SECOND OPEN SUPPLICATION TO THE ETHNIC BURMANS OF BURMA

(Warning! This paper contains some shocking video scenes, photos and information.)

RESPECTED ETHNIC BURMANS, INCLUDING THE BUDDHIST CLERGY!

Today is the 70th Anniversary of the signing of the PANGLONG AGREEMENT which gave
birth to the former Union of Burma. It was signed by the representatives of Ministerial
Burma or Burma Proper, Chin Hills, Kachin Hills and Federated Shan States on February 12,
1947 at Panglong in Southern Shan State as equal partners. So, let us look at what has been
happening in the country since then.
This is my Second Open Supplication to you as its title above shows. I did release my First Open
Supplication bearing the date of December 25, 2016. So if in case you haven't read it yet in its
entirety, you may still access it at the following Link. The text part of it is reproduced below at the
end of this current supplication in italic from pages 5 to 10.

https://de.scribd.com/document/335126584/First-Open-Supplication-to-the-Ethnic-Burmans-of-Burma

In this Second Open Supplication I would like to add a number of latest information items with
regard to the ongoing peace-building process, the human rights situation and the health of the
country's economy. If you, the ethnic Burmans, would carefully read these news items, I'm quite
sure that you would also wonder how the government and the armed forces of a poverty-stricken
country with the LDC status could ever successfully wage a protracted war against all the armed
forces of non-Burman ethnic nationalities. Exactly because of the ruthless 70-year old civil war,
the mismanagement of the economy and rampant corruption at every level of the society during
these decades, the country was plunged into one of the least developed countries in the world, yet
those who are now in power apparently have not yet fully grasped the dimension of the country's
overall problems, especially since what has happend in northern Arakan State with the
Rohingya/Bengali people. The whole world is now forcussing on us.
Just have a look at this video which was posted on Youtube on December 31, 2016!

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/burma-rohingya-muslims-beating-abuse-video-aung-san-suu-kyi-a7505816.html

It may surely sound very cynical and heartless for me to make the following remark, but
unfortunately I have no other alternatives to better describe the whole present situation of the
country: Paradoxically, thanks largely to the plight of the Rohingya/Bengali people, the plight not
only of all the so-called indigenous non-Burman ethnic nationalities but that of the great majority
of the ethnic Burmans themselve as well have also become more widely known now among the
international community, especially in the Islamic world. That was also partly because of the
publicity gained through the above youtube video. A couple of Muslim villages were burned down
and hundreds of their women were molested following armed attacks by the Muslims on three
armed posts manned by border guards in October 2016, and some 120,000 IDPs are forced to live
in refugee camps within the Arakan State and 65,000 people of them are reported to have fled to
Bangladesh until today. As a consequence, the whole world is now forcussing its attention on what
is happening in the country. Not only that. Thirteen diplomatic missions of Christian nations from
the West that are stationed in Burma have issued an appeal to the Burmese government on their
behalf and 13 Nobel laureates and a few other internationally well-known personalities have also
made an appeal to the government on their behalf in the form of an Open Letter.
Actually, Burma Army troops have been committing countless similar or even worse crimes
against nearly all the other non-Burman indigenous ethnic nationalities for seventy years. Tens of
thousands of women have been molested and murdered. Thousands of villages have been burned
down and hundreds of thousands of innocent people imprisoned, tortured and murdered. And
hundreds of thousands of people have also been displaced everywhere. Thousands of civilians in
armed conflict areas are used as porters, unpaid forced labourers and human shields by the Army.
Hundreds of thousands of refugees have been living in Thailand and elsewhere in refugee camps
for more than half a century and several hundreds of thousands are living in third countries around
the world as refugees! Their natural resources are robbed. (The Chin refugees alone who are now
living around the world as refugees are estimated to be some 200,000 as of 2016!) As everybody
knows it's not only the non-Burman ethnic nationalities who have been suffering, but the great
majority of the ethnic Burmans themselves as well.

In fact, the great majority of the country's 4.5 million Christians are indigenous non-
Burman ethnic peoples and they make up the largest victims of the successive rulers'
decades-long ruthless oppression and suppression. But who really cares about their plight?
Almost nobody! The exceptions of course are several international human rights and
humanitarian organizations and a number of compassionate individual activities from both
inside and outside of the country.

And just have a look at the following statistics! Those who are not well informed enough about
world history would surely endlessly wonder how come some of the world's most wealthy nations
have been so heartlessly lending billions of dollar to such repressive, corrupt and murderous
regimes for decades with the full knowledge that it would never be able to repay these debts. The
answer lies in two books (out of several). Merchants of Death by H.C. Engelbrecht and F.C.
Hanighen, and The Money Lenders by Anthony Sampson. Although these two books are already
old (the former was published in 1934 and the later in 1981), the practices mentioned in these
books are still fully relevant. Throughout the human history - and especially since the era of
colonialism and industrialization - great fortunes are made partly at the costs of the blood, sweat
and tears of countless innocent people around the world for centuries!

According to the ABECOR COUNTRY REPORT, prepared on February 15, 1984, Burma's
foreign currency reserves were as low as $ 75.1 million as of October 1983. The ABECO
GROUP's 11 members were among Europe's leading banks. When the UN categorized the
country as a LDC in 1988, the country's foreign currency reserves were $ 29.5 million!

EXTERNAL DEBT: USD 11 billion (Most of the debts were incurred decades ago, before
the banks pulled out, with some $ 8.4 billion in debts built up during the socialist military
regime headed by the late strongman Gen. Ne Win between 1962 and 1988. Myanmar owes
$ 489 million to the ADB; $ 802 million to the World Bank, according to the Myanmar
government. (Source: February 9, 2012, 9:11 AM SGT Wall Street Journal (blog) - Too Bad,
Burma: Big Bank Loans Unlikely Anytime Soon. By Patrick Barta).

Its debt to Japan was $ 6.4 billion (Jan.2013), $ 2.1 billion to China and Euro 1.084 billion
to Germany (February 2014), US $ 11 billion was stashed away in a number of banks in
Singapore by the then ruling military Junta (September 2013). The Norway investment:
5 billion ( 2011); the UK investment: $ 4 billion (2016), etc.

Sooner or later we surely will be forced either by some outside forces or by the circum-
stances within the country - to decide what should be done with the Rohingya/Bengali issue,
no matter whether we like it or not. We will never be able to ignore this issue forever. As
it would not be possible to kill them all, neither would it be possible for us to drive them into
the Bay of Bengal at gunpoint! And the international community would never be able to
feed them forever.
Let me quote a few passages from the Myanmar Times, January 31, 2017:

Mr Sahakyan said that while the renewed access is welcome news, major concerns remain about
deteriorating food security in the states north.
 Two rapid surveys conducted by WFP in November and December, as well as a multi-sector initial assessments
by various humanitarian partners, [and] separate WFP assessments conducted in January, show evidence of a
deteriorating food security situation in northern Rakhine State and an increased need for food assistance, he
said. Northern Rakhine State has some of the highest severe malnutrition rates in the country a situation UN
agencies say has only got worse since October 9.WFPs activities prior to October included regular and seasonal
programs targeting a total of 152,000 people. Of these, 44,000 were considered vulnerable populations supported
under the lean season program. Some 65,000 students received in-school nutrition biscuits, and around 43,000
pregnant women, nursing mothers and young malnourished children were supported.
In its most recent operational report, WFP announced it was facing a funding shortfall of US$20.5 million with
a pipeline break anticipated in February. Without securing additional funding, regular activities are likely to
take a hit. We simply did not anticipate that something of this scale might happen. We do not have funding to
continue operations through to June, but are good until the end of February, Mr Sahakyan said.
( http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/24756-wfp-resumes-food-support-in-northern-rakhine-state.html )

Foreign investment overview for Myanmar (2016)

Overview
Considered by many to be one of the last economic frontiers, Myanmar has been the object of investor interest
for the past three years. As of November 30, 2015, data from the Directorate of Investment and Company
Administration (DICA) shows that the total amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) for the period from
1988 to November 2015 has reached $58.2bn, consisting mainly of manufacturing enterprises, with oil and gas
companies bringing in one-third of total investment, at $19.6bn. Since the country opened up in 2012, the influx
of FDI reached its peak in 2014 with a total of over $8bn in approved investment for the year. In comparison,
FDI in 2015 was at $3.9bn, a significant drop from the previous year.
https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/letter-legal-overview-climate-foreign-investment
.......................................................................................

So my suggestions would be as follows: 1. This issue MUST NOT be left alone to the
politicians and the militarymen because the country' entire population has already long been
directly or indirected affected by it. Therefore, the opinions or ideas and concepts of the entire
people in the country should be asked for the long-term solution of this problem; 2. A conference
or conferences must be held with neighboring Islamic and non-Islamic nations that are already
directly or indirectly affected by this problem under the supervision of the United Nations;
3. Other Islamic nations and humanitarian organizations from these countries should also be
invited to contribute to this or those conferences with ideas and concepts, and sufficient material
assistance to the Arakanese and the Muslim communities in the long run, etc. Starting from late
2011 and early 2012 more and more Arakanese and their political representatives began to demand
for a fair share of the sales of natural gas found off the Arakan coastal regions. And they demanded
that Sittwe, the state's capital, and other major towns inside the state, should get electricity for 24
hours a day. Sittwe itself and other towns got electricity only for 4 to 6 hours a day for years.
Despite the billions of dollar earned yearly from the sales of natural gas, Arakan State still remains
the second poorest state in the country after Chin State! - because they are denied the right and
power to decide what to do with those billions! Just have a look at the attached information item
No. 07! For the development of Rakhine State $ 2.7 million is alloted urgently just because the
inequality and injustices under which it has been suffering can no longer be hidden from the
attention of the international community. This money is just peanuts in comparison to the billions
of dollar worth of gas that this state produces annually!

(The worst bloody conflicts took place following the rape and murder of an Arakanese woman
on May 28, 2012. Three Muslim suspects were arrested. Then in a few days ten Muslims returned
from a pilgrimage were murdered by a mob. Some 30 people were arrested as suspects who were
supposed to be connected with this mob-killings. But it turned out later that those who had
committed the killings were not the arrested locals, but total strangers. So it is generally assumed
among those who have been closely following this incident that it must have been a plan from
outside of the Rakhine State. Actually, although the relationships between Buddhist Arakanese and
the Muslims were never that harmonious, the Arakanese and a large portion of the Muslims have
been living side by side for generations peacefully and wide-spread bloody conflicts of such
dimension were rare until very recently as mentioned above. And several tens of thousands of
Chins are also living in this state together with these two ethnic peoples for generations without
big problems.)

Like the Arakan history expert Dr. Jacques P Leider, I also do not see it as an unsolvable
problem at all. However, we need to be fully realistic that there certainly are some powerful
interest groups inside and outside of the country that are tremendously profitting from the bloody
conflicts. They really would not therefore be interested in finding a practical solution. But I think
this great obstacle could be overcome with the full participation and efforts of the masses at
grassroot level. (For Dr. Leider's opinions, see his interview in The Irrawaddy Online News under
the topic of : History Behind Arakan State Conflict

http://www.irrawaddy.com/from-the-archive/history-behind-arakan-state-conflict-2.html

In searching for a practical and long-term solution, we cannot be emotional although, I know
very well, that it would not be easy in reality. We will have to prepare ourselves to make some
bitter compromises between our own needs and the normally accepted international norms that
are applied for similar situations in other parts of the world.
Several people in the country may surely want to question now what kind of right do I have to
make such proposals. I know that I've got full legitimacy to make such proposals for I still
am a Chin national whose country became a part of the former Union of Burma with the
signing of the Panglong Pact on February 12, 1947 on equal status with other Panglong
Agreement signatories. (As I had already mentioned in my First Open Supplication to the Ethnic
Burmans, I've not yet applied for German citizenship until now although I've been living in this
country for nearly forty years and I still am retaining my status as a stateless person.) We thefore
also have the full right to shape our own destiny. We have had contributed a great deal for
the well-being of those in the former Union of Burma. But what gains have we made as a
result? We have simply become the worst victims of the successive governments'
instutionalized discrimination in every field. And we have thus become the poorest state!
Just have a look at the situation of the Chin people as an example in the few information items
herewith attached. According to The DVB Debate under the topic of How to reduce abject
Poverty? (No. 25), 70% of Chin State's population lives forever under the poverty-line, and Chin
State gets only 1% of the union budget for 2017-2018 while the Defence Ministry alone gets 14%;
according to the statistics on newly created jobs in both government and private sectors for states
and divisions in 2015 (No. 27), not even a single job was created for the 500,000 Chins in Chin
State, either in government or private sector! And Ms. Mirante's article (No. 26), Nickel and
Dimed on Frog Mountain and the infrastructure map of Chin State (No. 31) - clearly show how
poor the infrastructure in Chin State is! Furthermore, for it's very clear to me that the great majority
of the people in the country do not have any idea at all about the Chins and what they have done
for the well-being of the country in the past, I'm attaching here a few more information items
(No.s 28 to 33). These items are from my own 685-page history paper on the Chin people called,
The Chin/Zo People of Bangladesh, Burma and India: An Introduction XIX. The Link below is
for its 382-page excerpt.

https://de.scribd.com/document/18092021/The-Chin-Zo-People-of-Bangladesh-Burma-and-India-An-Introduction-XIX)

Note: Just for your information, may I make a very brief explanation about the Chins. The most common names by
which we're known today by outsiders are: Asho, Chin, Cho, Khumi, Kuki, Laimi, Mizo and Zomi. We're divided into
three countries Bangladesh, Burma and Inda without our own consent. Conservatively estimated, our combined
populations in three countries number not less than 3 million and at least 95% of us are Christian. The rest either
Buddhist or Animist. The first armed confrontations between us and the British took place back in 1824 and the last
ones in 1919. The British had to annex our country with several major and minor military expeditions under the direct
command of a number of their most experienced military commanders. The kingdom of Burma was completely
conquered by the British in 1885, but the first major armed encounters between us and the British took place in 1841-
42, 1871-72 and from 1888 up to the late 1890s. There were two more rebellions from 1917 up to 1919. Two British
officers were awarded VC or Victoria Cross the highest military award for valour in the British Empire one during
the 1871-72 military campaign and the other one in 1889. The rest of the full story is fully well-ducumented in my
paper under the Link above.
.........................................................................................................................

Starting from 2016 there was a catastrophic famine in a number of regions in Chin State, but the
central government did almost nothing for the relief of this natural disaster. Three well-known
Chin singers from Chin State and two well-known singers from Mizoram therefore made a musical
tour in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand among the Chins living there either as refugees or
employees. Chin Christian communities and the Mizoram government had made their own efforts
as much as they could. The following text is from the youtube video that I myself had re-edited
from the original material to be used as a medium to highlight the Chins' plight and thus to attract
the attention of the would-be sympathizers from inside and outside of the country.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_y5CLruzY0

Published on Apr 11, 2014

Starting from 2006 there was a great famine in some parts of Chin State as the result of bamboo flowering.
Approximately every 50 years the bamboo flowers; producing a fruit resembling an avocado, full of protein
and other nutrients. For the local population of forest rats this is a feast and they gorge themselves, stripping
the bamboo of all its fruit and seeds. Consequently there is a huge surge in the rat population, and once all the
bamboo has been destroyed, they then turn to other sources of food. Although a few foreign NGOs and local
communities made donations, these were far from enough. The Burmese government did not make any
contributions at all! So, a musical tour with three famous Chin singers - Sung Tin Par, Zamnu and Sangpi,
and two famous singers: Mimi and SPI from Mizoram - was organized. They performed for the Chin
communities and local sympathizers in Chiangmai, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. At that time (2008) there
were some 2000 Chins in Thailand, 3500 in Singapore and more than 90 000 in Malaysia. (Most of those in
Malaysia were refugees.) The tour was very successful. One may get more information on this and the
following famines under these two URLs: http://www.hart-uk.org/blog/rats-bamb...
http://www.projectmaje.org/mautam.htm
So if in case the present and future governments and the military would like to go on using
violent means to solve the country's multiple problems, despite of all the problems that are
mentioned here in this Open Supplication, they should first of all try to ask their present and future
victims if they would willingly agree to pay all the expenses that are - and would be - used in
oppressing, suppressing, torturing and killing them with the money that is gained from the sales of
their own natural resources. And if in case, they say NO!, then they (the governments and the
military) should try to find some donors to finance their oppressive and suppresive undertakings
without squandering the country's meager resources!
Besides, if you would read Item No. 17 under the heading of Record number of oil and gas
firms go bust as renewable energy revolution begins to bite, it's now a big question how long the
country could rely on the sales of natural gas which form the main portion of its total revenues for
its long-term survival. It's extremely alarming indeed! Let it serve as a warning to those who are
in power so that they may spend the country's meager resources prudently these days and in the
future!

Respectfully yours,

Thang Za Dal (Mr)

Grindelallee 141
20146 Hamburg
Germany
February 12, 2017
Note 1. First Modification: The first two pages of my 685-page paper on the Chin/Zo and two photos Chief Khup Lian
(Photo A) and Field Marschal Sir. White (Photo B) are added. (25.03.2017)
Note 2: I have prepared a longer (34 items) and a shorter version (20 items) of this Open Supplication. The longer
version can tbe accessed at the website below. The shorter one is disseminated by email.
https://de.scribd.com/document/339126062/Second-Open-Supplication-to-the-Ethnic-Burmans-of-Burma

The following are the herewith attached information items from a few of the most influential news
organs in the land

01. THE ABECO COUNTRY REPORT ON BURMA (1984)

02. Israel Rejects Call to Suspend Weapons Exports to Burma
03. Myanmar cops in Rohingya abuse video didnt intend to harm
04. 14 Diplomatic Missions issue statement on humanitarian access to northern part of Rakhine State
05. Myanmar, Malaysia agree over aid flotilla
06. Malaysian Ship Carrying Aid to Rohingya in Myanmar
07. Govt Asks to Spend Reserve Funds for Arakan StateHistory Behind Arakan State Conflict
08. OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL AND MEMBER
COUNTRIES OF THE COUNCIL
09. UN releases full text of Yanghee Lee's end of mission statement
10. History Behind Arakan State Conflict
11. Peace Analysis No. 23 by U Aung Htoo, Human Rights Lawyer. January 1, 2017
12. Daw Aung San Suu Kyis Trend of Silence
13. 21 Farmers granted bail in Myanmar army land-grabbing case
14. Amnesty International Urges Govt to Suspend Letpadaung Copper Mine
15. Myanmar in 'advanced negotiations' with Pakistan to licence-build JF-17 fighter
16. Hydropower in Myanmar: For Whose Benefit?
17. Record number of oil and gas firms go bust as renewable energy revolution begins to bite
18. List of foreign investors in Burma as of 2014
19. Table of Yearly Approved Foreign Investment (by Country)- Up to 2016
20. Foreign aid under Thein Sein administration tops $3 billion
21. Kachin IDPs Return to Camps After Being Denied Entry at Chinese Border
22. Calls for justice on anniversary of teachers murders
23. Kachin teachers: Chronology of an unsolved murder!
24. 625 Women and children raped and murdered by Burma Army soldiers in Shan State in 2002
25. How to reduce abject poverty? - A DVB Debate
26. Nickel and Dimed on Frog Mountain
27. Statistics of newly created jobs in government and private sectors in 2015
28. British Field Marshals and Generals who had played important roles in conquering the Chin people
between 1841 and 1919
29. The crucial roles of Chin soldiers in Burma
30. A list of Chin soldiers from the 1st and 2nd Chin Rifles who were bestowed with the country's higest awards for
bravery during the Karen uprisings.
31. Infrastructure map of Chin State
32. Map of migration routes of various ethnic groups into Burma
33. Map of Chin Areas
34. The first two pages of my 685-page paper on the Chin/Zo People.
35. Photo A (Chief Khup Lian)
37. Photo B (Field Marshal Sir. George White
38. Collections of Photos showing some Chin/Zos in their traditional tribal dresses

FIRST OPEN SUPPLICATION TO THE ETHNIC BURMANS OF BURMA

RESPECTED ETHNIC BURMANS, INCLUDING THE BUDDHIST CLERGY!

Please kindly let me introduce myself to you. I am a Chin from the former Union of Burma which is no more
existing in the legal sense and am now living in Germany since nearly 40 years ago as a political refugee or a stateless
person. Although I have been living in this country for so long, I haven't applied yet until now for German citizenship
in the hope that I would someday be able to return to a peaceful motherland where there's rule of law and one can live
in full dignity as a free man. But it seems until now that it would most likely remain just a dream for a long time to
come.
I have had written and still am writing - a few political papers on Burma and my own people since more
than a decade ago. The following are some of the said papers: Grand Strategy for Burma (I to VIII); Some Strategic
Concepts for the Rebuilding of Burma; Burma's 60-Year Old Civil War (1948-2008): A Brief Chronology; An Open
Personal Supplication to the Present and Future Rulers of Burma (I to VII); The Chin/Zo People of Bangladesh,
Burma and India: An Introduction (XIX), etc. (However, these papers are put only on a website and disseminated to a
number of institutions and individuals; they are not yet published in hard copies.)
I would like to make a brief explanation to you about my reasons for making this First Open Supplication to you now.
I have been politically active since the mid 1960s against the successive rulers of Burma. And I still am closely
observing what has been happening in our country since I am here. My papers mentioned above are the fruits of these
observations.With these papers I have been trying to bring the plight of all the PEOPLES of Burma to the attention of
the international community in my own way. And I have also made several suggestions through these papers to the
previous and present rulers of the country ways to solve the most important problems that the country has been
confronted with. However, those leaders did not and do not take heed about my suggestions.

Here I would like to briefly supplicate you especially in two fields religion and politics for your understanding
and sympathy.

Religion

Since several decades ago I realized that the Buddhist Burmans have a big problem with Christianity and its inherents
who now number some 4 million in the country. When I was still in school, my Buddhist Burman teachers very often
used to call it a FOREIGN RELIGION or an IMPORTED RELIGION. And I know that you are deeply worried that this
religion would or could probably endanger or even replace Buddhism entirely someday. But in reality the truth is
absolutely the opposite. By this I would like to say that Christians around the world are divided into according to
Wikipedia more than 41,000 rival denominations. About 30 years ago the US-based weekly magazine NEWSWEEK
published a long article saying that every week more than 1,200 new denominations were founded around the world.
Alone among the Christian Chins, who currently number some 1 to 1.5 millions, for instance, there are at least more
than 30 rival denominations.
The following are some of these rival Churches from the West to which the Chin communities in Chin State
and its immediate sorrounding regions (Rakhine State, Ayeyarawady, Magwe and Sagaing Divisions) in Burma alone
are belonging. The list below will give you a rough picture about what I'm talking about:

Anglican Church, Assemblies of God, Baptist Church, Christian Baptist Church, Christian Mission
Alliance, Christian Church of Myanmar, Christian Reformed Church, Church of Jesus Christ, Church
of Christ Jesus, Church of God, Church on the Rock, Elim Independent Church of Myanmar,
Evangelical Baptist Church, Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Free Church of Burma,
Four Square Gospel Church, Full Gospel Assembly, Full Gospel Church, Fundamental Baptist
Church, Gospel Baptist Church, Independent Church of Burma, Jehovahs Witnesses, Methodist
Church, Presbyterian Church, Reformed Presbyterian Church, Roman Catholic Church, Seventh
Day Adventists, Seventh Day Baptist Church, United Pentecostal Church, United Reform Church,
United Wesleyan Church. etc., and a number of home-grown Churches as well.

It's very logical, if one reads the history of the Christians of the past 2 000 years, to be afraid of them because they
have been persecuting, oppressing, torturing and murdering each other in the very names of THEIR GOD and Jesus
who they claim to be worshipping. Those who have lost their precious lives as the result of countless sectarian conflicts
and wars among the Christians themselves alone are said to be in the hundreds of millions. One of the main reasons
for their waging such ruthless religious wars for centuries or even milleniums against each other is that every Church
claims to be the only true Church through which one can get into heaven or attain an eternal life. All the remaining
Churches are branded as false churhces or Satan's churches! (For those who do not have any idea about Satan: He is
believed by all the Christians to be the archenemy of the biblical God and Satan is supposed to be responsible for all
the evils in the world.)
However, I can personally assure that all Christians all over the world would never be able to unify themselves
into a single denomination and as a result this religion would never be able to pose a threat to Buddism. I can say
this firmly because I myself am a Christian, but an independent one. That means I do not belong to any
denomination or Church.
Here are a few reasons why I became such an independent Christian. In my opinion the Bible is written in very
simple form that anyone who can read and write can fullly understand its contents. Therefore, although I have never
studied any Christian theologies in my entire lifetime, I strongly believe that as for my own salvation that is, the
attainment of an eternal life which is to be given by the biblical God I do not need somebody else, who himself
cannot see with his eyes the God and other heavenly beings that are described in the Bible anyway, to interpret its
contents for me with his own self-given power and right. I myself have never therefore tried in my life to hard-sell what
I think about Christianity, nor have I ever allowed somebody else to impose his ideas on Christianity upon me. And
above all else, as everybody can freely buy the Bible in book shops there are even many organisations that distribute
it freely it, the biblical God, Jesus and heaven are nobody's personal possessions. I believe therefore that nobody has
the sole right to monopolize the interpretation of its contents with his own self-given power and right. But, at the same
time, I believe also that if anybody prefers to voluntarily believe in and observe the interpretation of somebody else's
or of a Church's, that also should and must be absolutely his own right and business!
The following are some more additional reasons why I became an independent Christian, Before the Baptist
Christian missionaries arrived in many parts of present-day Burma, including Chinland, in the early and late 1800s
(in the case of the Roman Catholic Church, it had already arrived in the coastal regions in the early 1600s with
Portuguese seafarers), most of those who would sooner or later become Christian were Animist. These people then
converted to Christianity of various rival Churches because they were told about the existencce of a loving God and
his son called Jesus and they were thus promised an eternal life at their place called heaven by worshipping these
deities. Before the Chins became Christian, for instance, they believed every kind of sickness to be the work of evil
spirits. So they made various kinds of animal sacrifice to propitiate those spirits. But none of those evil spirits (there
are supposed to be more than 50 of them among the northern Chins alone) had ever physically appeared to them in
human form and oppressed or tortured or killed them with weapons as their beloved fellow sisters and brothers in
Christ have been doing to each other for centuries or even milleniums in the very names of the deities who they claim
to be worshipping. The worst thing that those imaginary evil spirits could then do to human beings was the belief that
they could cause all kinds of illness. Nothing more than that. And the Chin Animists in ancient times were and still
are until today (there are still a number of Animists in some parts of Chin State itself) - not necessarily worse than
those who proudly like to boast to be moral Christians. Nor have they ever committed ruthless acts against their own
fellow beings even in the names of those imaginary evil spirits.
And there is another great puzzle, among several others, which I'm not capable of understanding: Why should
Satan be temping only the Christians, and not non-Christians, to commit evil things? Or in other words, why
should there be so many moral and good people among those who are not Christian or who have never even heard
about Christianity!
So far as I personally understand the contents of the Bible, Jesus himself had, like what the Lord Buddha had
also done, apparently intended to found a peaceful, loving and compassionate religion. (I'm quoting below two of
the most important parts of the entire Bible as a means to prove this statement.) You may probably be shocked by the
first two Commandments of the Ten Commandments, but the fundamentals of Jesus teachings are Love,
Forgiveness, Peace, Humility, Compassion, and about the existence of an eternal Life in heaven for those who
believe in him and thus observe his moral teachings. In my opinion these are almost identical with the teachings
of the Lord Budda's. So far as I know the only main differences between Buddhism and Christianity are: while
Buddhists believe in Nirvana, Christians believe in a creator-God and an eternal life, and the means or rituals that
are used to achieve these goals.
And you may certainly be surprised if I tell you that, although I myself am such an independent Christian as I
have already admitted above, I'm also a great admirer of Buddhism at the same time especially mainly for its
philosophy.)

The Ten Commandments

And God spoke all these words:

I am the LORD your God who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery;

1. You shall have no other gods before me.

2. You shall not make yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or on
the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or
worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children
for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, but
showing love to thousands who love me and keep my commandments.
3. You shall not misuse the name of the LORD your God, for the LORD will not
hold anyone guiltless who misuses his name.
4. Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. Six days you shall labour and do
all your works, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you
shall do any work, neither you, your son or daughter, nor your manservant or
maidservant, nor your animals, nor the aliens within your gate. For in six days the
LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on
the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
5. Honour your father and mother, so that you may live long in the land the LORD
your God is giving you.
6. You shall not murder.
7. You shall not commit adultery.
8. You shall not steal.
9. You shall not give false testimony against your neighbour.
10. You shall not covet your neighbours house. You shall not covet your
neighbours wife, or his manservant or maidservant, his ox or donkey, or
 nything that belongs to your neighbour.
Source: Exodus 20:1-17 (Holy Bible: New International Version)
..........................................................

Sermon on the Mount

The Beatitudes
Now when Jesus saw the crowds, he went up on a mountainside
and sat down. His disciples came to him,
2 and he began to teach them, saying
3 Blessed are the poor in spirit,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
4 Blessed are those who mourn,
for they will be comforted.
5 Blessed are the meek,
for they will inherit the earth.
6 Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness,
for they will be filled.
7 Blessed are the merciful,
for they will be shown mercy.
8 Blessed are the pure in heart,
for they will see God.
9 Blessed are the peacemakers,
for they will be called children of God.
10 Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
11 Blessed are you when people insult you, persecute you and falsely say all
kinds of evil against you because of me.
12 Rejoice and be glad, because great is your reward in heaven, for in the same way
they persecuted the prophets who were before you.
Source: (Matthew 5:1-12) The Holy Bible: New International Version

So if those who claim to be Christian would strictly observe at least No.s 3 and 6 of the Ten Commandments,
and 6, 7, 8 and 9 from Sermon on the Mount, there would surely be fewer wars, fewer oppressions, less hunger, less
hatred, less suffering, and much less injustices in this world, if even in case a biblical God and Jesus do not exist
anywhere in the universe.
The original religion that Jesus had founded is, as already written earlier above, full of good news. The most
important of them all is, as already mentioned earlier above, about the existence of an eternal life in heaven where
he himself and his father are said to be dwelling.
If in case anyone of you care to enquire a bit more about the good news that I'm talking about now, it would suffice
to read the following four books which are called the Four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, and also another
book called the Book of Revelation. So as to enable you to have a brief glance at the said good news in these four
books, I'm attaching four scanned pages from the Book of Matthew and three scanned pages from the Book of
Revelation at the end of this First Open Supplication. The later three pages describe God, Jesus and the place where
they are dwelling.
And you may perhaps also wonder how I as a layman could blindly believe in the words in the Bible, if even great
theologians themselves are still very much doubtful about the very existence of the biblical God. For me the answer is
very simple indeed: I try to observe his (Jesus') moral teachings as much as I can and hope that if I've got a soul, God
and Jesus would let it live at their place when I die. But if even in case I don't have a soul and the said deities also do
not exist, I would have nothing to lose either. I may certainly not be a perfect worshipper in their eyes, but at least until
now I have never promised someone a place in heaven nor have I ever threatened someone with an eternal damnation
at a place called hell or the lake of fire as nearly all the other Christians have been doing to each other in those
deities' names nor have I ever harmed anyone in their names in my whole life nor have I ever earned yet even a single
cent in their names.

Politics

Now please kindly let me say a few words about peace in the country. Everybody knows that all those who don't
profit directly or indirectly from the decades-long civil war want peace as fast as possible. But since the present
government in power cannot bring the military under its complete control I don't see any chance of building peace in
the foreseeable future, because, in my opinion, both of them are trying to achieve peace of their own versions with
conflicting strategies. All kinds of Strategy have been my main interest since the very early parts of my life and I've
therefore been studying them intensively since I first got involved in political activities. So, I really don't know how they
(the government in power and the military) would achieve their proclaimed goals with such incompatible strategies.
When I read U Aung Htoo's Peace Analysis No. 21 (dated November 4, 2016), and the other few news items that are
herewith attached, I'm wondering if the NLD-led government and the military themselves are still the masters of their
own decisions on political and military matters. I've sometimes even got the impression that with the country's
economy deteriorating rapidly and conflicts of all kinds sprouting up everywhere anew all their major moves
probably might have already been more or less influenced by some powerful interest groups from outside.
So, the only force that could still perhaps bring this dream (PEACE) to fulfilment might be the political and
social awareness and efforts of the ethnic Burmans themselves. Unlike several other multi-ethnic countries around
the world in which ethnic conflicts are rampant, Burma is blessed with great ethnic harmony at grass-root level
with a few exceptions of cource, lately.
We should therefore try to build peace by capitalizing on this priceless foundation. My last hope is you the ethnic
Burmans - for the materialization of this common wish of us all because you are a generous, peaceful, tolerant and
compassionate people.
You may certainly be surprised and angered by my inserting below in this First Open Supplication of a few latest
news items concerning the human rights situation of what the international community calls Rohingya and what the
government and military call Bengali people in Rakhine State. But my simple intention for inserting these items here is
to show you the dimension of the conflicts in the country. I simply cannot imagine how a poverty-stricken country like
Burma or Myanmar with the status of LDC (Least-Developed Country) could ever overcome such country-wide
conflicts by means of arms and loans from outside alone. (I believe that everybody in the country still vividly
remembers that the country-wide bloody mass uprings were sparked when the UN put Burma into this category in
1988 in whch between 3,000 and 10,000 peaceful demonstrators are believed to have been massacred by government
troops.) The country currently has a foreign debt of US$ 9.5 billion and a fiscal budget of a mere US$ 18 billion for
2017-18 for a population of 52 million! The Defence Ministry alone is alloted 14% or some $ 3 billion of the total
budget. Apart from the two articles below on the Rohingya/Bengali issue, I'm inserting a number of other articles,
too, that could help you to see more clearly the DIMENSION OF THE PROBLEMS THAT WE'RE CONFRONTED
WITH RIGHT NOW AND THE PROBLEMS THAT WE'RE GOING TO BE CONFRONTED WITH IN THE NEAR
FUTURE AS WELL.

Respectfully yours,

Thang Za Dal (Mr)

Grindelallee 141
20146 Hamburg
Germany
December 25, 2016.

Note. You will find more information on my own opinions and concepts on Christianity and political-related topics on
Burma in my papers listed under the Links below. This Open Supplication was first distributed on the date given above
to a number of recipients - both institutions and individuals. It was later once more slightly modified for more clarity.
(U Aung Htoo, author of Peace Analyis No. 21, is Human Rights Lawyer and Founder of the Legal Aid Network and
the Principal of Federal Law Academy as well. http://www.legalaidnetwork.org/fla.html ),

Some Strategic Concepts for the Rebuilding of Burma

https://de.scribd.com/document/30773435/Some-Strategic-Concepts-for-Rebuilding-Burma

An Open Personal Supplication to the Present and Future Rulers of Burma (5th modication)
https://de.scribd.com/doc/316144114/An-Open-Supplication-to-the-Present-and-Future-Rulers-of-Burma

An Open Personal Supplication to the Present and Future Rulers of Burma (6th modication)
https://de.scribd.com/doc/316525112/An-Open-Supplication-to-the-Rulers-of-Burma-6th-modification

An Open Personal Supplication to the Present and Future Rulers of Burma (7th modication)
https://de.scribd.com/document/322976478/An-Open-Supplication-to-the-Rulers-of-Burma-7th-Modification

A Collection of 21 Articles and Readers' Comments on Burma's Ongoing Peacebuilding Process

https://de.scribd.com/document/330266406/A-COLLECTION-OF-21-ARTICLES-ON-BURMA-S-ONGOING-PEACE-
BUILDING-PROCESS

END OF FIRST OPEN SUPPLICATION TO THE ETHNIC BURMANS OF BURMA

_________________________________________________________________________
t4
ABECOR
COUNTRYREPORT
A B E C O Ri s a n a s s o c i a t i o no f E u r o p e a nb a n k s s e e k i n g t o i m p r o v e t h e s e r v i c e st h a t e a c h i n d i v i d u a lm e m b e r i s
a b l e t o o f f e r t o i t s c u s t o m e r sb y d e v e l o p i n gb a n k i n ga n d i i n a n c i a lo b j e c t i v e so n t h e b a s i so f m u t u a l c o - o p e r a t i o n .
Burma
Head ot State: PresidentU San Yu
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister tor Planning & Finance:
Population:36.2million(mid 1981estimate)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): US$5955million (year ending
March 1983)
Intlation Rate: 7.9% (12 monthsto July 1983)
ExchangeRate: US$] : Kyat7.773(15.2.84)
ForeignCurrencyReserves:US$75.1mifl;onlOctobert9g3)
Gold Holdings:0.251millionfine troy ounces(October'1983)
lmport Cover: 0.8 months(June1983estimate)
Payments:Thereshouldbe no difficultywith paymentsfo. exports
10 8urma, providedthat the purchasehas been authorisedby the
appropriatestate tradingcorporation.
Present Situation
Shortfallsi4 exoorteqrninqsafe.adverselv
affectinqthe batanceof
p9y!1s4!s ano econom19growth is slowin-g.Inftation, however, is
acceleratrng,
PoliticalSituation
In 1981,U NeWin steppeddownfromthe presidencV, a postwhich
he had heldsincethe presentconstitution was promulgatedi. 1974.
However,the former president,in his roleas Chairmanof the Burma
SocialistProgrammeParty lBspp), the only recognisedpolitical
pany, continuesto play a prominent part in government.The
incumbentPresident's term of ollice ;s due to expirein 198b.Thel
adni4istration:smain.domestic oroblem continues to be iiEl #
containmentof separatistand communistinsuroencv. chieflval,cndI
Internationalrelationsare governedby strjct applicationol the
principlesof non-alignmentalthoughthis does not precludethe
acceptanceof bilateral.as well as multi-lateral,
foreiqn aid. The
bomb atlackon SouthKoreanministersby Nonh Koreanagentson
Burmesesoil.hasledtoBurma'sbreakingoftofdiplomatic relations
with North Korea.
GeneralEconomy
Reformof governmentfinances, liberalisation
of the economyand
greaterforeignparticipation haveboostedeconomicgrowth.During
the third four-yeardevelopmentplan (1978/79-1981/92) reat GDp
growth averaged6.770p'erannum,risingto 7.1%in the fiscalyear
ended 31 March 1983.Reflectingthe strategyof developingthe
traditionalexport strengths- agriculture,forestryand mining-
these sectorsrecordedsubstantialincreasesin output during the
third plan, although that of minerals fell below expectations,
principallybecauseof shoatfalls in oil production.However,in the
financialyear ended 31 March 1983 all three sectorsreaistered
substantialincreases, with outputof mineralsrisingby 26.ro;.
Althoughas a result of the policy of economicself-sufficiencv
externaltradeis equivalentto a relativelysmallproportionol Gross
DomesticProduct(GDP),Burma has not completelyescapedthe
effects of the recent world recession.A major prq!.El:!-i9.llgfgl),
Withcompliments
of
'/\ DresdnerBank
f Aktienqesellschaft
and commun
economicliberalisation of recentyears,the
Faralleleconomyis st;llestimatedto be the equivalentof a third of
Itre officialeconomy so that, despitethe substantiallV improved
budgetpositjonarisingfrom the reform of publicsectorfinances.
revenuepotential;s still not fuily realised.Considerable
relianceis
thereforeplacedon publicsectorborroviingand althoughtherehaa
been some Successin increasingthe level of private domestic
rav ngs in the past five years,heavv foreiqnbor.owinohas been
necpssa,vto heto fund the oevet66in-6iGEE7EfrF4--
The 1982/83- 1985/86Developmentptan
Overthe periodof the fourthplaneconomicgrowthis plannedto
average6.2o/a per annum,slightlylower than in the previousolan.
Targetsincludeannualaverageincreases of 11.69.,5.5qoand l5.e9o
in the productionofgoods, servicesand in exports respectively.
fulfilmentol lhe targetsis crit;callydependentuponthe perform-
anceof the agricultural sectorwhilethe privatesectorwill continue
to playa prominentrole,notwithstanding long-termpolicyto reduce
the role of the latterto only just over a quarterof GDp bv 1993/94
comparedwith 57% at present.Followingthe 7.1%recordedin the
first year of the plan,the overallgrowth targetfor the secondyear
(:1983/84) hasbeenset at 5olo, reflectingpublicinvestmentcutbacks.
Agriculture
Agricultureis theqominant economicsector,supDoninqtwo-
tllr_q::ttl_e-eeeut4peqd,+Ter,"fi
9G?.,ilh;li;i866;
.exports. t-o owtng the abolttionof the absenteeand overse-as
landlordsystem the sector is dominatedby smallholdings, with
nearty60%ofthe landheldin plotsof lessthanten acres_ l;portant
crops includegroundnuts,sesameseeds,jute, pulsesand sugar
cane,grownmainlyfor domesticconsumption. However,rice,which
is producedon around65% of the cultivatedarea,is the main croo
and the principlesourceol foreigl exchange.productionis stijl
hamperedby the limiteduseof high-yielding varietiesalthoughtheir
shareoftotal riceproductionhasrisento aroundtwo-thirdsundera
programmeintroducedin 1975/76.
Notwithstandingprogress with the programme, which was
extendedto othercropsin 1979-80, the sectoris stilloperatingbelow
potential.Despiterecentincreases for somecrops,notablyrice,low
government agriculturalprocurementprices remain the maior
constraint.Moreover,only lOq" ot the land is irrigateddespitea
programmeof dam construction, andthereis littlemultiplecropping
or use of fertilisersand pesticides.lt has beenestimatedthat lanA
equalin areato that undercultivationis availablefor develooment.
utilisationof whichwouldexpandproduction,providinga livelihood
for the increasingpopulationand boostingexports.
 r, no,Idrrao||dne
.. d i,drr.tr,r,.r.ot t.. r 1,.-|1980t,-d( Itre njarked slowd()wn from the 159, jncrease of the previous yeat
;; Wilhir tlris budgel the main change is in the investmenl accounl,
ue\e op.6. I Bdnr o, J worlo Bdn[ luld\ lhF dl,er t5 o so w h i c h i s b L r d g e t e dt o r i s e b y o n y 7 . 3 % c o m p a r e d w i t h o v e r 5 0 o o . i n
onll'0 ,lrnq loltd'O\ 'p' dOrlrlalr"r a ! e\l.o_\ron ol Lhe rJbire' t h e p r e v r o u sy e a r . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e s l o w d o w n i s l o l i m i t t h e r e d u c t i o n
pranrarons. l n t h e o v e r a l l s u r p l L r so n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b u d g e t t o l e s s t h a n 3 0 0
miillon kyats (US$38 million) compared with a most six times that
Industry amount in the previous year. Investment in state economic
T h e m a n u f a c t u r l nsge c t o r w
, h i c h a c c o u n t sf o r a r o u n dT 0 % o f e n t e r p r i s e sw, h l c h l s o v e r t h r e e t i m e s t h e J e v e ol f t h a t i n t h e a d m i n i
GDP,ls concentrated bn food processlng and clothingmanufacture. strative budget, s also to slow sharp y, fa ling by 3.8% compared
A principlefeatureof economicp anninghasbeento establlsh a food wlth a rise of 24.2% lhe prevlous year. Whi e the increase in state
processingindustryto comp ement the agriculturalsector,so that enterprise borrowiog from the barlking system is projected at only
food and beverageprocessingnow accountsfor sometwo thirdsof 1 . 7 % , b a n k b o r r o w l n g b y t h e s e o r g a n i s a t i o n sw i l n e v e r t h e l e s sh a v e
total valueaddedin manufacturing, lndeed,rnanufacturing lnvest- risen by over 50% since 1980/81
ment tendsto be concentratedin areas,includingfertiliserp ants,
which promoteagriculturalgrowth. Exlernal Sector
Aidedby economicreforl..s,particularly the introductlon of bonus
s c h e m e sa n d g r e a t e rm a n a g e m e natu t o n o m yt,h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g Balance of Trade
s e c t ogr r e wb y a r o ! n d9 % i n 1 9 8 0 / 8 a1 n d 1 9 8 1 / 8 2a,l l h o u g h
results (US$ million)
fell belowexpectations overthe fu I periodof the four yearplan,and
in 1982/83outputgrowthfellto 7.7%.lt is reportedthat manyenter 1979 1980 1981 1942
prises have been forced to operatebelow ful capacityowing to 362.9 530.9 421.5
s h o r t a g eosf f u e . lmports(fob) 132.2 785.6 860.2 881.9
B a l an c e 369.3 351.9 329.3 46A.4
Mineralsand Energy
Thereare exploitabledepositsof tin, tungsten,lead,zinc,jade, q,Jryl. t'!!9 p !l9rn q c9 E dts,t!r1*-Py..9qrV9
9ji!.S-b_,]!.i!
is
c o p p e r ,n i c k e la n d s l l v e r ,o f w h i c h l e a dz i n c o r e i s t h e m o s t eviab-nt "
thatexports'lfrEavliy-'ij;i?i[d;to;'
;l;t ;nT i;n-*hi"h
significant.The metals sector has regainedsome of its former b-eivid6ri-ifrG?iiiiou
nGiflor6l bT6lliiib"i?x"trorts
tn t s62:Fivein
lmportancefol owing the comp etion of the Bawdwin lead/zincl
s i l v e rm i n i n gc o m p l e xi n t h e n o r t h e r nS h a ns t a t e a, c o p p e rm i n i n g
project at Monywa in Upper Burma and a tln smelting plant at
Syriam,near Rangoon.Completionof a tin dredgingprojectand
rehabilitation of the Kanbaukmine resLrlted in a 45% increasein tln officialy recorded imports continLreto be dominated bV capita
and tungstenproductionin T981/82. goods and raw materials so that the scope fof cutbacks without
1 2 Y af t a . r , a of 11 adversely affecting development remains ljmited. Moreover, des-
p i t e a s u b s t a n t i a i n f o \ / Jo f f o r e i q n a i d a n d q r a n t s , b o r r o w i n q f r o m
loss of
regaToeo as
esttmated at 543 mi lion barrels of oil. Total natural gas output rose -b!!g_US$30ml liongrantedastAugust,lnlernatlonalreserveshte
jy.58o/o to 66 5 m i l l i o n c u b i c m e t r e s a y e a r b e t w e e n 1 9 8 0 / 8 1 a n d
1981/82.Furthernaturalqas finds have been reoortedfollowino
-psumpnon o r o t s n o ' ee \ o t o r ao
l n I n a s s o c t a l t owr t t n J d o o n e s e
,--TEE-licrease
nrere,- *
in exporation activitv for hydrocarbonsis a
consequence of the driveto expandmineralsproduction- Duringthe s!lp-
c u r r e nfto u ry e a rp l a na n a n n u aal v e r a g ei n c r e a soef 1 2 . 8 %f o r t h e
mlning sector is envisaged,while for 1983/84investmentin the Outlook
sectoris set at US$68million.Burmaa so possesses considerable Further exploitation of the agricultura and mineral base should
hydro electricpotential,of which onlVaboLrt10% has so far been enable steady econornic growth to be maintained, glven the
exploited.However,over halfof totalelectricityoutputis generated c o n t i n u e d a v a i l a b i l i l yo f f i n a n c e . H o w e v e r , i n v l e w o f t h e c o n s f t a i n t s
by hydropowerand furtherexpansionof the generatingcapacityjs a r i s i l q e v e l o f p ' l e ' n a o e b t a r d l a c l o l d r e (r l o . e o n

Public Finance
In the administratlvebudget for T983/84,total expenditureis
targetedto increaseto 7.24b,ilion kyats(US$907million),a rise of
around 5% comparedwith provisionafiguresfor 1982/83and a Prepared15 February1984

THEABECORGROUPCOMPRISES:
Members AssociatedMember
A l g e m e n eB a n kN e d e r l a n d EayerischeHypotheken-und Wechse BankAG Balrquede la Soci6t6Financidre
+BancaNazionale del Lavoro (HYPO,BANK) Europeenne
BanqueBr!xellesLambert D r e s d n eEr a n kA G
B a n q u eN a t i o n a ldee P a r i s 0sterreichische Liinderbank
AG
Barcays Bank
BanqueInternationale e Luxembourg *Denotesrepresentation
for Burma

T h i s i s a j o i n t p u b l i c a t i o on f i h e A B E C O Fb a n l i s T
. h e a b o v er e p o r th a s b e e n p r e p a r e df o r t h e m b y
A a r c l a y sE a o k G f o u p E c o n o m i c sD e p a r t m e n r , 5 4L o m b a r dS t r e e r ,L o n d o n .
T h e i n f o r n r a l i o lns b a s e do n s o u r c e sw h i . h w e c o n s i d e r e l a b l e ,h o w e v e rn e l t h e rA B E C O Rn o r i t s M e m b e rB a f k s a s s u m ea n y r e s p o n s i b i t i fl yo r i t s a c c ! r a c y .
T h e c o n t e n t so l t h i s r e p o r ts h o ud n o t b e r !p r o d u c e dl n p a r t o . i . f u w i t h o u rp r i o ra p p r o v a ft r o m A B E C O R .
Burma

Israel Urged to Suspend Military Shipment to Burma

Min Aung Hlaing toured a naval base and defense manufacturers in Israel in Sept. 2015 during a
goodwill tour alongside senior military brass.
By Saw Yan Naing 16 December 2016
Human rights activists and lawyers in Israel have urged the Ministry of Defense to nullify or
suspend a military shipment ordered by the Burma Army, stating that the country still commits
human rights abuses against minority groups.
They wrote to Racheli Chen, head of the Israeli Ministry of Defenses export control department,
and called for a review of all defense export licenses purchased by the Burma Army under the
authority granted to her in Clause 9 of
the 2007 law on defense export control.
It is surprising that the State of Israel, while struggling for continued sanctions against Iran, has no
qualms about ignoring the US and EU sanctions against Burma for the most severe crimes being
committed there, read the letter dated Dec. 11.
It stated that the Burma Army still wages war with ethnic minorities in northern and eastern Burma,
while also committing serious human rights violations against the Rohingya Muslim minority in
western Burma.
Eitay Mack, a human rights attorney in Jerusalem told The Irrawaddy, The military hardware
hasnt shipped yet [to Burma]. We want to stop it. We hope that we can do something by using our
authority.
During his visit to Israel last September, Snr-Gen Min Aung Hlaing along with military officials
from Burmas Air Force and Navy toured Elbit Systems, an Israel-based defense manufacturing
company. They also toured an Israeli naval base, the countrys Ministry of Defense in Tel Aviv and
a memorial to fallen soldiers in the Gaza Strip.
Reports and pictures of the trip were revealed on the Burma Army chiefs Facebook, saying that he
had spoken with Israeli representatives about purchasing military equipment and training.
The activists letter also said that despite the positive transition in Burma, the Burma Army and its
officials continue to retain control. Representatives of the junta are assured 25 percent of the seats
in parliament, which reserves them the right to veto any reform measures. The military also
continues to control three key ministries: defense, border affairs and home affairs.
The letter stated that Burma Army forces and related militias continue to arrest, torture and murder
ethnic and religious minorities, opposition and human rights activists, farmers opposed to
dispossession of their land, journalists and students.
This is both a violation of international law, and of basic human morality, read the letter.
According to various reports, Israel has maintained defense ties with the Burmese junta for decades,
even if not continuously. Last June, the head of Israels defense export department Gen Michel Ben
Baruch visited Burma and met with leaders of the Burma Army.
Topics: Burma Army, Human Rights, Military
http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/israel-urged-to-suspend-military-shipment-to-burma.html

Israel Rejects Call to Suspend Weapons Exports

to Burma

By Saw Yan Naing 10 January 2017

Israels defense ministry rejected a call from human rights activists and lawyers in the country to
suspend military exports to Burma.
Jerusalem-based human rights lawyer Eitay Mack told The Irrawaddy on Tuesday that the Israeli
defense ministry said in a letter sent on Jan. 8 that it would go ahead with exports of military
equipment to Burma as they were approved by the foreign ministry and stood within international
law.
He said that after the ministrys rejection he would file an urgent petition with the Israeli Supreme
Court in an attempt to prevent the export.
Eitay Mack and other activists wrote to head of the Israeli Ministry of Defenses export control
department Racheli Chen in December 2016 and called for a review of all defense export licenses
purchased by the Burma Army.
It stated that the Burma Army still wages war with ethnic minorities in northern and eastern Burma,
while also committing serious human rights violations against the Rohingya Muslim minority in
western Burma.
It is surprising that the State of Israel, while struggling for continued sanctions against Iran, has no
qualms about ignoring the US and EU sanctions against Burma for the most severe crimes being
committed there, read the letter dated Dec. 11.
During his visit to Israel in September 2015, Snr-Gen Min Aung Hlaing along with military
officials from Burmas Air Force and Navy toured the offices Elbit Systems, an Israel-based
defense manufacturing company, Israeli Aerospace Industries and its subsidiary, Elta Systems Ltd.
Eitay Mack said that Elbit Systems and another manufacturer TAR Ideal Concepts had signed deals
to provide security equipment to the Burma Army.
They also toured an Israeli naval base, the countrys Ministry of Defense in Tel Aviv and a
memorial to fallen soldiers in the Gaza Strip. Reports and pictures of the trip were revealed on the
Burma Army chiefs Facebook, saying that he had spoken with Israeli representatives about
purchasing military equipment and training
The ministry also told Eitay Mack they would not comment on deals with specific states.
The secrecy is strange given the fact that the head of the Burma Army already published details of
his visit to Israel in September 2015 and his Naypyidaw meeting with the head of the Israeli defense
exports in August 2016, Eitay Mack told The Irrawaddy.
Topics: Defense, Development, International Relations, Israel, Trade
Saw Yan Naing The Irrawaddy Saw Yan Naing is Senior Reporter at the English edition of The
Irrawaddy.

http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/israel-rejects-call-to-suspend-weapons-exports-to-burma-2.html
Myanmar cops in Rohingya abuse video didnt intend
to harm
By
AFP
On Thursday, 9 February 2017
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This file screen grab taken on January 4, 2017 from a YouTube video originally taken by Myanmar Constable Zaw Myo
Htike (pictured at far L - looking at camera) shows a policeman (back L) kicking out at a Rohingya minority villager
seated on the ground with others, in the village of Kotankauk during a police area clearance operation on November 5,
2016. Photo: Zaw Myo Htike/YOUTUBE/AFP
Three police officers have been sentenced to two months detention over a video showing them
abusing Rohingya civilians, security sources told AFP Wednesday, saying those involved had "no
intention" to cause harm.
Authorities detained several officers last month for beating Rohingya villagers during operations in
the north of Rakhine state, where security forces are hunting militants behind raids on border posts.
Nearly 70,000 Rohingya have fled to camps in southern Bangladesh since the lockdown started four
months ago, bringing horrific stories of mass rape, murder, torture and arson.
A UN report released Friday based on interviews with escapees said hundreds of people have likely
been killed in a "calculated policy of terror" that may amount to ethnic cleansing.
Despite the mounting evidence, Myanmar's government has largely dismissed allegations of
widespread abuses against the Muslim minority, who most in the country consider a group of illegal
immigrants from Bangladesh.
The beating video, which appeared online in December, was a rare exception where authorities have
taken action.
The footage showed police hitting a young boy around the head as he walked to where dozens of
villagers were lined up in rows seated on the ground, hands behind their heads.
Several officers in uniform then start attacking one of the sitting men, beating him with a stick and
kicking him repeatedly in the face.
Three junior police were handed down two month sentences over the video, police sources told
AFP, including the officer who filmed it previously named as Zaw Myo Htike by state media.
However, the officers are not serving their time in a civilian prison, but instead in a jail for police.
Three senior police including a major were also demoted and their service terms were reduced for
failing to enforce discipline.
"They didn't have any intention to hurt them," a senior police officer told AFP on condition of
anonymity, referring to the treatment of the Rohingya villagers.
"During the operation, villagers said abusive words to security forces... such action was taken
because they failed to follow police procedure."
A local police officer in Maungdaw also confirmed the officers were sentenced last month, blaming
the events on the stress of working in northern Rakhine.
"Police are dealing with many pressures on the ground and we have to risk our lives dealing with
terrorists," he said.
AFP
- See more at: http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/myanmar-cops-rohingya-abuse-video-%E2%80%98didn%E2%80%99t-
intend-harm%E2%80%99#sthash.h0RvWcIV.dpuf
http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/myanmar-cops-rohingya-abuse-video-%E2%80%98didn%E2%80%99t-intend-harm
%E2%80%99
Diplomatic Missions issue statement on humanitarian
access to northern part of Rakhine State
- See more at: http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/diplomatic-missions-issue-statement-
humanitarian-access-northern-part-rakhine-state#sthash.RE13nA5R.dpuf

By
Mizzima
On Friday, 9 December 2016
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(File) Rohingya, Muslim men pray during a prayer inside a mosque at Thet Kel Pyin village near Sittwe of Rakhine
State, western Myanmar, 03 November 2015. Photo: Nyunt Win/EPA
The Diplomatic Missions of Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece,
Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United States have issued a
statement on Humanitarian Access to the northern part of Rakhine State. The following is the
statement in full.
As friends of Myanmar, we are deeply concerned by the humanitarian situation in northern part
of Rakhine State. We have welcomed the Governments agreement to allow a resumption of
humanitarian assistance and initial deliveries to some villages, but we are concerned by delays and
urge all Myanmar authorities to overcome the obstacles that have so far prevented a full resumption,
noting that tens of thousands of people who need humanitarian aid, including children with acute
malnutrition, have been without it now for nearly two months.
This assistance is desperately needed to address serious humanitarian needs but also to begin to
restore the confidence and hope that are essential to a restoration of peace and stability. Full and
unfettered access is essential for humanitarian agencies to conduct a comprehensive assessment of
current humanitarian needs in support of the Governments humanitarian response. The re-
establishment of access to markets and livelihoods is also very important.
We continue to discuss with the Government the many other issues associated with the situation in
Rakhine State, including the need to restore peace in the area after the attacks against security
personnel, the allegations of abuse in the subsequent security operations, as well as the importance
of enhanced communication. Security forces must ensure protection of all civilians. The recent
creation of the Investigation Commission offers an opportunity to investigate these incidents and
allegations objectively and transparently, as well as expose all acts of violence and abuse.
See more at: http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/diplomatic-missions-issue-statement-
humanitarian-access-northern-part-rakhine-state#sthash.RE13nA5R.dpuf

http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/diplomatic-missions-issue-statement-humanitarian-access-northern-part-rakhine-state
Myanmar, Malaysia agree over aid flotilla
By Nyan Lynn Aung | Friday, 20 January 2017

The flotilla spat appears to have come to an agreeable end. Myanmar has permitted a group
of Malaysian organisations to send aid earmarked for Rakhine State after an official
permission request was forwarded to the president, and a delegation smoothed over the
arrangements yesterday with officials in Nay Pyi Taw.
The tiff was resolved through a compromise: Malaysia can send the vessel so long as it docks in
Yangon and not in Sittwe as initially planned, according to an official from the foreign affairs
ministry.
The deal was worked out yesterday when representatives from Malaysia met with the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and officially submitted the request for approval.
The flotilla was supposed to set sail on January 10, but was delayed after Myanmar announced that
any country wanting to donate aid to Rakhine must first get approval through diplomatic channels.
The aid must also be delivered by the Myanmar government.
The two countries have been engaged in a war of words over the counter-insurgency campaign in
northern Rakhine State, as well as the treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority. Last year, the
Malaysian prime minister joined a protest and accused the Myanmar government of perpetrating
genocide.
The public announcement of a vessel bearing food and supplies and the threat that it would be
arriving in international waters regardless of Nay Pyi Taws reaction further escalated the tensions
at the end of last year.
The argument was defused during a diplomatic tte--tte yesterday. U Kyaw Moe Tun, director
general of the International Organisation and Economic Department under the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, told The Myanmar Times that the Malaysian ambassador, along with delegates from the
flotilla organising groups, met with ministry officials in order to abide by Myanmars instructions
that aid proceed via diplomatic channels.
We agreed in accordance with the policy and the ship will have to land at the Yangon jetty, and
will not be allowed to dock directly in Sittwe, he said.
He added that the ministry officials informed the delegation that aid to Rakhine must be parcelled
out to both Buddhist and Muslim communities, and will be delivered in cooperation with the social
welfare ministry.
The Myanmar Times could not reach the Presidents Office spokesperson yesterday for comment
over the flotilla truce. However, he confirmed the arrangements, including that the vessel will dock
in Yangon, in comments to 7 Days.
It is impossible for them to go to Maungdaw directly, U Zaw Htay said.
According to the New Straits Times, Malaysias deputy prime minister Datuk Seri Ahmad Zahid
Hamidi said Malaysia is pleased by the neighbouring countrys decision to green-light the flotilla.
We welcome it [the decision to allow aid]. Not only do we welcome the commitment by the
government of Myanmar, but we would also like to assist them by giving a positive impression to
the international community [about] what is happening in Rakhine State, he said.
http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/nay-pyi-taw/24630-myanmar-malaysia-agree-over-aid-flotilla.html
Home | News | Myanmar

Malaysian Ship Carrying Aid to Rohingya in Myanmar,

Bangladesh Sets Sail

The ship, loaded with supplies for Rohingya Muslims, leaves Port Klaing, Malaysia, Feb. 3, 2017.
Hata Wahari/BenarNews
A Malaysian ship carrying supplies for ethnic Rohingya affected by recent violence in Myanmar set
sail Friday for Yangon and Teknaf, Bangladesh.
The Nautical Aliya, carrying 2,200 tons of food and medical supplies, set sail at 4 p.m. following a
ceremony in Port Klang, about 44 km (30 miles) from Kuala Lumpur.
Prime Minister Najib Razak and opposition Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) deputy president
Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man flagged the ship as it left the port. Najib hailed the mission as a symbol of
unity among the Ummah or Muslims.
The ship is scheduled to arrive in Yangon Port on Tuesday and then travel to Bangladesh. It carries
food supplies valued at 3.3 million ringgit ($745,000), daily need supplies valued at 1.6 million
ringgit ($361,000) and clothing items valued at 500,000 ringgit ($113,000).
Nautical Aliya is also carrying 230 volunteers, including doctors, from several local and
international NGOs from Turkey, Indonesia, China, the United States, France, Thailand and the
Palestinian territories.
Bangladesh changes course
Plans for the second leg of the journey appeared dashed when Foreign Minister Anifah Aman
announced Friday that Bangladesh would not allow the ship to dock in Teknaf. Hours later, the
foreign ministry announced that Dhaka would welcome the ship, scheduled to arrive on Feb. 10.
The matter has now been resolved as a result of the good relations between Malaysia and
Bangladesh. The Government of Malaysia expresses its appreciation to the Government of
Bangladesh for its willingness to allow the food flotilla to provide humanitarian aid to the Rohingya
refugees around Teknaf port, the foreign ministry said in a news release.
Initially scheduled to sail on Jan. 10, the ships journey was postponed for diplomatic clearance
after Myanmar Presidents office spokesman Zaw Htay warned it could be stopped or attacked by
security forces.
Malaysias application to deliver aid to the Sittwe region and surrounding areas where many
Rohingya have settled was rejected by the Myanmar government. Clearance was given to Yangon
Port only.
Spirit of humanity
Following the port ceremony, Najib condemned violence against ethnic Rohingya, who are
deprived of basic rights in Myanmar and have been subjected to a military crackdown in western
Rakhine state following the killing of nine police by militants in October.
On the spirit of humanity and fraternity among Muslims, Malaysia is not willing to see ethnic
Rohingya brothers with the same faith continue to be mistreated, killed, burned and raped, he said.
It would not strain our ties with Myanmar. It is an assistance and contribution, it is our hope. We
are doing it as a concerned government, on the basis of humanitarian spirit and principles, he said
of the aid shipment.
Malaysia, Najib said, had done its utmost for ethnic Rohingya by organizing a solidarity rally,
pushing the regional bloc Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to discuss the crisis,
and hosting an extraordinary meeting of Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) foreign
ministers.
Since the Myanmar military launched a crackdown in Rakhine state following the Oct. 9 killing of
nine Burmese border guards by suspected insurgents, security personnel have been accused of
carrying out killings, rapes, acts of arson and arbitrary arrests targeting Rohingya. The government
in Naypyidaw has denied those allegations.
Nearly 90 people have been killed in the violence in Rakhine, and as many as 66,000 Rohingya
have fled to neighboring Bangladesh, according to U.N. figures. The new refugees join at least
300,000 Rohingya who already had taken refuge in southeastern Coxs Bazar district.
Bangladesh has refused to grant the Rohingya refugee status because it considers them citizens of
Myanmar. Myanmar, meanwhile, considers those who return to be illegal immigrants from
Bangladesh and has denied them citizenship and access to basic services for decades.
Another 90,000 Rohingya refugees are in Malaysia. Of those, 56,000 have received refugee status
cards from the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees in Kuala Lumpur.
Reported by Hata Wahari from Port Klaing, Malaysia, for BenarNews, an RFA-affiliated online news service.
http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/ship-02042017090901.html
Politics

Govt Asks to Spend Reserve Funds on Arakan

State Development

By Htet Naing Zaw 3 February 2017

NAYPYIDAW The government sought the approval of the Union Parliament on Friday to spend
nearly 3.7 billion kyats (US$2.7 million) of reserved funds to implement 18 road and bridge
construction projects in 16 Arakan State townships.
Deputy minister for Planning and Finance U Maung Maung Win and the deputy minister for
Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation U Hla Kyaw explained President U Htin Kyaws proposal to
spend the specified amount in line with Union Budget Law for Arakan States socioeconomic
development.
The government had 100 billion kyats in reserved funds for the 2016-17 fiscal year, and had
allowed the spending of 55.97 billion kyats by the end of January, with just over 44 billion kyats
therefore remaining, said U Maung Maung Win.
Well spend from reserved funds for implementing 18 regional development projects in 16
townships, said deputy minister U Maung Maung Win. Reserved funds are money reserved in the
Union budget for emergency and unexpected cases, he explained.
The Central Committee on the Implementation of Peace, Stability and Development of Arakan State
has decided to prioritize development works in Arakan State, citing it as critical for the peace and
stability of the country, said U Hla Kyaw.
The 27-member committee was formed last May and is chaired by State Counselor Daw Aung San
Suu Kyi.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation will take responsibility for the
implementation of the 18 projects, said deputy minister U Hla Kyaw.
Arakanese ethnic lawmaker U Pe Than from the Arakan National Party (ANP) said he was thankful
for the allocation, but that the amount was not enough to lay sound foundations for the
socioeconomic development of Arakan State.
It would be better if a separate fund is allocated for peace and development of Arakan State or if
the State Counselors Office sets up a separate fund. Without spending huge funds, it is difficult for
Arakan State to develop, Im afraid, said U Pe Than, who represents Myebon Township in Lower
House.
Arakan State has resources. It is rich in natural gas, but is in poverty because of political turmoil.
Arakanese people are just demanding to share the profits from those resources. And Arakanese
people [] are kept busy solving conflicts, U Pe Than lamented.
The Parliament accepted a debate of the governments funding request for Arakan State.
Translated from Burmese by Thet Ko Ko
Topics: Arakan State, Development, Finance, Parliament
http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/politics/govt-asks-to-spend-reserve-funds-on-arakan-state-development.html

Note. Emphasis in red colour above is my own. Thang Za Dal.10.2.2017

From the Archive

History Behind Arakan State Conflict

The Irrawaddy revisits this interview with Arakan history expert Dr. Jacques P Leider about the
ongoing strife between ethnic groups in the region.

By The Irrawaddy 5 December 2016

In light of recent attacks and ongoing violence in Arakan State, The Irrawaddy revisits this 2012 interview with
Arakan history expert Dr. Jacques P Leider about the ongoing strife between ethnic groups in the region.
Question: What is the meaning of Rohingya?
Answer: [The term Rohingya] appeared for the first time at the end of the 18th century in the report of an Englishman
who went to the Chittagong area, the Rakhine [Arakan] area. His name was Francis Buchanan-Hamilton. He was a
medical doctor [and this term appeared] in one of the papers that was published by him. Now when we talk about
scientific explanations and etymology of the word, it does not say anything about politics. You use this term for
yourself as a political label to give yourself identity in the 20th century. Now how is this term used since the 1950s? It
is clear that people who use it want to give this identity to the community that live there.
Q: What about the history of the Muslim community in Arakan State?
A: Everywhere in Southeast Asiasuch as Thailand, Indonesia and everywhereyou find Muslim communities.
Islam has been growing in other areas where it did not exist before the 15th century in Indonesia, Malaysia and so on.
You also have, it is not surprising, a Muslim community in Myanmar. [We know that] in the 15th century you have an
emerging Muslim community there. The second part of the Muslim community there belongs to the colonial period,
when many people from Bengal and that area came to settle in Rakhine.
Q: What is the situation on the ground between Arakanese Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims?
A: This is a very difficult question to answer for a foreigner who can only go to places in Rakhine where it is
acceptable. I will not call the Rakhine Buddhist racist towards Muslims. There seem to be expression; the emotional
reaction is extremely strong. Let me put it diplomatically like thisa very strong emotional reaction.
Q: What are the roots of this reaction?
A: Well, I think from historical point of view, when you look at the situation of Muslims in Rakhine, in Burma, one big
difference is that the Muslims in Rakhine have settled on the ground, they were farmers. They have been farmers since
the pre-colonial period because Rakhine kings were deporting people from Bengal and bringing them to Rakhine and
settling them. We know from a source in the 17th century that there were villages where there were only Muslims.
They have been settled there by the Rakhine kings. The English stopped Indian immigration during the colonial period.
Because there was no border there, so you figure out the people come and go from Bengal to Rakhine. Their
demographic growth was tremendous. The Rakhine back in the 1920s, the Buddhist Rakhine, were feeling very
awkward about this.
Q: Do you agree with observers who say there is a third force behind the conflict?
A: There is no reason to look for a third force to explain [the conflict], to describe it and to talk about solutions. It is
absolutely clear that in the context where Arakan is, you have a very particular situation which you do not have in other
so-called minority areas. In Karen, Kachin or Chin, were normally talking about the majority Myanmar who confront
the local minority group, which is actually a majority of that area. But here you have three involvedyou have Rakhine
Buddhist, you have Muslim on the other hand and then you have the government. When you have three, it is always
easy to have two against one. Now Muslims would argue they are Rakhine Buddhist and Myanmar Buddhist who play
against us. Its always easy to argue that.
Q: So what is the underlying reason behind the conflict?
A: I think that on the land that exists there, there are increasing numbers of people. Rakhine Buddhists have been seeing
that there are Muslims there. The Muslims who are living in Rakhine, the population has been growing. The question is
how much have they been growing. Apparently, it seems that they are growing faster. There is a feeling that they are
growing; that they are there and there is this kind of resentment that these people are there and nobody is tackling the
Muslims present there. All these resentments, all these feelings, have been there for a long time. Sheer violence is used
to say that we have situation that we cannot bear anymore.
Q: Would you say it is not a racial issue?
A: No, Rohingya use racist Buddhists and the other side will use that. There has been violence, there are a number of
other words and we should be sensitive about the use of these words. Now when somebody comes to use the word
genocide against Muslims, that is also way beyond anything that matches with reality. I think hate is okay as the
term you can use as kind of a common word. But to use racism always supposes a kind of ideology. I dont see
among Buddhists this kind of ideology. Its kind of dislike. You have xenophobia, you have ranges of other words you
can use to describe more correctly and more justly what we see.
Q: Is the international media mistaken when they use phrases like genocide of the Rohingya?
A: Yes, a lot. Journalists have to focus more on diversifying their sources of documentation. I agree it may not be easy.
I think there is enormous responsibility on media in Myanmar now that is opening up. Myanmar writers, Myanmar
ethnicities take a responsible stand on this. It will not help if they take sides. But you need to be critical and self-critical.
Q: What is the best way forward to resolve the conflict?
A: I would probably say people should sit down and say what they want where there are problems. They want to have
peaceful life, they want to have a happy life and see a future for their children. You see other people have what you
dont have. In the other community, in the best of their mind, they realize that the other people will not disappearlike
it or not, they are not going to disappear. They need to find one way or another to live together. There are many issues
that people who are living there, whatever religion, could share. They will confront their own interest and future for the
development of Rakhine State, for the people who live there. If they could work together, they could be more efficient
instead of fighting together.
Q: Are the Rohingya an ethnic group of Burma?
A: My answer is that Rohingya is not an ethnic concept. Okay, they can stand up and say we are an ethnic group inside
Myanmar. But I think that is not the best way. When you argue we are Muslims and we have been living in Rakhine for
several generations, nobody can deny it. For me, Rohingya is the term, which is an old word that has been claimed as
above all as a political label after the independence of Myanmar. For the moment, I do not see that all the people there
readily submit to one and a single label. When I was in Bangladesh, people pointed out Muslims to me who originally
lived in Rakhine. They have now moved to Bangladesh and when you ask them, are you Rohingya coming from
Rakhine? they say, no, we are Muslims who live in Rakhine, we do not take for us the label Rohingya.
Topics: Arakan State, Buddhists, Religion, Rohingya Muslims
http://www.irrawaddy.com/from-the-archive/history-behind-arakan-state-conflict-2.html

Note. Emphasis in red colour above is my own. Tzd. /07.92.2017.

Muhammad Yunus
December 29, 2016 at 7:24pm !

OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL AND MEMBER

COUNTRIES OF THE COUNCIL TO END THE HUMAN CRISIS OF ROHINGYAS IN
MYANMAR
Dear President and Members of the Security Council,
As you are aware, a human tragedy amounting to ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity is
unfolding in Myanmar.
Over the past two months, a military offensive by the Myanmar Army in Rakhine State has led to
the killing of hundreds of Rohingya people. Over 30,000 people have been displaced. Houses have
been burned, women raped, many civilians arbitrarily arrested, and children killed. Crucially, access
for humanitarian aid organisations has been almost completely denied, creating an appalling
humanitarian crisis in an area already extremely poor. Thousands have fled to neighbouring
Bangladesh, only to be sent back. Some international experts have warned of the potential for
genocide. It has all the hallmarks of recent past tragedies - Rwanda, Darfur, Bosnia, Kosovo.
The head of the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on the
Bangladesh side of the border, John McKissick, has accused Myanmars government of ethnic
cleansing. The UNs Special Rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar Yanghee Lee has condemned
the restricted access to Rakhine State as unacceptable.
The Rohingyas are among the worlds most persecuted minorities, who for decades have been
subjected to a campaign of marginalisation and dehumanisation. In 1982, their rights to citizenship
were removed, and they were rendered stateless, despite living in the country for generations. They
have endured severe restrictions on movement, marriage, education and religious freedom. Yet
despite the claims by government and military, and many in society, that they are in fact illegal
Bengali immigrants who have crossed the border, Bangladesh does not recognise them either.
Their plight intensified dramatically in 2012 when two severe outbreaks of violence resulted in the
displacement of hundreds of thousands and a new apartheid between Rohingya Muslims and their
Rakhine Buddhist neighbours. Since then they have existed in ever more dire conditions.
This latest crisis was sparked by an attack on Myanmar border police posts on 9 October, in which
nine Myanmar police officers were killed. The truth about who carried out the attack, how and why,
is yet to be established, but the Myanmar military accuse a group of Rohingyas. Even if that is true,
the militarys response has been grossly disproportionate. It would be one thing to round up
suspects, interrogate them and put them on trial. It is quite another to unleash helicopter gunships on
thousands of ordinary civilians and to rape women and throw babies into a fire.
According to one Rohingya interviewed by Amnesty International, they shot at people who were
fleeing. They surrounded the village and started going from house to house. They were verbally
abusing the people. They were threatening to rape the women.
Another witness described how her two sons were arbitrarily arrested: It was early in the morning,
the military surrounded our house, while some came in and forced me and my children to go
outside. They tied my two sons up. They tied their hands behind their backs, and they were beaten
badly. The military kicked them in the chest. I saw it myself. I was crying so loudly. When I cried,
they [the military] pointed a gun at me. My children were begging the military not to hit them. They
were beaten for around 30 minutes before being taken away. She has not seen them since.
Despite repeated appeals to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi we are frustrated that she has not taken any
initiative to ensure full and equal citizenship rights of the Rohingyas. Daw Suu Kyi is the leader and
is the one with the primary responsibility to lead, and lead with courage, humanity and compassion.
We urge the United Nations to do everything possible to encourage the Government of Myanmar to
lift all restrictions on humanitarian aid, so that people receive emergency assistance. Access for
journalists and human rights monitors should also be permitted, and an independent, international
inquiry to establish the truth about the current situation should be established.
Furthermore, we urge the members of UN Security Council to put this crisis on Security Councils
agenda as a matter of urgency, and to call upon the Secretary-General to visit Myanmar in the
coming weeks as a priority. If the current Secretary-General is able to do so, we would urge him to
go; if not, we encourage the new Secretary-General to make it one of his first tasks after he takes
office in January.
It is time for the international community as a whole to speak out much more strongly. After
Rwanda, world leaders said never again. If we fail to take action, people may starve to death if
they are not killed with bullets, and we may end up being the passive observers of crimes against
humanity which will lead us once again to wring our hands belatedly and say never again all over
again.
Sincerely,
Professor Muhammad Yunus
2006 Nobel Peace Laureate
Jos Ramos-Horta
1996 Nobel Peace Laureate
Miread Maguire
1976 Nobel Peace Laureate
Betty Williams
1976 Nobel Peace Laureate
Archbishop Desmond Tutu
1984 Nobel Peace Laureate
Oscar Arias
1987 Nobel Peace Laureate
Jody Williams
1997 Nobel Peace Laureate
Shirin Ebadi
2003 Nobel Peace Laureate
Tawakkol Karman
2011 Nobel Peace Laureate
Leymah Gbowee
2011 Nobel Peace Laureate
Malala Yousafzai
2014 Nobel Peace Laureate
Sir Richard J. Roberts
1993 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
Elizabeth Blackburn
2009 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine
Emma Bonino
Former Italian Foreign minister
Arianna Huffington
Founder and Editor, The Huffington Post
Sir Richard Branson
Business Leader and Philanthropist
Paul Polman
Business Leader
Mo Ibrahim
Entrepreneur and Philanthropist
Richard Curtis
SDG Advocate, Film Director
Alaa Murabit
SDG Advocate, Voice of Libyan Women
Jochen Zeitz
Business Leader and Philanthropist
Kerry Kennedy
Human Rights Activist
Romano Prodi
Former Italian Prime Minister

https://www.facebook.com/Professor.Muhammad.Yunus/posts/996372943802283:0
UN releases full text of Yanghee Lee's end of
mission statement
By
Mizzima
On Saturday, 21 January 2017
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Yanghee Lee (R), the United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in
Myanmar, visits the Mai Nar KBC camp in Myitkyina, Kachin State, Myanmar, 10 January 2017.
Photo: Myitkyina News Journal/EPA
The United Nations has released Ms Yanghee Lee's end of mission statement following her 12-day
visit to Myanmar, a visit with special focus on rights in the Rakhine and Kachin states. Her speech
was given at a press conference prior to flying out.
The following is the full text of Lee's speech:

End of Mission Statement by Special Rapporteur on the situation of human

rights in Myanmar
Yangon, 20 January 2017
Thank you for the opportunity to address you this evening. As you know I have just completed a
12-day visit to Myanmar and have visited parts of Kachin, Rakhine and Mon States as well as
Yangon and Nay Pyi Taw. In Kachin, I stayed one night in Myitkyina as I was not allowed to go to
Laiza and Hpakant. In Rakhine, I went to Koe Tan Kauk in Rathedaung; Buthidaung prison; and
four villages in Maungdaw north. I met with IDPs in Myitkyina , and in Koe Tan Kauk, and
Maungdaw, I also visited Sittwe prison. During this trip, I visited for the first time a hard labour
camp, in Mon State. In Nay Pyi Taw, I met with the State Counsellor as well as Government
ministers of all the ministries I had asked to meet except for two. One was away and another
ministry declined to see me as did the Commander-in-Chief. I also met with the Attorney General,
as well as Governmental and Parliamentary Committees. I will elaborate further on the issues I
touch upon in this statement in my report to the Human Rights Council in March. For now, let me
share with you my immediate impressions and observations.
There is one word that has hung heavily on my mind during this visit reprisals. In every one of my
visits and in every one of my meetings, I ask the Government of Myanmar to ensure that the people
I speak to and even work with, do not suffer reprisals for speaking out on rights issues or expressing
their opinions. Yet, distressingly several people I met during this visit would say to me, I dont
know what will happen to me after our meeting. In one case, an individual directly told me they
thought they would be arrested following our conversation. In another village, where there were
more than two communities living separately but side by side, I asked if that person was
comfortable talking to me. The response: I am afraid I will not give the right answer.
I recall during my preparations before arriving, the news broke of a man having been beheaded
his only crime was apparently to have an opinion and to voice that opinion out loud. In fact, we still
do not know the full circumstances leading to that man being beheaded. But the message is clear.
Do not express yourself. Do not speak your mind if your opinion or position does not fit or support
the narrative and agenda of those who have no qualms in how you live or die. Sadly, this is not an
isolated incident. Reportedly, there are at least four more cases of beheadings.
Knowing that by talking to directly affected community members, I could in fact place them and
their familys lives at risk. Yet even more distressing is that many of those I speak to tell me they
are willing to take the risk they see speaking out as their only hope for change and want
desperately for the rest of the world to be aware of the situation that they are in. As such I feel a
greater responsibility to listen and give a voice to potential victims of human rights violations. It is
also a stark indicator that, whilst there have been positive developments in Myanmar, there is still a
long way to go to achieve a society where individuals are free to share what has happened to them,
to speak their mind, and to live peacefully without fear.
I know many of you here want to hear from me about the situation in Rakhine state, and several of
these examples are from this state. I will of course get to Rakhine in more detail. However, I want
to start, as I started my visit this time, with the extremely worrying situation in Kachin State, as well
as in the north of Shan State. The plight of people in this area is too often overlooked, but sadly,
here too, people are suffering and the hope generated by the outcome of the 2015 elections is
starting to wane. As you know, for the last three visits I have asked to go to Rakhine, Kachin and
northern Shan without fail. Due to time constraints imposed, I made the decision to limit my visit to
Kachin and Rakhine.
I pushed hard to go to Laiza and Hpakant. In the past, I had always asked to go to Laiza but access
was never granted. My predecessor in his last country visit had gone to Laiza area as had a high-
ranking UN official more recently. Yet I was denied access for the fifth time due to security
reasons. I also pushed hard to go to Hpakant. This is a Government-controlled area, but like Laiza,
the Government did not confirm or deny access until the last minute. The reasons given for the
refusal by the State government did not match those given by the Union Government. Furthermore,
later that day, I met local interlocutors who had travelled all the way from Hpakant a 5-6 hour
journey to Myitkyina to share with me their concerns and fears. The explanation I was given by
the Government was that, as a special guest, the Government was concerned about my security;
and as a special guest, I would be apparently particularly targeted.
It is evident that the situation in Kachin and at the northern borders is deteriorating. Those in
Kachin State tell me that the conditions have deteriorated that the situation is now worse than at
any point in the past few years. Whilst I was not able to travel to the areas most severely affected,
the situation is now such that even in Myitkyina, the capital of the state and home to over 300,000
people, residents are afraid and now stay home after dark.
I have heard that in active conflict areas the situation is far worse. I met a family who was displaced
from Zai Awng IDP camp after shells fell nearby they had fled in terror and resorted to digging a
hole in the forest to stay in at night for six days whilst they tried to gather the funds needed to
escape the area six days in a hole with four children, the youngest a few months old and another
only two. I heard after my visit, that some of those from the Zai Awng camp were displaced for a
third time. These people have done nothing wrong, yet they suffer, merely because they live in an
area, where others fight. When I raised this case with the State Government, and by state
government meaning the military side, the response was again denial I was told the IDP camp did
not exist, as I was told before that in Kutkai there were no IDPs either.
Like I always do during my visits to Myanmar, I made a point of going to several places of
detention during this trip; and when I was not allowed access to Laiza and Hpakant, I asked to make
a day trip from Yangon to a hard labour camp [officially called a production camp] in Zin Gyaik,
Mon State. And as I always do in places of detention, I asked to meet those who are being held
there in addition to making a site visit and observing the conditions of detention.
Some whom I met at the hard labour camp said they were afraid of what would happen to them
after speaking to me. And a few described how they had the previous three days off from their
usual hard labour work to clean their living and sleeping quarters as a VIP was coming. While
some of the facilities appeared better than other prisons I have visited, major concerns from that
visit to the hard labour camp are the use of shackles as a form of additional punishment (including
while working in the quarry) as well as the lack of transparency and information shared with the
prisoners regarding their selection and transfer from another prison to the hard labour camp. I also
have a concern about the lack of an independent complaint system for the prisoners at this hard
labour camp but unfortunately this is the case in all prison camps in Myanmar.
Besides the hard labour camp, I also visited Insein prison in Yangon, and Buthidaung and Sittwe
prisons in Rakhine State. In these prisons, I met prisoners and detainees who were charged (and
convicted) for criticising high-level Government or military officials, for raising human rights
issues, for filing court cases against the Government and for not meeting the rules for peaceful
assembly in attempts to express their concerns for the Governments attention. I have received
reports that over 40 people are now facing prosecution for defamation under section 66 (d) of the
Telecommunications law many of them merely for speaking their minds. In other meetings,
lawyers taking on sensitive cases, reported harassment and even prosecution. I visited a Chin
community in Sittwe. This community had raised an issue about limited drainage with their local
authority, and in response an adjacent community built a road block at the entrance of the 11 Chin
households. For nine months, the main access road for these 11 households was blocked despite
complaints brought by the Chin community to the relevant authorities.
In Rakhine State, I asked to meet with some of those who had been arrested and detained for
allegedly playing a role, active or supporting, in the armed attacks against the security forces in
early October and mid-November. Except for one suspect whose family knew that the detainee had
rights and sought a lawyer for him, the other prisoners did not have legal representation. They did
not seem informed of the charges, if any, against them apart from being aware that they could be
suspected of being associated with the attackers against the Border Guard posts on 9 October. Some
had not been in communication with their family for the 2-3 months since they had been arrested. I
further noted that their families were not informed of their arrest or the location of where they
were detained causing untold distress for families members. One suspect was certain that his family
would think that he was dead and during my visit to villages in Maungdaw, I met women whose
husbands were in their words taken away whom they believed would never come back. The prison
officials told me that there are more than 450 individuals detained in Buthidaung in relation to the
attack meaning many families unaware and uninformed of this detention fearing that they will
never see their loved ones again.
What has been said to me over and over by Government representatives regarding the 9 October
attacks is that this was not an inter-communal violence or crisis; that this was a calculated attack
against the sovereignty of Myanmar and that the Government rightly launched a security response.
The Government described to me how the attacks occurred and I saw the three Border Guard posts
concerned. I deplore these attacks carried out in a brutal manner and I convey my deepest
condolences to the families of those killed.
Whilst authorities are required to respond to such attacks the response must be carried out within
the parameters of the rule of law and in full compliance with human rights. I saw with my own eyes
the structures that were burnt down in Wa Peik, and it is hard for me to believe that these are
consequent to actions taken in a hurry or haphazardly. I was told by Government officials as had
been reported that it was the villagers who had burnt down their own houses. And the reason they
would burn down their own houses was because these houses were of poor quality; and by burning
down their own houses, they can expect to get international actors to come in and help build them
better houses. The authorities offered no evidence for this, and I find this argument quite incredible.
Considering the policy of systematic and institutionalised discrimination against the Rohingya with
limited access to education and healthcare services basic services that the international actors have
been ready to supply but blocked from providing, it would be quite far-fetched for them to suddenly
think that the authorities would allow international actors to help build them better houses. The
alternative argument given by the authorities were that this was part of the Rohingya villagers
propaganda campaign to put the security services in a bad light. Again, I find it quite incredible that
these desperate people are willing to burn down their own houses (where they may have lived for
generations) to be without a home, potentially displaced, for five years or more like those in Sittwe,
just to give the Government a bad name.
I must remind again that these attacks took place within the context of decades of systematic and
institutionalised discrimination against the Rohingya population. Desperate individuals take
desperate actions. And while such desperate actions in this case are not justified in any way, I do
believe if the affected population had felt that the new Government would start addressing their
situation and grievances, then extreme elements would not have easily been able to hijack their
cause.
When the allegations of human rights violations consequent to the security operations started
surfacing, the Governments immediate response was to deny them. Even when a scientifically-
based analysis of the burning and destruction of houses was presented, the immediate response was
dismissal. Perhaps some of the portrayal of the situation may have been sensationalised. In fact at
least one media outlet had reported that my access was blocked in Rakhine when this was not
entirely true. But for the Government to continue being defensive when allegations of serious
human rights violations are persistently reported, that is when the Government appears less and less
credible. This perception is then reinforced when a video clip of the Myanmar Police personnel
beating men and children who were rounded up during the security operations went viral. While
the authorities may have swiftly responded in this case by arresting some of those captured in the
video it highlights the possibility that such treatment of the local population by the security
personnel may not be an isolated incident but rather a more common practice.
Over and over it has been said that trust needs to be built between the two communities in Rakhine
State; that they need to learn to live together, as they had done for decades before. But I believe
another important relationship that requires trust building is the relationship between the people and
the Government, particularly with the security forces in this instance. By conducting a security
operations with seemingly little regard for the rights and dignity of the majority population residing
in the affected areas, the security forces have further weakened the trust the Muslim population had
cautiously put into the new Government. It should not be a surprise, in this context, that many from
among the Rohingya population have not welcomed the announcement of the resumption of the
citizenship verification exercise and resumption of the issuance of the Identity Card for National
Verification subsequent to the expiry of the TRC. The timing of this announcement while security
operations are still on-going is concerning. Furthermore there has been no progress on the
fundamental issues which have plagued previous attempts at conducting a citizenship verification
exercise under the 1982 Citizenship law. It is evident that clear, timely and accessible information
needs to be provided and further consultation undertaken. A fundamental problem still remains
however when individuals who received citizenship in the last verification exercise are still not able
to enjoy their rights as citizens. The situation in Myebon, where those granted citizenship remain
subject to limitations, is a case in point.
Data and evidence is important here, and in order to assess, evaluate and respond to those needs, we
need technical experts to help provide the most feasible response. We cannot make a broad
assumption for example that there is no malnutrition in an area as the government-appointed
investigation commission did simply because the conditions for fishing or farming are favourable
there. When there are available relevant data which had been obtained through a rigorous method
by experts in their field, then the government should consult such data. We cannot simply dismiss
data that it does not accept or fully understand.
Humanitarian actors are mandated to use their expertise to help suffering individuals but are
currently being prevented from doing so by the Government. In Kachin and Shan States as well as
in the north of Rakhine, humanitarian access is worse now than it was when I last visited, with
access shrinking month on month and is allowed is subject to ever increasing bureaucratic hurdles.
Access is slowly starting to improve in the North of Rakhine state, but it remains mostly limited to
national staff, with international staff stuck in towns unable to do their jobs.
The governments response to all of these problems seems to currently be to defend, dismiss and
deny. And this response is not only counterproductive but is draining away the hope that had been
sweeping the country. But I do believe it is not too late to reverse this trend, and during my visit, I
also met many people who are doing their best in very difficult situations. I met groups working
tirelessly to bring communities together. I was pleased to see many new public servants growing
into their roles despite the constraints of an institutional structure that is far from perfect. Several
ministry and local officials were keen to discuss the problems they face and were open to
considering new ideas. This sense of openness and adaptability needs to be nurtured and spread.
It pains me to see when talking to the ordinary people of Myanmar during this visit their feelings of
optimism and hope slowly fading just after one year when the whole country was elated with the
outcome of the last general elections. From my meetings and conversations with the State
Counsellor and the various officials, I can see their genuine commitment and dedication in
improving the lives of all in Myanmar. Somehow this commitment has yet to translate into real
actions that are felt on the ground. I encourage the Government to appeal to all communities in the
country to be more open and understanding of each other, to respect each other instead of
scapegoating others for the sake of advancing their own self-interests. It would be particularly
important for the security forces to always act within the parameters of the rule of law and in
compliance with human rights. It would be crucial for the Government to combat the apparent
climate of impunity that seem to have emboldened certain extreme elements by taking the law into
their own hands and meting out their own justice. There must be accountability and justice must be
done and seen to be done to reassure the ordinary people that no one is above the law.
I would like for the Government, the military side including, to be open and accepting of the offer
of assistance from other international actors, particularly the UN that always stand ready to support
the successful democratic transition of Myanmar. I take this opportunity to thank the Government
for its invitation and for maintaining cooperation with my mandate. I particularly would like to note
with appreciation the efforts made to ensure my safety and that of my team. I would also like to
thank the United Nations Country Team for their support and assistance.
As I have repeatedly said in the past, I stand ready to assist in the journey towards a more free and
democratic Myanmar.
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Commentary

Daw Aung San Suu Kyis Trend of Silence

Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at peace talks with youth in Naypyidaw on Jan. 1, 2017. / Htet Naing Zaw /
The Irrawaddy

By Lawi Weng 4 February 2017

State Counselor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has remained noticeably silent regarding the death of
National League for Democracy (NLD) legal advisor U Ko Ni, who was assassinated earlier this
week outside the Rangoon International Airport.
She was not in attendance at his funeral, nor has she sent a public condolence to the victims family.
Her silence has raised questions as to her fear of the Burma Army or extremist Buddhist monks.
Critics have asked why she attended former USDP lawmaker Aung Thaungs funeral, but not U Ko
Nis.
The day after his death, state-run media kept the story off of the front page. Follow-up coverage
regarding the investigation has been sparse in state-run media.
The assassination of U Ko Ni rattled the country. He was a prominent member of Burmas Muslim
minority and moderate figure who spoke in favor of amending the Constitution and religious
tolerance.
Some people worry that this incident will quickly fade from the public consciousness and that the
government will not thoroughly investigate the crime because of its possible link to the military. U
Ko Nis biggest crime may have been that he was a constitutional expert who suggested reforms to
the charter imposed in 2008 granting the military great power.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was for years the countrys pro-democracy icon. After a year as the
countrys de facto leader, one wonders where she stands on human rights and democracy issues
today.
On top of her silence regarding U Ko Nis death, she has also remained silent on Burma Army
offensives in Kachin State and the plight of the Rohingya Muslims in Arakan State.
She remained silent when the army launched ground and airstrikes in Kachin State, when refugees
fled to China but were turned away, when tens of thousands of Rohingya Muslims fled Burma
Army security clearance operations to Bangladesh, and when the army restricted humanitarian
aid.
People have stated their frustration with her failure to deliver on her campaign promise to provide
equal rights for ethnic groups and disappointment at placing their trust and safety in her hands.
Her NLD party won a majority in Kachin State, and people there had high expectations for reform,
so far to no avail.
The State Counselors Office donated 300 million kyats (US$220,000) to Kachin refugees through
the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement this week but activists say the money is not
enough.
It seems like she just wants to buy our votes, said Kachin rights activist Khon Ja.
By-elections will be held in April to fill vacant seats. Kachin constituents have asked why she came
out with this money now and not during Burma Army offensives last year.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyis silence leaves many to wonder whether she stands for the army or for her
people.
Topics: Crime, Ethnic Issues, Politics
Lawi Weng The Irrawaddy Lawi Weng is Senior Reporter at the English edition of The Irrawaddy.

http://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/daw-aung-san-suu-kyis-trend-of-silence.html
21 farmers granted bail in Myanmar army land-grabbing case

By
AFP
On Wednesday, 11 January 2017
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Detained farmers look on from a holding cell at a courthouse in Sintgaing in Mandalay region on
January 10, 2017. Twenty-one farmers were granted bail by a Myanmar court on January 10 after
being jailed over a land-grab dispute with the military that has highlighted acute challenges faced
by the rural poor. Sixteen of those detained were women, according to a family member, including
one who was taken to jail along with her six-month-old baby. Photo: Kyaw Zay Win/AFP
Twenty-one farmers were granted bail by a Myanmar court on Tuesday after being jailed over a
land-grab dispute with the military that has highlighted acute challenges faced by the rural poor.
Land ownership is one of the most contentious issues in the formerly junta-run country, where the
army stands accused of rampantly confiscating land during its 50-year rule.
In recent years democratic reforms and the end of Western sanctions have fuelled a scramble for
territory and brought a flurry of old conflicts to the fore.
The latest case revolves around 70 acres (28 hectares) of land, which 24 farmers say was seized
from them by a military security unit in 2001 with little compensation.
For years the farmers continued to grow their crops undisturbed, but in August 2016 the military
tried to fence off the area.
When the farmers protested last week they were all arrested, charged with trespassing and
destroying property, and sent to Mandalay's notorious Obo Prison.
Sixteen of those detained were women, according to a family member, including one who was taken
to jail along with her six-month-old baby.
Three of the 24 farmers were released earlier because they face different charges, their lawyer, San
Nyunt Wai, said.
"All the (remaining) farmers were granted bail today," he told AFP, adding that they will next
appear in court on January 17.
Most land seizures in Myanmar date from the 1990s and early 2000s, when the country was
undergoing a messy transition from its own brand of junta-controlled socialism to a more market-
driven model.
Activists say most of the land was grabbed by military officers and their cronies, and then large
tracts of it were loaned to private companies to be cultivated.
A Global Witness report found that as of 2013, 5.3 million acres had been leased to investors for
commercial agriculture, "the majority without the consent of its owners".
Few farmers have documents to prove they have any rights to the land. Those who do often end up
mired in a complex and opaque system with little hope of redress.
A commission set up in 2013 to address land-grabs has only dealt with a tiny fraction of the tens of
thousands of cases across the country.
The new elected government has said addressing land conflicts is a priority but has done little since
it came to power in March.
Legal rights group Namati said those rare farmers who win compensation often only receive a tenth
of what the land is worth.
1994-2017 Agence France-Presse
See more at: http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/21-farmers-granted-bail-myanmar-army-land-grabbing-
case#sthash.P5HPPxLa.dpuf

http://www.mizzima.com/news-domestic/21-farmers-granted-bail-myanmar-army-land-grabbing-case
Burma

Amnesty International Urges Govt to Suspend

Letpadaung Copper Mine

By Nyein Nyein, Rik Glauert 10 February 2017

RANGOON Amnesty International urged Burmese authorities to halt operations at Sagaing
Divisions Letpadaung copper mine and properly regulate large investment projects while stressing
that foreign states have a duty to ensure their companies do not commit human rights abuses in
Burma.
The report titled Mountain of Trouble: Human Rights Abuses Continue at Myanmars Letpadaung
Mine details ongoing land grabs, environmental damage, and human rights infringements by
Burmese authorities.
The government needs to intervene and suspend operations until all human rights and
environmental concerns are properly investigated and addressed, said Mark Dummett, Amnesty
Internationals researcher on business and human rights.
Some 141 families living in four villages facing forced evictions as the mine expands by 2,000
acres have not been given details of relocation, despite mine operator Chinese company Wanbao
Mining claims that it has conducted consultations.
The authors of the report accuse Wanbao Mining of being more interested in public relations than
ensuring the rights of the local community.
Some 6,700 acres were developed for the Letpadaung cooper mine and 26 villages were told to
relocate, although somesuch as Tse Tae, Moegyopyin and Thonerefused to do so.
A monk from Tse Tae village named Ashin Nanda Sa Ra told The Irrawaddy that since the project
began, both Wanbao Mining and the government have failed to protect the health of local people
and complained of air pollution and dust from trucks dumping waste soil in the summer.
We do not want the locals to suffertheir socioeconomic situation should be supported, he said.
Their desire to stay in the land of the forefathers should be respected and they deserve proper
compensation.
The report also revealed a waste leak from the mine in November 2015 that ran into fields in Wet
Hme village. Soil samples from the area of the leak were tested by a UK laboratory and found to
contain arsenic, copper and lead.
A resident of Wet Hme village Ma Thwet Thwet Win said that villagers had lost 10 acres of crops
due to contaminated water but numerous complaints to the relevant government departments since
January 2016 had gone unanswered.
Ma Thwet Thwet Win said they later told the Salingyi constituency member of parliament that
contaminated water from the mine entered the villages of Tse Tae, Wet Hmae and Shwe Hlay
during the rainy season.
Our villages usually flood from the Chindwin River in rainy season, but in the last few years the
water flowing into our farms has been very red and dirty, said Ma Thwet Thwet Win.
We know it is very different water from our main water source [the Chindwin River], which leaves
us with the alluvial soils to be able to grow our crops, said Ma Thwet Thwet Win.
Amnesty International warned that Wanbao had not conducted an adequate environmental
assessment and that the mines position near the Chindwin River meant flooding or earthquakes
could unleash large-scale environmental damage.
The report denounces a slew of draconian laws used by authorities to block peaceful protests of
the mine and notes that to date no officials have been held accountable for the use of incendiary
white phosphorus munitions against peaceful protestors in November 2012 nor the case of a female
protestor shot dead by police in 2014.
Local protests against the Letpadaung copper mine have eased since the National League for
Democracy government took office nearly a year ago and local people said they hoped that solving
issues through the correct authorities and parliamentary representatives would be the best way to
show their support to the civilian government.
But we expect the government to find better approaches to the project that do not affect the
environment and local peoples lives, said Ma Thwet Thwet Win.

Topics: Amnesty International, Human Rights, Letpadaung, Mining

Nyein Nyein The Irrawaddy Nyein Nyein is Senior Reporter at the English edition of The
Irrawaddy.

http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/amnesty-international-urges-govt-to-suspend-letpadaung-copper-mine.html
Myanmar in 'advanced negotiations' with
Pakistan to licence-build JF-17 fighter
Submitted by Eleven on Thu, 02/09/2017 - 09:40
Writer:
Naveed Siddiqui
Dawn.com/ANN

The governments of Pakistan and Myanmar are now in "advanced negotiations" to licence-build the
JF-17, a single-engine multi-role fighter jet, IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, an independent defence
news agency, reported.

Citing defence industry sources in Yangon and sources close to the Myanmar Air Force (MAF), the
defence news outlet said that if an agreement is reached, Myanmar would be able to significantly
expand its local defence industry.

Read more: Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder

The JF-17 Thunder aircraft, jointly developed by China and Pakistan, can carry 8,000lbs of
ordinance on seven external hardpoints, which is an adequate amount of ordinance for any mission
profile. The JF-17 is powered by a Russian RD-93 afterburning turbofan, which has a top speed for
Mach 1.6. It also enhances the much needed capability of the air force in beyond visual range
(BVR) engagements.

As the MAF prepares to phase out its obsolete fleet of F-7M Airguard and A-5C Fantan combat
aircraft that it purchased from China in the 1990s, licensed production of the JF-17 Thunder would
possibly revamp MAF's defence power over the coming decades, a Jane's analyst says.

The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has at least 70 of the fighter jets currently in service, with the first
ones having entered service in 2009. Expectations are that the PAF will induct up to 150 JF-17
Thunder fighters in the coming years.

The first of 16 imported JF-17s ordered by Myanmar are expected to go into service with the MAF
later this year.

DawnNews reached out to the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Pakistan Air
Force. However, all three declined to comment.

http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/local/7796
Hydropower in Myanmar: For Whose Benefit?
Posted By: SHANon: December 17, 2016In: MailboxNo Comments
Print Email
Amidst the many challenges Myanmar now faces, the threats to the environment are urgent and
they are growing more extreme. The situation is especially serious in the case of mega dams and
hydropower where a host of projects are being promoted, without appropriate planning or public
consultation, that are likely to cause irreversible harm to communities and natural ecosystems
around the country. Not only are many of the projects located in nationality areas that are conflict
zones, but the bulk of the energy produced will also be exported to neighbouring countries.

A river worshiping ceremony in Mawlamyine, on the Salween delta in Mon State, in honor of
International Day of Action for Rivers. The Thanlwin River supports almost 10 million people. /
Photo credit International Rivers @ Flickr
As protests spread in Myanmar, it is not too late to change course. In a suitable place, hydropower
can be an important energy source, but it is vital that its development is suited to meet local needs
and conditions not the cause of new suffering, ethnic grievance and threats to the achievement of
nationwide peace. A moratorium is essential, while participatory discussion is begun to underpin
informed and inclusive agreement about planning decisions that will have lasting impact on the
political, economic and environmental direction of the country.
The Mega Dam Controversy: Incredible Miracle or Extreme Jeopardy?
The way in which people perceive the value of natural resources can vary greatly. Much depends on
their different interests and personal backgrounds. This issue of perspective is especially
contentious in the case of water and hydropower, where arguments often split on opposite sides of
the same coin. While people living in urban areas view water as little more than drinking water and
an easy source for power generation, those whose homes are in the countryside know that their
livelihoods depend on water and the protection of land and natural resources. The result is a
complete imbalance in arguments between incredible miracle and extreme jeopardy. For city
dwellers, water and hydropower are promoted for their cheapness and convenience; for rural
communities, they can represent a very real threat to the cultures, histories and lives of local
peoples.
Between these polarities, informed debate over who truly benefits from hydropower projects is
often curtailed, and vital questions over whether mega dams are environmentally sustainable or the
most appropriate form of power generation become side-lined. This is often the case in emerging
economies in the industrial age, where the voices of local communities in the field are insufficiently
heard. Rather, a network of business investors, government officials and dam developers will
coalesce around the promotion of a new mega dam, using the argument that such energy will be
clean, cheap and renewable. Their motivation is self-evident. For governments, water is regarded as
a natural resource to be transformed into energy for development, while commercial interests
seek to utilize water and natural resources to generate their own profits.
Such thinking over the impact of major hydropower projects is simplistic and, very often, negligent
in the extreme. A chain of consequences is set in motion in the building of mega dams that will
have devastating effects, from the forced relocation of communities and destruction of local cultures
to irreversible damage to natural beauty and ecosystems. As experiences around the world have
shown, many risks and downsides can follow the construction of mega dams that have detrimental
impact along the course of rivers and their hinterlands, negatively impacting on the futures of many
populations.
First, to produce energy from a water source, a large man-made reservoir is needed. However,
because the natural flow of the mother river is blocked, lands upstream of the dam are faced with
flooding and submergence under water. At the same time, lands downstream of the dam will
experience irregular water fluctuation and drought due to limited water flow and physical changes
in the way that the river now runs.
Second, as the dam construction goes ahead, valuable lands in the surrounding areas will be lost in
exchange for the creation of the new reservoir. The extent of loss will depend on the scale of the
dam, but it will have serious impact on natural ecology and the livelihoods of the local people.
Among a catalogue of knock-on effects, many people will be displaced from their homes, while
deforestation exploited by commercial interests often accompanies dam building, and there is
never adequate replacement for the depletion of wildlife and biodiversity.
Third, no matter what compensation is considered, there will be no reparation or restitution that can
be just and equitable for those communities forced to give up their lands and relocate to other
places. Due to flooding upstream of the dam, it is inevitable that people will be compelled to
resettle. For those displaced, this is the beginning of a vicious cycle of marginalisation and poverty
that can continue from generation to generation. Because of the scale of dams, the number of
victims can be huge, and entire communities may be destroyed. Since they are moved to less fertile
soil or suitable locations, many farmers can no longer continue their agriculture and, very often,
they have to completely change their livelihoods to become migrant workers moving from one
place to another. At the same time, since they have no future on the land, young people will be
compelled to relocate to towns or the big city to try and find a job that can financially support their
families back home.
Fourth, it is not only displaced communities upstream from the dam that are seriously affected. The
difficulties of people living downriver can also be severe. Due to irregularities in flood control and
water fluctuation, communities further downstream can no longer rely on riverbank agriculture;
areas of habitation may be seasonably lost; and fishermen will lose their livelihoods because of the
changed patterns in water flow and because some fish species cannot lay their eggs upstream, thus
facing decline or extinction. Deforestation, too, can be an important cause of flooding and land
degradation due to changes in the patterns of rainfall.
And this is not the end of the threats to livelihoods and security posed by hydropower projects. As
international scientists frequently warn, not only are mega projects a catastrophic risk in earthquake
zones but they can also increase the potential for shocks due to the accumulated pressure in the
volume of water in the reservoir and the density of sediment that builds up over the years. In
summary, far from being a wonder solution for development, hydropower dams that are badly
planned and located can be the forerunners of trauma, fear and loss for communities far and wide
across a country.
This is the national crisis that the peoples of Myanmar now face. With a multitude of hydropower
projects currently on the drawing-boards or underway, the country must address the challenges and
risks that the rush to hydropower are likely to bring. Under appropriate conditions, hydropower can
be a valuable source of economic energy. But the fundamental question that still needs to be
answered is to whose benefit? For once built, the proposed succession of hydropower dams on the
great rivers of Myanmar, including the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy), Thanlwin (Salween) and
Chindwin and their tributaries, will change our countrys natural eco-systems and geography
forever. There can be no going back. In the process, millions of lives could be affected, many
communities displaced from their homes, and long-standing systems of livelihood in agriculture,
forestry and fisheries face disruption without recompense. As Myanmars environment comes under
increasing challenge in the new economic era, the protection of vital lands and fragile ecosystems
should very much be an issue of national concern for all citizens.
The Mong Ton Dam and Threat to the Thanlwin River
As Myanmar moves towards the development of a market economy, government officials, business
companies and foreign investors are following similar tendencies to neighbouring countries by
seeking to extract natural resources in order to foster economic growth. In recent years, this has
seen hydropower emerge as one of the most controversial of the new industries in the country
during a time of uncertain political change. Under the previous quasi-civilian government, President
Thein Sein gained national approval for his suspension of the China-backed Myitsone Dam at the
confluence of the Ayeyarwady River in the Kachin State during his parliamentary time in office
(2011-16). But with the advent to government of the National League for Democracy last March,
the Myitsone Dam is now the subject of a commission of review, and concerns are rising over the
fate of another of Myanmars pristine rivers, the Thanlwin. Asias last free-flowing river on such
scale, the Thanlwin runs for over 2,800 kilometres from its source on the Tibetan plateau through
China and Myanmar, briefly touching on Thailand, to the Andaman Sea in our countrys far south.
While international comparisons can be instructive, this is where understanding of the situation on
the ground in Myanmar is essential in assessing the impact of the new hydropower schemes. As
threatened communities are seeking to warn, there are a host of reasons why such mega-projects are
unsuitable and un-needed in Myanmar. Not only are such projects environmentally detrimental and
located in potential earthquake zones, but their main impact will also be felt among disadvantaged
nationality peoples who have long been in conflict with the central government in their pursuit of
justice and equal political rights. Equally contentious, many citizens are asking why is most of the
proposed energy from the new hydropower schemes to be exported to neighbouring countries when
more than half our population is living in the dark? Surely the need is for the development of
sustainable and environmentally sound energy schemes that benefit the Myanmar peoples not
international companies and a small business elite.
In examining the scale of challenges ahead, the Thanlwin River is an urgent case in point.
According to Salween Watch, five major dams have been proposed for construction on the
mainstream river: the Kunlong Dam (1,400 MW), Nong Pha Dam (1,000 MW) and Mong Ton Dam
(7,110 MW) in Shan State; Ywathit Dam in Kayah State (4,000 MW); and Hat Gyi dam in Karen
State (1,360 MW). Without consultation with Myanmars peoples, it has been agreed that a
remarkable 90 per cent of electricity from these five schemes will be exported to the neighbouring
countries of China and Thailand.
Of the five dams, the Mong Ton (formerly known as Tasang) will be the largest, and it will also be
the biggest in Southeast Asia, with a reservoir the size of Singapore. The dam developers are the
China Three Gorges Corporation, Sinohydro Corporation, China Southern Power Grid, Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand, and the International Group of Entrepreneurs, a Myanmar-based
company. To take the project forward, an Australian firm, Snowy Mountains Engineering
Corporation, has been hired to conduct Social and Environmental Impact Assessment studies.
According to the SMECs Environmental Impact Assessment factsheet, the installed capacity will
be 7,000 megawatt and the key project features are a height of 241 metres for the dam and a
reservoir of 641 square metres. Reflecting the energy distribution of other hydropower plans, 45 per
cent of the electricity produced will be exported to China, 45 per cent to Thailand, and the
remaining 10 per cent will be for domestic use.
Completely missing, however, from such projections is any detailed understanding of the massive
impact of the dam on local communities, including those flooded by the reservoir and those
downstream whose livelihoods will be gravely affected by the disruption in water flow, sediment
loads and loss of fisheries. Deforestation on major scale is also certain to occur, and there are many
concerns about pollution and new social ills, including drugs and disease, as gangs of outside
workers are brought in to complete the mega-project. In particular, the size of the resettlement
population is seriously underestimated at 12,000 people in one of the most environmentally
sensitive regions in the country. As the MP Nang Khin Htar Yee of the Shan Nationalities League
for Democracy warned: Because of the Mong Ton dam project, the natural beauty of One
Thousand Islands will be flooded under the water forever. Not to mention other places, the
population of around 50,000 in Kunheng township alone will have to relocate. This is only to
highlight one small spot in the affected area.
Equally important, the planning for the dam appears to completely ignore that the proposed location
is in a sensitive area in national politics with a long history of military intimidation and ethnic
unrest. According to the Shan Human Rights Foundation, as many as 300,000 inhabitants were
displaced from their homes in 1996 during military operations by government forces in the central
and southern Shan State in the planning stages of the dam. Since this time, the number of military
camps has further increased, reflecting the tensions and potential for conflict. Downstream of the
dam project, both sides of the Thanlwin River are occupied by government forces, known as the
Tatmadaw, while a local Lahu Border Guard Force is also based nearby. Although it has had a
ceasefire with the government since 2011, an influential ethnic armed organisation the Restoration
Council of Shan State/ Shan State Army (also known as the Shan State Army-South) also controls
territory both upstream and downstream of the dam site along the river. And in 2011, three Chinese
engineers and their interpreter working at the project were held for three months before their release
after their detention by a local Shan force.
Against this backdrop, the Mong Ton dam is not simply an economic issue for the Shan and other
local peoples but a challenge that underpins conflict, marginalisation and suppression of their rights
to land and livelihood. The dam, which is located on an earthquake fault line, can never be
considered a cheap energy source, as dam developers like to advocate. Rather, the environmental,
humanitarian and social costs will be immense, with serious implications for politics and national
peace-building. According to the veteran SNLD leader Khun Tun Oo: Natural resources are
extracted from the lands of ethnic nationality groups but they do not get benefit at all from the
development project. Instead they carry the burden of social and environmental costs. According to
fundamental human rights, if the dam goes ahead without the consent of local people, it is going to
effect the nationwide ceasefire agreement and peace reconciliation in Myanmar.
There is little evidence, however, of conflict sensitivity or understanding of the realities of
Myanmars peoples in the Mong Ton hydropower project. As the potential impacts are so huge, it is
essential to have meaningful public participation in the primary stages of planning. Although an
Environmental Impact Assessment law was approved in 2015, the government does not have the
capacity to evaluate the Social and Environmental Impact Assessments prepared for the dam nor to
monitor its construction phase to comply with existing laws. Equally remiss, the local people living
along the Thanlwin River have been poorly informed about the project and its impact, and many
have no access to needed information at all.
A particular criticism is that during consultative meetings in Taunggyi, Kunheng and Lang Khur,
the SMEC did not provide enough detail or analysis about the potential social and environmental
impacts of the dam nor the flooding zone and relocation plans. According to a member of the Mong
Pan Youth Association: The SMEC Company chose to invite the villagers that would give them
favour, who have been living far away from the dam site, and who will not have impact from the
dam project at all. They also did not reveal to whom the benefit will go. In fact, it is very clear that
90 per cent of electricity is for export to neighbouring countries, but they keep saying Myanmar
needs electricity.
It is also alleged that SMEC carried out its studies in a manner that has not been transparent nor
inclusive of the communities that will be effected. According to a local researcher and MPYA
member, Sam Pao Hom: Though Wan Sala village is the closest village, the consultative meetings
have not been conducted and the people have not been targeted to participate. Highlighting this
lack of investigation has been the unresponsive tone of the developers, which has further deepened
local concerns. It is very clear that the hydropower project is aimed to profit powerful interests and
neighbouring countries at the expense of minority nationality peoples living along the Thanlwin
River. During the consultation meeting in March 2015 in Taunggyi, an SMEC official said: It is
the government project; whatever matter it will go ahead. In response, as the Action for Shan State
Rivers reported, over 200 civil society organisations and 23,717 individuals sent a statement to the
SMEC in August 2015, stating their rejection of the EIA process due to limited public participation
and the lack of transparency by the SMEC.
Equally resonant, although advocacy for hydropower still continues, it is widely appreciated that
neighbouring China suspended plans in 2004 for the construction of dams, some of which were
located within the Three Parallel Rivers World Heritage Site, on the upper Thanlwin River (known
as Nu) in Yunnan Province which passes through one of the most bio-diverse and seismically active
regions of the world. Chinas former Premier Wen Jiabao, who trained as a geologist, understood
well the environmental risks. Within China itself, at least, there appears to be awareness of the
negative consequences of dam-building along such a precious water source. Earlier this year, too, in
a vision that has encouraged environmentalists, the communist authorities in Yunnan Province
halted further dam schemes in what will become the Grand Canyon National Park in Nujiang
Prefecture in order to protect local ways of life and boost tourism as the most appropriate form of
development.
Public concerns are therefore deepening in Myanmar. In an era of promised conflict resolution and
political reform, the saying for the majority benefit, the minority has to suffer is not in line with
the values of a democratic system and universal human rights. Everyone is born with equal rights
and dignity before the law, and it is vital that debate in our country now addresses the urgent
challenges of national hydropower, exemplified by the Mong Ton dam, before irreparable damage
is now done.
The Need for Alternative Approaches
The 2015 general election manifesto of the National League for Democracy stated commitment to
energy sources that cause no harm to the people and environment. Since assuming office, the
development patterns of the new government also appear to be moving in line with the NLDs
election promise of Time for Change. At a public meeting in Taunggyi in August 2016, the
Minister of Planning and Economy for the Shan State, U Soe Nyunt Lwin, stated: We respect the
majority voices and the concerns of people. We will not move forwards any mega hydropower
development on the Thanlwin River in this government period if the benefit is less than the impacts.
The entire project should be transparent and accountable by the government to go in line with the
concerns of the public.
Many people are encouraged by such words. With political will comes the opportunity for long
overdue reflection and appropriate planning. Awareness of this need is coming not simply from the
campaign against the Mong Ton dam in the Shan State but from broader civil society, communities
facing dam threats elsewhere and informed opinion in the international community. Solidarity
among peoples affected by the negative consequence of dams is growing. It is not in question that
Myanmar needs greater energy production, distribution and access to electricity for the general
population. Hydropower, in itself, is neither the problem nor the solution. The need is for energy
sources and policies that are sustainable, environmentally sensitive and of benefit to all the people.
In the context of Myanmar, therefore, where there is an abundance of natural resources, there is
simply no need to rush to massive development projects such as mega dams, power plants and
programmes of major infrastructure-building, including roads, bridges and industrial zones, if these
projects have the potential to harm the livelihoods of the people and pose a risk to our environment.
Indeed a large hydropower dam is the slowest option, taking many years to complete and, due to the
huge amount of water flow on rivers like the Thanlwin, single dams rather than cascade dams
will create large reservoirs, exacerbating the negative impacts. And even if all the energy produced
by these dams is used in Myanmar rather than being exported abroad, it will still take ten years
before power can be supplied in our country. Clearly, then, the mega dams will not solve the present
energy crisis. A number of alternative policies need to be put in place instead.
As a first step in feeding the energy demands, we need to improve the existing power plants,
transmission lines and operating systems. Many have been operating without proper maintenance
since Myanmar received compensation from Japan after the Second World War. Due to a lack of
maintenance and old technology, the output capacity remains very low. Second, Myanmar has a lot
of potential to produce electricity at the local level from sustainable water sources. Instead of mega
dam projects, it is very feasible to develop small hydropower projects to meet the energy needs of
local people. Third, the present centralization system is also not efficient, because more than 50 per
cent of energy is lost in sending from the central grid to sub-transmission lines before reaching to
households and industries. In addition, building the grid and transmission lines costs more than the
dam project itself. Thus, rather than going through the central grid, it is recommended to send
energy from the power stations to small-scale transmission lines as a decentralization system in
each of the States and Regions. And fourth, Myanmar needs to make a major upgrade in education
about energy needs and policies in our country, including environmental studies, socio-economic
planning, advancing skills in technology, operating site management, and developing a
decentralization system for energy efficiency.
Finally, I assert that the rule of law and good governance is the key element to build social,
economic and environmental development that is sustainable in Myanmar. Good governance should
be comprised of transparency, meaningful public participation, accountability, effective rule of law,
personal security and adequate financing for the involvement and protection of the public good. If
good governance and good management are not put in place, then the over-exploitation of natural
resources and marginalisation of local communities are unavoidable. Therefore capacity-building
activities are essential among all relevant stakeholders to develop and enforce appropriate laws,
enhance the administration of governance, boost the distribution of sustainable energy to all
peoples, and eliminate the existing conflicts and environmental destruction in our country. To
achieve this, peace will be essential and an equitable balance in power relations between the central
government, regional authorities and local communities through good governance, the rule of law
and a responsive educational system. Power generation is an important need in Myanmar, but it
must be for the benefit of all not the cause of more disparity, environmental destruction and
human cost.
Nang Shining is a specialist in the field of peacebuilding and environmental advocacy from Shan
State. She has previously worked for Images Asia and EarthRights International on environmental
issues, and she is a founder of the Mong Pan Youth Association and a co-founder of Weaving
Bonds Across Borders. She is interested in the intersection of peace and conflict transformation,
human rights and environmental issues in the Mekong and Salween regions.
A commentary by Nang Shining
http://english.panglong.org/2016/12/17/15547/
Record number of oil and gas firms go bust as renewable
energy revolution begins to bite
The worlds largest private power production company warns the sector that renewables could drive
the oil price as low as $10 a barrel
Ian Johnston Environment Correspondent

The Independent Online

A fisherman collects spilled crude oil at the Pantai Teluk Penyu in Cilacap, Indonesia Reuters
A record number of oil and gas companies became insolvent last year, according to a new study
which environmentalists said highlighted the need for the UK to prepare for the move to a low-
carbon economy.
They warned that the loss of jobs in the sector when it becomes clear that fossil fuels can no longer
be burned because of the effect on global warming would lead to desolate communities unless
people were retrained to work in the new industries of the 21st century.
The study by accountancy firm Moore Stephens found 16 oil and gas companies went insolvent last
year, compared to none at all in 2012.
After oil prices fell from about $120 a barrel to under $50 for most of the past year, smaller firms in
the sector were unable to cope, Moore Stephens found.

Read more
Barack Obama blocks new oil and gas drilling in Arctic Ocean
Cambridge University criticised for not divesting from oil and gas
Osborne accused of climate-wrecking Budget after 1bn tax breaks
 North Sea workers encouraged to change jobs under training programme
Jeremy Willmont, who carried out the research, said: The collapse of the price of oil has stretched
many UK independents to breaking point.
The last 15 years has seen a large increase in the number of UK oil and gas independents exploring
and producing everywhere from Iraq to the Falkland Islands.
Unless there is a consistent upward trend in the oil price, conditions will remain tough for many of
those and insolvencies may continue.

Scotland oil revenues collapse 97% reigniting independence debate

His report said North Sea oil producers were facing more headwinds because of the need to
decommission a number of offshore rigs.
Dr Doug Parr, chief scientist at Greenpeace UK, warned the ultimate demise of the fossil fuel
industry would create desolate communities unless the Government took steps to help the country
move to a low-carbon economy.
As the warnings from climate science get stronger, now is the time to realise as a utility chief
recently warned that the future is not in fossil fuels, Dr Parr said.
Its also time for Government to recognise that we should not leave the workers stranded, but
provide opportunities in the new industries of the 21st century.
The utility chief cited by Dr Parr is Thierry Lepercq, head of research at French energy company
Engie, who recently told Bloomberg that the growth in renewable energy could push the cost of oil
down to as low as $10 in less than 10 years.
Even if oil demand continues to climb until 2025, its price could drop to $10 if markets anticipate
a significant fall in demand, he said.
Engie, the worlds largest private power production company, is increasingly investing in
renewables and selling off coal-fired power stations and fossil fuel exploration rights.
The firm recently carried out research which found the Provence-Alpes-Cote dAzur region, home
to about five million people, could save 20 per cent on energy costs by 2030 by switching to 100
per cent renewable sources.
And Mr Lepercq added: The promise of quasi-infinite and free energy is here.
However Joseph Dutton, an associate research fellow with Exeter Universitys Energy Policy
Group, said fossil fuels would be around for some time to come.
Theres a real battle between fossil fuels and renewables in power generation, he said.
But in terms of renewable transport, we are so far behind where we need to be to tackle climate
change.
In fuels and chemicals, I think fossil fuels are set to remain for the foreseeable future.

http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/oil-gas-firms-industry-bust-renewable-energy-revolution-biofuel-solar-panel-wind-
power-opec-saudi-a7507016.html
USCBs Open List of Major Foreign Companies Investing in Burma
(As of 2014 - taken from US Campaign for Burma website)

Australia
- Australia and New Zealand Banking Group - Financial Services
- Woodside Petroleum Ltd. (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) Energy

Belgium
- SBE - Engineering Technology
Brunei
-
Brunei National Petroleum Co. - Energy
Canada
- Pacific Hunt Energy Corp. - Energy

China
- China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group - Energy
- China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation - Equipment Manufacturer
- China National Offshore Oil Corporation - Energy
- China National Petroleum Corp. - Energy
- China Power Investment Cooperation - Energy
- China Three Gorges Corporation - Energy
- Datang (Yunnan) United Hydropower Developing Co. - Energy
- EPI Holdings (Hong Kong) - Energy
- Hydrochina Kunming Engineering - Engineering Technology
- Huawei - Telecommunications
- ICBC - Financial Services
- Kingbao (Jinbao) Mining Co. - Mining
- Kunlun Gas Company - Energy
- Kunming Gas Holding Company - Energy
- PetroChina - Energy
- Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts (Hong Kong) - Hospitality/Tourism
- Sinohydro Corporation - Energy
- Sinopec - Energy
- Wanbao Company - Mining
- Yunnan Changan Investment Company - Energy
- Yunnan Investment Group - Financial Services
Denmark
- Carlsberg - Food Industry
France
- Accor - Tourism
- Tlcom Telecommunications - Total - Energy
Germany
- Haribo - Food Industry
- Mercedes Benz Automobiles

India
- Bank of India (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Financial Services
- Essar Oil Energy
- Export Import Bank of India (Exim Bank) - Banking
- GAIL - Energy
- Jubilant Energy India - Energy
- Oil & Natural Gas Corp. (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Energy
- ONGC Videsh - Energy
- Punj Lloyd Upstream Ltd - Energy
- State Bank of India (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Financial Services
- United Bank of India - Financial Services
- Wipro Telecommunications
- Century Ply
- Star Cement group Cement and miscellaneous construction material
Indonesia
- Aneka Tambang (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Mining
- Bank Negara Indonesia (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Financial Services
- Bukit Asam (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing)
- Mining - Garuda Maintenance Facility AeroAsia (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing)
- Aircraft Maintenance
- Istech Energy (Energy)
- Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Electricity
- PT Semen Indonesia Tbk - Construction
- PT Timah Mining - PT Wijaya Karya - Construction
- Pupuk Indonesia (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Telkom
 Telecommunications Italy
- Eni S.p.A. - Energy

Japan
- Bank of Tokyo - Financial Services
- Daiwa Securities Group - Financial Services
- Family Mart (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Convenience Stores
- Famoso Clothing - Garment Industry - Fuji Electric Holdings Co Ltd - Eletronics
- Fuji Xerox - Document Processing
- Hitachi Ltd (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Engineering and Electronics Conglomerate
- Itochu Corp (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Trading Company
- Japanese Credit Bureau - Financial Services
- JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corp - Energy
- Lawson (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Convenience stores
- Marubeni Corp - Trading Company
- Mazda Motor Corp Automobiles
- Megumi No Sato - Agriculture
- Mitsubishi Corp - Trading Company
- Mitsui - Trading company - Agricultural Investment
- Mizuho Corporate Bank Ltd. (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Financial Services
- Nissan Motor Company of Japan Automobiles
- Nippon Express Co. - Logistics Services - Transportation
- NTT Communications - Telecommunications
- Sumitomo Chemical - Chemical, Pharmaceuticals
- Sumitomo Corp - Trading Company
- Suzuki - Automobiles
- Tokyo Stock Exchange - Financial Services
- Toshiba Corp - Engineering and Electronics Conglomerate
- Toyota Motor Corp. - Automobiles

Luxemburg
- CAOG S.a.r.l. Energy

Malaysia
- Petroliam Nasional Bdh (Petronas) Energy

Netherlands
- Heineken - Food Industry
- Philips - Electronics
- Unilever NV - Consumer Goods
New Zealand
- Fonterra - Dairy Products
Norway
- Statoil (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Energy
- Telenor ASA Telecommunications
Pakistan
- Petroleum Exploration (PVT) Ltd. - Energy
Qatar
- Ooredoo (previously Qatar Telecom)
- Telecommunications

Russia
- Nobel Oil - Energy
- OAO Gazprom (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Energy
- JSOC Bashnet - Energy

Singapore
- Arrow Technologies - Electronics
- Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. - Telecommunications
- Interra Resources Ltd. - Oil Drilling
- Fraser and Neaves - Property/Food Industry
- Yoma Holdings Inc. -Agriculture/Tourism/Construction/Telecommunications/Automobile/
Consumer sectors

South Korea
- Daewoo Company (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Agriculture
- Daewoo International Energy
- Incheon Transportation Construction and Development

Switzerland
- DKSH Group - Market Expansion Services
- Geopetro International Holding - Energy
- Nestle (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Food Industry
Taiwan
- CPC Corp Energy
- HTC Telecommunications equipment
- Palang Sophon Offshore
- Energy Thailand
- Bangkok Bank - Financial Services
- EGAT International Co Power and Electricity
- GMS Power Publish Co Ltd. - Energy
- PTT Exploration & Production Pcl. (PTTEP) - Energy
- Rojana Industrial Park PCL - Infrastructure Development
- Siam Commercial Bank - Financial Services
- Siam Cement Cement Manufacturing
- Global Power Synergy Co.,Ltd Power and Electricity
- Italian Thai Development PLC. Construction and Development

United Kingdom &Some other countries

- BP (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Energy

- British American Tobacco - Food Industry
- Leisure Holdings Asia Ltd. - Tourism
- Orient- Express Hotels - Hospitality/Tourism
- Shell (Expressed Serious Interest In Investing) - Energy
- Standard Chartered - Financial Services
- Unilever - Consumer Goods
- Wpp Ad Agency - Advertising Vietnam
- Hoang Anh Gai Lai Co Ltd - Construction
- Petrovietnam Exploration Production Corporation Ltd. - Energy
- Vina Capital - Agriculture
- Vietsovpetro - Energy Unsuccessful Telecommunication License Bids
- Axiata Group Bhd (Malaysia) - Telecommunications
- Bharti Airtel Ltd. (India) - Telecommunications
- Digicel (Caribbean) - Telecommunications
- KDDI Corp. (Japan) - Telecommunications
- Millicom International Cellular (Luxembourg) - Telecommunications
- MNT (South Africa) - Telecommunications
- Singapore Telecommunications Ltd, (Singapore) - Telecommunications
- Sumitomo Corp. (Japan) - Telecommunications
- Viettel Group (Vietnam) - Telecommunications Pulled out of License Bids
- China Mobile Ltd. (China) - Telecommunications
- Vodaphone (UK) - Telecommunications 2013 Offshore Oil Block Bids
- First Round
- Anadarko International O&G Company (U.S)
- Azimuth Limited (UK)
- Berlanga Holding B.V. (The Netherlands)
- BG Asia Pacific Pte. Limited (Singapore)
- Brunei National Petroleum Co., Sendirian Berhad (Brunei)
- Caim India Limited (India)
- CNPC International Ltd. (China)
- ConocoPhilips Myanmar E&P Pte. Ltd./ ConocoPhilips Asia Ventures Pte. Ltd. (U.S)
- Cue Energy Resources Limited (Australia)
- Coastal Energy Company (U.S)
- Daewoo International Corp. (South Korea)
- Dragon Oil (International) Limited (United Arab Emirates)
- Esso Exploration International Ltd./ ExxonMobil Exploration International Limited (U.S)
- Eni Myanmar B.V. (The Netherlands)
- GAIL (India) Limited (India)
- Grey Fox International Corp. (U.S)
- Hawkley Oil and Gas Limited (Australia)
- Hess Corporation/ Hess New Ventures (U.S)
- Heritage Oil Plc (UK)
- Husky Energy International Corporation (China)
- JGC Corporation (Japan)
- Jubilant Offshore Drilling Pvt. Ltd. (JODPL) (India)
- JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration Corporation (Japan)
- Kairiki Energy Limited (Australia)
- KrisEnergy (Asia) Ltd. (Singapore)
- Korea Gas Corporation (South Korea)
- Korea National Oil Corporation (South Korea)
- Lundin Petroleum (Sweden)
- Mercator Petroleum Limited and Oilmax Energy Pvt. Ltd. (India)
- Murphy Asia Oil Co., Ltd. (Malaysia)
- Navitas Petroleum Limited (Israel)
- Neon Energy Limited (Australia)
- Newfield Peninsula Malaysia Inc. (Malaysia)
- Northern Gulf Petroleum Pte. Ltd. (Thailand)
- Ocean Star Energy Ltd. (Indonesia)
- Oil India Limited (India)
- ONGC Videsh Limited (India)
- Ophir Energy PIC (UK)
- Osprey Petroleum Co., Inc./ Hashoo Group, Inc. (U.S.)
- Peak Oil & Gas Limited (Australia)
- Petroliam Nasional Berhad/Petronas Carigali Myanmar Inc. (Malaysia)
- Petrovietnam Exploration Production Corporation Ltd. (Vietnam)
- Premier Oil A Limited/ Premier Oil B Limited/ Premier Oil far East Ltd. (Singapore)
- PTTEP South Asia Limited (PTTEP SA)/ PTT Exploration and Production Public Company
Limited (PTTEP) (Thailand)
- Reliance Industries Limited Petroleum E&P (India)
- Repsol Exploration, S.A (Spain)
- RH Petrogas Limited (Singapore)
- Roc Oil Company Limited (Australia)
- Santos (Australia)
- Shell Myanmar Energy Pte. Ltd. (Singapore)
- Statoil (The Netherlands)
- Stenson Oil & Gas Ltd. (Canada)
- Tap Oil Limited (Australia)
- Titan Energy Limited (Australia)
- Total E&P Activities Petrolieres (France)
- Transcontinental Resources Group (Australia)
- Transform Exploration Pty Ltd (Australia)
- UNOCAL Myanmar Offshore Co., Ltd./Chevron Thailand Exploration &Production (Thailand)
- Woodside Energy (Myanmar) Pte. Ltd. (Singapore)

https://www.uscampaignforburma.org/images/documents/F-Foreign_Companies_Investing_in_Burma.pdf

USCBs Ongoing List of US Companies Investing in Burma

General Electric - Power; Healthcare Equipment

Abbott - Healthcare, education, economic opportunities for girls
Chevron - Energy
Caterpillar - Construction
Coca- Cola - Food Industry
Pepsi Co. - Food Industry
Hilton - Tourism
Best Western - Tourism
Carpenter and Co (hotel investment) - Tourism
Grand Circle Cruise Line - Tourism
ACO Investment Group - Tourism/ Telecommunications
Google - Telecommunications
Cisco Systems - Computer Networking Equipment
Ford Motor Co. - Automobiles
Visa - Financial Services
MasterCard - Financial Services
Omnicom - Advertising
Ernst & Young - Professional Services
PwC - Professional Services
KFC - Food Industry
Hercules Offshore, Inc. - Energy
Crowley Marine Services, Inc. - Marine Transportation
Microsoft - Technology
ACE - Insurance
General Motors - Automobiles
Capital Guardian Emerging Markets Restricted Equity Fund for Tax - Exempt Trusts - Financial Services
Emerging Markets Growth Fund - Financial Services
Avaya - Telecommmunications
Deloitte - Professional Services
KPMG - Professional Services
Colliers International - Property Advising
Baker & McKenzie - Corporate Law
Western Union - Financial Services
MoneyGram Financial Services

Companies that have expressed serious interest in investing

Boeing - High Tech
IBM - Technology
Honeywell - Technology
Metlife - Insurance
AIG (Chartis) - Insurance Goldman Sachs - Financial Services
eBay - Online shopping
P&G - Consumer goods
Baxter - Healthcare
Cargill - Food industry
- Conoco Phillips
Energy
- Exxon Mobil - Energy Fedex
- Courier DuPont Pioneer
- Agriculture Auerbach Grayson & Co
- Brokerage Firm Starbucks - Food Industry Intell
- Techonology BP
- Energy Shell
- Energy Quantum Strategic Partners
- Financial Service

https://www.uscampaignforburma.org/images/documents/U.S._Companies_Investing_in_Burma_.pdf

In 2015, US exports to Burma were at US$227 million while imports were at $144 million, according to figures from Burmas
Directorate of Investment and Companies Administration. The total approved US investment in Burma stands at US$248 million.
https://consult-myanmar.com/2016/06/10/us-investment-in-burma-forecasted-to-increase/
Foreign aid under Thein Sein administration
tops $3 billion
During the Thein Sein presidency from the 2011-12 financial year to 2015-2016, Myanmar received
more than US$3.8 billion in foreign aid and assistance for 1,270 projects, according to an
announcement from the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development.

Myanmar has received both cash and technical assistance, and priority has been given to poverty
eradication and regional development projects.

In the last five years, 24 donor countries, five international monastery associations, 20 UN-
affiliated organisations, 106 INGOs and five other organisations implemented development projects
in Myanmar.

The central committee for receiving foreign assistance approved 43 projects, and the ministry is
planning to sign future deals with six countries, 12 ministries and 2 organisations, according to the
ministrys statement.
http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/local/foreign-aid-under-thein-sein-administration-tops-3-billion

Eleven Journal

22.03.2016
News

Kachin IDPs Return to Camps After Being

Denied Entry at Chinese Border

IDPs were forced to turn back at the Chinese border. / Khon Ja / Facebook

By Lawi Weng 13 January 2017

RANGOON More than 4,000 Kachin IDPs returned to Zai Awng, Magayang and Hkau Shau
camps after China denied them entry at the border, according to the Joint Strategy Team (JST)
supporting the internally displaced people.
China is a big nation. They need to respect human rights on an international level. They should
protect the people who have no protection from fighting, JST spokesperson Gum Sha Awng said at
a press conference in Rangoon on Friday,
But according to Kachin aid workers, China may be under pressure from the Burmese government
not to accept IDPs at the border.
China will not accept IDPs from Burma without having an agreement from the Burmese
government, said Maran Jaw Gun, from the Nyein (Shalom) Foundation, at the press conference.
The IDPs were in critical condition after spending days trekking to and from the Chinese border,
according to JST members.
Our first concern was their safety and security. The second concern was food, and the third was for
their health, said Gum Sha Awng.
Among the 4,000 IDPs were about 800 children who had put their studies on hold in order to get to
the border.
They slept on the ground during winter, which is very cold. There were elderly people and
pregnant women in the group as well, said Gum Sha Awng.
The JST provides support for more than 100,000 Kachin IDPs, often bringing aid from China.
The Burma Army has blocked the transportation of humanitarian aid for Kachin IDPs from the UN
and Kachin aid groups since last year, according to the aid workers.
The JST includes members from Bridging Rural Integrated Development and Grassroots
Empowerment (BRIDGE), the Kachin Baptist Convention (KBC), Kachin Relief and Development
Committee, Kachin Womens Association, Kachin Development Group, Karuna Mission Social
Solidarity, Metta Development Foundation, Nyein (Shalom) Foundation and Wunpawng Ninghtoi.
Fighting intensified between the Burma Army and the Kachin Independence Army after the Union
Peace Conference was held in August. The Burma Army has seized at least seven mountain bases
since December, according to the Ministry of Defense.
Rights activists condemned the actions of the Burma Army at the press conference.
If the military had not launched an offensive in the KIA area, there would be no fighting. The KIA
is acting defensively, said Maran Jaw Gun.
A short video clip of IDPs evacuating their camps and being ousted at the Chinese border was
shown at the press conference.
The video shows IDPs in makeshift shelters, cooking food on the side of the road, and using fire as
a heat source. The people had no motorized transportation and traveled on foot all the way to the
border.
One female IDP spoke in the video clip and accused Daw Aung San Suu Kyi of cooperating with
the Burma Army, and bullying the ethnic Kachin and other ethnic groups.
Some IDPs raised the question of whether they were citizens of Burma or just temporary residents,
as the government did not protect them.
The government has a duty to care for its citizens, but Daw Aung San Suu Kyis government
ignores Kachin IDPs, said one of the displaced individuals.
Topics: Ethnic Issues
Lawi Weng The Irrawaddy Lawi Weng is Senior Reporter at the English edition of The Irrawaddy.

http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/kachin-idps-return-to-camps-after-being-denied-entry-at-chinese-border.html
Calls for justice on anniversary of teachers murders

By Ye MonI Friday, 20 January 2017

Two years after the murders, and one year after the National League for Democracy
promised to bring the perpetrators to justice, the bereaved families of two Kachin teachers
are no closer to knowing who raped and killed their daughters.

The two volunteers

were working with the Kachin Baptist Church in Shan State before they were killed. Photo: Naing Wynn Htoon Times
At memorial services in Yangon, Muse and Myitkyina yesterday, civil society organisations and
community leaders expressed disappointment about the continued lack of attention to case.
We are demoralised by the NLD governments lack of progress. I dont understand why the
authorities are afraid to reveal the killers. Everyone knows who committed this crime, said
Reverend Samson Hkalam, general secretary of the Kachin Baptist Convention (KBC).
At the time of their deaths, Maran Lu Ra, 20, and Tangbau Hkwan Nan Tsin, 21, were working as
volunteer teachers for the KBC in Kaung Khar village, an area that has seen persistent conflict. On
January 19, 2015, their naked bodies were found with stab wounds and head injuries after villagers
reported hearing screams the previous night.
The Tatmadaws admission last July of soldiers guilt in the deaths of five civilians in Lashios
Shan State township briefly raised hopes of an end to impunity for crimes in ethnic areas. But in the
Kachin teachers case, the official investigation stalled with seemingly little interest from
authorities.
Over the past year, the KBC has issued appeals to President U Htin Kyaw, as well as to UN special
rapporteur for human rights in Myanmar Yanghee Lee, but to little avail.
The 503rd Light Infantry Regiment under Northeast Region Command had established a temporary
base in Khaung Khar village, about 100 metres (330 feet) from where the incident occurred, just
two days before two teachers were killed. An army-issue belt and boot prints were also allegedly
found at the scene of the crime.
An investigation led by Muse township police forces named local husband and wife, Myo Tint and
Ma Par as prime suspects, but local NGOs believes the couple were scapegoats. The test results of
DNA collected from the crime scene, as well as samples from 28 soldiers and 34 villagers, were
never made public, and vows from the NLD as well as from Commander-in-Chief Senior General
Min Aung Hlaing to bring the truth to light have yielded little.
The KBC has repeatedly pressed for permission to interview Major Aung Phyo Myint, who was in
command of the 503rd column. The major was interviewed by Muse police forces in Lashio in
May, 2016.
We wanted the opportunity to speak directly with the relevant military commander when we met
with him last year, but we were not permitted. After that, we submitted a request to the government,
and we were denied again, Samson Hkalam said. The KBC has since threatened to sue the major
and other members of the regiment in civil court.
Burma Campaign UK delivered a petition with over 3000 names to British parliament yesterday
calling on the British government to exert pressure on the NLD to end impunity for sexual violence
in Myanmar. The statement also cited Myanmars signing of the Declaration to Combat Sexual
Violence in Conflict in June 2014, adding that it has failed to implement the accords.
Given the fact that the NLD-led government has taken no steps to end impunity for sexual violence
in conflict, it is time the international community to act on this, Zoya Phan, campaigns manager at
Burma Campaign UK, said in a statement.
http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/24629-calls-for-justice-on-anniversary-of-teachers-murders.html
Kachin teachers: chronology of an unsolved murder!
Map permission of Kachinland News!Map permission of Kachinland News!
!
By KACHINLAND NEWS!
26 January 2015!
Print!
Email!
!
The people of Kachin State and across Burma were shocked by the brutal murder of two young
schoolteachers in a church compound in Muse last week. Several domestic and international
agencies, as well as embassies, have voiced outrage over the incident, as much evidence is
pointing towards soldiers from the Burmese army as culprits.!
!
The local government has formed a tribunal to investigate the case, and no charges have as yet
been leveled.!
!
Police officers from Muse, high-ranking officers from Lashio and state capital Taunggyi, and Shan
States Kachin Affairs Minister have been tasked with investigating the case. According to
Kachinland News, local sources claim that those assigned to investigate the case are conducting
their duties amid fear of reprisals.!
!
The following is a chronology laid out by Kachinland News, a media partner of DVB. It is based on
local sources from the village where the murders, and possibly rapes, of Maran Lu Ra (20) and
Tangbau Hkawn Nan Tsin (21), took place.!
!
!
7 am, 19 Jan 2015: About 40 Burmese army soldiers from 503rd LIB, under Kyaukme-based 1st
Military Operations Command, led by Maj. Aung Soe Myint, arrived in Kawnghka village, located
between Nam Tau and Mung Paw in Muse Township, from Mongkoe area on 19 Jan at around 7
am.!
!
19 Jan: Maj. Aung Soe Myint and about 20 soldiers quartered in three civilian homes and villagers
were commanded to provide quarters for them. 20 other soldiers [were] positioned in groups
around the village to guard against intruders.!
!
6 pm, 19 Jan: The two teachers went to a birthday party for the child of a 10-house headman in the
evening. The headmans house is located about 190 yards from the church compound where the
teachers live.!
!
9 pm, 19 Jan: The two teachers went to a bench latrine in the backyard of the headmans house
and saw some Burmese soldiers standing on sentry duty. They went back inside the headmans
house and told the hosts about their encounter with Burmese soldiers.!
!
10 pm, 19 Jan: The two teachers returned to their home at about 10 pm with some villagers. A local
source said those soldiers followed the two teachers to their home in the church compound.!
Related Stories!
!
What does Burmas hesitant peace process mean for its child soldiers? (Photo: Child Soldiers
International) Child soldiers and Burmas long road to reform!
Timber talks: Burma and China discuss logging!
Thousands turn out for Kachin schoolteachers funeral!
!
1 am, 20 Jan: Three villagers from a nearby house went to look at the teachers house as they
heard crying and groaning sounds. The three villagers found the door locked and didnt hear any
sound when they knocked the door. So they returned to their house.!
!
4 am, 20 Jan: Two four-wheeled cars departed from the Burmese army camp on 20 Jan at around
4 am. One more truck departed at around 7 am.!
!
7 am, 20 Jan: One student went to the teachers house and called their names, but there was no
reply.!
!
8:30 am, 20 Jan: Another neighbour pushed the door and found the bodies of the two teachers.
More villagers came to the crime scene.!
!
9 am, 20 Jan: Witnesses found that both teachers were stabbed several times with a kitchen knife
and badly beaten on their heads. Villagers found one wooden stick used for a fireplace and several
footprints [resembling] army combat boots.!
!
20 Jan: Some villagers were stopped by Burmese army soldiers and asked to delete pictures taken
at the crime scene.!
!
20 Jan: About 200 more Burmese army troops arrived in Kawnghka village and surrounded the
entire village.!
!
!
!
This article was originally published in Kachinland News on 25 January 2014.!
!
________________________________________________________!

!
Dear Friendsof Burma,

Of the manyaspectsof terrorfacedby the peopleof Burma,

oneof the
mosthorrifying
is state-condonedrapeof Burmesewomen.

A recent report by t wo hu man ri ghts gro u ps base d i n

Tha iland , a nd covered b y th e Wa shi n gt on Post in an articl e
belo w, doc u-ments in sickeni n g de ta il the rap e an d se xu al
abuse of 625 women in Bur ma 's Sha n sta te , in clud ingg irls as
young as five years old. 25o/oof the rape victims were brutally
slaugh tered aft er th e rapes; the b odi es of victims were ofte n
strun g up in villages to int imida te othe r vi lla gers.

Thereportsuggeststhat this is onlythe tip of the iceberg-thatin all

likelihood
thousands andperhaps tensof thousands of womenhavebeen
rapedby Burma'sheinousmilitaryin its questto subjugatethe entire
country.Needless to say-this is not the first time rapehasbeenusedas a
weaponof war-the massrapeof womenin BosniaandRwanda areonlythe
two mostprominent examples. Reading the articlesbelowmightmakeyou
cringe,cry,or furiouslyangry-or maybea combination of all three:
Whatever it does,let it serveas a rallyingcry to do all that you canto help
free B-urma.
Remember-it is AMERICAN companiesthat are providingthis military
regimewith vast sumsof moneythat help it stay in powerand commit
these horriblerapes.lf you haven'tjoinedthe boycott of The Children's
PlaceRetailStores,Inc, by emailingthem throughour websiteAND calling
their 1-800 numberto complain,take the time to do it today.And please,
informeverysinglepersonyou can think of to refuseto shopat The
Children'sPlacestore until they stop sellinggoodsmarked"Madein Burma"

JeremyWoodrum

F r e eB u r m aC o a l i t i o n

---Original Message---
FromlJeremyWoodrumlmailtoier!my@fteeburmacoalition.orgj
Sent:Tuesday,July09, 2002 9:07 AM
Guest Column

Nickel and Dimed on Frog Mountain

Phar Taung (Frog Mountain) on the border of Chin State and Sagaing Division. / Edith Mirante

By Edith Mirante 20 January 2017

Our motorbikes crossed flimsy bamboo bridges in western Sagaing Division, a landscape still showing the devastation
of 2015s floods. Shifting gears up a twisting, muddy hill trail took us over the border to Chin State. There, several
villages are tucked into the forested slopes of Mwe Taung and Phar Taung (Snake Mountain and Frog Mountain).
I was visiting Phar Taung with Chinland Natural Resources Watch Group (CNRWG), a small but resolute organization
of young environmental ground-truthers. On reaching Dimzang village we were greeted with tea leaf salad and smoked
venison.
Dimzang is home to Zomi ethnic subsistence farmers who supplement their crops by hunting and gathering bamboo in
Phar Taungs forests. Loggers from Sagaing Division often clear cut trees there. The logging is done illegally, but we
cannot stop them. The government doesnt take action, a villager complained. Many of Dimzangs young people have
left to work in Malaysia or Singapore.
Since the 1960s,Mwe Taung and Phar Taung have been known to contain significant ferronickel (iron-nickel ore)
deposits, distributed along the fault line where the India tectonic plate crashed into Southeast Asia. Nickel is used for
stainless steel and rechargeable batteries and there are nickel mines in many countries, including Russia, Canada,
Australia, and China.
Ferronickel is mined with earthmoving equipment in a strip-mining mountaintop removal process. Risks include
flooding from soil erosion and watershed destruction, waste tailings dumping, customary land use loss, and biodiversity
degradation. Ferronickel mines have been besieged by violent protests over pollution in New Caledonia and several in
the Philippines have had their operations suspended due to environmental damage.
Burma currently has one ferronickel mine and processing factory: Tagaung Taung in eastern Sagaing Division, operated
by China Nonferrous MetalMining Group. Tagaung Taung has been the target of protests over land grabbing, pollution,
and exploitation of workers.
Initial interest in mining Mwe Taung and Phar Taung came from Chinese investors. Pa Thang Khen Hap, a Dimzang
village elder told us, the first time the Chinese came was in 2002 and 2003. The local people didnt know anything
about it. The Chinese gave no explanation.
Geological surveys conducted for Chinas North Mining Investment Co Ltd in 2013 found three significant ferronickel
ore deposits at Mwe Taung and Phar Taung. The company drew up plans for processing the ore and shipping nickel via
the Chindwin River for export to China. According to North Mining Investment materials, it was to be a $486.7 million
project, with the nickel processing plant to run on coal power.
Dimzang villagers discuss the potential impact of nickel mining. (Photo: Edith Mirante)
In early 2013 attempts were made to sell the villagers on ferronickel minings benefits. From the government in Tedim
[Chin State] they invited us to have a meeting at the school. They said if we have this mining project, do you agree with
that? So we said no, definitely not, Dimzang resident Anthony U Go Za Khup recalled.
Our first reason for rejecting it was because we love the land. That project is not beneficial for all of Chin State,
Dimzang teacher Salai Kham Za Vungh commented, For the whole Chin State they said, you will get 5% of profit.
So little! Pa Thang Khen Hap added: The impact would be very bad, because we could not farm the fields and then
we cant live in this area. So many bad things will happen.
Chin political parties and civil society groups including CNRWG conducted surveys of Mwe Taung and Phar Taung
villagers and publicized their objections to the North Mining Investment project, particularly lack of transparency and
fears of land grabbing. CNRWG made a formal complaint about the project to the government in Naypyidaw in late
2013. In June 2014 Than Tun Aung, Deputy Minister for Mines informed Parliament that North Mining Investments
nickel mine project was still under review, pending approval. As there has been no activity on the project since then,
North Mining Investment is believed to have withdrawn.
With the large scale Chinese ferronickel project in limbo, some informal mining took place. Dimzang villagers told us
that in 2014 people from Mandalay asked to buy rocks from Phar Taung and took them away in small quantities, a
few kilos at a time, perhaps for samples. Neat stacks of heavy, rough-textured ferronickel ore can be spotted along the
mountain trail, remnants of small-scale demand that apparently didnt last for long.
A member of Chinland Natural Resources Watch Group (CNRWG)examines a ferronickel stockpile on Phar Taung.
(Photo: Edith Mirante)
A new investor appeared the next year. In October 2015, 3S Company, belonging to a man from Mizoram [India,
neighboring Chin State] came. They forced local people to sign that they are in favor of the mining; some did, some
didnt. We then learned this is not from the government. After that the government said they are stopped now, Salai
Kham Za Vungh said. CNRWG is investigating a possible effort by 3S Company to have the border demarcation
changed, in order to placethe ferronickel deposits under jurisdiction of more mining-friendly Sagaing Division instead
of Chin State.
The Zomis living near Mwe Taung and Phar Taung remain alert to signs of mining activity on their mountains: In
November 2016 we saw Burmese people from outside coming to look at this mountain, to get information. People we
dont know. From time to time people seem to come and check on it. This kind of grassroots monitoring is key to
preventing mining companies incursions into Chin State and strengthening environmental protection in Sagaing
Division. The forested mountains of Chin State must be preserved to protect Sagaings agricultural plains and towns
from more massive floods. Mining and logging threaten this vital watershed.
It has been clear since 2013 that ferronickel mining is not the type of development the Zomi villagers of Mwe Taung
and Phar Taung are hoping for. Instead, Dimzangs villagers currently have a very simple wish: replacing their hand-
hewn motorbike track with a road that could be used for taking goods to market and sick or injured people to the
hospital, at all times of the year. Salai Kham Za Vungh made the plea: Even though this village was established 48
years ago, from the government we get nothing. We made that path ourselves. If theres any chance, any way to help,
we want that very much.
Edith Mirante is founder of Project Maje which distributes information on Burmas human rights and environmental
issues, and author of The Wind in the Bamboo.
Topics: Chin State, Commodities, Mining, Natural Resources, Sagaing Division
Edith Mirante Contributor

http://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/two-years-on-investigation-into-double-murder-of-kachin-teachers-has-stalled.html
Statistics of Newly created Jobs in both States and Divisions in 2016 (either in
state or private or both sectors)

Unlike all other States and Divisions NOT a single job was created in Chin State
in both sectors

Source: Myanmar Alinn. Jan. 14, 2017

(Prepared in this form by tzd. 01.2017)
 FIELD MARSHALS, GENERALS, SENIOR OFFICERS AND ADMINISTRATORS WHO HAD EITHER
TAKEN PART OR PLAYED SOME IMPORTANT ROLES IN CONQUERING THE CHIN/ZO
PEOPLE INSIDE PRESENT-DAY BANGLADESH, BURMA AND INDIA (1841-1919)

01. Field Marshal Sir George Stuart White, VC., GCB., OM., GCSI., GCIE., GCVO*
02. Field Marshal Sir Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1ST Earl Roberts, VC., KG., KP., GCB., OM., GCSI., GCIE., C.B., PC*
03. Field Marshal Philip Walhouse Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode, 7th Baronet of Cakley, GCB, OM., GCSI.,
KCMG., DSO*
04. Field Marshal The Lord Napier of Magdala, GCB., GCSI., CIE, FRS*
05. Field Marshal Sir Charles Henry Brownlow, C.B., K.C.B.*
06. General Sir George Benjamin Wolseley, GCB.*
07. General Sir James Willcocks, GCB., GCMG., KCSI., DSO.*
08. General Sir Arthur Power Palmer, GCB., GCIE.*
09. General Sir Richard Campbell Stewart, C.B., K.C.B.*
10. Lieutenant-General Sir Benj. Lumsden Gordon, RA., KCB*
11. Lieutenant-General Sir H. Keary, K.C.B., K.C.I.E., D.S.O.*
12. Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Harte Keatinge, VC., C.S.I*
13. Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Purves Phayre, GCMG., KCSI., CB*
14. Lieutenant-General Sir William Penn-Symons, KCB., CB*
15. Lieutenant-General Sir George MacMunn, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., D.S.O*
16. Major-General Donald Macintyre, VC., F.R.G.S. (He was awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest and mostprestigious
award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, for his action on 4
January 1872 during the Looshai Campaign, North-East India.)
17. Major-General Sir Vincent William Tregear, K.C.B.*
18. Major-General Henry Brooke Hagstromer Wright, CB., CMG*
19. Major-General Albert Fytche, C.S.I*
20. Major-General Sir James Johnstone
21. Major-General Sir Phillip Mainwaring Carnegy, CB., GOC*
22. Major-General John MacDonald
23. Major-General Nuthall
24. Major-General William Joseph Fitzmaurice Stafford, C.B.
25. Major-General Sir Theodore Fraser, KCB., CSI., CMG*
26. Major-General Montague Protheroe, C.B., C.S.I*
27. Major-General Michael Joseph Tighe, K.C., KOMG., D.S.O*
28. Major-General Sir Richard Westmacott, C.B., K.C.B., D.S.O **
29. Major-General R. G. Woodthorpe, CB., K.C.I.E., R.E*
30. Major-General Edward Pemberton Leach, VC., CB.*
31. Major-General Sir Herbert Mullaly, C.B.C.S.I., K.C.M.G*
32. Major-General W. H. Birkbeck, C.B., C.M.G*., Order of the Rising Sun
- The Order of the Rising Sun is a Japanese order established in 1875 by Emperor Meiji of Japan. The order was the
first national decoration awarded by the Japanese Government, created on April 10, 1875 by decree of the Council
of State. It is the second most prestigious Japanese decoration after the Order of the Chrysanthemun.
33. Major-General Clifton Edward Rawdon Grant Alban, CBE
34. Brigadier-General Gerald Edward Holland, C.B., C.M.G., C.I.E., D.S.O.**
35. Brigadier-General D.C.A. Andrew*
36. Brigadier-General Faunce, C.B.
37. Brigadier-General Bourchier, C.B., K.C.B.
38. Brigadier-General Graham
39. Brigadier-General Alexander Beamish Hamilton. C.B.*
40. Brigadier-General Herald Pemberton Leach. C.B.. D.S.O.**
41. Brigadier-General Macquoid
42. Brigadier-General Alexander Cadell*
43. Brigadier-General Colin Robert Ballard, C.B., C.M.G.*
44. Brigadier-General C.H. Roe, C.M.G.,
45. Brigadier-General F.W. Towsey, C.M.G., C.B.E., D.S.O.
46. Brigadier-General F. A. Smith
47. Brigadier-General Elliot Philipse Johnson, C.B
48. Colonel Sir Ronald Mosquito Ross, K.C.B., K.C.M.G. Winner of Nobel Prize for Medicine (1902)
(The Burma and Chin-Lushai campaign medal awarded to Colonel Sir Ronald Mosquito Ross, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., late Indian
Medical Service, whose discovery of the mosquito cycle in malaria won him the Nobel Prize for Medicine and universal acclaim as
one of the greatest benefactors of mankind.)
49. Colonel William Chase VC, CB
50. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Mcdowall Skene, D.S.O.** a brilliant military strategist and tactician
51. Colonel L.W. Shakespear, C.B., C.I.E. Commandant of one of 5 Assam Rifles battalions, later the Deputy-
Inspector-General of the Force, and author of History of The Assam Rifles.
52. Colonel Frank Montagu Rundall, D.S.O.**
53. Colonel Edward Robert John Presgrave, D.S.O,**
54. Colonel Charles Herbert Shepherd, D.S.O.**
55. Colonel George John Skinner, DSO.**
56. Colonel Caulfield, Gordon Napier, DSO**
57. Colonel Joshua Arthur Nunn, D.S.O.**
58. Colonel Arthur Genry Morris C.M.G., D.S.O.**
59. Colonel William John Hicks
60. Lieut.-Colonel Surgeon F.S. LeQuesne, VC. (He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his action on May 4 1889 at the battle
of Taitan/Siallum during the First Chin Expedition 1888-89.)
61. Lieutenant-Colonel Henegan, John, DSO**
62. Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Arthur Rogers, D.S.O.**
63. Surg.-Lieutenant.-Col. A. S. Reid, M.B., Indian Medical Service: Medical-in-Charge., 2nd Battalion 4th Gurkha
Rifles; author of Chin-Lushai Land: A Description of the Various Expeditions into the Chin-Lushai Hills and
the Final Annexation of the Country.
64. Lieutenant-Colonel H.Y. Beale, D.S.O**
65. Lieutenant-Colonel. East, Lionel William Pellew, DSO**
66. Surgeon Major William Reed Murphy, D.S.O.**
67. Lieutenant-Colonel Taylor, Hugh Neufville, DSO**
68. Major Edward James Lugard, D.S.O.**
69. Major Owen, Edward Roderic, DSO**
_______________________________________________________________

SOME OF THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATORS WHO HAD ALSO PLAYED SOME IMPORTANT ROLES IN
CONQUERING THE CHIN/ZO PEOPLE

- Sir Charles Crosthwaite (1835-1915): Chief Commissioner of Burma (March 1887 to December 1890)
- Sir Alexander Mackenzie, K.C.S.I (1842-1902): Chief Commissioner of Burma (Dec. 1890 to April 1895).
- Sir Bertram SausmarezCarey, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.I.E., V.D. Commissioner of Sagaing Division, Burma;
Political Officer in Chin Hills and the first Suprintendent (Deputy Commissioner) 1889-95.
- Mr. H.N. Tuck, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Burma, and Assistant Political Officer, Chin Hills
- Lieut.-Colonel John Shakespear, C.M.G., C.I.E., D.S.O. Deputy Chief Commissioner of Assam, author of
The Lushei Kuki Clans
- Captain Lewin, Superintendent of the Chittagong Hill Tracts
- Mr. Edgar, Deputy Commissioner of Cachar
__________________________________________________________

v
 THE CRUCIAL ROLES OF CHIN/ZO SOLDIERS IN BURMA

THE BATTLE OF INSEIN NEVER REALLY ENDED *

by Aung Zaw

...Although some foreign historians have depicted the Battle of Insein as a conflict between Burman troops
and Karen rebels, Tun Tin noted that soldiers from different regions of Burma helped to defend Rangoon. They
included Chin, Kayah, Shan, Gurkha and Kachin battalions (though some Kachin took up arms against the U Nu
government). The most decisive role in defendingInsein was played by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Chin Rifles, fighting
on what is regarded as the most strategic battle front of all. Some insurgents, including communists, reinforced
Burmese forces before going back to the jungle to repel Burmese troops...
...........................................................................
(Monday, February 9, 2009)
Copyright 2008 Irrawaddy Publishing Group | www.irrawaddy.org
Note: U Aung Zaw is the founder and Editor-in-Chief of The Irrawaddy, a magazine published in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
The Irrawaddy covers news and offers in-depth analysis of political and cultural affairs in Burma and Asia generally.
* See 16.2. The Outbreak of Civil War and the Crucial Roles of Chin Soldiers and Appendix DD for full text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

STATEMENT OF THE CHIN COMMUNITY (GERMANY) ON RUMOURS ABOUT CHIN SOLDIERS

SHOOTING AT DEMONSTRATORS IN BURMA (DATED OCTOBER 2007) *

... Ever since the first masssacres of the students in 1962, General Ne Win's Military Intelligence Service used
to spread words about Chin soldiers shooting at demonstrators. The same thing happened during the 1974
Labour and U Thant Strikes and again during the 1988-Uprisings after troops had mowed down thousands of
demonstrators. This is part of Ne Win's stratagem to reduce public hatred towards him and his Burma Army
and to instill ethnic hatred among the oppressed people. This stratagem proves to be successful as some of
our Burman brothers and sisters believe those rumours and even spread the words further, unwittingly serving
the interest of the military dictators. This is due to total ignorance of what happened inside the Burma Army
under General Ne Win...
....................................................................................... .
* See APPENDIX S for full text!
________________________________________________________

WERE CHIN SOLDIERS MADE SCAPEGOATS? *

by Zaw Htwe Maung

...Traditionally, Chins are warrior tribes and many Chins joined the Burma Rifles since Burma was under the
British Rule. The bulk of the soldiers in the British-trained Army were of minority ethnic groups such as Chins,
Kachins and Karens...Hence, many Chins were career soldiers and officers when Burma regained her
independence and they had a very good reputation as 'Loyalists to the Union', 'Real Soldiers Defending
Democracy' and so on, under U Nu's Regime...As mentioned earlier, Chins are traditionally warrior tribes and
well known to be good and disciplined soldiers... Nowadays, in Burma if one sees a minority soldier who
speaks Burmese with accent they just conclude that this is a Chin although they may be a Wa or Karen or
Kachin or of other minorities, because the reputation of Chin soldiers was totally destroyed since Ne Win's
Era...There is no doubt that the Chins were made Scapegoats by the Burmese Military for their propaganda
purposes as well as for their further 'divide and rule policy' because all opposition groups, whether they are
Burmese or ethnic minorities, have the same and single goal which is to topple down the Military Dictatorship
in Burma and the Junta is afraid that they will be united...
.................................................................................................................
- Source: Chinland Guardian
November 22, 2007
* See APPENDIX T for full text!
- Mr. Zaw Htwe Maung is an Arakanese scholar.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Note: The above quotations are from this paper itself.
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 MAP 8

______________________________________________________
The combined length of all motor roads in Chin State (36,019 sq km) - nearly as large as
Switzerland - is only about 1,200 km. And most of them are dry-season-only and jeepable!

(Created in this form by thangzadal/hamburg/06/.2014)

 ?"q8c,Db6,4&coogq
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MAP 2

HEADiNGT MAP SHOIIING THE MIGRATION ROUTES Or THE TIBETO-BIJRMAN GROUPS INTO BURMA
Circled routes of misration are that of the Chins
- route(l) Northern Chins
- route(2) Central Chins
- route(3 & 4) SouthernChins
(Routesare circled and numbered by myself for explanatory purpose)

Sourceof Map - Uni.on

ofBurma:Cu.sdnns - mE CHI{S
andCulnreofIndignousPeaplzs
Publishedby the Burma SocialistProgrammeParty, February1968

- Created in this form by thangzadal/06.2014

 MAP I

1 Map of Chin area.

MANTLESOF MERIT: Chin TextilzsfomfuI2anma4India andBanglafush.

ByDavid& Barbara
Fraser;
RiverBoolsCo.,Ltd.2005(ISBN97498630t l)

- kepared in ttris form by thangzadal hambulgl 06.2014

 THE CHIN/ZO PEOPLE OF BANGLADESH, BURMA AND INDIA - AN INTRODUCTION (XIX)

by

Thang Za Dal

I have just made two different excerpts out of this 685-page original paper - a shorter and a longer ones. As these are
specially prepared to be disseminated by Internet, a number of parts of them are not identical with the original full
version. The shorter version is intended for those who dont have high-speed internet connection and the longer one
for those who have it. You are reading now the longer version.
_________________________

Grindelallee 141
20146 Hamburg
Germany
thangzadal@googlemail.com
________________________________
Updated from XVIII in December 2016
- Slightly modfied in February 2017
_________________________
Note: PDFs of all my papers (about 15 until now on various topics) were made with a freeware called "Combine PDFs
2.1" by Monkeybread Software Germany. It!s very easy to use and the quality excellent.)

i
 THIS PAPER IS DEDICATED TO

- Chief Khup Lian, my paternal grandfather, who, together with

other fellow Siyin Chiefs, led some of the fiercest battles against
British troops under the direct personal command of Field Marshal
Sir George White during the First Chin Expedition 1888-89 (he
personally captured a semi-automatic rifle in a hand-to-hand combat
during this expedition) and the Chin-Lushai Expedition 1889-90; and
then he fought once again together with the following most well-known
heroes of the Siyin-Nwengal (Siyin-Gungal) Rebellion of 1892-93,
Chief Khup Pau of Khuasak and his sons Khai Kam and Mang
Pum (Khup Pau and Mang Pum were imprisoned for four years in
Rangoon and Khai Kam was banished for life on the notorious
Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean off Burma); Chief Thuam
Thawng of Kaptel (a cousin of Hau Cin Khup, Chief of the Kam Hau
tribe), and his son Pau Khai (both of them died in Kindat prison);
Chief Pau Khan Hau of Heilei and his son Pau Kho Thang;
Chief Thuk Kham of Lun Mun; Chief Kam Lam of Sum Niang;
- Unknown heroines and heroes of the Chin/Zo people in their
wars of resistance against foreigners
- My Parents, my five Sisters and Brother
- Sao Htwe, my late wife
- Capt. K.A. Khup Za Thang: Compiler of the Genealogy of the Zo
(Chin) Race of Burma (1st and 2nd* Editions)
- My cousin brothers: the late Pu Hau Za Cin & Pu Thang Za Pau

____________________________________________________________________________________________
...The route to Chittagong was discussed, and enquiry was made whether the Chins would object to the advance of a
column of British troops through their country; also whether, in the event of their having no objection to such an advance,
they could supply transport coolies and guides... (9.5.1 Negotiations With the Siyins, p. 20)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

... An expedtion against the Chins on a modified scale was now sanctioned. It was determined to deal first only with the
Siyins and to inflict on them such a crushing blow as not only to cripple them for the future, but also to terrify the Tashons
into giving up the rebel Shwe Gyo Byu, his followers, and the Shan captives...This brings the history of the Chin Hills up
to the end of the season 1888-89. We had 67 casualties during the expedition and the state of affairs was that all the Siyin and
18 of the Kanhow villages had been destroyed, and our troops now occupied the tract... (9.6.3 Preparations for Operations
against the Siyins, p. 23)
_______________________________________________________

Sir George White, in a telegram to the Chief Commissioner of Burma, described the action on 27th January 1889 against the
Chins as follows:-
!. Enemy in considerable numbers, using many rifles and ammunition. They fired at least 1,000 rounds, standing resolutely
until actually charged, even trying to outflank us. Their loss probably about eight or ten, but they were carried down the khuds
at once. Most difficult enemy to see or hit I ever fought...! (9.6.6 Encounter with the Siyins, p. 24)
______________________________________________________
Note: Only three of my younger sisters from this dedication are still alive. My wife died on December 21, 2015 at the University
Hospital in Hamburg from heart failure. My immediate younger sister died on December 21, 2016 (exactly on the first anniversary
of my wifes death) in Kalaymyo from lung cancer.
* The 2nd Edition contains 580 (A4) pages.

ii
 PHOTO A

Chief Khup Lian (right) with Rev. Za Khup, father of Vum Ko Hau (Photo taken on July 14, 1960). Khup Lian was about 90 years
old when this photo was taken. He died on December 3, 1962, at Lophei. Vung Hau, wife of Khup Lian, was from the chieftain clan
of Thuklai. Her younger sister, Vum Cingh, was married to Mang Pum of Khuasak (a son of Chief Khup Pau and younger brother of
Chief Khai Kam) - three of the most well-known heroes of the Siyin-Gungal rebellion (9.14 THE SIYIN-NWENGAL
REBELLION - 1892-93). Rev. Za Khup was married to Ciang Zam, a daughter of Chief Man Suang, paternal uncle of Khup Lian.
As Khat Lian, brother of Ciang Zam and the only son of Chief Man Suang, was physically handicapped, the hereditary chieftainship
of the clan was passed on to Khup Lian.

- See APPENDICES A, A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, E, F, EE ; TABLES 5/A & 5/B; 9.13.3 FORMAL SUBMISSION OF THE SIYINS
and FOOTNOTE under it for more information on Khup Lian.
_______________________________________

NU CIANG ZAM, My Mother)

My mother is the daughter of Chief Man Suang of Lophei. Chief Man Suangs mother was Pi Tongdim Kimlai
[from the chieftain clan of Buanman]. My mother and wife are thus related. At one time after a war the Lophei
Chiefs families resided with my grandparents at Lunmun. Like my paternal grandfather, my maternal grand-
father also received troubles just after the British annexation of the Chin Hills. The Chin Chiefs register
recorded: The Chief Man Suang deported as a Political prisoner for urging his villagers not to surrender
unstamped guns. vide Criminal case No. 21 of 1898/99 dated 12 December 1898. (Vum Ko Hau, p. 202)

The two verses below are from Khup Lians 28-Stanza (56 verses) autobiographical song which are dedicated to his capture of a rifle
in a hand-to-hand fighting during the Britishs First Chin Expedtion (1888-89) and the battles themselves. (Vum Ko Hau, p. 234).

A. Vang Khua Suan tu Leido vaimang, ni khat pil bang the nge,
B. Al bang that ing Hautoi ing ci-ing Kawltiang tui bang la ing nge,
Za lai ah Kansaang ing nge

Enemy attempting to capture

My Glorious Land
I scattered like pebbles
I swore that
I am the son of a highborn Noble
And killed enemies like chickens
Besides capturing an enemy gun
I am exalted among the hundreds [figuratively: the multitude]
_________________________________________
- Source of Photo: Vum Ko Hau (Illustrations 67)
- Created in this form by Thang Za Dal. Last modified in October 2016
 PHOTO B

Field Marshal Sir George S. White, VC., GCB., OM, GCSI., GCIE., GCVO.
(6 July 1835 - 24 June 1912)

r
Adjusted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stuart_White &
http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/africancampaigns/boerwar/stuartwhite.htm

Note: When he fought against the Chins in 1888-89 he was Commander of the Upper Burma Field Force with the
rank of major-general. tzd.
.............................................
1835 born 6th July in County Londonderry
1853 entered the 27th Inniskilling Regiment
1857 Indian Mutiny
1863 exchanged to 92nd as Captain
1874 married Miss Amelia Bayley, daughter of the archdeacon of Calcutta
1879-80 Afghan War. 2nd in command 92nd
1880-81 India. Military Secretary to the Viceroy
1881-85 Commanding Officer 2nd Battalion Gordon Highlanders
1884-85 Sudan Expedition
1885 Egypt. AA and QMG
1885 Madras. Brigadier-General
1885-86 Commanding Brigade in Burma Expedition
1886-89 In Command of Upper Burma Field Force
1889-93 Bengal. Major-General
1890 Zhob Field Force
1893-98 Commander-in-Chief India
1897-1912 Colonel of the Gordon Highlanders
1898-99 QMG HQ of Army
1899-1900 GOC Natal Field Force. Lieut-General
1900 28th Feb. Relief of Ladysmith
1900-04 Governor of Gibraltar
1903 Field Marshal
1912 died on 24th June.
___________________________________________
- See APPENDIX 0 BRIEF BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF BRITISH GENERALS AND ADMINISTRATORS...
________________________________________________________________________________
-Created in this form by Thang Za Dal. 01/2015.
 PHOTO 28

SOME SELECTED YOUTUBE THUMBNAILS ON CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS EVENTS OF THE CHIN/ZO PEOPLE OF INDIA AND BURMA

THESE PHOTOS ARE MEANT TO SERVE AS A VISUAL MEDIUM TO INTRODUCE THEM TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD AND TO SHOW THAT THEY TRY TO RETAIN
TOGETHER THEIR DISTINCTIVE COMMON IDENTITY CULTURALLY, RELIGIOUSLY AND SOCIALLY WHEREVER THEY ARE - BE IT IN ASIA, AUSTRALIA,
EUROPE, USA OR CANADA. (AS OF END OF 2015 AN ESTIMATED 170,000 OF THEM ARE BELIEVED TO BE LIVING OUTSIDE OF THEIR NATIVE LANDS.)

(ABOUT 99% OF A CONSERVATIVELY ESTIMATED COMBINED POPULATION OF 3 MILLION IS CHRISTIAN - AND THE REST ANIMIST AND BUDDHIST)

- Selected and created in this form by thangzadal. hamburg, germany. 04.2016.

 PHOTO 11/A1

- Some Chin couples in their traditional tribal costumes (Photo taken on Chin National Day 2015 in Norway)
______________________________________

- Created in this form by Thang Za Dal. Hamburg. 04.2016.

 PHOTO 11/A3

- A SPINNING KHUMI CHIN GIRL FROM SOUTHERN CHINLAND AND RAKHINE STATE
(Photographer unknown)
_____________________________________________________________________________________

- Photo selected and created in this form by Thang Za Dal. May 2016.
 PHOTO 11/A2

- 3 Young Khumi Girls from Southern Chinland and Rakhine State in their traditional dresses
- Photographer unknown
___________________________________________
- Created in this form by Thang Za Dal. Hamburg. 04.2016.
 PHOTO 33

Photo Credit: Thant Zaw Wai

Some Young Asho (Plains) Chins in their traditional dresses

________________________________________________

- Photo selected and prepareed in this form by Thang Za Dal. Germany. October 2016
PHOTO 8
PHOTOS 9 + 9A
 PHOTO 10

____________________________________________________________

- Traditionally tatooed women from southern Chinland

- Photographer(s) unknown
_________________________________________________________________

- Photos selected and created in this form by Thang Za Dal. Hamburg. 04.2016.
 PHOTO 11/B1

Among the Traditional Dresses Seen Here Are: Cho, Haka, Matu, Mizo, Sizang, Tedim and Thantlang
________________________________________________________________________________________________

PHOTO 11/B2

Two famous Zo singers: Lalrindiki Khiangte - aka - Daduhi (left) from Mizoram- and Lalhriatpuii (right) from
Manipur States, India
___________________________________________________________

- (Photos directly taken and prepared from the 60th CND Concert DVD byThang Za Dal..Germy. 06.2011)
 PHOTO 41

- Created in this form by Thang Za Dal. Germany. 01.2017

SOME CHIN/ZOS IN THEIR TRADITIONAL TRIBAL COSTUMES (FEBRUARY 20, 2016. USA)