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fdlh inkFkZ ds v.kqvksa ds chp llatd cy dk eku] fdlh lwU; inkFkZ ds v.kqvksa ds chp yxus
okys latd cy ls fHkUUk gksrk gSA laltd
cy dk eku Bkslks ds fy, lcls vf/kd gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k budk vkdkj o vk;ru fufpr gksrk
gSA] nzoksa dk de] ftlds dkj.k nzo
dk vkdkj vfufpr o vk;ru fUkfpr gksrk gSA vkSj xSlksa esa ux.; gksrk gSAftlds dkj.k budk
vkdkj o vk;ru nksuks vfufpr gksrk gSA
(ii) vklatd cy (Adhessive force) %& nks fHkUUk inkFkksZ ds v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okys
vkdkZ.k cy dks vlatd cy dgrs gSA
vklatd cy dk eku inkFkZ ds vyx&vyx ;qXeksa ds fy, vyx &vyx gksrk gSA vklatd cy ds
dkj.k gh QsohdkWy }kjk ydM+h ds nks
VwdM+s vkil esa ] vFkok lhesUV ds }kjk bZVsaA fpid tkrh gSA blh dkj.k dkWp dh NM+
dks ty esa Mqcksdj ckgj fudky yus ij og xhyh
gks tkrh gSA vyx&vyx ;qXeksa ds fy, vklatd cy] tSls ty rFkk dkWap ds fy, dkWap rFkk
ikjk
i`B ruko (Surface tension):- fdlh nzo dk og i`B] tks fuokZr] ok;q vFkok fdlh xSl ds lEidZ
esa (Bksl vFkok nzOk ds lEidZ
es u gks ) gksrk gSA eqDRk i`B dgykrk gSA vr% fdlh fLFkj nzo ds eqDr i`B ,d ruh gqbZ
f>Yyh dh HkkWafr O;okgj djrs gSA tks i`B
ds {ks=Qy dks U;wure j[kus dk iz;kl djrh gSA nzo dk ;gh xq.k i`B ruko dgykrk gSA
nzo ds eqDRk i`B ij [khaph x;h LikZ js[kk ds ,dkad yEckbZ ij yxus okys cy dks i`B ruko
dgrs gSA bls T ls iznfkZRk djrs gSA
ekuk eqDRk i`B ij [khaph x;h dkYifud js[kk dh yEckbZ l gks] ftl ij yxus okyk cy F gksrks
l F 1 F /l
T
F T
MLT MT
2
2
l L
N/m foeh; lw=
l 1 T F
;fn ehVj gks rks
fdlh nzo dk i`B ruko mldh lrg ij [khap x;h LikZ js[kk
dh yEckbZ ij yxus okys cy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
i`B ruko ds mnkgj.k %&
(i) okkZ dh cwWans xksykdkj gksrh gSA D;ksafd fn;s x;s vk;ru ij xksys dk {ks=Qy de
gksrk gSA okkZr dk cwWan i`B ruko ds dkj.k vius
NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 2
NOBLE SCIENCE CLASSES
FOUNDATION FOR IIT-JEE,AIEEE, AIPMT,RPMT,RPET
{ks=Qy dks U;wure j[kus ds fy, xksykdkj vkdfr x`g.k djrh gSA
(ii) eqyk;e ckyks oky czk ksfox ;k MkbZ djus dk czk tc ty esa Mqckrs gS] rks mlds
cky Qsay tkrs gS] vkSj tc mls ckgj fudkyrs
gSA Rkks fpid tkrs gS D;ksfd ckyksa ds chp cuh ty dh fQYe vius {ks=0 dks U;wure j[kus
ds fy, fldqM+ tkrh gSA
(iii) tc dkWp dh lkQ IysV ij FkksMk lk ty Mkyk tkrk gSA rks ty fQYe ds :Ik esa IysV ij QSy
tkrk gSA vkSj blds foijhr ikjs dh
FkksM+h ek=k IysV ij Mkyh tkrh gS] rks og xksy ds cwWan dk :Ik ysysrh gSA ;fn dkWp
dh IysV ij rsy ;k xzhl yxkdj ml FkksM+k lk ikuh
Mkys rks oks Hkh ikjs dh rjg xksykdkj gks tkrh gSA
(iv) tc fdlh rkj dks eksM+ dj o`rkdkj cukdj mls lkcqu ds ?kksy esa Mqckdj ,d fQYe cuk ys
vkSj ,d eghu /kkxs dk QUnk cukdj
ml fQYe ij Mkys rks og rsM+h&esMh vkdzfr esa jgrk gSA vc ml fQYe dk fiu }kjk rksMs rks
Qank xksy gks tkrk gSA D;ks fQYe VwVus
ij fldqM+rh gSA
nzodh i`Bh; tkZ %& nzo ds v.kq nzo ds vUnj ,d nwljs dks vkdkZ.k cy ls ca/ks jgrs
gSA tc nzo dh ijh lrg ds v.kqvksa dks cy
yxkdj [khapk tkrk gSA rks mUgsa vius ls uhps okys v.kqvksa ds vkdkZ.k cy ds fo:} dk;Z
djuk iM+rk gSA blls tks dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
nzo dh i`Bh; tkZ ds :Ik esa lafpr jgrk gSA ekuk AB ,d eqM+k gqvk rkj gSA ftl ij CD ,d
lh/kk rkj j[kk gSA buds chp lkcqu
ds ?kksy dh fQYe cuh gSA tksfd vius {ks=Qy dks U;wure cukus dk iz;kl djrh gS vr% bls
uhps [khapus lkE; oLFkk esa cuk;s j[kus
x
ds fy, F cy yxk;k tkrk gSA rc ;fn rkj dks foLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA rks fd;k x;k dk;Z
W F x
.......(i)
F T l
ge tkurs gS] ;fn nzo dk i`B ruko T gks rks nzo ds lEidZ ry ij yxus okyk cy .....(ii)
W Tl x T l x
leh (i) o (ii) ls
W
T
W T A A A A 1m 2
tgkW nzo dh i`Bh; {ks= QYk esa o`f} gSA ;fn gks rks
W
T W
1
fdlh nzo dk i`B ruko o mldh lrg ij fd;s x;s dk;Z i`Bh; tkZ ds cjkcj gksrk gSA tksfd
mlds i`Bh; {ks=Qy esa
,dkad o`f} djns A
Note :- (i) ;fn fdlh dh cwWn dh f=T;k r1 ls r2 gksrks cM+h gqbZ f=T;k rks fd;k x;k dk;Z
A
W T .A
W T A2 A1 W T 4r22 4r12
T 4 r12 r22
(ii) ;fn lkcqu ds cqy&cqys dh f=T;k r1 ls c<+kdj r2 dj nh tk;s rks fd;k x;k dk;Z
W 8T r22 r12
(iii) nzo dh n NksVh cqnksa dks feykdj cM+h cwWn cukus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z] ;fn nzo dk
i`B ruko T gks rks &
Ekkuk NksVh cwWan dh f=T;k r gS] ftudh la[;k n gS] feykdj R f=T;k dh ,d cM+h cwWn
cuk;h tkrh gSA rc dk;Z dh x.kuk djuh gSA
Rkks ,d cM+h cwan dk vk;ru = n NksVh cwWanks dk vk;ru
vf/kD; nkc (Excess Force ):- i`B ruko ds dkj.k cwan ;k cqy cqyk fldqMus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
ftlds dkj.k vius vUnj ds inkFkZ
dks nckrs gSA blds dkj.k budh lrg ds vUnj nkc c<tkrk gSA vr% lkE; fLFkfr esa cwan vFkok
cqy cqys dh lrg ds vUnj dk nkc] bl
ij ckgj ds nkc ls vf/kd gksrk gSA bu nksuksa nkcksa ds vUrj dks vf/kD; nkc
(Excess pressure) dgrs gSA
fofHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa esa vf/kD; nkc dh x.kuk %&
(i) nzo dh cwWan ds Hkhrj vf/kD; nkc Kkr djuk (Excess pressure in side a
liquid pressure )
Ekkuk nzo dh cwWn dh f=T;k 1e rFkk i`B ruko T gSA cwWn ds vUnj nkc
p` rFkk ckgj nkc p gSA
p p` p
rc vf/kD; nkc
bl vkf/kD; nkc ds dkj.k cwWn ds lEiw.kZ i`B ij vfHkyEcor~ ckgj dh vksj ,d cy dk;Z djrk
gSA
F p A p 4R 2
vr% ........(i)
R R W F .R
bl cy ds dkj.k cwWn dh f=T;k R ls c<dj gks tkrk gSA ftlesa fd;k x;k dk;Z
......(ii)
W P.4R 2 .R
lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls .........(A) rc cwWn ds i`B {ks= Qy esa c`f}
A 4 [( R R ) R ]
2 2
A 4 [ R 2 R 2 2 RR R 2 ]
A 8R.R [R
..... (iii) = ux.k; gS A ]
W T .A W Ty 8R.R
rc nzo dh i`Bh; tkZ i`B ruko T gksus ij ...... (B)
Ty 8 2T
P.4R .R T 8R.R
2 p
4R
P
R
lehdj.k A o B ls ryuk djus ij
2T
Pi Pi p P0
R
Note :- lkekU; fLFkfr esa P=P0 = ok;qe.My nkc
nzo esa cus ok;q ds cqy cqys ij vf/kdRe nkc (Excess pressure inside an air bubble in a liquid )
ekuk R f=T;k dk ok;q dk cqycqyk gSA tks fd T i`B ruko okys nzo ds vUnj cuk gSA ok;q
ds cqycqys esa nzo dk ,d eqDr i`B gksrk gSA
tks fd ok;q ds lEidZ esa gS vr% nzo dh cwan ds leku O;ogkj djrk gSA vr% vUnj dh
yxus
(ii) mky i`B %& ;fn i`B mky gSA rks i`B ds izR;sd v.kq ij i`B ds vU; v.kqvksa ds
dkj.k] ifj.kkeh cy i`B ds yEcor~ vUnj dh
pi p
vkSj yxrk gSA ftldks larqfyr djus ds fy, vUnj nkc c<+rk tkrk gSA or
p p p 2T / R, pi p 2t / R
vory i`B %& ;fn nzo dk i`B vory gS] rks i`B ds izR;sd v.kq ij] i`B ds vaFk v.kqvksa ds
ifj.kkeh cy ds dkj.k tEcor~ ckgj dh vkSj
dk;Z djrk gSA ftls lrqfyr djus ds fy, nzo ds vUnj dh vksj nkc ckgj ls de gks tkrk gSA
vFkkZr
Pi P P P Pi 2T / R Pi P 2T / R
vr% LiV gS nzo ds xksyh; i`B ij vf/kD; nkc i`B dh odrk f=T;k ds O;qRdzekuqikrh gksrk
gSA
Lisk dsk.k ,ao pUnz ry dh vkd`fr
(Angle of contact and shape of liquid meniscus )
900
(i) ;fn LikZ dks gS] rks nzo dk pUn ry viryfcxk] ,ao nzo Vksjk dh lrg dks xhyk
djsxk
900
(ii) ;fn LikZ dks.k gS] rks nzo dk pUnzry lery gksxk ,oa nzo] Bksl dh lrg dks xhyk
ugha djsxk A
900
(iii) ;fn LikZ dks.k gS] rks nzo dk pUnzry mry gksxk] ,ao nzo Bksl dh lrg dks
xhyk ugh djsxk A
dsfkdRo (Capailarity ) :- dsk (cky) dh rjg ckjhd uyh tks nksuks fljksa ij [kqyh gks]
dskuyh dgykrh dgtkrh gSA tc dskuyh
dks nzo esa [kM+k dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks mlesa nzo ij p<+ tkrk gS] vFkok uhps mrjrk gS
A bl ?kVuk dks gh dsfkdRo dgrs gSA
vFkkZr fdlh dsUkuyh esa nzo ds ij p<+us vFkok uhps mrjus dh ?kVuk dks dksfkdRo
dgrs gSA dskuyh dh f=T;k ftruh de gksrh gSA
nzo uyh es mrkuk gh ij gS vFkok uhps mrjrk gSA
T sin
;gkW ?kVd ,d nwljs ds cjkcj rFk foijhr gSA vr% budk
ifj.kkeh
Cky kwU; gksxk tcfd /oZ ?KVd tqM+ tk;sxs A
T cos 2r
(i) vr% uyh dh izfrfd;k dk ifj.kkeh cy = ij dh vksj
mg T cos 2r
(ii) nzo dk Hkkj = mg /oZ/kj uhps dh vksj rc nzo dh lkE; fLFkfr esa
2T cos
h
vdg T cos 2r hr hdg T cos 2r
2
rdg
2T cos 1 1
h h1 h2 r r
dg 1 2
rhdg rhdg
T
2 cos 2
vr% ge i`B ruko T dh x.kuk dj ldrs gSA
;kurk (Viscosity)
vknkZnzo (Ideal liquid ) :- vknkZ nzo gksus ds fy, nzo esa nks xq.k gksus pkfg,
1- nzo vlaihM~; gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr ,slk nzo ftl ij Mkyus ls mlds vk;ru rFkk ?kuRo esa
dksbZ ifjorZu u gksA
2- nzo v;ku(Non viscos)gksuk pkfg,]ftlls nzo dh fofHkUUk ijrksa ds chp yxus okyk ;ku cy
vkUrfjd ?kkZ.k cy ugh gksuk pkfg,A
O;ogkj esa dksbZ Hkh nzo iw.kZ :Ik ls vknkZ nzo ugha gSA vf/kdkk nzo dk valaihM~;
nzo ekuk x;k gSA ysfdu nzoksa dh ;kurk xSlks dh vis{kk
vf/kd gksrh gSA
vfojrrk dk fl}kUr (Principal of contimuity) tc dksbZ nzo fdlh foke :Ik ufydk esa fcuk ?kkZ.k
ds cgjgk gksrk gSA vFkkZr /kkjk
js[kh; izokg esa cg jgk gksrk gSA rks ufydk ds fdlh fcUnq ij nzo dk osx rFkk ml fcUnq ij
ijhPNsn A ds {ks=Qy dk xq.ku ,d
fu;rkad gksrk gSA vFkkZr AV= fu;rkad ;g lehdj.k nzo dk vfojr izokg lehdj.k dgykrk gSA
Proof :- ekuk dksbZ vknkZ nzo PQ foke :Ik ufydk esa fcuk ?kkZ.k ds cg jgk gSA P fljs ds
ijhPNsn dk {ks=Qy A rFkk Q dk A2 gSA rFkk bu fljks ij nzo ds osx V1 o V2 gSA
Rkc P fljs ij izosk djus okys nzo dk vk;ru V1=A1V1
nzO;eku m1= V1d= A1V1d ..... (i)
rFkk Q fljs ls ckgj fudyus oky nzo dk vk;ru V2=A2V2
nzO;eku m2= V2d= A2V2d ..... (ii)
ge tkurs gS fdlh uyh esa ftruk nzo izosk djrk gSA nwljs
fljs ls
mruk gh nzo ckgj fudyrk gSA m1 = m2 .......(iii)
A1V1d= A2V2d A1V1= A2V2 AV= Constant
Note :- 1- vknkZ nzo ds izokg dk osx vFkok nj nzo ds ?kuRo ij fuHkZj ugha djrs A
2- ;fn nzo vlaihM~; ugha gS rks vyx&vyx fcUnqvks ij nkc vyx&vyx gksus ds dkj.k ?kuRo
vyx&vyx gksxs rc nzO;eku laj{k.k
A1V1 A2V2
dh fLFkfr esa A1V1d1= A2V2d2 vFkkZr vr% uyh esa izokg dh nj
vyx&vyx gksxhA
1
V
A
3- vr% V rFkk A chp x`kQ vfrijoy;k dkj gksxk vFkkZr uyh ds
yadh.kZ Hkkx ij nzo
dk osx vf/kd] tcfd pkSM+s Hkkx esa nzo dk osx de gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
(a) igkM+ksa ij ladh.kZ Hkkx ls fudyrs gq, unh dk osx rst rFkk eSnkuksa unh dk osx de
gksrk gSA
(i) /kkjkjs[kh; izokg esa fdlh dkYifud od ij [khaph x;h LikZ js[kk] ml fcUnq ij nzo ds osx
dh fnkk dks fu:fir djrh gSA vkSj nks
/kkjk js[kka, dHkh ,d nwljs dks ugha dkVrh gSA ugh arks ml fcUnq ds osx dh nks
fnkkvksa dks iznfkZr djsaxh tks fd vlEHko gSA
(ii) /kkjk js[kh; izokg esa fdlh fufpr fcUnq ij nzo dk osx leku jgrk gS] ijUrq fHkUUk
fcUnqvksa ij nzo dk osx fHkUUk& gks ldrk gSA
fo{kqC/k izokg %& bl izdkj ds izokg esa nzo ds v.kq vius ls vxys
okys v.kq ds ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djrs
gq, ugha pyrs] fo{kqC/k izokg dgyrk gSA tc nzo dk osx ,d fufpr
eku dkfkd eku ls vf/kd
gksrk gS] rks nzo ds d.k vfu;fer xfr djus yxrs gSA bls gh fo{kqC/k
izokg dgrs gSA fo{kqC/k izokg esa
nzo ds Hkhrj HkWoj /kkjk,a mRiUUk gks tkrh gSA rst cgrh gqbZ unh ;k Wps >jus ls fxjrs
ty dk izokg]
rFkk rwQku esa ok;q dk pdzokr cuuk vkfnA
dzakfkd osx (Critical Velocity) :- fdlh nzo ds osx dk og vf/kdre eku tgkWa rd nzo dk
osx /kkjk js[kh; jgrk gSA nzo dk dkfkd
v vc
og vc dgykrk gSA ;fn fdlh nzo dk osx V gSA rc /kkjk js[kh; izokg esa fo{kqC/k
v vc
izokg esa
izokfgr nzo dh tkZ,a %& fdlh cgrs gq, nzo esa rhu izdkj dh
tkZ, gksrh gSA
1- nkc tkZ 2- xfrt tkZ rFkk fLFkfrt tkZ
1- nkc tkZ %& fdlh nzo ij dk;Z djus okys nkc ds dkj.k blesa
tks tkZ gksrh gSA
mls nkc tkZ dgrs gSA ekuk fdlh uyh esa fiLVu dks vUnj dh
vksj nckus ij] nzo
x
vUnj dh vksj foLFkkfir gksrk gSA rc nzo ij yxus okyk cy F= P.A ..... (i)
x
rFkk bl vkUrfjd cy }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z W= F ....... (ii)
W P (Ax) PV
lehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls ;gh nkc tkZ
W PV
P V
dgykrh gSA rc nzo ds ,dkad vk;ru dh nkc tkZ ,dkad vk;ru dh nkc tkZ = P
1 1
p1v mv12 mgh1 P2v mv22 mgh2
2 2
Or
nzo LFkSfrdh
rjy inkFkZ (Fluid Substance )
rjy os inkFkZ gksrs gS ftues cgus dk xq.k gksrk gS] vFkkZr os inkFkZ tks okg; cy yxkus ij
cg ldrs gS] rjy dgykrs gSA nzo rFkk xSl
nksuks gh rjy inkFkZ gSA
nzo LFkSfrdh(Fluids statics):- HkkSfrd foKku dh og kk[kk ftlesa okg; cyksa rFkk rjy nkc ds
izHkko oLrqvksa dh lkE;oLFkk dk v/;;u
fd;k tkrk gSA nzo LFkSfrdh dgykrk gSA
nzo esa nkc (Pressure in fluids ) :- nzo }kjk lEidZ lrg ds izfr,dakd {ks=Qy ij] vfHkyEcor~
yxus cy dks nzo dk nkc dgrs gSA
;fn nzo }kjk lrg ds A {ks=Qy ij vfHkyECkor~ vkjksfir cy F gks ] rks nzo }kjk lrg ij nkc P=
F/A nkc dk SI i}fk esa ek=d
N/m2 gksrk gSA bls Pa (ikLdy) Hkh dgrs gSA
fofe; lw= P= [MLT-2] = [ML-1T-2]
Note :- nkc fdlh fufpr fnkk esa u gksdj] lHkh
fnkkvksa esa dk;Z djrk gSA
vr% nkc u rks lfnk jkkh gS vksj u vfnkA og ,d izfnk
jkkh (Tesor quantity) gSA
nkc (Pressure) :- fdlh i`B ds ,dkad {ks=Qy ij
vfHkyEcor~ yxus okyk
cy F dks nkc dgrs gSA bls P ls iznfkZr djrs gSA P= F/A N/m2
Ikkjs lsUVhehVj (Centimeter of mercury) :- O0C rki ij kq} ikjs ds 1cm Wps LrEHk ij vksjksfir
nkc dks 1cm ikjk dgrs
gSA ;k lseh ikjk dgrs gSA 1 cm mercury = 1.33 103 N/m2 gksrk gSA bl ek=d dks
dHkh&dHkh dsoy cm fy[kk tkrk gSA
NOBLE SCHOOL CAMPUS, KUCHAMAN CITY, Mob:- 9413195989,9829219621 Page no:- 13
NOBLE SCIENCE CLASSES
FOUNDATION FOR IIT-JEE,AIEEE, AIPMT,RPMT,RPET
rFkk 1 ok;qe.My nkc ijs ds 76cm ds cjkcj gksrk gSA vr% 1 ok;qe.My = 76 1.33 103 = 1.01
105 M/m2
vkSkf/k foKku rFkk kjhj fdz;k foKku esa nkc dk ek=d mm(Hg) rFkk VkWj (Torr) ds :Ik esa
fy[kk tkrk gSA
1 mm( Hg) = 1.33 104 N/m2 1 Torr = 133 Pa
ekSlefoKku esa nkc dk lkekU; ek=d ckj o feyhckj fy;k tkrk gSA 1 bar = 105Pa rFkk 1m bar
(1mb) = 102 N/m2 (Pa)
ok;qe.My nkc (Atmosphere pressure ) :- i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj 300 km rd ok;q dk ,d ?ksjk gSA
ftles O2,N2,CO2 vkfn xSls
mifLFkr gSA bl ok;qe.My dgrs gSA ok;q e.My vusd ijrksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA D;ksfd
ok;q esa Hkkj gksrk gSA vr% ok;q dh izR;sd
ijr dk i`Foh dh lrg ij Hkkj iM+rk gSA ftlds dkj.k nkc yxrk gSA vFkkZr i`Foh ds ,dkad
{ks=Qy ij yxus okys Hkkj dks ok;qe.My
nkc dgrs gSA bls Pa ls inzfkZr djrs gSA 1Pa = 1.02 105 N/m2 = 1atm
Note :- i`Foh dh lrg ij ok;q e.My nkc vf/kdre gksrk gSA rFkk i`Foh dh lrg ls ij tkus ij
ok;qe.My nkc ?kVrk gSA
nzonkc %& fojkekoLFkk esa nzo lnSo vius lEidZ ry esa vfHkyEcornkc Mkyrk gSA vFkkZr
vUnj dk nzo crZu dh nhokjksa lEidZ lrg
ij ckgj nkc yxkrk gSA vr% izR;sd crZu ij ,d nkc vkjksfir djrk gSA ftlls og j[kk tkrk gSA bl
nkc dks nzo nkc dgrs gSA
Ekkuk fp= B esa nzo ls Hkjs crZu esa nzo Hkjk gqvk gS] ftlds Lora= ry ls crZu dh nhokj
A rFkk B fcUnqvksa ij nks Nsn dj fn;s tkrs
gS ftuls nzo ckgj fudyrk gsA ftls ns[kus ls irk pyykr gS fd Nsn ds ikl nzo yEcor fnkk esa
ckgj fudyrk gSA rFkk ckn i`Foh
ds xq:Ro ds dkj.k mldh fnkk cny tkrh gSA fNn A ls nzo /khjs & /khjs tc fd B ls rsth ls
ckgj fudyrk gS] D;ksfd LorZZ= ry
ls xgjkbZ ij nzo dk nkc c<+rk gSA
vk.kfod ekWMy ds vk/kkj ij nzo nkc dh O;k[;k %& ge tkurs gS fd izR;sd nzo lw{e
v.kqvksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA nzo ds v.kq ,d
vkdkZ.k cy ls ca/ks jgrs gSA ysfdu nzo ds v.kqvksa ds e/; yxus okyk ;g vkdkZ.k cy cgqr
de gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k nzo ds v.kq ,d
fufpr lhek ds vUnj vfu;fer :Ik ls xfr djus yxrs gS A rFkk xfr djrs le; ,d nwljs ls o crZu dh
nhokjksa ls Vdjkrs gSA ftlds
ifj.kke Lo:Ik nzo ds v.kqvksa ds losx esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA rks og crZu dh nhokjksa ij ,d
cy vkjskfir djrs gSA vr% nhokj ds ,dkad {ks=
Qy ij] nzo }kjk vkjksfir cy dks nzo nkc dgrs gSA nzo dk nkc P=
F/A
nzo ds Hkhrj fdlh fcUnq ij nzo ds nkc dh x.kuk %& ekuk
nzo ds Lora= ry ls fdlh
h xgjkbZ ij fcUnq s gSA tgkW gesa nzo ds nkc dh x.kuk djuh
gSA fcUnq s dks dsUnz eku
dj A ijhPNsn rFkk h yEckbZ ds ,d csyu dh dYiuk djrs gSA vr%
fcUnq s ij nzo
}kjk vkjksfir cy] LrEHk csyuds Hkkj ds cjkcj gksxk A
rc nzo LrEHk }kjk ?ksjk dk vk;ru V = Ah
;fn nzo dk /kuRo d gks] rks nzo LrEHk dk nzO;eku m = V.d = Ahd
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Rkc nzo LrEHk dk Hkkj W= m.g = Ahdg ......(i) ;g vfHkyEcor O;kj s fcUnq ij dk;Z djrk gSA
ftldk {ks=Qy A gSA
Rkc fcUnq s ij nzo dk nkc P= W/A ..... (ii) leh (i) ls (ii) esa eku j[kus ij P= Ahdg/A P = hdg
vr% LiV gS] fd nzo ds vUnj fdlh fcUnq ij nzo dk nkc] nzo dh lrg ls ml fcUnq dh xgjkbZ]
nzo ds ?kuRo o xq:Roh; Roj.k ds xq.ku
Ph
ds xq.ku Qy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ;fn nzo dk ?kuRo d rFkk xq:Roh; Roj.k g fu;r gks rks
gksrk gSA vr% nzo ds vUnj fdlh
fcUnq ij nzo dk nkc ] Lora= ls ls xgjkbZ h ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
Note:- ;fn ok;qe.Myh; nkc Pa tks nzo ds Lora= ry ij dk;Z djrk gSA rc dqy nzo nkc
P` = ok;qe.Myh; nkc + h xgjkbZ ij nkc = Pa + hdg
ikLdy dk fu;e %& lu P1653 bZ0 Qzkafllh oSKkfud Cyst IkkLdy us nzo lapj.k ds lEcak
esa ,d fu;e fn;k] ftls ikLdy dk fu;e
dgrs gSA bl fu;e ds vuqlkj fdlh crZu esa j[ks nzo dh larqyu dh voLFkk fojkeoLFkrk
esa nzo ds fdlh Hkkx ij nkc vkjksfir
djsa] nzo ds lHkh fcUnqvksa o crZu dh nhokjksa ij leku :Ik ls lapfjr gksrk gSA
Proof :- ekuk fdlh crZu esa nzo lkE;oLFkk esa j[kk gS] ftlds vUn PQ ,d yEco`kh; csyu dh
dYiuk djrs gS] ftlds ijhPNsn dk
{ks=Qy A gSA bl csyu ds vUnj Hkjk nzo ckgj ds nzo }kjk csyu ij
vksjksfir cyks }kjk
lkE;oLFkk esa gS] vr% lkE;oLFkk esa csyu ds Ik`Bks ij yxus okyk
ifj.kkeh cy kwU; gksxkA
;fn P ij nkc P1 rFkk Q ij nkc P2 gksrks P1 fljs ij yxus okyk cy
F1= P1 A ...... (i) rc Q fljs ij cy F2 = P2 A .... (ii)
rc larqyu dh voLFkk essa F1 = F2 .... (iii)
Lkehdj.k (i) o (ii) ls (iii) esa eku j[kus ij P1A = P2A P1 = P2
;gh ikLdy dk fu;e gSA
ikLdy ds fu;e ds vuqiz;ksx %&
(i) gkbMksfyd fyV ] (ii) gkbMksfyd csd
(i) gkbMksfyd fyV :- nzo }kjk pfyr gkbMksfyd fyV esa
rjy }kjk Hkjs Hkjs LFkku
ij nks ?kkZ.k jfgr fiLVu yxs gS] fiLVu P1 ds ijhPNsn dk
{ks=Qy A1 d; gSA
vr% bls ij F1 de cyvkjksfir djus ij] ;g nzo ij nkc P= F1/A1
vkjksfir
djrk gS] tks fd lEiw.kZ nzo esa leku :i ls lapfjr gksrk gSA
rFkk vuqizLFk dkV A2
ds cM+s csyu esa fiLVu yxk gSA ftlij ij dh vksj yxus okyk cy P A2
gksxkA vr% fiLVu vf/kd cy dks larqfyr tSls IysV QkeZ ij j[ks dkj ;k Vd ds
vf/kd Hkkj dks mBk ldrk gS larqfyr dj Ldrk gSA
rc F2 = PA2 = (F1/A1) = F1 A2 /A1 rFkk A1 ij cy cnydj IysV QkeZ dks ij uhps yk;k tk ldrk gSA
(ii) gkbMksfyd czsd %& gkbMksfyd czsd dk dk;Z fl}kUr
Hkh gkbMksfyd fyV ds leku gSA
blds }kjk xkM+h ds lHkh ifg;ksa ij ,d lkFk voeUnd cy yxkdj
xkfM;kW jksdh
tkrh gSA
blesa ,d ekLVj csyu crZu gksrk gSA ftlesa czsd Oil Hkjk
gksrk gsA rFkk blds nkW;h
vksj ,d ?kkZ.k jfgr fiLVu P yxk jgrk gSA ftldk lEca/k (U)
yhoj ds lkFk iSMy
ls gksrk gSA rFkk nwljs fljs ij ,d T uyh yxh gksrh gSA tksfd ifg;s ds lkFk yxs
Cylinder ls tqM+h jgrh gSA ftlesa P1 o P2 nks fiLVu yxs jgrs gSA tks fd czsd
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kw S1 o S2 ls tqM+s jgrh gSA tc czsd iSMy dks nckrs gS] rks yhoj ls tqM+k fiLVu
m flfy.Mj esa czsd Oil dks nckrk gSA tks fd ifg;s ds lkFk yxs
Cylinder esa ,d leku:Ik ls nkc Mkyrk gSA vkSj fiLVu P1 o P2 ckgj dh vksj xfr djus yxrs gSA
ftlls csdkw S1 o S2 tksfd
Spring ls ijLij tqM+s jgrs gSA ifg;s ij nkc Mkyrs gSA vkSj ?kkZ.k ds dkj.k ifg;s ij vkoenu
mRiUUk gksrk gSA
nzo viuk ry Loa; <wW< ysrk gSA vr% nzo dks ijLij
lEcaf/kr
vusd vkdkj ds crZuksa esa Hkjk tkrk gSA rks lHkh
crZuks esa nzo
ry dh EpkbZ leku jgrh gSA bl nzo LFkSfrd fojks/kksfDr
Hkh dgrs gSA
xst nkc %& nzo LFkSfrd nkc P rFkk ok;qe.Myh; nkc Pa dk vUrj xst nkc dgykrk gSA xstnkc
= P-Pa= hdg
mYIyko cy (Force of Buoyancy) :- tc fdlh oLrq dks] fdlh nzo esa iw.kZ ;k vkfkd :Ik Mqcks;k
tkrk gSA rks nzo }kjk oLrq ij
ij dh vksj ,d cy dk;Z djrk gSA ;g cy mRIykod cy ;k mNky cy dgykrk gSA
blh cy ds dkj.k gh tc] dwW, esa ls ikuh [khaprs gS rks tc okYVh dw,a ds vUnj gksrh gS]
rks ges gYdh yxrh gSA vkSj tSls gh mls ikuh
ls ckgj fudkyk tkrk gSA rks ,dne ls Hkkjh gks tkrh gSA
(ii) tc W1= W2 (p= ) :- tc oLrq }kjk foLFkkfir nzo ds Hkkj ds cjkcj
gS] rks oLrq nzo ds
vUnj Mwch gqbZ rSjrh gSA
(iii) tc W2>W1 (p< ):- tc oLrq dk Hkkj] oLrq }kjk foLFkkfir
nzo ds Hkkj ls de gksrk gSA rks oLrq nzo ds ij rSjrh gSA
Vc
3- nzo dh ;kurk xq.kkad ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA ..... (iii)
Re V pd
Vc Vc Re c
pd pd
Rhuks dks feykus ij tgkWa Re jsukYM la[;k gSA rc
Vc 2 Ap
Re
AVc
d
Now :- = tM+Roh; cy @ ;ku cy Re= tMRoh; cy @ ;ku cy
vr% tM+Roh; cy nzo ds izokg ekxZ esa vojks/kdk tMRo rFkk ;ku cy ds vuqikr dks
jsukYM dgrs gSA
foksk (Note):-
1- ;fn fdlh nzo esa Re dk eku 2000 ls de gS rks mldk izokg /kkjk j[kh; ;k izokg Lrjh;
gksxkA
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2- ;fn Re dk eku 3000 ls vf/kd gSA rks nzoksa dk izokg fo{kqn gksxkA
3- ;fn Re dk eku 2000 o 3000 ds chp gksrk gSA rks nzo dk izokg vfLFkj gksrk gSA dHkh
/kkjk js[kh; rks dHkh fi{kq}
4- fdlh iryh dskuyh esa ls izokfgr nzo dh Re dh la[;k A 1000 yxHkx gksrh gSA
Ikk;yV V~;wc %& bl ;a= dk mi;ksx ik;yV ok;q ;ku dk osx Kkr djus esa djrs gSA ;g ;a=
;ku ds ia[ks ds lkFk tqM+k jgrk gSA blesa
,d eksVh uyh T gksrh gSA rFkk blds lkFk ABCD U vkdkj dh ,d uyh tqM+h jrh gSA uyh dk
A fljk [kqyk jgrk gSA rFkk D
fljk cUn jgrk gSA bl uyh esa nzo Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA fcUnq A o D nksuks ,d gh {kSfrt ry
esa gksrs gS A
rc cjukSyh dh izes; ls
1 1
P1 dV12 d g h1 P2 dV22 d g h2
2 2 h1 h2 h
1 1
P1 dV12 P2 dV22
2 2
;gkWa P1V1 fcUnq A ij nkc o osx gSA
...... (i)
D ij V2 = 0 rFkk ok;q dk ?kuRo gks
1
P1 dV12 P2 0 P2 P1 1 dV12 V12 2 P2 P1
2 2 d
Lkehdj.k (i) ls
2 P2 P1 2 hpg
V V
d d
dgkWa ok;q dk ?kuRo gSA