S)
1
Backup
Trip Time
=617ms
CTI=567ms
0.1
@F11, (DLGFault IB) 19.2kA (MAX)

0.01
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Figure 5.7 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of

KM8601

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for PC01
PC01
CABLE
(185mm2
1per Ph)
1000 THERMAL
OL
&
VCB:52PC01
SHORT
OCR: 51PPC01
CIRCUIT
OCR: 50PPC01
LIMIT
PC01
OPERATING
100 CURVE
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
1800kVAR OCR: 50PTRM1P
CAPACITOR
DAMAGE
CURVE
(10% VCB:52TRM1S
Probability) OCR: 51PTRM1S
OCR: 50PTRM1S
10
TIME (S)
1
Backup
Trip Time
=521ms
CTI=471ms
0.1
@F12,(SLGFault) 22.49 kA (MAX)
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Figure 5.8 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of PC001

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for VM5814
1000
MCCB:52KM5814
LTD:290A @T:12s KM5814
STD:800% of LTD (6x290A)=2320A CABLE
2
@T:0.3s (150mm
INST:800% of 400A =3200A 1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
MC5814:
SHORT
100 OLR:49KM5814
CIRCUIT
PU:5.25
LIMIT
TD:25
KM5814
OPERATING
CURVE
10 VCB:52TRL3AS
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
OCR: 50PTRL3AS
TIME (S)
0.1
@F15,(DLGFault IB) 5.256kA

0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CURRENT (A) AT 480V BASE

VM5814

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for MNDB
1000
MNDB
MCCB:52MNDB CABLE
LTD:400A @T:12s 2
(240mm
STD:200% of LTD (2x400A)=800A
1per Ph)
@T:0.3s
THERMAL
INST:300% of 400A =1200A
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
100 LIMIT
MAX 400A
10
VCB:52TRL3AS
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
TIME (S)
OCR: 50PTRL3AS
SHORT CIRCUIT
WITHSTAND
25kA 1 sec
@F18,(DLGFault IB)
29382A (MAX)
0.1 CTI=270ms
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

MNDB

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for TRL3A
1000
3MVA (OA) FULL LOAD TL2
2
CURRENT (3,608) (185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
VCB: 52TRL3AP SHORT
OCR: 51PTRL3AP CIRCUIT
CT Ratio: 630:1 LIMIT
ANSI VI
100 51Pickup: 0.43
51TD:2.855
TRL3A (3MVA)
THERMAL
VCB: 52TRL3AS LIMIT
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
CT Ratio:4000:1
ANSI VI TRL3A
51Pickup: 0.43 (3MVA)
10 51TD: 1.335
SC WITHSTAND MECH.
RATING LIMIT
480V SWGR
TIME (s)
TRM1 INRUSH
CURVE
1
CTI
=200ms
282ms
175ms
0.1
@F6,(3PHFault) 43.54 kA
@F4 (SLG) 22.124kA
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000

TRL3A

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for SM8645
1000
MCCB:52KM8645 KM8645
LTD:290A @T:12s CABLE
2
STD:800% of LTD (6x290A)=2320A (240mm
@T:0.3s 1per Ph)
INST:200% of LRA =3124.57A THERMAL
OL
&
MC: SHORT
OLR:49KM86445 CIRCUIT
PU:5.25
100 TD:25
LIMIT
VCB:52TRL3BS
OCR: 51PTRL3BS
OCR: 50PTRL3BS
10
TIME (S)
KM8645
OPERATING
CURVE
CTI=220ms
0.1
0.01 @F21,(DLGFault IB) 10.03kA (MAX)

1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00

SM8645

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for TRL3B
1000
3MVA (OA) FULL LOAD TL3
2
CURRENT (3,608) (185mm
1per Ph)
VCB: 52TRL3BP THERMAL
OCR: 51PTRL3BP OL
CT Ratio: 630:1 &
ANSI VI SHORT
51Pickup: 0.44 CIRCUIT
51TD: 2.65 LIMIT
100
VCB: 52TRL3BS
OCR: 51PTRL3BS
CT Ratio: 4000:1
TRL3B
ANSI VI
(3MVA)
51Pickup: 4.96
THERMAL
51TD: 1.127
LIMIT
TRL3B
10 (3MVA)
MECH.
LIMIT
TIME (s)
TRM1 INRUSH
CURVE
CTI
=200ms
261ms
148ms
0.1
@F7,(3PHFault) 43.5 kA
@F5,(SLGFault) 22 kA (MAX)
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000

TRL3B

TCC for Phase OC Protection for TRM1 and 6.9kV Bus
1000 TL1
2
40MVA (OA) FULL LOAD (630mm
CURRENT (3,346.95A) 5per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
VCB: 52TRM1P
100 OCR: 51PTRM1P 40MVA
THERMAL
CT Ratio: 2000:1
ANSI VI LIMIT
51Pickup: 0.92
51TD: 3.5
40MVA
MECH.
LIMIT
VCB: 52TRM1S
10 OCR: 51PTRM1S
CT Ratio: 4000:1
ANSI VI
TIME (s)
51Pickup: 0.92
51TD: 2.297
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
1 SC WITHSTAND
886ms RATING
6.9kV SWGR
0.1
@F3,(3PHFault)
16.67 kA
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Figure 5.14 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of TRM1

TCC for Ground Overcurrent Protection for TRL3A and MCC8
1000
TL2
2
GRFT: 50GKM5814 (185mm
50Pickup: 58A 1per Ph)
50TimeDelay:0.1s THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
GRFT: 50GMNDB LIMIT
50Pickup: 80A
100 50TimeDelay:0.1s
TRL3A (3MVA)
THERMAL
OCGR: 50GTRL3AS LIMIT
50Pickup: 0.27xIn
50Puckup
current: 1082.5 A TRL3A
50TimeDelay:0.3s (3MVA)
MECH.
10 LIMIT
SC WITHSTAND
TIME (s)
RATING
480V SWGR
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
1
CTI=200ms
0.1
@F6,(DLG-N) 48.5 kA
@F6,(SLGFault) 46.kA
@F18 ,(SLG Fault @ MNDB) 25.95kA
@F18,(DLG-N@ MNDB) 24.37kA
@F15,(SLGFault@ VM5814) 3.8kA
@F15,(DLG-N@ VM5814) 2.8kA
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000
Figure 5.15 Time-Current Curve for Ground Protection of

TRL3A and MCC8

TCC for Ground Overcurrent Protection Coordination for
TRL3B and MCC9 Load
1000
TL3
2
(185mm
GRFT: 50GSM8645
1per Ph)
50Pickup: 58A
50TimeDelay:0.1s THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
100
GRFT: 50GYM7607
50Pickup: 68A
50TimeDelay:0.1s TRL3B (3MVA)
THERMAL
LIMIT
OCGR: 50GTRL3BS
50Pickup: 0.27xIn TRL3B
(3MVA)
10 50Puckup
MECH.
current: 1082.5 A
50TimeDelay:0.3s LIMIT (58%
adjusted)
TIME (s)
CTI
=200ms
0.1
@F7,(DLG-N) 48.4 kA
@F6,(SLGFault) 46.kA
@F21 ,(SLG Fault @ SM8645)7.67kA
@F21,(DLG-N@ SM8645) 6.15kA
@F20,(SLGFault@ YM7607) 21.86kA
0.01 @F20,(DLG-N@ YM7607)20.29kA
1 100 10000 1000000

TRL3B and MCC9

TCC for Ground OC Protection for TRM1 and 6.9kV Bus
1000
TL1
2
(630mm
50GKM8601 5per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
50GKM8639 &
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
100
50GKM5806
40MVA
50GYM7601 THERMAL
LIMIT
and
50GPC001
10
TIME (s)
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
SC WITHSTAND
RATING
1 6.9kV SWGR
50GTRL3A
and
50GTRL3B
OCGR: 50GTRM1
50Pickup: 0.25xIn
0.1 50Puckup
current: 1004 A
50TimeDelay:0.25s
SLG-MAX(PC001) 22.495 kA
SLG-MIN(YM7601) 16.43 kA
DLG-N MAX(PC001) 26 kA
0.01 DLG-N MIN(KM8601) 15.68 kA
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

TRM1 and 6.9kV Switchgear

5.4 Cable Evaluation
5.4.1 Medium-voltage Cable Minimum Sizing
Aside from the normal load current flowing into the

conductor, it is expected that the cable should be able to carry
short-circuit current at a specified duration without damaging.
From equation 5.5, the relation between the short-circuit
current I in Ampere, conductor cross-sectional area A in mm2
and tripping time t in seconds is generally referred as the cable
damage equation or curve for a given type of cable having
short-circuit current temperature TF and maximum continuous
current temperature Ti.
2
ISC 5 234.5 TF
A t 1.18x10 log10 234.5 Ti

From Table 9-2 of IEEE Std 242-2001, for XLPE cable,

as TF=250oC and Ti=90oC. Substituting these temperature
values to above equation yields
I t
A SC
143
This represents the minimum cross-sectional area

required to withstand the maximum short-circuit current ISC at
tripping time t of the protective device. In this study, the author
will consider the tripping time of the backup protective device
and applying the coordination time interval. This scheme will
ensure that the cable selected is fully protected by the primary
protective device and by the backup protection device in case
the primary protection device fails.

For KM5806
From the TCC of KM5806 in Figure 5.4, the tripping time of
the instantaneous relay at a maximum fault current of 20.34kA is
0.05s and with the same fault current, the tripping of 6.9kV bus
protection is 0.578s. The minimum required cross-sectional area is
I t (20,340) 0.578
A SC 108.14mm2
143 143
The cross sectional area of the cable used for KM5806 is
185mm2 which is more than the calculated minimum size of
108.14mm2 therefore the cable used is acceptable.
The table below shows the summary of results by performing

the same calculation procedure for the rest of MV equipment. Based
on the calculation results, all medium-voltage cables used are
satisfactory and can handle short-circuit condition with appropriate
primary and backup protection.
Table 5.24 Summary of Calculation for Minimum Cable

Ampacity for Medium-voltage Cable
Calculated Actual
Minimum Cable
Equipment Isc (A) t (s) Remarks
Cable Size Size
(mm2) (mm2)
KM5806 20,340 0.578 108.14 185 Satisfactory
YM7601 17,850 0.673 102.40 240 Satisfactory
KM8639 21,500 0.55 111.50 185 Satisfactory
KM8601 19,200 0.617 105.46 185 Satisfactory
PC001 22,490 0.521 113.52 185 Satisfactory
TRL3A 22,124 0.482 107.41 185 Satisfactory
TRL3B 22,000 0.461 104.46 185 Satisfactory
TRM1
(primary 22,318 0.886 146.90 630 Satisfactory
Cable)

5.4.2 Equipment Grounding Cable Verification
For Medium-voltage
PEC Sizing For KM5806 equipment grounding conductor
As per PEC 2009 Article 2.50.6.13 (d) Motor Circuits, Where the
overcurrent device consists of an instantaneous trip circuit breaker
or a motor short-circuit protector, as allowed in 4.30.4.2, the
equipment grounding conductor size shall be permitted to be based
on the rating of the motor overload protective device but shall
not be less than the size shown in Table 2.50.6.13.
The motor overload pickup setting for KM5806 is 68.75 A
and based in Table 2.50.6.13 (Table 5.25), the minimum size of the
equipment grounding conductor should be 8.0mm2. Note that the
actual equipment grounding conductor is 30mm2 which means that
it can safely handle the fault current flow back to the source.
Table 5.25 Minimum Size of Equipment Conductors (PEC 1-

2009)

The same procedure is repeated for the rest of the medium-
voltage loads and the results are summarized in Table 5.26 below.
Table 5.26 Summary of Equipment Grounding Conductor

Sizing for MV Loads
Motor
Overload Required Actual
Protection/ Minimum Equipment
Remarks
Equipment Rating of Size PEC Grounding
Protective 2.50.6.13 Conductor
2
Device (mm ) Size (mm2)
(A)
KM5806 68.5 8 30 Satisfactory
YM7601 550 38 38 Satisfactory
KM8639 37.5 5.5 30 Satisfactory
KM8601 30.5 5.5 30 Satisfactory
PC001 224 22 30 Satisfactory
TRL3A 277 22 30 Satisfactory
TRL3B 277 22 30 Satisfactory
TRM1 1840 125 125 Satisfactory
Based on the sizing evaluation results, the size of

equipment grounding conductors of all medium-voltage loads are
sufficient.
For Low-voltage
From Table 5.22 and 5.23, the comparison of actual
equipment grounding conductor size and the minimum required as
per PEC is presented. Based on these tables, the size of equipment
grounding conductors of all low-voltage loads are sufficient.

CHAPTER 6
LARGE MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS
The objectives of this large motor starting analysis are:

1. Evaluate the effect of starting large induction motors to the
power system voltage and to the transformer loading.
2. Evaluate the starting performance of the large motors by
calculating the normalized torque delivered during starting
(ILR/IFLA)STARTING or the locked-rotor torque based on the
motor terminal voltage. The calculated torque delivered
during starting will be compared against the normalized
load torque (ILR/IFLA)LOAD requirement.
The following motors included on this study are:
1. VRS Motor KM5806 (540kW)
2. Mixer Motor YM7601 (4850kW)
3. Blower Motor KM8639 (315kW)
4. Blower Motor KM8601 (250kW)
5. VRS Refrigeration Compressor VM5814 (155kW)
6. Pellet Blending Blower SM8645 (150kW)
6.1 Methodology
This motor starting study is an extension of the load flow

study conducted on Chapter 2. Using the Load Flow sheet developed
by the author, the starting kVA of each of the large motor is used to
determine the bus voltages, motor terminal voltage and starting
torque. The locked rotor power is calculated as follows:
I
kVASTARTING LR xkVANOMINAL
IFLA
kWSTARTING kVASTARTINGxPFSTARTING
kVARSTARTING (kVASTARTING)2 (kWSTARTING)2
Chapter 6-Detailed Large Motor Starting Study Page 341

As per IEEE Brown Book Std 399-1997, the typical
starting power factor are as follow:
Motors below 1000hp - PFSTARTING = 0.20
Above 1000hp-PFSTARTING = 0.15
Using the starting kVA and starting power factor,
calculation is performed using the Load Flow Calculation sheet
developed by the author.
On the other hand, the starting performance of the motor
will be evaluated by determining the motor terminal voltage during
starting and the starting torque. The starting torque will be
compared against the load starting torque requirement.
The terminal voltage of the motor is given by the equation below:
V
VTERM 3 6.9kVBUS ISTARTINGZMOTORCABLE Equation (6.1)
3
Given that the torque delivered is proportional to the
square of the terminal voltage, the relation between the normalized
locked rotor torque at a given terminal voltage is shown below:
TLR
T 2
N VX VX

TLR VNOMINAL Equation (6.2)
T
N VNOMINAL
Where
TLR
is the normalized Locked-rotor torque at
TN VX
terminal voltage Vx during starting

TLR
T is the normalized locked-rotor torque
N VNOMINAL
at nominal voltage VNOMINAL (see Table 6.1)

In order for the motor to successfully start, the starting
torque of the motor should be greater than the load torque.
Moreover, the voltage drop during starting should not be more than
15% of the nominal voltage rating of the motor. It should be noted
that the basis of the bus voltage calculations on the load flow sheet
is that the TRL3A and TRL3B tap changer is set at -2.5% or tap
number 4.
Table 6.1 Motor Torque Data

Motor Nominal TLR/TN
Motor Tag
Voltage (V) at Nominal Voltage
KM5806 6900 0.8
YM7601 6900 1.625
KM8639 6900 1.25
KM8601 6900 1.15
VM5814 480 2.8
SM8645 480 2.7
6.2 Starting Analysis
KM5806 Starting Scenario
Calculation of Bus Voltages

kVANOMINAL=727.175 kVA
ILR
4.5 , PFSTARTING=0.20
IFLA
I
kVASTARTING LR xkVANOMINAL (4.5)x(727.175)
IFLA
kVASTARTING 3272.287kVA

kWSTARTING kVASTARTINGxPFSTARTING
(3272.287)x(0.20)
kWSTARTING 654.457kW
kVARSTARTING (kVASTARTING)2 (kWSTARTING)2
kVAR STARTING (3272.287)2 (654.457)2
kVARSTARTING 3206.173kVAR
Using the above starting data, the values of the bus

voltages are calculated using the load flow sheet. It is assumed that
the TRL3A and TRL3B NVTC is set at -2.5%.
For this scenario, all other medium-voltage motors are
assumed running. Power Factor Correction System is on-line and in
automatic mode set at 90% at Bus 2. Under these conditions, it is
calculated that three (3) capacitors will be on-line equivalent to
900kVAR and the power factor at Bus 2 will be 90.919%. The
acceleration time of this motor is 2.3 seconds which is faster than
the reaction time of the Power Factor Correction System (PFCS) of
eight (8) seconds therefore the change in Bus 2 power factor during
starting or motor acceleration of KM5806 will not initiate corrective
action by the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps before
starting will be equal to the number of capacitor steps during
starting.
Table 6.2 Bus Voltage Calculation Result for KM5806 Starting

Before Starting During Starting After Starting
(Permissible % (Permissible % (Permissible %
KM5806
of Base of Base of Base
Voltage>98) Voltage>90) Voltage>98)
Bus % of Bus % of Bus % of
Voltage Base Voltage Base Voltage Base
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Bus 2 6827.58 98.95 6756.29 97.91 6818.15 98.81
(6.9kV Bus)

Bus 3 478.89 99.76 473.71 98.69 478.20 99.62
(MCC8)
Bus 4 479.91 99.98 474.75 98.90 479.23 99.84
(MCC9)
The calculation result from Table 6.2 shows that the bus
voltages before, during and after starting of KM5806 motor are all
within the permissible limits which ensures that the other running
motors will not stall and has no adverse effect on the power system.
The number of capacitor steps after the start-up of KM5806 will still
be three (3).
Table 6.3 Total Complex Power Requirement for Starting

KM5806
Complex Power Complex Power Complex Power
Requirement Requirement Requirement
(MW,MVAR,MVA) (MW,MVAR,MVA) (MW,MVAR,MVA)
6.756+j3.266 7.415+j6.603 7.280+j3.704
7.504/25.798 9.929/41.688 8.168/26.965
Based on the load flow result, at normal operating condition

with all other medium-voltage motors running and for reliability,
two (2) generators (8.375MVA each) are required. Based on Table
6.3, the total requirement during KM5806 startup is 7.415MW and
6.603MVAR or 9.929MVA which means that the two generators will
be able to share the load before, during and after KM5806 starting.
In terms of reactive power requirement, the maximum reactive
loading for each generator is about 6.650MVAR (inductive) and
during starting, the total reactive power requirement is 6.603MVAR.
This means that the two generators will share approximately
3.302MVAR of reactive power requirement which is below the
reactive power limit of one generator.
Table 6.3 also indicates that during starting, the total power
flow to TRM1 including the locked rotor MVA of KM5806 is
9.929MVA which is less than the rating of TRM1 (40MVA). This
means that TRM1 can handle KM5806 starting condition.

Calculation of KM5806 Terminal Voltage and Torque
From the results of the bus voltage calculation for KM5806

starting condition, the starting terminal voltage on the said motor is
calculated as
V
VTERM 3 6.9kVBUS ISTARTINGZMOTORCABLE
3
6754.53 - j153.88
VTERM 3 328.152 j65.6300.0400 j0.0333
3
VTERM 6756.293 V
This terminal voltage represents the transient value during

starting and is about 97.91% of base voltage (6900V) which is
within the permissible limit of 90%.
Using this voltage, the normalized locked-rotor torque
delivered by the motor (ratio of starting torque to nominal torque)
is calculated.
TLR
T 2
N VX VX

TLR VNOMINAL
T
N VNOMINAL
TLR

TN VX 6756.293
2

0.8 6900
TLR
0.958
TN VX
The calculated locked rotor torque during starting of about

0.958 is compared against the load torque requirement during
starting. As shown in Figure 6.1, during starting the load requires a

torque of about 0.4 and the motor can deliver 0.958 which means
that KM5806 can be started successfully.
0.958
0.4
Figure 6.1 Combined Motor and Load Torque-speed curve for

KM5806
Calculating the rest of the large motors using the same

process and based on the motor starting data from Table 6.4 and
6.5.
Table 6.4 Large Motor Starting Data (Lock Rotor kVA)

Motor
kVASTARTING kWSTARTING kVARSTARTING ILR/IFLA PFSTARTING
Tag
KM5806 3,272.29 654.46 3,206.17 4.5 0.2
YM7601 31,938.46 4,790.77 31,577.11 5.5 0.15
KM8639 2,171.05 434.21 2,127.19 5.5 0.2
KM8601 1,765.08 353.02 1,729.42 5.5 0.2
VM5814 1234.4696 246.894 1209.528 6.5 0.2
SM8645 1206.086 241.217 1181.718 6.5 0.2
Table 6.5 Large Motor Starting Data (Lock Rotor Current)

Motor Tag ISTARTING ZMOTORCABLE
KM5806 328.152+j65.63 0.0400+j0.0333
YM7601 2016.186+j1754.082 0.04515+j0.0470
KM8639 178.132+j35.626 0.0279+j0.0232
KM8601 144.823+j28.964 0.0518+j0.0431
VM5814 1456.001+j291.2 0.05488+j0.0292
SM8645 941.054+j188.21 0.02115+j0.01798

The bus voltages and terminal voltage of each motor are
calculated using the load flow calculation sheet developed by the
author.
YM7601 Starting Scenario

calculated that two (2) capacitor steps will be on-line equivalent to
eight (8) seconds therefore the change in power factor during
starting or motor acceleration will not initiate corrective action by
the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps before starting will be
equal to the number of capacitor steps during starting.
Table 6.6 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for DOL Starting of

YM7601
YM7601
Bus 2 (6.9kV 6872.56 99.60 6102.84 88.44 6818.1 98.81
Bus) 5
Bus 3 (MCC8) 482.16 100.31 426.14 88.77 478.21 99.62
Bus 4 (MCC9) 483.18 100.51 427.30 89.02 479.23 99.84
As shown in Table 6.6, the calculation result for the bus

voltages before and after starting the YM7601 showed acceptable
bus voltage. However, during starting, the transient voltage dip on

the three buses are all below the permissible value. It is therefore
recommended to use a suitable Reduce Voltage Starter (RVS) to
limit the starting current and to maintain the bus voltages above
the permissible limit. This will ensure that the running motors are
not going to stall. It is further recommended that an Auto
transformer type RVS should be used. A quick calculation on the
possible values of ILR/IFLA is shown in Table 6.6. These values are
derived from the load flow calculation sheet the author created. For
ILR/IFLA of 5.5 which is the original DOL value, the values of bus
voltages are below acceptable limit of more than 90%. By
decreasing the ratio down to 4.4, the values of the bus voltages
start to increase to permissible value of 90%.
Table 6.7 Simulation for Determining the RVS Tap

ILR/ Permissible % of YM7601 T/Tn T/Tn Delivered
IFLA Base Voltage>90 Terminal Starting Load Torque
Voltage Margin
Bus 2 Bus Bus 4 (V) (%)
3
5.5 88.44 88.77 89.02 6102.35 1.271 0.30 423.67

5 89.59 89.97 90.22 6180.84 1.303 434.63
4.5 90.70 91.15 91.38 6257.10 1.336 445.43
4.4 90.92 91.38 91.61 6272.10 1.342 447.57
4 91.78 92.28 92.51 6331.32 1.368 456.06
3.5 92.84 93.39 93.62 6403.65 1.400 466.54
3.3 93.25 93.82 94.05 6432.09 1.41 470.69
For a ILR/IFLA of 4.4, the percent tap of RVS is calculated as

IP
VS IP IFLA

I
VP IS S
I
FLA
IP
VS IFLA
4.4 0.8
I 5.5
VP S
I
FLA

Therefore, an RVS with an 80% reduction (tap) can be used
to achieve the permissible voltage dip on all buses during starting.

YM7601 without Auto Transformer
2.677+j1.218 or 7.602+37.244 or 7.281+j3.704 or
2.941/24.466 38.012/78.466 8.168/26.965
Although two(2) generators can supply the steady state

requirement, the starting condition with 38.012MVA or 7.302MW +
37.244MVAR requires running additional 5 generators to supply
primarily the required reactive power without exceeding the reactive
power generation limit of 6.650MVAR per generator. Using the
recommendation for an auto transformer starter of 80% tap, the
new starting power requirement is calculated through the load flow
sheet and results are summarized in Table 6.9. This will require
running additional four (4) generators during starting instead of five
(5) units. These results show that not only the bus voltages are
improved during starting with the use of auto transformer but also
the complex power requirement to start YM7601 becomes less and
hence more economical.
Table 6.8 also indicates that during starting without auto
transformer, the total required power flow to TRM1 to support
starting including the locked rotor MVA of YM7601 is 38.012 MVA
which is less than the rating of TRM1. With the auto transformer
starter, the total required power flow to TRM1 is reduced to
29.971MVA as shown in Table 6.9.

YM7601 with Auto Transformer at 80% Tap
2.677+j1.218 or 6.593+29.237 or 7.281+j3.704 or
2.941/24.466 29.971/77.294 8.168/26.965

calculated that three (3) capacitor steps will be on-line equivalent to
eight (8) seconds therefore the change in power factor during
starting or motor acceleration will not initiate corrective action by
the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps before starting will be
equal to the number of capacitor steps during starting.
Table 6.10 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for Starting of

KM8639
During Starting After Starting
Before Starting
(Permissible % (Permissible %
KM8639 (Permissible % of
of Base of Base
Base Voltage>98)
Voltage>90) Voltage>98)
Bus 2 6822.13 98.87 6774.93 98.18 6818.1 98.81
(6.9kV Bus) 5
Bus 3 478.50 99.44 475.06 98.97 478.21 99.62
(MCC8)
Bus 4 479.52 99.9 476.10 99.18 479.23 99.84
(MCC9)

The calculation results of voltages based on the above table
before starting, during starting and after starting of KM8639 shows
acceptable values. This means that there will be no voltage issues
when starting KM8639.

KM8639
7.018+j3.519or 7.454 +j5.729 or 7.280+j3.704 or
7.851/26.630 9.402/37.545 8.168/26.965
Calculation results for total complex power requirement

during starting of KM8639 is presented in Table 6.11. It shows that
two (2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady state
condition and the starting condition of KM8639. Table 6.11 also
indicates that during starting the total required power flow to TRM1
to support starting including the locked rotor MVA of KM8639 is
9.402 MVA which is less than the rating of TRM1 (40MVA).

acceleration time of this motor is five (5) seconds which is faster
than the reaction time of the Power Factor Correction System
(PFCS) of eight (8) seconds therefore the change in power factor
during starting or motor acceleration of this motor will not initiate
corrective action by the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps

before starting will be equal to the number of capacitor steps during
starting.

KM8601
(V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage
Bus 2 (6.9kV 6818.1
6821.14 98.86 6783.08 98.30 98.81
Bus) 5
Bus 3 (MCC8) 478.45 99.67 475.66 99.09 478.21 99.62
Bus 4 (MCC9) 479.47 99.88 476.69 99.31 479.23 99.84
The calculation results from the above table for voltages

before starting, during starting and after starting the KM8601 shows
when starting KM8601.

KM8601
7.038+j4.444 7.435 +j5.347 or 7.280+j3.704 or
8.324/32.271 9.158/35.724 8.168/26.965

during starting of KM8601 is presented in Table 6.13 and shows
that two (2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady state
condition and the starting condition of KM8601. Table 6.11 also
indicates that during starting the total required power flow to TRM1,
to support starting including the locked rotor MVA of KM8639, is
9.158 MVA which is less than the rating of TRM1 (40MVA).

VM5814 Starting Scenario

acceleration time of this motor is five (5) seconds which is faster
than the reaction time of the Power Factor Correction System
(PFCS) of eight (8) seconds therefore the change in power factor
during starting or motor acceleration of this motor will not initiate
corrective action by the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps
before starting will be equal to the number of capacitor steps during
starting.

VM5814
Before Starting During After Starting
(Permissible Starting (Permissible
% of Base (Permissible % of Base
Voltage>98) % of Base Voltage>98)
Voltage>90)
(V) Voltag (V) Voltag (V) Voltag
e e e
Bus 2 (6.9kV 6820.0 6791.8 6818.1
Bus) 4 98.88 7 98.43 5 98.81
Bus 3 (MCC8) 479.74 99.94 462.26 96.30 478.21 99.62
Bus 4 (MCC9) 479.39 99.87 477.33 99.44 479.23 99.84

before starting, during starting and after starting the VM5814 shows
when starting VM5814.

VM5814
Complex
Power
Complex Power Complex Power
Requirement
Requirement Requirement
Before
Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA) (MW,MVAR,MVA)
(MW,MVAR,MV
A)
TRM1 7.130+j3.598 7.391 +j4.935 or 7.280+j3.704 or
7.986/26.779 8.888/33.731 8.168/26.965
TRL3A 0.730+j0.467 0.984 +j1.725 or 0.876+j0.561 or
0.867/32.626 1.986/60.302 1.041/32.647

during starting of VM5814 is shown in Table 6.15. tells and shows
that two(2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady state
condition and the starting condition of VM5814. Table 6.15 also
indicates that during starting the total required power flow to TRL3A
to support starting including the locked rotor MVA of KM8639 is
1.986 MVA which is less than the rating of TRL3A (3MVA).
SM8645 Starting Scenario

assumed running. Power Factor Correction System is on-line and
in automatic mode set at 90% at bus 2. Under these conditions,
it is calculated that three (3) capacitors steps will be on-line
equivalent to 900kVAR and the power factor at bus 2 will be
91.357%.

SM8645
SM8645 Before Starting During Starting After Starting
(V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage
Bus 2 (6.9kV Bus) 6819.77 98.83 6791.98 98.43 6818.15 98.81

Bus 3 (MCC8) 478.33 99.65 476.31 99.23 478.21 99.62
Bus 4 (MCC9) 480.33 1.00 463.31 96.52 479.23 99.84

before starting, during starting and after starting the SM8645 shows
when starting SM8645.

SM8645
Complex
Power
Complex Power Complex Power
Requirement
Requirement Requirement
Before
Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA) (MW,MVAR,MVA)
(MW,MVAR,MV
A)
TRM1 7.172+j3.628 7.427 +j4.930 or 7.280+j3.704 or
8.038/26.836 8.914/33.576 8.168/26.965
TRL3B 0.668+j0.422 0.915 +j1.646 or 0.773+j0.489 or
0.790/32.287 1.883/60.924 0.915/32.320

during starting of SM8645 is presented in Table 6.17 and shows
that two (2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady state
condition and the starting condition of SM8645. Table 6.17 also
indicates that during starting the total required power flow to
TRL3B, to support starting including the locked rotor MVA of
KM8639, is 1.883 MVA which is less than the rating of TRL3B
(3MVA).

The calculation for the terminal voltage and normalized
(with nominal) locked-rotor torque delivered of each of the large
motors is repeated using the same procedure used for KM5806 and
the results are summarized in Table 6.18. Since the torque
delivered by the motors during starting as shown in column four (4)
are all more than the load torque requirement in column five(5), all
the large motors will successfully start its load. Although, the torque
delivered by YM7601 can still drive the load at the given starting
terminal voltage of 6076.942V starting is affecting the bus voltages.
Table 6.18 Summary of Starting Torque Evaluation

Motor
TLOAD/TN
Terminal TLR/TN
TLR/TNOMINAL OMINAL
Motor Voltage at
at Starting Load Remarks
Tag (V)/ Nominal
Voltage Starting
%Voltage Voltage
Torque
Drop
TLR/TNOMINAL@starting
6,718.5 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
KM5806 0.8 0.76 0.4
/(2.63%) Voltage Drop<15%,
Success Starting
6086.50 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
YM7601 1.625 1.26 0.3
/(11.8%) Voltage Drop<15%,
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
6748.67
KM8639 1.25 1.20 0.532 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
/(2.19%)
Voltage Drop<15%,
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
6753.32
KM8601 1.15 1.10 0.624 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
/(2.12%)
Voltage Drop<15%,
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
358.104 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
VM5814 /(25.4%) 2.8 1.56 1 Voltage Drop>15%,
Can start the motor
but can affect the
motor life.
TLR/TNOMINAL
436.884 TLR/TNOMINAL@starting
SM8645 2.7 2.24 0.293
/(8.98%) > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
Success Starting

Based on the above calculation results, all large motor can
deliver the required load torque during starting. For VM5814,
although it can deliver the required starting torque, it has high
voltage drop during starting. This reduced voltage can lead to
temperature rise above normal and over time of repeated starting
may result to reduced insulation life of the motor. It is therefore
recommended to increase the cable cross sectional area by
installing additional 150mm2 cable per phase. Using the load flow
sheet, this action will increase the terminal voltage to 405.2V and
decrease the starting voltage drop to 15.58% which is fairly
acceptable.

CHAPTER 7
ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS
The primary objective of an arc-flash study is to determine

the amount of incident energy based on the available perspective
three-phase arc fault current, clearing time of the protective device
during an arc fault, gap between live parts and the working
distance. The calculated incident energies will either be used to
verify that the existing arc-flash rating of the PPE is sufficient or to
specify the arc rating of the new PPE. Another objective of an arc-
flash study is to calculate and define arc-flash boundary or the flash
protection boundary. This boundary is the distance from the arc
source in which the heat energy experienced by the skin is about
1.2 cal/cm2 which is the minimum heat energy required to incur a
curable second degree burn. According to PEC 1 2009 article
1.10.1.16 1.10.1.16 Flash Protection. Switchboards, panel boards,
industrial control panels, meter socket enclosures, and motor
control centers that are in other than dwelling occupancies and are
likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance
while energized shall be field marked to warn licensed electrical
practitioner or non-licensed electrical practitioner under the
supervision of a licensed electrical practitioner of potential electric
arc-flash hazards. The marking shall be located so as to be clearly
visible to licensed electrical practitioner or non-licensed electrical
practitioner under the supervision of a licensed electrical
practitioner before examination, adjustment, servicing, or
maintenance of the equipment. The markings must contain
information such as calculated incident energy at a given working
distance, PPE arc-flash rating required, and the flash protection
boundary.
Chapter 7-Arc-Flash Analysis Page 359

This analysis will evaluate 11 medium-voltage arc-flash
points and 10 low-voltage switchgear and low-voltage panels arcing
energy or incident energy, hazard level and will specify the level of
PPE required as well as the flash protection boundaries.
The analysis will be based on IEEE 1584-2004 Guide for
Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations [9]. According to this
standard, the arcing fault current can be calculated using Equation
7.1 for low-voltage systems and Equation 7.2 for medium-voltage
system.
For Low-Voltage
Log(I ARC ) K 0.662 log(ISC ) 0.0966V 0.000562G
0.5588V log(ISC ) 0.0034G log(ISC )
Equation (7.1)
I ARC 10Log(IARC)
For Medium-Voltage
Log(I ARC ) 0.00402 0.983 log(ISC )
Equation (7.2)
Log(IARC)
I ARC 10
Where IARC is the arcing current in kA

K is -0.153 for open air and -0.097 for arcing in a box
ISC is bolted three-phase short-circuit current (symmetrical
RMS)
V is the system voltage in kV
G is the conductor gap in mm
The normalized incident (Ein) energy for 0.2 seconds clearing time
and 610mm working distance is give as
Log(Ein)=k1 +k2 + 1.081log(IARC) +0.0011G
Ein=10Log(Ein) Equation (7.3)

The incident energy at a specific location (Ei) is calculated as
Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x Equation (7.4)
Where k1 is the open air or box factor (-0.792 for Open and -
0.555 for boxed)
k2 is the ungrounded/grounded factor (0 for ungrounded and
-0.113 for grounded system)
Cf is the calculation factor (1.5 for LV and 1.0 for MV)
D is working distance
X is the distance factor 2.0 for LV & MV open air, 0.973 for MV
switchgear, 1.473 for LV switchgear, 1.641 for MCC and panel
Another objective of arc-flash study is to determine the arc-

flash boundary which is defined by IEEE 1584 as approach limit at
a distance from exposed live parts within which a person could
receive a second degree burn if an electrical arc-flash were to
occur. The incident energy at that boundary that can incur such
injury is about 5 Joule/cm2. The arc-flash boundary (DB) is
calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x Equation (7.5)
Where DB is the distance from arc in mm

EB = incident energy at the arc-flash boundary, typically
1.2 cal/cm2 or 5 Joules/cm2
Ein = incident energy normalized
Cf = calculation factor
t = arcing time in seconds from overcurrent device time
current curve
X = distance exponent

7.1 Arc-Flash Calculation for Medium-Voltage System
13.8kV Power Plant

Switchgear
52
AFP-1
AFP-2
6.9kV
Switchgear 52
AFP-3
52 52 52 52 52 52 52
AFP-4 AFP-5 AFP-6 AFP-7 AFP-8 AFP-9 AFP-10
TRL3A TRL3B
AFP-
M M M M 11
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601
To To
MCC8 MCC9
Figure 7.1 Arc-Flash location diagram for medium-voltage

system

Load Side of 52TRM1P
Calculation of Arcing Fault Current

From the result of three-phase short-circuit analysis in Chapter 4,
ISC= 23.25kA. Both the 100% and 80% of arcing fault are
calculated using the Equation 7.2,
Log(IARC ) 0.00402 0.983 log(ISC )

IARC 10Log(IARC)
Log(I ARC ) 0.00402 0.983 log(23.24) 1.347

I ARC 101.3476 22.239kA
I85%ARC 18.9kA
Using this calculated arcing current, the normalized incident energy

is calculated as
k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=153mm
Ein=10Log(Ein)
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(22.239) + 0.0011(153)
Log(Ein)=0.956
Ein=100.956=9.047 joule/cm2
Calculating the incident energy at 85% arcing fault current

Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(18.9) + 0.0011(153)
Log(Ein)=0.88
Ein=100.88=7.59 joule/cm2

Using this normalized incident energies and Equation 7.3, the
specific incident energy for a working distance (D) of 457mm is
calculated as
Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x
Cf=1.0 (for MV System), x=0.973 for MV switchgear
D=700mm
Clearing time of Relay Primary protective device of TRM1 51PTRM1P

at 100% arcing fault is

3.922
t 0.0982 2.963 0.37 second
22.239 2
1
1.84
And the clearing time of the same relay at 85% arcing fault is

3.922
t 0.0982 2.963 0.4 second
18.9 2
1
1.84
Incident energy at 100% arcing fault current is
Ei= 4.184 (1.0) (9.047) (0.37/0.2) (610/700)0.973

Ei=61.79 joule/cm2 or
Ei=61.79 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 14.83 cal/cm2

Ei= 4.184 (1.0) (7.59) (0.4/0.2) (610/700)0.973

Ei=56.168 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 13.48 cal/cm2
As per IEEE 1584, both 100% and 85% incident energies

correspond to a hazard level 3 and would require a PPE rating of 25
cal/cm2.
Arc-Flash Boundary Calculation

Using the Equation 7.5, the arc-flash boundary is calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x
At 100% arcing current:

DB=[4.184 (1) (9.05) (0.37/0.2) (6100.973/5)]1/0.973
DB=8409mm

DB=[4.184 (1) (7.59) (0.4/0.2) (6100.973/5)]1/0.973
DB=9274mm
This result implies that if there is an operational need to

open the 13.8kV load side switchgear at power plant for
maintenance or inspection while energized, a safety barrier of 9.3
meters from the circuit breaker cubicle should be maintained and
only personnel with a 25cal/cm2 arc-flash suit should be allowed to
enter the said barrier.

The calculation results are presented in Table 7.1, 7.2 and
7.3. by applying the same procedure to the rest of the medium-
voltage switchgears
Table 7.1 Calculation Results for Normalized Incident Energy

ARC- En En
Isc Iarc
FLASH Location (j/cm2) (j/cm2)
(kA) (kA)
POINT 100% 85%
1 Load Side of 52TRM1P 23.25 22.24 9.05 7.59
2 Line Side of 52TRM1S 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
3 Load Side of 52TRM1S 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
and 6.9kV Bus
4 Line/Load Side of 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
52KM5806
5 Line/Load Side of 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
52YM7601
6 Line/Load Side of 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
52KM8639
7 Line/Load Side of 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
52KM8601
8 Line/Load Side of TRL3A 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
Primary Feeder
9 Line/Load Side of PC001 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
Feeder
10 Line/Load Side of TRL3B 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
Primary Feeder
11 Line side of PC001 panel 19.78 18.98 7.62 6.39
Note: k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=153mm

Table 7.2 Calculation Results for Incident Energy At 100%
Arcing Fault Current Level
ARC-
t E E Hazard
FLASH Location
(s) (J/cm2) (cal/cm2) Level
POINT
1 Load Side of 0.37 71.78 17.23 3
52TRM1P
2 Line Side of 0.73 121.05 29.05 4
52TRM1S
3 Load Side of 0.57 94.00 22.56 3
52TRM1S and 6.9kV
Bus
4 Line/Load Side of 0.05 8.25 1.98 1
52KM5806
5 Line/Load Side of 0.05 8.25 1.98 1
52YM7601
6 Line/Load Side of 0.05 8.25 1.98 1
52KM8639
7 Line/Load Side of 0.05 8.25 1.98 1
52KM8601
8 Line/Load Side of 0.05 8.25 1.98 1
TRL3A Primary
Feeder
9 Line/Load Side of 0.05 8.25 1.98 1
PC001 Feeder
10 Line/Load Side of 0.05 8.25 1.98 1
TRL3B Primary
Feeder
11 Line side of PC001 0.05 8.10 1.94 1
panel
Note: Cf=1, D=600mm, x=0.973

Arcing Fault Current Level
ARC-
t E E Hazard
FLASH Location
POINT
1 Load Side of 52TRM1P 0.40 65.26 15.66 3
2 Line Side of 52TRM1S 0.91 126.23 30.30 4
3 Load Side of 52TRM1S 0.71 98.02 23.52 3
and 6.9kV Bus
4 Line/Load Side of 0.05 6.92 1.66 1
52KM5806
5 Line/Load Side of 0.05 6.92 1.66 1
52YM7601
6 Line/Load Side of 0.05 6.92 1.66 1
52KM8639
7 Line/Load Side of 0.05 6.92 1.66 1
52KM8601
8 Line/Load Side of 0.05 6.92 1.66 1
TRL3A Primary Feeder
9 Line/Load Side of 0.05 6.92 1.66 1
PC001 Feeder
10 Line/Load Side of 0.05 6.92 1.66 1
TRL3B Primary Feeder
11 Line side of PC001 0.05 6.80 1.63 1
panel
Note: Cf=1, D=600mm, x=0.973
Table 7.4 Calculation Results for Arc-Flash Boundary (AFB)

for Medium-Voltage Loads
ARC-FLASH AFB (mm) AFB (mm)
Location
POINT 100% 85%
1 Load Side of 52TRM1P 9275 8410
2 Line Side of 52TRM1S 15869 16568
3 Load Side of 52TRM1S and 12237 12775
6.9kV Bus
4 Line/Load Side of 52KM5806 1004 838
5 Line/Load Side of 52YM7601 1004 838
8 Line/Load Side of TRL3A 1004 838
Primary Feeder
9 Line/Load Side of PC001 1004 838
Feeder
10 Line/Load Side of TRL3B 1004 838
Primary Feeder
11 Line side of PC001 panel 985 823

Based on the results of medium-voltage system arc-flash
calculation, the maximum incident energy will be generated by an
arc-flash event at the line side of 52TRM1S with a calculated energy
at 100% arcing current of 29.05 cal/cm2 and at 85% arcing current
of 30.30 cal/cm2. At that point, the normalized incident energy at
100% arcing current is higher than the 85% arcing current and this
is attributed with the increase of protective relays clearing time
from 0.73 second to 0.91 second. For both situation the hazard
level is 4 and requires PPE rating of 40cal/cm2. The calculations also
suggest that the arc-flash boundaries are 16.6m and 12.8m for line
side and load side respectively. These distances from the breaker
cubicle must be maintained in case there is a need to perform live
inspection and maintenance and that these boundaries should only
be accessed by personnel with appropriate training and equipped
with arc-flash suit rated at 40cal/cm2. For the rest of the arc-flash
points, a boundary of approximately 1meter (0.838m) should be
maintained. Only the personnel with appropriate training and
equipped with an arc-flash suit rated at 5 cal/cm2 should be allowed
to enter the boundary to perform live inspection and maintenance.

7.2 Arc-Flash Calculation for Low-Voltage System
AFP-12
52
AFP-13
AFP-14 AFP-15
AFP-16
M
TYPICAL
LV
MOTOR EMDB/MNDB
PANEL
Figure 7.2 Arc-Flash location diagram for low-voltage system

MCC8

AFP-17
52
AFP-18
AFP-19 AFP-20
AFP-21
M
TYPICAL
LV
MOTOR YM7607 VFD
PANEL
Figure 7.3 Arc-flash location diagram for low-voltage system

MCC9
Line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A

Calculation of Arcing Fault Current
From the result of three-phase short-circuit analysis in Chapter 4,
ISC= 46kA. Both the 100% and 80% of arcing fault are calculated
using the Equation 7.1,
Log(I ARC ) K 0.662 log(ISC ) 0.0966V 0.000562G
0.5588V log(ISC ) 0.0034G log(ISC )
I ARC 10Log(IARC)
Log(I ARC ) 0.097 0.662 log(46) 0.0966(0.48) 0.000562(32)

0.5588V log(46) 0.0034G log(46)
I ARC 10Log(1.351) 22.45kA

Using this calculated arcing current, the normalized incident energy
is calculated as
k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=32mm
Ein=10Log(Ein)
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(22.45) + 0.0011(32)
Log(Ein)=0.8278
Ein=100.8278=6.727 joule/cm2
Calculating the incident energy at 85% arcing fault current

Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(19.081) + 0.0011(32)
Log(Ein)=0.7515
Ein=100.7515=5.643 joule/cm2
Using this normalized incident energies and Equation 7.3, the

specific incident energy for a working distance (D) of 457mm is
calculated as
Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x
Cf=1.0 (for MV System), x=0.973 for MV switchgear
D=700mm
Clearing time of Relay Primary protective device of TRL3A

51PTRL3AP at 100% arcing fault is

3.922
t 0.0982 2.855 0.633 second
22.45(0.48 / 6.9) 2
1
0.27

And the clearing time of the same relay at 85% arcing fault is

3.922
t 0.0982 2.855 0.773 second
0.85(22.45)(0.48 / 6.9) 2
1
0.27
Ei= 4.184 (1.5) (6.727) (0.633/0.2) (610/600)1.641

Ei=137.36 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 32.97 cal/cm2
Ei= 4.184 (1.5) (7.59) (0.773/0.2) (610/600)1.641

Ei=140.7 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 33.76 cal/cm2
As per IEEE 1584, both 100% and 85% incident energies

correspond to a hazard level 3 and would require a PPE rating of 40
cal/cm2.
Arc-Flash Boundary Calculation

Using the Equation 7.5, the arc-flash boundary is calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x

DB=[4.184 (1.5) (6.727) (0.633/0.2) (6101.641/5)]1/1.641
DB=4518mm

DB=[4.184 (1.5) (5.643) (0.773/0.2) (6101.641/5)]1/1.641
DB=4585mm
This result implies that if there is an operational need to

open the line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A of MCC8 for
maintenance or inspection while energized, a safety barrier of 4.6
meters from the circuit breaker cubicle should be maintained and
only personnel with a 40 cal/cm2 arc-flash suit should be allowed to
enter the said barrier.
The results of calculation are presented in Table 7.5, 7.6,
7.7 and 7.8 by repeating the same procedure for the rest of the
medium-voltage switchgears.
Table 7.5 Calculation Results for Normalized Incident Energy

ARC-
FLASH Location Isc Iarc En En
POINT
12 Line side of secondary 46 22.45 6.727 5.643
breaker of TRL3A
13 Load side of secondary 46 22.45 6.727 5.643
breaker of TRL3A
14 Load side of the LV 46 22.45 6.727 5.643
motor breakers
Panels breakers
panel
17 Line side of secondary 47 22.85 6.859 5.754
breaker of TRL3B
18 Load side of secondary 47 22.85 6.859 5.754
breaker of TRL3B
motor breakers
Panels
21 Load side of the LV VFD 23.44 12.8 3.666 3.075
panel

Arcing Fault Current Level for Low-Voltages Loads
ARC-
E E Hazard
FLASH Location
POINT
(J/cm2) (cal/cm2) Level
12 Line side of 137.36 32.97 4
secondary breaker of
TRL3A
13 Load side of 65.68 15.76 3
TRL3A
14 Load side of the LV 6.51 1.56 1
motor breakers
Panels breakers
panel
17 Line side of 135.44 32.51 4
TRL3B
18 Load side of 54.86 13.17 3
TRL3B
motor breakers
Panels
VFD panel

Arcing Fault Current Level for Low-Voltages Loads
ARC-
t E E Hazard
FLASH Location
POINT
12 Line side of 0.77 140.70 33.77 4
secondary
breaker of TRL3A
13 Load side of 0.37 67.64 16.23 3
secondary
breaker of TRL3A
14 Load side of the 0.03 5.46 1.31 1
LV motor
breakers
15 Load side of the 0.03 5.46 1.31 1
LV Panels
breakers
16 Load side of the 0.03 5.46 1.31 1
LV panel
17 Line side of 0.75 138.28 33.19 4
secondary
breaker of TRL3B
18 Load side of 0.30 56.23 13.50 3
secondary
breaker of TRL3B
19 Load side of the 0.03 5.57 1.34 1
LV motor
breakers
20 Load side of the 0.03 5.57 1.34 1
LV Panels
21 Load side of the 0.03 2.97 0.71 1
LV VFD panel

Table 7.8 Calculation Results for Arc-Flash Boundary (AFB)
for Medium-Voltage Loads
AFB AFB
ARC-FLASH
Location (mm) (mm)
POINT
100% 80%
12 Line side of secondary breaker 4518 4585
of TRL3A
13 Load side of secondary breaker 2882 2934
of TRL3A
14 Load side of the LV motor 704 633
breakers
15 Load side of the LV Panels 704 633
breakers
16 Load side of the LV panel 704 633
17 Line side of secondary breaker 4480 4537
of TRL3B
18 Load side of secondary breaker 2583 2622
of TRL3B
19 Load side of the LV motor 713 640
breakers
20 Load side of the LV Panels 713 640
21 Load side of the LV VFD panel 487 437
Based on the results of Low-voltage arc-flash calculation,

the maximum incident energy will be generated by an arc-flash
event at the line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A/B with a
calculated energy at 100% arcing current of 33.97/33.51 cal/cm2
and at 85% arcing current of 33.77/33.19 cal/cm2. For both
situation, the hazard level is 4 and requires PPE rating of 40cal/cm2
and an arc-flash boundaries of about 4.6m. These distances from
the breaker cubicle must be maintained in case there is a need to
perform live inspection and maintenance. These boundaries should
only be accessed by personnel with appropriate training and
equipped with arc-flash suit rated at 40cal/cm2. As shown in Table
7.9, the minimum arc-flash boundary is at the load side of the LV
VFD panel which is about 437mm and requires an arc-flash suit of
5cal/cm2.

Source: http://www.arcflashsuits.com
Figure 7.4 Sample arc-resistance clothing with 40cal/cm2

rating

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
8.1 Load Flow
1. Bus Voltages
The calculated voltage of 6.9kV bus is acceptable at
6.798kV and can be further improved by the Power Factor
Correction Capacitors with the calculated maximum value of
6.837kV at 1800kVAR. On the other hand, the calculated bus
voltages on 480V MCC8 and MCC9 are both below permissible
value at 464V and 465V, respectively. It is recommended to
adjust the primary no-load tap changer of TRL3A and TRL3B to -
2.5% tap to improve the bus voltage to at least 477V and 478V
for MCC8 and MCC9, respectively. With TRL3A and TRL3B tap at
-2.5%, there will be further improvement on the 480V bus
voltage thru the power factor correction capacitors and thus,
increasing the voltages to a maximum of 480V for both MCC8
and MCC9.
2. Percent (%) Voltage Drop

Based on the calculated results, the percent (%) voltage
drop of all transformer feeders and medium-voltage load feeders
are acceptable. However, there are seven (7) low-voltage loads
with feeders that were identified to have an unacceptable
percent (%) voltage drop. It is recommended to increase the
number of phase conductors of each of the seven (7) loads to
reduce the % voltage drop to an acceptable level. Motors
VM5814, GM5806A-2, YM7733, YM8607, Y5160 and Y5619 all
require additional one (1) wire per phase to reduce the percent
(%) voltage drop to 3%. YM7730 requires replacement of larger
Chapter 8-Conclusion and Recommendation Page 379

wire size from 10mm2 to 16mm2 to improve the percent (%)
voltage drop to 3%.
3. Transformer Loading (Steady-State)

All three (3) transformers are loaded within its specified
limit. TRM1 has a maximum loading of 21.25% at ONAN with a
maximum load reduction due to power factor capacitor at
19.31%. This represents about 2% maximum improvement on
TRM1 loading due to power factor capacitor. TRL3A and TRL3B
have a maximum loading of 35% and 31%, respectively.
Sufficient
4. Bus Bar and Feeder Loading

Bus bar of 6.9kV, MCC8 and MCC9 are loaded within its
specified limit. For 6.9kV bus bar, it has been shown that the
power factor capacitor effectively reduces the current flow to as
low as 652A at 1800kVAR. Because of tap change on TRL3A and
TRL3B as well as the effect of power factor capacitor, MCC8 and
MCC9 bus currents are reduced to as low as 1263A and 1110A
for MCC8 and MCC9, respectively, which is below the bus current
rating.
8.2 Short-circuit Analysis
Using JGSPCs criteria for equipment safety margin [10] of

not less than 10%, medium-voltage circuit breakers, air-circuit
breakers and Molded Case Circuit Breakers exceeded the
requirement for both making and breaking capacity and therefore
satisfactory. The calculated short-circuit currents were also used to
calculate the protective device settings and perform device
coordination as well as in arc-flash study.

8.3 Protection Coordination
In protection coordination, protection settings are

calculated and coordination study is conducted. Generally,
chronological type of coordination was used for protections which
are in series with low or no impedance in between. On the other
hand current coordination was used for protection which has high
impedance in between primary and secondary of circuit breakers.
Minimum size of medium cables based on the calculated
maximum fault current and protective device setting are calculated.
Based on the result of this calculation, all medium-voltage feeder
cables are above the minimum calculated requirement and
therefore can handle both normal and abnormal condition. Another
aspect of the analysis is the evaluation of equipment grounding
conductor sizes review, where the required minimum sizes are
determined based on Table 2.50.6.13 of PEC. This evaluation shows
that all medium-voltage loads and all low-voltage feeder cable
satisfied the minimum size requirement for equipment grounding
conductor. The protective device settings and the calculated fault
currents are used to calculate the arc-flash incident energies and
protection boundaries.
8.4 Detailed Large Motor Starting Analysis
In the motor starting analysis, motors with 100kW output

and above were evaluated. In this analysis, the bus voltages dip
during large motor starting were calculated and compared against
the permissible values. From all the large motors analyses, only
YM7601 have an unacceptable effect on the bus voltages and for
that reason it is recommended to install an RVS with at least 80%
tap to stabilize the bus voltages. Starting torque analysis were also
conducted to all large motors to determine if the motor can still
deliver the required torque during starting. This torque study shows
that all motors can deliver the required torque during starting.
However, VM5814 has an unacceptable percent (%) voltage drop
during starting at 25.4%. This condition can be resolved through
the implementation of the recommendation from the load flow study
to the same motor during running condition. The transient loading
of the power transformer was also evaluated where the maximum
transient loading for TRM1 was calculated to occur when starting
YM7601 at about 38.012MVA which can still be handled by the said
transformer. If the recommended auto transformer is used for
YM7601 at 80% tap, the transient loading will be reduced to
29.971MVA which can be handled by the transformer TRM1.
8.5 Arc-Flash Analysis
In arc-flash analysis, incident energies generated during an

arc fault is calculated for specified arc-flash points at specified
conditions and working distance to determine the severity of the
possible hazard while performing live inspection and maintenance
and to determine the rating of the arc-resistant personnel protective
clothing. The analysis also determined the arc-flash boundary which
will be the basis of the distance from the live parts to which
minimum arc-resistance PPE is required. The analysis have
identified that the maximum required arc-resistant PPE rating is
30.30 cal/cm2 representing hazard level 4. As a plant standard, it is
recommended to use 40 cal/cm2 MACRON arc-flash cover all suit
that can be used for both maximum and minimum arc-flash hazard
level.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
1. IEEE Std 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial

and Commercial Power System Analysis
2. BAPE Project (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LLTD) Short Circuit
Calculation
3. IEC 60909-0:2001, IEC Standard for Short-Circuit Calculation
4. IEEE Std 551-2006, IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating
Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems
5. IEEE Std C37.010-1999, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-
Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on Symmetrical Current Basis
6. IEEE Std 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection
and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
7. IEEE Std C37.96-2000, IEEE guide for AC motor protection
8. The ABCs of Overcurrent Coordination by THOMAS P. SMITH,
P.E.
9. IEEE Std 1584-2004, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard
Calculations
10. Power System Analysis of San Jose 10 MVA Substation of
Antique by Engr. Hermie M. Tacogdoy 2013
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES Page 383

ATTACHMENTS
1. AFFIDAVIT OF SOLE AUTHORSHIP

2. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 1 (Engr. Benigno S. Jimenez)
3. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 2 (Dr. Cirilo C. Calibjo)
4. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 3 (Engr. Eric Tamondong)
5. CURRICULUM VITAE
6. MOST SIGNIFICANT & OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT
CONTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
7. TRANSCRIPT OF RECORDS
CURRICULUM VITAE
I. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : RYAN ANTHONY KATIGBAK UMALI
Home Address : Block 17, Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes, Banay-
banay, Lipa City, Batangas
Email Address : RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com
Contact No. : 09175480225
Profession : Registered Electrical Engineer
PRC License No. : REE-0034825 (Valid until Sept. 5, 2019)
Company/Employer : JG Summit Petrochemicals Group
Designation : IED Superintendent
Office Address : Brgy. Simlong, Batangas City, Batangas
Date of Birth : September 5, 1982
Age : 34 years old
Sex : Male
Weight : 80kg
Height : 5 7
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Married
Name of Spouse : Malou Castillo Umali

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Undergraduate : BS Electrical Engineering

Batangas State University
Alangilan, Batangas City
June 1999 to April 2004
Secondary : St. Joseph Academy

Poblacion, San Jose, Batangas
June 1995 to March 1999
Primary : Padre Imo Luna Memorial Elementary School

Poblacion, San Jose, Batangas
June 1990 to March 1995
III. EXAMINATION TAKEN
Exam : Registered Electrical Engineer

: Professional Regulation Commission
Date taken : September 2004
: 92.1% (First Placer)
Exam : Registered Master Electrician

: Professional Regulation Commission
(Passed)
Exam : Certified Instrument and Control Engineer

: Philippine Instrumentation and Control
Society
: (3rd Placer)
IV. TECHNICAL SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
Power System Analysis
Electrical System Design
AutoCadTM
ETAPTM
Programming Protective Relay
Programmable Logic Controller
Electrical Troubleshooting
Visual Basic and C++ Programming
Electronics Design and Fabrication
Process Instrumentation and Control
V. PERSONAL INTEREST AND HOBBIES
Playing Piano and Guitar
VI. WORK EXPERIENCE
September 1, 2014 to Present
Company : JG Summit Petrochemicals Group
Division/Department :Maintenance and Engineering Division

Instrument and Electrical Department
Designation : IED Superintendent-Instrumentation

Section
Responsibilities:
Manage daily maintenance activities
Manage and review weekly job plans with planning Dept.
Manage and review turn around maintenance with Planning
department
Review and approval of Failure Analysis Reports
Review of IED maintenance and reliability programs
Spare parts review and approval
Review and approve Design Engineering report
Review installation and commissioning of in-house project
Provide training to Maintenance Technician Trainees
Skills and Knowledge Evaluation of Technicians and Engineers
October 17, 2011 to August 31, 2014

PE Expansion Project Team
Designation : Sr. ICE Engineer
Responsibilities:
Preparation and review of Project Engineering standards for
E&I
Participate on HAZOPS and SIL reviews
Review and approval of EPC design
Review and approval of EPC electrical studies
Review and approval of SIL studies
Review and approval of vendor bids and technical offers
Review and approval of construction documents
Inspection and approval of job packages for Instrumentation
and Electrical
Participate on equipment FAT and SAT
Commissioning and start up support
November 1, 2009 to October 16, 2011

Designation : Sr. ICE Engineer
Responsibilities:
Supervise in-house detailed engineering design/study and
construction of various plant modifications for Electrical and
Instrumentation System
Conduct Engineering Investigation of equipment failures and
issue engineering recommendation
Review and analyse preventive maintenance program
December 12, 2006 to October 31, 2009

Designation : ICE Engineer
Responsibilities:
Perform in-house detailed engineering design/study and
construction of various plant modifications for Electrical and
Instrumentation System
Conduct Engineering Investigation of equipment failures and
issue engineering recommendation
Review and analyse preventive maintenance program
June 2005 to December 12, 2006
Company : Manila Electric Company
Division/Department :Batangas Branch
Designation : Branch Engineer
Responsibilities:
Review and assessment of Customer Service Application
Investigation of abnormalities
Participate in the line design and construction
June 2004 to April 2005
Company : De La Salle Lipa Inc
Division/Department :Batangas Branch
Designation : Instructor
Responsibilities:
Provide lectures on Electrical and Electronics Subject
VII. PROJECT (Past and Present Engineering Project)
LOCATION WORK NATURE DURATION COMPANY

Bry. Basic Engineering Feb 2014 JG Summit
Simlong, of C3/C4 storage Petrochemical
Batangas project Corp.
City
Bry. Project Engineering May 2012 JG Summit

Simlong, of Honeywell DCS to April Petrochemical
Batangas migration 2013 Corp.
City/Petaling
Jaya,
Malaysia
Bry. Design, Installation April 2011 JG Summit

Simlong, and commissioning to Dec 2011 Petrochemical
Batangas of Construction Corp.
City power substation
for ISBL

for OSBL

for DAELIM Site
Office 1

for DAELIM Site
Office 2
Bry. Design, May 2008 JG Summit

Simlong, installation/Relocati Petrochemical
Batangas on of 6.9kV Power Corp.
City line of Pinamucan
Raw water supply
Substation
Batangas Design, Sept-Dec JG Summit

State Fabrication/installat 2010 Petrochemical
University ion, commissioning Corp.
of Process
Instrumentation
trainer
Seol, South Basic Engineering Dec. 2010 JG Summit

Korea of Naptha Cracker Petrochemical
Project Corp.
Bry. Design, Aug 2010 to JG Summit

Simlong, Installation, Nov 2010 Petrochemical
Batangas commissioning and Corp.
City start up support for
Bi-modal catalyst
feeding system
Bry. Design of Sept 2009 JG Summit

Simlong, conversion of Petrochemical
Batangas Variable frequency Corp.
City drive motor for
Boiler 1 and 2
Bry. Design, Installation May 2009 JG Summit

Simlong, and commissioning Petrochemical
Batangas of additional load Corp.
City shedding relay for
power plant
Bry. Design, Installation July 2009 JG Summit

Simlong, and commissioning Petrochemical
Batangas of DCS current Corp.
City monitoring for PP
dryer motor
Bry. Design, Installation May 2007- JG Summit

Simlong, and commissioning May 2009 Petrochemical
Batangas of 65kVA, 1 phase,
City uninterruptable Corp.
power supply
Bry. Design, Installation Feb-Aug JG Summit

Simlong, of Fresh water 2007 Petrochemical
Batangas Deluge system Corp.
City
Bry. Design, installation Jan-Mar (INGASCO

Simlong, and commissioning 2007 Plant) JG
Batangas of 250KVA Summit
City INGASCO power Petrochemical
supply. Corp.
VIII. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (CPD)
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION NAME OF YEAR

PROVIDER
Failure Analysis and RCA Allied Consultancy May 2015
Electrical Reliability Allied Consultancy May 2015
Vibration monitoring system Rockwell Jul 21-25,
Automation 2014
RSLogix 5000 Fundamentals Rockwell Feb 10-14
and Troubleshooting Automation
CCC, Kuala Lumpur, Sept 23-
Anti-surge Control and Series Malaysia 26, 2013
3+/3++ Control Systems
Training for Operation-
Maintenance Personnel
MAXUM II Process Gas Siemens Singapore Nov 26-30,
Chromatograph Operation and 2012
Maintenance
Honeywell Experion Honeywell Technical Oct 22-26,
Controller/SCADA Education Center, 2012
Maintenance
Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia
Honeywell Experion C300 Honeywell Technical Oct 15-19,
Engineering Implementation Education Center, 2012
Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia
Advanced Instrumentation University of the April 24-
and Process Control Course Philippines Diliman- May 29,
ISSI 2010
IIEE Regional Convention- IIEE March
Batangas 2009
Honeywell April 21,
Advance Process Control NLC Singapore Ltd. Pte 2009
Management and EDUPRO- Amorsolo September

Maintenance of Windows St., Makati City, 29, 30,
Server 2003
Phlippines, October 1-
4, 2008
Uniformance PHD System Honeywell June 15-
Administration Singapore Ltd. Pte 19, 2008
Hardware and Software Honeywell June 2-18,

Implementation of Honeywell Singapore Ltd. Pte 2008
Emergency Shutdown System
JG Summit
Safety Manager
Petrochemical
Corporation
Reliable Solutions for HPI and Siemens June

Chemical Industries Technical Automation and 4,2007
Seminar on Process
Drives.
Instrumentation and Analytics
for Chemical, Petrochemical
and Hydrocarbon Processing
Industries
HPM Controller Point Chemical May 20-26

Configuration and HPM/CL Process Training ,2007
Programming Center Honeywell
Laboratory (CPTC)
Jurong Island,
Singapore.
IV. SOCIAL AND CIVIC AFFILIATIONS
DESIGNATION ASSOCIATION YEAR

IIEE Northern Batangas IIEE 2016-
Chapter-Board of Director present
IIEE Northern Batangas IIEE 2015-2016
Chapter-Board of Director
CREDENTIALS SUMMARY SHEET
Name of Professional Ryan Anthony Umali

Technical Discipline Electrical Engineer
Birthday September 5, 1982
Academic Background Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering
Name of Institution Batangas State University
The undersigned certifies that the foregoing information is true and

correct.
Ryan Anthony K. Umali

REE # 034825
IIEE MEMBER # 209595
MOST SIGNIFICANT AND OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT
CONTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
When I was in Manila Electric Company - Batangas

Branch, I conducted several seminars to Barangay Electricians
on Electrical Subjects such as Grounding System (two wire vs.
three wire) and Service Entrance Standards. These helped me
ensured that customers within the franchise area can have
reliable and educated electricians that they can trust.
I was also involved in the preliminary study of
electrification of Isla Verde, a small Island located between
Batangas and Mindoro Island. We conducted several surveys
together with our Meralco Design team from San Pablo with the
aim of preparing the line design. This project is essential in
fulfilling the Governments goal of total electrification of the
entire country.
In my current company, I have conducted investigation
on catastrophic electrical system failures and provided
recommendations so that it will never happen again. First of my
list is the investigation of multiple failures UPS 110V AC. At that
time, we have experienced several tripping of the said UPS
which causes a major plant upset. I was task to investigate the
failure and found that the culprit is the excessive fluctuation in
the generation frequency of our Power Plant in excess of 5Hz
during a large motor starting. This affected the synchronization
system and static switches of the AC UPS and causing it to trip.
It was recommended to increase the frequency fluctuation
tolerance since the loads of our AC UPS is not affected by such
high fluctuation.
Next on my investigation is the bus tie breaker failure
during re-energization of a newly re-winded 3MVA transformer
which has caused one of our plants to partially shutdown for
several hours. During my investigation, I have found that the
vector group of the newly re-winded transformer was incorrect.
I have further investigated the reason why it was incorrect and
found a malpractice on the side of our contractor and on our
own maintenance team. Based on this investigation, we have
revised our SOPs for transformer servicing and acceptance.
I have also investigated several cases of spurious
activation of ground relays where a ground fault occurs at an
adjacent delta-wye solidly grounded system. I have found that
equipment grounding system was erroneously interconnected at
the field between motors that are supplied from separate
transformers which resulted to ground currents flowing in both
grounding electrode and therefore detected by the grounding
CT causing erroneous trip on an otherwise healthy transformer.
This has been one of our on-going projects as part of our efforts
to improve the system reliability of our plant.
I have investigated several other electrical
abnormalities and I was able apply my electrical engineering
knowledge and experience. All the recommendations made
have caused a significant impact not only to uplift the Electrical
Engineering practice but also improve the plant reliability.
In Our IIEE organization, I have conducted several
seminars to schools and IIEE Chapter Conventions on areas of
Hazardous Area Classification (PEC chapter 5), Instrumentation
and Process Control, Power System Analysis and Protective
Relaying, EPIRA LAW and Unbundling of rates (MERALCO).
These seminars have a significant impact in the pursuit of
continuing education of our fellow Electrical Engineers and
Students.
I also served as an IIEE officer (Board of Director) in
Northern Batangas Chapter. We have implemented several
programs including 2009 Regional Convention, various seminars
and forums on our chapter. I also served as Board of Judges on
several Regional Quiz Shows and Reqional Math Wizards from
which I have served as chairman of the board. In all of these
endeavours, my affiliation to IIEE has given me various roles
which I believe contributed to its success as an organization.
Ryan Anthony K. Umali

REE 0034825

TER-Ryan Anthony K. Umali

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL REPORT

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUBSTATION OF

THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR

RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Date: November 7, 2016

To: BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Attn: HON. FRANCIS V. MAPILE

Subject: TECHNICAL ENGINEERING REPORT

In compliance with the Application for Registration as Professional

I hope you find the above documents in order.

Ryan Anthony K. Umali, REE

12 May 2016 PRBEE- 2016-082

Engr. RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Dear Engr. Umali:

The Board of Electrical Engineering has unanimously approved your proposed

Be sure to follow Rule 14 of RA 7920 in presenting your Table of Contents. Include

Your complete technical report must be received by the Board of Electrical

Very truly yours,

JAIME V. MENDOZA FRANCIS V. MAPILE

This study is of utmost importance to the overall plant

CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM MODELS 7

CHAPTER 3 LOAD FLOW STUDY 107

CHAPTER 4 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY 179

4.2.2.2 Calculation of Momentary

CHAPTER 5 PROTECTION COORDINATION 281

CHAPTER 6 LARGE MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS 341

CHAPTER 7 ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS 359

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 379

Table 2.36 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC8

Feeder Voltage Drop without Capacitor 137

Table 4.1 Summary of Fault Points 180

Table 4.18 Summary of Momentary Double

Table 4.35 Momentary Rating Evaluation Summary

Table 5.17 Running Overload Curve for KM8601 292

Table 6.10 Bus Voltage Calculation Results

Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE expansion substation switchgears

Figure 2.32 Momentary zero sequence network 92

Figure 3.3 Current flow through an admittance

Figure 4.12 Illustration of bolted single

Thevenins Equivalent calculation diagram 238

Figure 4.44 Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors

This technical report is about power system analysis of one

Chapter 4 is the short-circuit analysis. Calculations were

1.1 Project Overview

JG Summit Petrochemicals Group (JGSPG) consists of JG

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 1

Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE-Expansion Substation

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 2

PE-KM5806 PE-YM7601 PE-KM8601 PE-KM8639

Figure 1.2 System Single Line Diagram

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 3

This technical report has the following objectives:

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 4

This study comprises of Load Modelling, Load Flow Analysis,

Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage

Analysis Type Coverage or scope

Load Flow Study From BAC 908 down to all PE2

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 5

Analysis Type Sub-Study Area

Power System 1. Impedance model

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 6

POWER SYSTEM MODELS

This chapter derives the PE2 expansions per-unit models