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dks.k
ij cy yxkdj [khapk tkrk gSA rks cy }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z
/kukRed gksxkA
J`.kkRed dk;Z (Nagative work) :- ;fn cy F rFkk foLFkkiu ds e/; dks.k vf/kd d.k rks
fd;k x;k dk;Z J`.kkRed gksxk
cos ve 90 0
=
F dx
X2 X2
X1
kxdx
X1
x2
x2
W k
2
x1
2
k 2
x2 x12 1 1
W kx12 kx22
2 2
vr% LiV gS] fd vf/kdre foLFkkiu esa fd;k x;k dk;Z /kukRed rFkk lkE; fLFkfr rd dh xfr esa
J`.kkRed gksrk gSA
tkZ (Energy):- fdlh oLrq ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks tkZ dgrs gS] bldk ek=d o foeh; lw=
dk;Z ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
tkZ ds izdkj kinds of energy :- tSls tkZ ds vusd izdkj gSA
1- ;af=d tkZ (mechanical energy ):- fdlh oLrq dh xfrt tkZ ] rFkk fLFkkfrt tkZ ds ;ksx dks
vkUrfjd tkZ dgrs gSA
2-vkUrfjd tkZ(internal energy):- fdlh oLrq esa mlds rki rFkk vUrjk.kfod cyksa ds dkj.k lafpr
tkZ dks vkUrfjd tkZ dgrs gSA
3- eh; rkih; tkZ (thermal energy) :- eh; tkZ ] tkZ dk gh ,d :Ik gS ftls eh; tkZ ;k
rkih; tkZ dgrs gSA fdlh
oLrq esa eh; tkZ v.kqvksa dh vfu;fer xfr ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
4- jklk;fud tkZ ( chemical energy):- fdlh jklk;fud ;kSfxd esa ;kSfxd dh tkZ] jklk;fud ;kSfxd
dh jpuk djus okys rRoksa
dh tkZ esa vUrj jklk;fud tkZ dgykrh gSA
5- fo|qr tkZ (electric energy):- fdlh oS|qr vkosk dks oS|qr {ks= esa ,d fcUnq ls nwljs
fcUnq rd ys tkus esa dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA
Tkks fd oS|qr tkZ ds :Ik esa lafpr gksrk gSA
6- ukfHkdh; tkZ (nuclear energy):- fdlh ijek.kq ds ukfHkd esa nks izdkj ds HkkSfrd d.k
nutron rFkk proton lfEefyr jgrs gS]
vr% bu d.kks dks ukfHkd esa cka/ks j[kus ds fy, vko;d tkZ ukfHkdh; tkZ dgykrh gSA
izdkk tkZ (Photo energy ) :- fofdj.k tkZ ds {k; Hkkx dks izdkk tkZ dgrs gSA
Xkfrt tkZ rFkk js[kh; laosx esa lEca/k (Relation between kinetic energy and linear momentum
):-
Ekkuk m nzO;eku dk dksbZ d.k v osx ls xfr eku gSA rc d.k dk laosx p = m.v
v = p/m ..(i)
2
1 1 p 1 m p2
k mv 2 k m
2 2 m 2 m2
Rkc d.k dh xrht tkZ (ii) lehdj.k (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij
p2
2m
p2
k
2m p 2mk
rFkk
Condition
p m
1- ;fn k fu;r gks rks vFkkZr ;fn vyx&vyx nzO;eku okyh oLrqvksa dh xfrt tkZ fu;r]
rks vf/kd okyh oLrq dk losx
p1 m1
p2 m2
vf/kd gksxk A rc
p k
2- ;fn m fu;r gks rks vFkkZr leku nzO;eku okyh oLrqvksa ds fy, vf/kdre xfrt tkZ
okyh oLrqvksa ds losx vf/kdre
p1 k
1
p2 k2
gksrs gSA Rkks
1
k
mk const mk cons tan t m
3- ;fn p fu;r gks rks vFkkZr vyx&vyx nzO;eku okyh
oLrqvksa ds losx fu;r gks
rks de nzO;eku okyh oLrq dh xfrt tkZ vf/kdre gksrh gSA
dk;Z tkZ izes; (work energy theorem) :- fu;r cy }kjk fdlh d.k ij vkjksfir cyksa }kjk fd;k x;k
dk;ksZ dks ;ksx bldh xfrt
ki k j
tkZ esa ifjorZu ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ;fn fdlh d.k dh izk0 o vkfUre xfrt tkZ o gks rks
w k f ki
ekuk fdlh oLrq ij
w F .S
F cy yxkus ls d.k dk osx u ls v gks tkrk gSA rFkk d.k dk foLFkkiu s gksrks dk;Z ....
(i)
but F = m.a. rks leh (i) ls w = m.as ..(ii)
rc xfr ds r`rh; lehdj.k ls v2=u2+2as v2-u2=2as as = v2-u2/2.(iii)
v2 u 2 1 1
w m w mv2 mv2 w k f ki
2 2 2
lehdj.k (iii) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus proved
1 dk 1 dv
w mv2 m 2v
2 dt 2 dt
ifjorhZ cy }kjk %& we have that Differentiation both side
dv dk ds kf xf
mv mva m.av
dt dt
F v F
dt ki
dk Fds k k w
xi f i w k f ki
1
k m 2 gx mgx
2
lehdj.k esa j[kus ij rFkk B ij fLFkfrt tkZ u = mg(h-x) rc dqy tkZ B
fcUnq ij
E= k + u = mgx+ mg(h-x) E = mgx+mgh-mgx
EB = mgh
1
k mv 2f
2
blh izdkj vfUke fcUnq C ij d.k dh xfrt tkZ but xfr ds r`rh; lehdj.k ls
v 2f u 2 2 gh 0 2 gh
= 2gh
1
k m 2 gh mgh
2 v mgh mg 0 0
lehdj.k esa eku j[kus ij
rc C ij d.k dh dqy tkZ E = mgh + 0 E = mgh
vr% fp= ls LIkV gS] fd xfrt tkZ rFkk fLFkfrt tkZ dk eku yxkrkj ifjofrZr gksrk gSA ijUrq budk ;ksx
fu;r jgrk gSA
kfDr (Power) :-
fdlh O;fDRk ;k oLrq ds dk;Z djus dh nj dks kfDr ;k lkeF;Z dgrs gSA vFkkZr ,dkad le; esa fdlh oLrq
}kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z kfDr ;k lkeF;Z
dgykrh gSA bls P ls iznfkZr djrs gS bldk ek=d watt gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ oLrq E le; esa W twy
dk;Z djrh gSA
RAHUL CLASSES IIT SCRA NDA
Page 6
RAHUL CLASSES IIT-SCRA -NDA
kfDr P = dk;Z@le; P = w/t .(i) ;fn vYi le; dt esa oLrq }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z dw gks rks P = dw/dt rks
dw = P.dt .(ii)
but we have that dw= F.ds lehdj.k (ii) ls Fds = P.dt P = F[ds/dt] P = F.V
vr% LiV gS fd fdlh {k.k fdlh d.k ij yxus okys cy F rFkk ml {k.k ij oLrq ds osx ds xq.kuQy kfDr ds
cjkcj gksrk gSA
F V P F .V FV cos
;fn o ds chp dks.k gksrks
;g ,d vfnk jkfk gS] D;ksfd ;g nks vfnk jkfk;ksa dk vuqikr gSA ek=d mks i}fr esa P= J/sec or kg-
Hkkj (w), watt(okV)
vkSj C.G.S i}fr esa vxZ@lsd.M -mgm-w/sec
other unit :- 1 k.w = 1000 watt 1 mega watt = 106 watt 1 HP = 746 watt
tkZ dk cM+k ek=d = 1 kw.h = 10003.6 103 1kwh = 3.6106 watt.
fi.Mksa dh VDdj vFkok la?kV~V %& tc nks d.k ,d nwljs dh vksj xfr djrs gS] rks lehi vkus ij
ikjLifjd vU;ksU; fdz;k ds dkj.k] mldh xfr ] ;k
laosx ;k tkZ ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA la?kV~V esa nks d.kks ;k fi.Mksa dk lEidZ esa vkuk t:jh ugha
gSA tSls lw{; d.k tSls d.kksa dh VDdj esa
d.k ,d nwljs dks fcuk LikZ fd;s izdhf.kZr gks tkrs gSA VDdj esa js[kh; losx laj{k.k dk fu;e lnSo
yxw gksrk gSA rFkk dqN VDdj esa xfrt tkZ
lajf{kr jgrh gSA ysfdu dqN VDdjks esa xfrt tkZ esa deh vk tkrh gSA ;g deh ek] rFkk /ofu
mRiUUk djus esa O;; gksrh gSA bl izdkj VDdj
nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1 - iw.kZr% izR;kLFk VDdj %& bl izdkj dh VDdj esa js[kh; losx rFkk xfrt tkZ nksuksa lajf{kr
jgrh gSA ijekooh; rFkk ukfHkdh; ewy d.kksa ds chp
VDdj iw.kZ izR;kLFk gksrh gSA ekuk nks d.k ftuds nzO;eku m1 o m2 o VDdj ls iwoZ nksuksa ds osx
dzek% u1 o u2 gS] rFkk VDdj ds Ikpkr buds
m1u1 m2u 2 m1v1 m2 v2
Oksx v1 o v2 gks tkrs gSA rc losx laj{k.k ds fu;e ls rFkk tkZ laj{k.k ds
fu;e ls
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2 v2
2 2 2 2
2 - vizR;kLFk VDdj %& bl izdkj dh VDdj esa fudk; d.kksa ;k fi.Mks dk js[kh; laosx lajf{kr gks
tkrk gSA ysfdu xfrt tkZ lajf{kr ugha jgrhA
m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2 v2
Rkc js[kh; laosx laj{k.k ds fl}kUr ls
3 - iw.kZr% vizR;kLFk VDdj %& tc nks fi.M ;k d.k VDdj ds Ikpkr ,d nwljs ls fpid tkrs gSA
vkSj ,d fu;r osx ls xfr djus yxrs gSA rks bl
Ikzdkj dks iw.kZRk% vizR;kLFk VDdj dgrs gSA bl izdkj dh VDdj esa tkZ lajf{kr ugh jgrh vFkkZr
xfrt tkZ dks dqN Hkkx vU; tkZvksa esa O;; gks
m1u1 m2u2 m1 m2 v
Tkkrh gSA rc losx laj{k.k ds fl}kUr ls
1 1 1
m1u1 m2u2 m1 m2 Q
2 2
2 2 2
rFkk tkZ laj{k.k ds fl}kr ls tgkW Q d.kksa dh VDdj esa tkZ
gkfu gS tksfd vU; tkZ tSls
ek ] /ofu vkfn ds :Ik esa O;; gks tkrh gSA m1 m2 m1
m2
u1 u2 v1 v2
VDdj ls iwoZ dk vkisf{kd osx] VDdj ds ckn vkisf{kd osx ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ysfdu
fnkk foifjr gks tkrh gSA
u1 v1 u2 v2 ;v2
Now lehdj.k (iii) ls dk eku lehdj.k (i) esa j[kus ij
m1 (u1 v1 ) m2 [(u1 v1 u2 ) u2 ] m1 (u1 v1 ) m2u1 m2v1 m2u2 m2u2
2m1u1 u2 (m2 m1 )
v2
(m1 m2 )
(v)
m1 m2
Condition (1) tc nksuksa fi.Mksa ds nzO;eku leku gks rc lehdj.k (iv) o (v) ls
2m2u2 2m1u1
v1 0 v1 u2 v2 0 v2 u1
2m2 2m1
nks d.kksa dh lh/kh vizR;kLFk VDdj] d.k VDdj ds ckn fpid tkrs gSA
u1 u2 m1 m2 v
m1 m2 (m1 +m2)
VDdj ls iwoZ VDdj ds Ikpkr
Ekkuk nks d.k ftuds nzO;eku dzek% m1 o m2 vkSj VDdj ls iwoZ muds osx dzek% u1 o u2
gS vkSj VDdj la?kV~Vds Ikpkr os ,d
nwljs ls fpid tkrs gS vkSj la;qDr gksdj ,d fu;r osx ls xfreku gks tkrs gS A rc lsosx laj{k.k ds
fu;e ls
m u m2u 2
v 1 1
m1u1 m2u2 (m1 m2 )v (m1 m2 )
.(i)
y v1 sin
v1
v1 cos
u1 1 x
m1 m2 u2
2
v2 cos
m2
v2
y` v2 sin
2 m1 2 m m2 m1
2 2
1 1 m1 u1 1 1
2
k m1u1 m1u1 1 m1u1 1
2 2 m1 m2 2 m1 m2 2 m1 m2
1 m1m2 2
k u1
2 m1 m2
u12 v12 v22 2v1v2 cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 2v1v2 cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2
lehdj.k (v) ls =0
cos1 2 0
Microsoft Equation
3.0