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Learning, remembering and understanding are the important roles and innate
characteristics of your brain. These skills are called cognitive skills. Nowadays, people are
finding new ways to enhance their cognitive skills. There were various past researches about
enhancing cognitive skills to mice (Mus musculus) using different psychoactive substances.
These substances are caffeine and glucose, Piracetam and caffeine, and Panax Ginseng. All these
substance are known to enhance and to improve cognitive skills. It is for the reason that they
The first research conducted by H. McAfee, C. Woods, and W. Hughes on September 22,
2013, used Panax Ginseng as their psychoactive substance. This study proves that Panax Ginseng
could improve the memory and learning of mice (Mus musculus). Another research conducted by
S. Danet, used caffeine and glucose as their psychoactive substance. This study shows that
glucose and caffeine does not have much of an effect on the brain and not readily increased
memory retention. The last research conducted by K. Good, K. Nikkhah and T. Dihn, used
Piracetam and caffeine. This study states that caffeine and Piracetam can affect learning and
Two psychoactive substances that could also enhance the cognitive skills caught the
attention of the researchers. These are peanuts and grapes. Peanuts are nutritious foods for the
brain, containing protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber and primarily unsaturated fat. Since the brain
requires all of these nutrients to function properly, peanuts are a good natural source to nourish
the brain and nervous system (Armstrong, 2011). While grapes, according to Dr. Axe (2016),
also have nutrients that our brain requires and it gives significant beneficial effect on brain
To test if these psychoactive substances could enhance cognitive skills, mice (Mus
musculus) will also be used as a test subject. Mice are small rodent with a pointed nose, furry
round body, large ears and a long, often hairless, tail. Mice are highly intelligent rodents. They
are natural students who excel at learning and understanding concepts like humans this is why
laboratories use mice as test subjects for medicines and other items that may be used on humans.
Nearly all modern medicine is tested on mice before they go to human medical trials (Bradford,
2014). Also they are relatively inexpensive and can be bought in large quantities from
People always want to enhance their cognitive skills. In this study, the researchers would
like to know which psychoactive substance between peanuts and dried grapes could enhance the
Major Problem
Which psychoactive substances between peanuts and dried grapes could greatly enhance
the cognitive skills of mice exposed to mazes with different level of difficulty?
Ho - If a set of mice is fed by peanuts and another set of mice is fed by dried grapes for one
month, there will be no significant difference in their completion time of their designated mazes.
Hi - If a set of mice is fed by peanuts and another set of mice is fed by dried grapes for one
month, there will be a significant difference in their completion time of their designated mazes.
Minor Problems
Do these psychoactive substances will increase the heart rate of the mice?
Ho - If a set of mice is fed by peanuts and another set of mice is fed by dried grapes for one
Hi - If a set of mice is fed by peanuts and another set of mice is fed by dried grapes for one
Do these psychoactive substances will increase the anxiety and stress of the mice?
Ho - If a set of mice is fed by peanuts and another set of mice is fed by dried grapes for one
month, there will be no significant difference in the anxiety and stress level of the mice.
Hi - If a set of mice is fed by peanuts and another set of mice is fed by dried grapes for one
month, there will be a significant difference in the anxiety and stress level of the mice.
Do these psychoactive substances will increase the weight and size of the mice?
Ho - If a set of mice is fed by peanuts and another set of mice is fed by dried grapes for one
month, there will be no significant difference in the weight and size of the mice.
Hi - If a set of mice is fed by peanuts and another set of mice is fed by dried grapes for one
month, there will be a significant difference in the weight and size of the mice.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is to identify which psychoactive substances between peanuts
and dried grapes could make the mice, exposed to mazes with different level of difficulty,
produce better mean completion time. This study also aims to know if these psychoactive
substances can cause anxiety and stress to mice and also if it can increase the heart rate of the
mice.
This study about the outcome of dried grapes and peanuts to the cognitive skills of mice
For the public, to be more informed about the positive and negative effects of peanuts and
cognitive skills.
For the future researchers who will conduct a research about psychoactive substances.
The result of this study can be used as their foundation and as their literature.
The scope of this study will focus on the effects of peanuts and grapes to how fast the
mice will finish the maze. The study will only be limited to 45 samples of mice. The gender and
age of the mice will be neglected when choosing the 45 samples of mice. The researchers will
use 15 mice for peanuts, 15 for dried grapes and 15 mice for the controlled sample.
Delimitation of the Study
This research will explore the psychological and physiological effects of grapes and
peanuts to mice. This study can cover, if peanuts and grapes will affect the heart rate, the anxiety
level and the weight of the mice. This study can also cover if the amount of psychoactive
Cognitive skills play an important role in the brain of a human being. Cognitive skills are
brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the most complex.
Cognitive abilities or skills are supported by specific neuronal networks. They have more to do
with the mechanisms of how we learn, remember, problem-solve, and pay attention, rather than
with any actual knowledge (Michelon, 2006). The brains cognitive skills include long and short-
term memory auditory processing, visual processing, processing speed and logic and reasoning.
Cognitive skills play an important role in processing new information, so it means that no matter
what kind of information is coming your way, grasping, retaining, or using that information is
impacted.
According to Kravetz (2013), Puzzles are an outstanding way to build new connections in
the brain. There are many types of puzzles other than crosswords. These include many other
word-oriented brain teasers. Some brain teasers dont involve words at all, such as Sudoku. Its
particularly good for your brain to seek out a variety. Or start with one type, and as you get
better, switch to another type of puzzle. Your brain will be challenged with each particular type
of puzzle. Switching from a puzzle thats easy to a more difficult or unfamiliar type stimulates
new brain activity, or learning, as your brain now has to generate new memories in order to
According to Anne (2004), there are 3 common types of mazes used for mice. The first
maze is the classical maze. The classical maze consists of a large platform with a series of
vertical walls and a transparent ceiling. The rat starts in one location, runs through the maze, and
finishes at a reward in another location. The second maze is the T-maze. The T-maze is shaped
like a T. It starts at the base of the T, then a reward may be placed in one arm of the maze, or
different rewards may be placed in each arm. The rat would walk forward and could choose left
or right arm of the maze. The third type is the Morris water maze. The Morris water maze is a
large round tub of opaque water with two small hidden platforms located 1-2 cm under the
water's surface. The rat is placed on a start platform. The rat swims around until it finds the other
platform to stand on. External cues, such as patterns or the standing researcher, are placed around
the pool in the same spot every time to help the rat learn where the end platform is. The
researcher measures how long it takes for a rat to find hidden platform. These mazes will be the
puzzle for the mice that will test if the following boosts will affect their cognitive skills when
There are a lot of foods that can help boost your cognitive skills. Peanuts and grapes as
they say can help boost the cognitive skills. Peanuts are nutritious foods for the brain. They
contain many essential nutrients the brain and body require, while being low in sodium.
Accodring to Rudrappa (2009), the nuts are packed with many important B-complex groups of
vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin, thiamin and pantothenic acid. 100 g of peanuts provide about
85% of recommended daily intake of niacin, which can contribute to brain health and blood flow
to brain, can boost brain experienced and learning, and can prevent Alzheimer's disease and age-
related degeneration.
Vitamin E is a powerful lipid soluble antioxidant which helps maintain the integrity of cell
membrane of mucus membranes and skin by protecting from harmful oxygen free radicals.
Peanuts can provide protein and other nutrients less expensively than many other foods
(Armstrong, 2011).
Peanuts could also decrease anxiety because it is also a source of omega-3 fatty acid and
omega 6 fats. According to Scott (2015), consuming plenty of omega-3 fatty acids may offer
powerful protection against depression. A large Norwegian study of nearly 22,000 participants
revealed that those who regularly took cod liver oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, were
about 30% less likely to have symptoms of depression than those who did not. The longer the
participants took cod liver oil, the less likely they were to have high levels of depression.
Omega-3 fatty acids may also help improve mood in those who already suffer from depression.
On the other hand, eating a handful of peanuts daily may lower your risk of developing
heart disease, according to the Harvard School of Public Health. However, the Harvard report
also points out that gobbling peanuts in addition to consuming your usual snacks and meals
could undo the health benefits. In spite of their nutrients and antioxidants, peanuts are high in
calories, and eating too many of them could interfere with the absorption of minerals, and if you
buy salted peanuts, youll consume a lot of sodium. As long as you buy unsalted nuts, you wont
have to worry about their impact on your blood pressure because peanuts are naturally sodium
free. However, 1 ounce of salted dry-roasted peanuts contains 189 milligrams of sodium,
according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This amount represents 13 percent of the daily
intake of 1,500 milligrams that the Institute of Medicine recommends. Numerous servings of
salted peanuts, together with sodium from other sources in your diet, can easily put you over the
recommended intake. Consuming too much sodium boosts your blood pressure, which increases
your risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. So many experts recommend to consume the right
While grapes are basically as good as peanuts. Grapes can help boost the cognitive skills
and 1% of magnesium that can give an antioxidant power, it can help fight diabetes, it can help
the recycle of digestion, it can even help you longer your life, it can also help fight against
cancer, it can help maintain your healthy heart and can boost your cognitive skills according to a
research. It showed that 12 older adults who had memory issues showed a significant
improvement of verbal learning with drinking two cups of Concord juice everyday within 12
weeks. Also Grapes are one of the foods that can help the cognitive factors of the brain. Studies
suggest that the consumption of flavonoid-rich grape products may have a significant beneficial
According to Dr. Axe (2016), Grape flavonoids, specifically anthocyanins, can prevent
stress. A clinical study demonstrated that 12 weeks supplementation with purple grape juice in
the diet may have neurocognitive benefits in older adults with early memory decline.
Consumption of grape juice was also found to improve memory functions in older adults with
mild memory decline, possibly helping work as an Alzheimers natural treatment. According to
Samadi (2016) same results have been found that grapes give a boost to the cognitive health of
the brain, according to this, Concord grape juice can help slow progression of age-related
cognitive decline, which can help the rain to remember the past memories that have been learned
or experienced.
Grapes also a source of vitamin B and magnesium that could prevent depression and
stress. According to Scott (2015), If you take individual B vitamins, also take a good B complex
supplement to help prevent imbalances among these vitamins, which work together. Specific B
vitamins have been shown to be deficient in patients with agoraphobia. Good food sources of the
B vitamins could decrease anxiety or prevent it. But this study needs more evidence.
degeneration, grapes are also good for our heart. Studies have shown that eating a variety of
grapes may help support a healthy heart by promoting relaxation of blood vessels to help
maintain healthy blood flow and function. Heart-healthy grapes may also help promote healthy
aging.
regular table grapes that were fed to rats in powdered form. After 18 weeks, rats that ate the
grape-enriched powder had lower blood pressure, better heart function, and reduced
inflammation throughout their bodies than comparable rodents that didn't receive the mixture.
Rats on salty diets plus hydralazine, a blood pressure medicine, had lower blood pressure, but
their hearts weren't as protected from damage as the animals fed grapes. This study supported
their theory that there is something within the grapes has a direct impact on cardiovascular risk,
beyond the simple blood-pressure-lowering impact that comes from fruits and vegetables. The
University of Michigan says the study suggests that a grape-enriched diet can have broad effects
on hypertension, but that more work is needed to see if the beneficial effects will apply to
humans. The study notes that grapes and other fruits high in antioxidant could have good effects
large quantities of grapes, can lead to indigestion. In some cases, it can even cause diarrhea.
Those who have fructose intolerance can also experience abdominal pain along with indigestion.
People with fructose intolerance should avoid eating grapes as it may even harm the liver and
kidney function. A milder condition is fructose malabsorption, which exhibits the same
symptoms but with less intensity. Grapes also lead to vomiting. If you do not eat a lot of fiber on
a regular basis, you can feel nauseous on eating too many grapes. This is because it becomes
difficult for the digestive system to digest all that fiber from the grapes. And it ends up creating
discomfort in the stomach. This can lead to nausea and vomiting. Some preservatives in grapes
Some studies use mouse to test if a certain substance like caffeine, glucose and etc. could
affect cognitive skills. Mouse is a small rodent with a pointed nose, furry round body, large ears
and a long, often hairless, tail. Mice are nocturnal, meaning they like to sleep during the day.
This is why pet mice or house mice can be heard playing or foraging during the night. Mice are
much like humans in how their bodies and minds work (Bradford, 2014). But mice do not have
good eyesight; they cannot see certain colors, including red. They are basically blind at birth and
need at least two weeks to be able to see but luckily, they posses good hearing, courtesy of their
big ears so they are capable of picking up on sounds that are far too shrill for people to hear.
Their senses for feeling, smelling and tasting are also outstanding. This conveniently assists them
in staying away from approaching potential predators. (Whalerock Digital Media, LLC, 2016),
Scientists and researchers rely on mice and rats for several reasons. One is convenience:
rodents are small, easily housed and maintained, and adapt well to new surroundings. They also
reproduce quickly and have a short lifespan of two to three years, so several generations of mice
can be observed in a relatively short period of time. Mice and rats are also relatively inexpensive
and can be bought in large quantities from commercial producers that breed rodents specifically
for research. The rodents are also generally mild-tempered and docile, making them easy for
researchers to handle, although some types of mice and rats can be more difficult to restrain than
others. Another reason rodents are used as models in medical testing is that their genetic,
biological and behavior characteristics closely resemble those of humans, and their anatomy,
physiology and genetics are well-understood by researchers, making it easier to tell what changes
According to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (2016), rats and mice are
highly intelligent rodents. They are natural students who excel at learning and understanding
concepts just like humans. They are capable of thinking and figuring things as good as dogs are,
they are at least got good memories like elephants have and they almost have the same cognitive
skills of a human.
Mice can also be stressed. Mice experience stress for a variety of reasons. They give
different clinical signs when they are distress and when in pain. These are the signs indicating
Their breathing becomes shallow and when they exhale, you will hear grunting.
They always squeal when handling
They become more docile or aggressive
They eat their bedding
They have bald patches
They have unusual color of feces
They are not eating and drinking
Studies on the effects of various psychoactive substances that could enhance the cognitive
skills of mice.
A study conducted by H. McAfee, C. Woods, and W. Hughes, aims to know if their
psychoactive substance could enhance the cognitive skills of mice. Their psychoactive substance
was Panax Ginseng. The researchers in this study used 15 male mice (Mus musculus) and were
divided into three groups of five. One group of mice served as the control group, another group
was treated with Panax Ginseng, and the other group was treated with Panax Ginseng and
Scopolamine. The use of Scopolamine, according to the researchers, was to create a cognitive
deficit in the mice and simulate memory impairment similar to Alzheimers disease and to know
if the Panax Ginseng has a positive effect on their ability to go through the mazes even though
they have cognitive deficit because of the Scopolamine. All three groups in this study were tested
using a Multiple T Maze and a Morris Water Maze once per week for five weeks. The results that
the researchers have gathered in their study were the group treated with only Panax Ginseng
completed the maze faster than the other groups. This indicates had a positive effect on the
mices ability to go through both of the mazes, indicating a possible link between Panax Ginseng
and memory and cognition. While the group treated with Panax Ginseng and Scopolamine
finished the maze slower than the other groups. This indicates that Scopolamine had more
negative effect than the positive effect of Panax Ginseng on the mices ability to go through the
maze. Overall, this study proved that Panax Ginseng could improve memory and learning of
mice.
Another study conducted by S. Danet, also aims to know if her psychoactive substances,
caffeine and glucose, could enhance the cognitive skills of mice. Forty mice (Mus musculus)
were housed two to a bedded cage, separated by sex, at room temperature with food pellets and
water available in the animal room at McKendree University. The mice were kept under a
twelve-hour light period where the lights were constantly on. Each treatment had cages of eight
mice, four females and four males, and the cages for each treatment were grouped together. The
five solution treatments that were used to study the effects of glucose and caffeine on memory
and learning time were 9% saline solution for control, 2mg/kg glucose, 4mg/kg glucose, 2mg/kg
caffeine, and 4mg/kg caffeine. The first group was treated with 9% saline solution for control,
2mg/kg glucose for the second group, 4mg/kg glucose for the third group, 2mg/kg caffeine for
the forth group, and 4mg/kg caffeine for the last group. All of the groups were tested in the same
type of maze. The result of the study was there is no descending pattern of averages between the
control and the other treatments. Some of the groups had a longer time average than the control.
Overall, the result of this study was glucose and caffeine does not have much of an effect on the
On a study conducted by K. Good, K. Nikkhah and T. Dihn, aims to know if caffeine and
piracetam on memory and learning of mice. Ten mice were used in this study and were separated
into 2 groups and housed in controlled environments of cages lined with pine bedding The first
group was treated with caffeine using a syringe and the second group was treated with piracetam
using also a syringe. The two groups were tested every day for 5 days. A two-tailed, paired t-test
along with an ANOVA test was conducted, and the p-values were appropriately evaluated to
establish results. The results the researchers of this study showed the mean maze completion
times for both groups compared were significantly short, with the piracetam having also a
significantly shorter completion time than the caffeine group. This means that the substances
caffeine and piracetam can potentially affect learning and memory of mices.
Conclusion
This chapter II of our research discussed the physiological and physical effects of grapes
and peanuts to the human body. This chapter consists of the meaning of cognitive skills and
mice, the three different types of mazes used to test the cognitive skills of mice, benefits of
grapes and peanuts to the human body and the clinical signs indicating pain, distress, or
discomfort of mice. This chapter also shows 3 Studies on the effects of various psychoactive
substances that could enhance the cognitive skills of mice. Overall, this chapter will provide the
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, research locale, research variables, sample and
sampling technique, research instruments, research methods, data collection procedure, data
sources, data selection process and statistical treatment that the study will utilize.
Research Design
Experimental designs will be used in this quantitative research because this study will
determine which psychoactive substance between peanuts and dried grapes could enhance
which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change
in other variables. This experimental research design will identify the positive and negative
effects of peanuts and grapes to the cognitive skills. This study will prove what psychoactive
Research Locale
This research will be held in one of the house of the researchers here in Pleasant Hills
Subdivision, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. The researchers will conduct the research there so the
mice will avoid harm from other animals and other humans.
Research Variables
Dependent Variables
The dependent variable of this research is the time completion of the mice (Mus
musculus) in the maze. The researchers will record the time using a stopwatch.
Independent Variables
The independent variables of this research are the psychoactive substances and different
levels of maze. Two psychoactive substances will be used in this research, namely: peanuts and
dried grapes. The researchers will use two different levels of maze. The first level will just be the
maze while the second level will have different types of obstacle.
Controlled Variables
The controlled variables are water and the mice pellets that will be used to feed the mice.
sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study.
The researchers purposely picked mice as their sample to test the psychoactive substances. The
researches chose the mice because their genetic, biological and behavior characteristics closely
resemble humans and the use of mice as a sample for an experiment is approved by the
government.
Research Instruments
The research instruments that will be used in the research are time-and-motion logs, and
screening assessment sheets. Time-and-motion logs is the systematic investigation and analysis
of the motions and the time required to perform a specific operation or task with a view to
seeking more efficient methods of production as well as setting time standards. The researchers
will also use stopwatch as the timer for the completion of time. Screening assessment sheets will
be used to evaluate the anxiety level of the mice. Screening assessment sheets will be answered
using yes or no. The screening assessment sheets will be used every data collection.
Research Method
Observation.
The observation that the researchers will do is the non-participant observation. In non-
participant observation the researcher does not participate in the activities being observed but
rather, he or she sits on the sidelines and watches the subjects or respondents. The researchers
will observe the variables while they are doing their maze task. The researchers will observe on
how the psychoactive substances will work on their variables cognitive skills. The researchers
Preparation of Maze
The maze will be 18 by 25 inches. The researchers will use a wood cutter to cut the 4-
meter plywood. To assemble the maze, the researchers will use a wood glue to attach the all the
plywood. The researchers will also use two same mazes. After 2 weeks, the researchers will
make the maze more difficult by adding mirrors and treadmill, and changing the course of the
maze.
The researchers will prepare 20 grams of peanuts that will be mixed to 20 grams of mice
pellets for each mouse in the peanut group of 15 mice. While 20 grams of dried grapes will also
be mixed with 20 grams of mice pellets for each mouse in the dried grapes group of 15 mice.
45 mice. The 30 mice will be used to test the effects of dried grapes and peanuts on their
cognitive skills. The mice will be separated into 3 groups of 15, and will be housed in controlled
environments of cages.
The researchers will prepare the materials for recording and documentations, a digital
single lens reflex camera or smart phone will do. For observation, the researchers will use their
sensory glands to observe them. For transcribing, the researchers will use a pen and a customize
notebook will do. A stethoscope will be used to get the heart rate of the mice. While a weighing
scale with a 10-gram calibration will be used to get the weight of the mice, dried grapes and
peanuts. Measuring distribution is very important because it will really show the results how the
Data Sources
Maze Completion Time The researchers will use a stopwatch to gather the maze
mice.
Weight of Mice The researchers will use a weighing scale with a 10 gram calibration to
Statistical Treatment
T-test will be used in this research. A t-test is an analysis of two population means
through the use of statistical examination; a t-test with two samples is commonly used with small
sample sizes, testing the difference between the samples when the variances of two normal
Appendix
Signs of Distress Screening For Mice Fed With Peanuts
Morton, D. B. and P. H. M. Griffiths. 1985. Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort
in experimental animals and a hypothesis for assessment. Vet Record 116:431-436.
The following distress screening sheets have been developed to assess animals anxiety level.
This will also identify the height, heart rate and size of the mice. The size of the mice will be measured
from the tail to the head of the mice. The assessment sheet will be answered using yes or no. The
categories in this assessment are:
A. Physical Abnormalities (e.g., missing body part, includes tail, ears, limbs, etc.)
B. Bald Patches (e.g., lacking hair in the back part of the mice)
D. Docile or Aggressive (e.g., trying to bite your hand when handling their body)
I. Not Eating
J. Not Drinking
Definition of Terms
Anthocyanins - are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple, or blue
Antioxidant - is a substance that inhibits oxidation, especially one used to counteract the
Cardiovascular disease - generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood
vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such
as those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart
disease.
Cognitive skills - are the skills of our brain used to remember, learn and collect the incoming
Free Radicals - one that is produced in the body by natural biological processes or introduced
from an outside source and that can damage cells, proteins, and DNA by altering their chemical
structure
Fructose Malabsorption - this is experienced by the person as bloating, cramping, gas and
distention. Diarrhea may also occur due to the undigested particles of fructose.
includes high blood pressure in pregnancy and very high blood pressure resulting in symptoms
Neuronal Network - is a specialized, impulse-conducting cell that is the functional unit of the
nervous system, consisting of the cell body and its processes, the axon and dendrites.
Neurodegenerative -is an umbrella term for the progressive loss of structure or function of
neurodegenerative processes.
a variety of cues, including infection, traumatic brain injury, toxic metabolites, or autoimmunity.
Panax Ginseng - a species of ginseng used as to increase energy and stamina and to give the
immune system a boost. It may also aid diabetes, may improve cognitive performance, and may
Piracetam - is a kind of drug that when it is been supplemented, it gives an instant boost to the
system where it changes the brain function, resulting in changes in perception, mood,
Riboflavin - a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.. It may be given by
mouth or injection.
Scopolamine - is a medication used to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea and
Thiamin - is one of the water-soluble B vitamins. It is also known as vitamin B1. Thiamin is
naturally present in some foods, added to some food products, and available as a dietary
supplement.
Unsaturated fats - are fats or fatty acids that are liquid a room temperature.
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