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DATE:

CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

DIPLOMA OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE DAK 10703

EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 5

MEASURING PRESSURE HEAD LOSS DUE TO PIPE
EXPERIMENT TITLE
FRICTION
DATE

STUDENTS NAME &

MATRIC NO.

LAB INSTRUCTOR

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION

MARKS: ATTENDANCE/DISCIPLINE: /5%

RESULTS: /25%

DATA ANALYSIS: /25%

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: /35%

REFERENCE: /10%

TOTAL: /100%

EXAMINER COMMENTS: RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP:

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TO PIPE FRICTION AMENDMENT
7/9/2015
DATE:

KOD ETIKA PELAJAR

(KEP)

JABATAN SAINS DAN MATEMATIK

PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA

Saya dengan ini mengaku bahawa saya telah menyediakan laporan ini dengan daya

usaha saya sendiri. Saya juga mengaku tidak menerima atau memberi sebarang

bantuan dalam menyediakan laporan ini dan membuat ikrar ini dengan

kepercayaan bahawa apa-apa yang tersebut di dalamnya adalah benar.

Ketua Nama:

Kumpulan No. Matriks: (Tandatangan)

Ahli 1 Nama:

No. Matriks: (Tandatangan)

Ahli 2 Nama:

No. Matriks: (Tandatangan)

Ahli 3 Nama:

No. Matriks: (Tandatangan)

Ahli 4 Nama:

No. Matriks: (Tandatangan)

FACULTY: CENTRE FOR EDITION:
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DIPLOMA STUDIES
LABORATORY:
REVISION NO: 0
FLUID MECHANICS
EXPERIMENT:
EFFECTIVE DATE: 4/9/2015
MEASURING HEAD LOSS DUE
TO PIPE FRICTION AMENDMENT
7/9/2015
DATE:
 FACULTY: CENTRE FOR EDITION:
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DIPLOMA STUDIES
LABORATORY:
REVISION NO: 0
FLUID MECHANICS
EXPERIMENT:
EFFECTIVE DATE: 4/9/2015
MEASURING HEAD LOSS DUE
TO PIPE FRICTION AMENDMENT
7/9/2015
DATE:

1.0 INTRODUCTION / THEORY

This apparatus is designed to allow the detailed study of the fluid friction head losses which occur when an
incompressible fluid flows through pipes, bends, valves and pipe flow metering devices. Friction head losses
in straight pipes of different sizes can be investigated over a range of Reynolds numbers from 10 3 to nearly
105, thereby covering the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes in smooth pipes.

1.1 Friction loss in straight pipe

The friction loss In a uniform, straight sections of pipe, known as "major loss", is caused by the effects
of viscosity, the movement of fluid molecules against each other or against the (possibly rough) wall of the
pipe. Here, it is greatly affected by whether the flow is laminar (Re < 2000) or turbulent (Re > 4000).

In laminar flow, losses are proportional to fluid velocity, V; that velocity varies smoothly between the
bulk of the fluid and the pipe surface, where it is zero. The roughness of the pipe surface influences
neither the fluid flow nor the friction loss.

In turbulent flow, losses are proportional to the square of the fluid velocity, V2; here, a layer of chaotic
eddies and vortices near the pipe surface, called the viscous sub-layer, forms the transition to the bulk
flow. In this domain, the effects of the roughness of the pipe surface must be considered. It is useful to
characterize that roughness as the ratio of the roughness height to the pipe diameter D, the "relative
roughness". Three sub-domains pertain to turbulent flow:

In the smooth pipe domain, friction loss is relatively insensitive to roughness.

In the rough pipe domain, friction loss is dominated by the relative roughness and is
insensitive to Reynolds number.

In the transition domain, friction loss is sensitive to both.

For Reynolds numbers 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable, varying with time as vortices within
the flow form and vanish randomly. This domain of flow is not well modeled, nor are the details well
understood.
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EXPERIMENT:
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MEASURING HEAD LOSS DUE
TO PIPE FRICTION AMENDMENT
7/9/2015
DATE:

3.1 Fluid Friction in Smooth Bore Pipes and Head Loss

3.1.1 Fluid Friction in a Smooth Bore Pipe

Professor Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that two types of flow may exist in a pipe.

i. Laminar flow at low velocities where head loss, hf directly proportional to velocity, v
ii. Turbulent flow at higher velocities where hf directly proportional to velocity, v n

These two types of flow are separated by a transition phase where no definite relationship between h
and u exists. Graphs of h versus u and log h versus log u show these zones (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
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Head loss vs v2

Head loss vs v
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Figure 1: Relationship between Head Loss and Flow Velocity

3.1.2 Head Loss Due To Friction through Pipes

For a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction (mH 2O) may be calculated from the
formula:

4f Lu 2 Lu 2
h or
2gd 2gd (1)

Where,

L = length of pipe between tappings (m) = 1 m for all pipes

d = internal diameter of the pipe (m)
u = mean velocity of water through the pipe (m/s)
g = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, m/s 2)
f = pipe friction coefficient (British)
4f = (American)

Having established the value of Reynolds number R e for flow in the pipe, the value of f may be
determined from a Moody diagram.

ud
Re
(2)

= molecular viscosity = 1.15 x 10-3 Ns/m2 at 15C

= density = 1000 kg/m3 at 15oC
u = mean velocity of water through the pipe (m/s)
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7/9/2015
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Laminar Regime

For laminar (smooth) flows, it is a consequence of Poiseuille's law (which stems from an exact classical
solution for the fluid flow) that, f = 64 / Re. Where Re is the Reynolds number, f is the friction in pipes and is
the viscosity of the fluid. In this expression for Reynolds number, the characteristic length D is taken to be
the hydraulic diameter of the pipe, which, for a cylindrical pipe flowing full, equals the inside diameter. In
Figures 1 and 2 of friction factor versus Reynolds number, the regime Re < 2000 demonstrates laminar flow;
the friction factor is well represented by the above equation.

In effect, the friction loss in the laminar regime is more accurately characterized as being proportional to
flow velocity, rather than proportional to the square of that velocity.

In laminar flow, friction loss arises from the transfer of momentum from the fluid in the center of the flow to
the pipe wall via the viscosity of the fluid; no vortices are present in the flow. Note that the friction loss is
insensitive to the pipe roughness height : the flow velocity in the neighborhood of the pipe wall is zero.

Transitional / Critical regime.

For Reynolds numbers in the range 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unsteady (varies grossly with time) and
varies from one section of the pipe to another (is not "fully developed"). The flow involves the incipient
formation of vortices; it is not well understood.

Turbulent Regime.

For Reynolds number greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent; the resistance to flow follows the Darcy
Weisbach equation: it is proportional to the square of the flow velocity. Over a domain of many orders of
magnitude of Re (4000 < Re < 10 8), the friction factor varies less than 1 order of magnitude (0.06 < f <
0.006). Within the turbulent flow regime, the nature of the flow can be further divided into a regime where the
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pipe wall is effectively smooth, and one where its roughness height is salient.

4.0 EQUIPMENTS & MATERIALS

4.1 Unit Construction

Figure 3: Unit Construction for Fluid Friction Measurement Apparatus

1. Smooth Bore Pipes (6mm,10mm,17mm) 8. Sudden Enlargement and Contraction

2. Artificial Roughen Pipe (17mm) 9. Manometer
3. Gate valve 10. Inline Y-Strainer
4. Outlet Control valve 11. Various Pipe Fittings
5. Digital Flowmeter 12. Pitot Static Tube
6. Differential Pressure 13. Venturi Meter
7. Globe Valve 14. Orifice Meter
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5.0 PROCEDURE

5.1 Experiment Fluid Friction In Smooth Bore Pipes

Test Section:

a. 6 mm Smooth Bore Pipe

b. 10 mm Smooth Bore Pipe
c. 17 mm Smooth Bore Pipe

Procedures:

1. Start-up the apparatus according to general procedures.

2. Open the correct valves to allow water flow ONLY to the test section (eg: open valve for 6mm bore
pipe).
3. Measure flow rates using the digital flowmeter.
4. Measure head loss between the tapping using the differential pressure transmitter by connecting
both blue chords at the correct socket.
5. Repeat the testing with different flowrate to obtain sufficient head loss readings on to plot proper
graph later.
6. Repeat step 1 to 5 for two (2) different diameters of smooth bore pipes ONLY.

All readings should be tabulated as follows:

Test Section: 6mm / 10mm / 17mm Smooth Bore Pipe

Flow rate, Q Velocity, v (m/s) Head loss, h

Reynolds Number
(m3/s) v = Q A (d2/4) (mH2O)

Test Section: 6mm / 10mm / 17mm Smooth Bore Pipe

Flow rate, Q Velocity, v (m/s) Head loss, h

Reynolds Number
(m3/s) v = Q A (d2/4) (mH2O)

.
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6.0 DISCUSSIONS:

i. Using collected data above, check first whether your data is laminar or turbulent. If the flow is
laminar, plot a graph of head loss, h versus v for each size of smooth bore pipe. Your graph should
be similar to Figure 1.
ii. For turbulent flow, plot a separate graph plot a graph of head loss, h versus v 2 for each size of
smooth bore pipe.
iii. Mark the location in your graph where the value of velocity at the start of the laminar & turbulent
phase. This velocity is called the lower and upper critical velocities. The Reynolds number value at
the start of the transition phase will be around ~ 2000 since for transitional phase, 2000 < Re <
4000.
iv. Comment on your results (i) and (ii)

is the molecular viscosity = 1.15 x 10 -3 Ns/m2 at 15C.

is the density = 1000 kg/m3 at 15C.

* write in point form, max length of discussion is half page

7.0 CONCLUSIONS:

Conclude your findings (or summarize your findings) based on the previous discussions part.

* write in point form, max length of discussion is half page

FACULTY: CENTRE FOR EDITION:
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DIPLOMA STUDIES
LABORATORY:
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FLUID MECHANICS
EXPERIMENT:
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MEASURING HEAD LOSS DUE
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7/9/2015
DATE: