NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

PLOTTING THE RESPONSE OF A VIBRATION SYSTEM USING

VISUAL BASIC.

A GRADUATION PROJECT

ME 400

Osude Benedict

20062985

SUPERVISED BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Ing. Huseyin Camur

Nicosia - JUNE, 2010

 PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………1

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………… 3

GENERAL NOTATION………………………………………………….4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………… 5

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………..6

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background………………………………………………………….7

CHAPTER 2

THEORY OF VIBRATION SYSTEMS.

2.1 Theory………………………………………………………………8

2.1.1 Equation of motion of a single degree of freedom system……….8

2.2 Un-damped single degree of freedom system………………………10

2.3 Damped single degree of freedom system…………………………..13

2.3.1 Under-damped single degree of freedom system ………………..13

-1-
 2.3.2 Critically-Damped system………………………………………15

2.3.3 Over-Damped systems…………………………………………..16

CHAPTER 3

PROGRAM LANGUAGE ………………………………………………17

CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

4.1 Program Simulation…………………………………………………22

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………..25

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………26

-2-
 LIST OF FIGURES

TITLE PAGE PAGE.

2.1 Single Degree of freedom System……………………………..…….8

2.3 Un-damped System……………………………………………..……11

2.4 Response of an un-damped System……………………………..……12

2.6 Response of an under-damped system………………………….….…14

2.7 Response of a critically damped system…………………………..…..15

2.8 Response of an over-damped system…………………………….…....16

3.1 Layout of my simulator………………………………………….….…18

4.1 Layout of case 1……………………………………………………….22

4.2 Layout of case 2………………………………………………………..23

4.3 Layout of case 3………………………………………………………..23

4.4 Layout of case 4………………………………………………………..24

-3-
 GENERAL NOTATION.

𝜔𝜔n Natural Frequency

𝜔𝜔d dry friction damped circular frequency

ζ dimensionless viscous damping factor

m mass

Xo Initial Displacement

t Time

Vo Initial Velocity

K Stiffness constant

c Damping constant

E Elasticity

g Acceleration due to gravity

L Length

-4-
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT.

A milestone just passed, and finally I have gotten to the end of my

undergraduate study.

First and foremost, I give thanks to Almighty God for His abundant blessings all
through the duration of my study, it seemed like a mirage at first but now it’s
not just a stepping stone but an accomplishment and an experience that will
guide me through my path in the future.

A special thanks to my supervisor, Assist. Prof. Dr. Ing. Huseyin Camur who
guided me though this project report. It wasn’t easy with so much distraction
along the way but he kept me on-course. Understood my difficulties and yet
made himself available in any way he could to fit my schedule.

One thing I learnt in my years in the institute is that education isn’t just about
what you learn and how good you can recall the knowledge when the time is
due, but mainly about interaction and surviving the everyday pressures of the
schooling environment. So I would thank my friend with whom I went through
this education process together.

To the teachers who steered me through the right path for the duration of my
study; I say thank you. You’ve all been far too kind

Finally, I am short of words to say to my parents who endured all these years I
spent in the university demanding for funds and they never seize to give a
helping hand when they could, which was always.

-5-
 ABSTRACT
Vibration is the fluctuation of a mechanical or structural system about an
equilibrium position. Vibration is initiated when an inertia element is displaced
from its equilibrium position due to an energy imparted to the system through
an external source. A restoring force or moment pulls the element back toward
equilibrium. When work is done on a block in to displace it from its equilibrium
position, potential energy is developed in the spring. When the block is released
the spring force pulls the block toward equilibrium with the potential energy
being converted to kinetic energy. In the absence of non-conservative forces,
this transfer of energy is continual, causing the block to oscillate about its
equilibrium position.
In this project i intend to develop a computer program that models the graphical
representation of the response of a spring mass damper system under various
conditions, through modelling without having to subject the real system to these
conditions. The results are obtained in visual forms so that they can be readily
interpreted and discussed.
Although it may be possible to analyse the complete dynamic system being
considered, it often leads to a very complicated analysis, and the production of
much unwanted information. A simplified computer model of the system is
therefore unusually sought which will, when analysed, produce the desired
information as economically as possible and with acceptable accuracy. The
derivation of a simple computer model to represent the dynamics of a real
system is not easy, if the model is to give useful and realistic information.
However, to model any real system, a number of simplifying assumptions can
often be made. For example a distributed mass may be considered as a lumped
mass, or a non-linear spring may be considered linear over a limited range of
extension, or certain elements and forces maybe ignored completely if their
effects are likely to be small.
Thus a graphical model is usually a compromise between a simple
representation which is easy to analyse but may not be very accurate, and a
complicated but realistic model which is difficult to analyse but gives more
useful results.

-6-
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Springs usually occur physically as a coil of metal, and their idealizations have
pretty simple behaviour; compressing the spring will result in the spring
pushing back, and stretching the spring will have it trying to pull back towards
the start position, so any displacement along the axis of the spring will be
countered by an opposite force that will tend to move the spring back to its
original position [Beer and Johnston, 2002].

Usually one endpoint is fixed, the other is the one that bounces around, which is
usually what happens; an initial impulse displaces the spring, the unfixed end of
the spring acquires some velocity moving back, but it passes through the zero-
displacement point, is pulled back in the other direction, and may bounce
perpetually in the absence of any dampening forces. Physical springs have more
complex behaviour (like the transverse vibration and accompanying sound
when they're bent away from their axis) and could be described by more
complex models but in this project we'll be dealing with the simplest model.

In this project report, as the name implies I will be writing a computer program
to graph the response of the three vibration systems at specified variables that
are stated by the user.
They are a wide range of computer programs that can be used to simulate this
response but I was given only the choice of either Delphi or visual basic, since I
have a better understanding of visual basic and considering the time factor I
chose to use visual basic.
This project is in two sections, so is the report;
The basic theory of the vibration system and the program simulation. I will start
off by discussing the basic theory of the vibration systems because a better
understanding of the theory will give us a better view of the form the
programming will be.
I will be discussing the visual basic framework that’s relates to my project and a
step by step breakdown of each program line.
Then I’ll discuss my observation of the graph with respect to the sample
references in the texts.

-7-
 CHAPTER 2
THEORY OF VIBRATION SYSTEMS
2.1 Theory
The simplest vibratory system can be described by a single mass connected to a
spring. The mass is allowed to travel only along the spring elongation direction.
Such systems are called the Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) systems and is
shown in this figure below;

Fig.2.1 Single degree of freedom system.

2.1.1 Equation of Motion for a single degree of freedom Systems.

The Single degree of freedom of a vibration system can be analysed by
Newton's second law of motion, by taking the summation of all the forces in
equilibrium;
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝐹𝐹 i=m 2.1
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2

The analysis can be easily visualized with the aid of a free body diagram,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥
-kx-c +ƒ(t)=m 2.2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2

This equation of motion is a second order, non-homogeneous, ordinary

differential equation.
Where c is the damping factor, k is the spring constant, f(t) is the external force
and m is the mass. In our case there are no external forces, we only consider the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
initial excitations and x(t)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Equation 2.2 becomes;

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
m +c + Kx = 0 2.3
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

-8-
 dividing throughout by m

equation 2.3 becomes;

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘
+ + x=0 2.4
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑘
From equation 2.4 can be defined by 𝜔𝜔n2, where 𝜔𝜔n is the natural frequency,
𝑚𝑚
and depends only on the system mass and the spring stiffness (i.e. any damping
will not change the natural frequency of a system).
.
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ + 𝜔𝜔n2 x = 0 2.5
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

We manipulate equation 2.5 to get another variable crucial to the vibration

system, then the equation becomes;
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑐𝑐 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ + 𝜔𝜔n2 x = 0 2.6
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 2 𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑐𝑐
Where is the dimensionless viscous damping factor ζ, "Viscous damping”
2𝑚𝑚𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛
is the damping that produces a damping force proportional to the velocity of the
mass.

The equation then becomes;

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+2𝜁𝜁𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 + 𝜔𝜔n2 x = 0 2.7
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Equation 2.7 can then be simplified by substituting

x=A𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2.8
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=A𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2.9
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥
=As2𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2.10
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2

Therefore
As2𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 +2𝜁𝜁𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛A𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝜔𝜔n2 A𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =0 2.11
A𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (s2 +2𝜁𝜁𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝜔𝜔n2) =0 2.12

-9-
 Splitting the equation 2.12 into 2 then get the solution;
s2 +2𝜁𝜁𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝜔𝜔n2 =0 2.13
We solve the quadratic equation of equation 2.13 then we get the solution;

S1,2=-ζ𝜔𝜔n ± 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛�𝜁𝜁2 − 1 2.14

Therefore;
x(t)= A1𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + A2𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2.15
A1 and A2 can be determined by using the initial conditions
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(t=0)=Vo
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

X(t=0)=xo
Then we will get a general equation for vibrating systems;
1

x(t)= A1𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + A2𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = [(XoS2-Vo) 𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + (Vo+S1Xo) 𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ] 2.16
S2−S1

where S1,2 was defined in equation 2.14.

From equation 2.16 we define four (4) cases for ζ which will be explained in the
preceding sections.

2.2 Un-damped single degree of freedom system.

If there is no external force applied on the system, the system will experience
free vibration. Motion of the system will be established by an initial condition.
Furthermore, if there is no resistance or damping in the system; c=0 the
oscillatory motion will continue forever with constant amplitude. Such a system
is termed un-damped and is shown in the following figure,

- 10 -
 Fig.2.2 Un-damped system.

The equation of motion can now be simplified to,

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥
m + Kx = 0 2.17
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2

with the same initial conditions defined above.

This equation of motion is an order, homogeneous, ordinary differential
equation (ODE). If the mass and spring stiffness are constants, the ODE
becomes a coefficient and can be solved by the Characteristic Equation method.
The characteristic equation for this problem is,
ms2 +k=0 2.18
This determines the two independent roots for the un-damped vibration
problem. The final solution (that contains the 2 independent roots from the
characteristic equation and satisfies the initial conditions) is,
Vo
x(t)=Xocos𝜔𝜔nt+ sin𝜔𝜔nt 2.19
ωn

The displacement plot of an un-damped system would appear as,

- 11 -
 Fig.2.3 Response of an un-damped system.
Please note that an assumption of zero damping is typically not accurate. In
reality, there almost always exists some resistance in vibratory systems. This
resistance will damp the vibration and dissipate energy; the oscillatory motion
caused by the initial disturbance will eventually be reduced to zero.

- 12 -
 2.3 Damped single degree of freedom system.
Free vibration (no external force) of a single degree-of-freedom system with
viscous damping can be illustrated as in fig. 2.1
For a damped SDOF system, the general form was defined with equation 2.7
with the same initial condition specified above.
The equation of motion is an order, homogeneous, ordinary differential
equation (ODE). If all parameters (mass, spring stiffness and viscous damping)
are constants, the ODE becomes a linear ODE with constant coefficients and
can be solved by the Characteristic Equation method. The characteristic
equation for this problem is,
ms2 + cs+k=0 2.20
This determines the two independent roots for the damped vibration problem.
The roots of the characteristic equation fall into one of the following three
cases:

1. If ζ < 0, the system is termed under-damped. The roots of the

characteristic equation are complex conjugates, corresponding to oscillatory
motion with an exponential decay in amplitude.
2. If ζ = 0, the system is termed critically-damped. The roots of the
characteristic equation are repeated, corresponding to simple decaying motion
with at most one overshoot of the system's resting position.
3. If ζ > 0, the system is termed over-damped. The roots of the
characteristic equation are purely real and distinct, corresponding to simple

- 13 -
 2.3.1 Under-damped Systems.
When ζ < 0, the characteristic equation has a pair of complex conjugate roots.
The displacement solution for this kind of system is,

−ζωnt Vo +ζω nXo

x(t)= e [Xocos𝜔𝜔dt+ sin𝜔𝜔dt] 2.21
ωd

The displacement plot of an under-damped system would appear as,

Fig.2.4 Response of an under-damped system

- 14 -
 2.3.2 Critically-Damped Systems
When ζ = 0, the characteristic equation has repeated real roots. The
displacement solution for this kind of system is,
x(t)=𝑒𝑒 −𝜁𝜁𝜁𝜁 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 [Xo+(Vo+𝜔𝜔nXo)t] 2.22
In a critically-damped system there is a critical damping factor which is
interpreted as the minimum damping that results in non-periodic motion.
The displacement plot of a critically-damped system with positive initial
displacement and velocity would appear as,

Fig.2.5 Response of a critically-damped system.

Note that if the initial velocity Vo is negative while the initial displacement Xo is
positive, there will be an overshoot of the resting position in the displacement
plot.

- 15 -
 2.3.3 Over-damped Systems
When ζ > 0, the characteristic equation has two distinct real roots. The
displacement solution for this kind of system is,
𝜁𝜁𝜁𝜁 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 +𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
x(t)=𝑒𝑒 −𝜁𝜁𝜁𝜁 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 [( sinh𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛�𝜁𝜁2 − 1 + Xo cosh𝜔𝜔nt√𝜁𝜁2-1 )] 2.23
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 �𝜁𝜁2−1

The displacement plot of an over-damped system would appear as,

Fig.2.6 Response of an over-damped system.

Finally we have to define a variable that applies to all the systems of vibration
and comes in handy when plotting their responses on a graph. The variable is
called Amplitude, and it is the highest peak of the system when plotted on a
graph and it can be defined by the equation;
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜2
A= √𝑋𝑋𝑜𝑜2 + 2.24
𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛2

- 16 -
 CHAPTER 3
3.1 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.
We need to see the performance of the system under various conditions without
actually having to subject the real system to these conditions, hence we
simulate. The simulation tool that i made use of is the VB6®. VISUAL BASIC
is a high level programming language which was evolved from the earlier DOS
version called BASIC. BASIC means Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code. It is a very easy programming language to learn. The codes
look a lot like English Language. Different software companies produced
different version of BASIC, such as Microsoft QBASIC, QUICKBASIC,
GWBASIC, and IBM BASICA and so on. However, it seems people only use
Microsoft Visual Basic today, as it is a well-developed programming language
and supporting resources are available everywhere. With Visual Basic, you can
program practically everything depending on your objective. For example, you
can program educational software to teach science, mathematics, language,
history, geography and so on. You can also program financial and accounting
software to make you a more efficient accountant or financial controller. For
those of you who like games, you can program that as well. Indeed, there is no
limit to what you can program! There are many such programs in this tutorial,
so you must spend more time on the tutorial in order to benefit the most.
VISUAL BASIC is a VISUAL and events driven Programming Language.
These are the main divergence from the old BASIC. In BASIC, programming is
done in a text-only environment and the program is executed sequentially. In
VISUAL BASIC, programming is done in a graphical environment. In the old
BASIC, you have to write program codes for each graphical object you wish to
display it on screen, including its position and its colour. However, In Visual
Basic, you just need to drag and drop any graphical object anywhere on the
form, and you can change its colour any time using the properties windows.
On the other hand, because users may click on certain object randomly, so each
object has to be programmed independently to be able to response to those
actions (events). Therefore, a VISUAL BASIC Program is made up of many
subprograms, each has its own program codes, and each can be executed
independently and at the same time each can be linked together in one way or
another.

In this section; I will take you through a step by step analysis of the
programming codes I used in my project.
Since I’m making an interactive program; in other words the user should be able
to define the quantity of each variable instead of predefined quantity. I created a
textbox which enable the use to input the quantity of each variable.

- 17 -
  Before the start of programming in visual basic; we ought to declare the
variables we will be using.
 In visual basic the program understands all the trigonometric functions
but the hyperbolic function; to at the start of the programming we’ll have
to declare the hyperbolic functions as well.

Fig 3.1 Layout of my simulator

Function SinH (value As Double) As Double

End Function
Function Cosh (value As Double) As Double
End Function
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim t, Xo, Vo, J, Wn, X, A As Single
Dim UNDERDAMPED, OVERDAMPED, CRITICALLYDAMPED,
UNDAMPED As Integer

 Since we will be using an input box (textbox) to identify the values of the
variables, we need to declare which textbox states the value of what
variable.

- 18 -
 Wn = Val(Text3.Text)
Xo = Val(Text1.Text)
Vo = Val(Text4.Text)
J = Val(Text2.Text)
t = Val(Text5.Text)
A = (Sqr((Xo ^ 2) + ((Vo / Wn) ^ 2)))

 When the graph is drawn the picture doesn’t last long then it
disappears, now this program states that the picture remains drawn.

Picture1.AutoRedraw = True
Picture2.AutoRedraw = True
Picture3.AutoRedraw = True

Picture3.Print Val(A)

 In my project I assigned a picture box that prints the name of the type of
vibrating system which we are about to sketch.

If J = 0 Then
Picture2.Print "UNDAMPED"
ElseIf J > 1 Then
Picture2.Print "OVERDAMPED"
ElseIf 0 < J < 1 Then
Picture2.Print "UNDERDAMPED"
ElseIf J = 1 Then
Picture2.Print "CRITICALLYDAMPED"
End If

 Finally we are ready to sketch the chart; we start by identifying what scale
we want for our chart; (Length, Width)

Picture1.Scale (-10, 10)-(10, -10)

 Then we identify the scale of the chart lines for both the x and y axis.
This is the most complex part of this project, cause we wont only be
scaling the chart but also lines. We have to specify the kind chart whether
a four pole chart or a bipolar chart. Due to the extensivity of using a four
pole chart will result in a graph that plots outside the chart.

- 19 -
 Picture1.Line (-100, 0)-(100, 0), vbBlack 'Draw X Axis
Picture1.Line (0, 100)-(0, -100), vbBlack 'Draw Y Axis

For i = -100 To 100 Step 1 'Add the axis legends

(numbers)
Picture1.CurrentX = i 'X axis
Picture1.CurrentY = 0
Picture1.Print i
Next

For i = -100 To 100 Step 5

Picture1.CurrentX = 0 'Y axis
Picture1.CurrentY = i
Picture1.Print i
Next

 Now that we’ve Identified the scales for both charts and the chart lines;
we now have to state the colour of line we want to use in our chart.

Picture1.ForeColor = vbRed

 It’s now time to state the equation for which we want to sketch the chart
for. We have to employ an ‘if’ command since the graph that we have to
plot is dependent of the J value.

If J = 0 Then
X = (((Vo / Wn) * (Sin(Wn * t))) + (Xo * (Cos(Wn * t))))
ElseIf J = 1 Then
X = (Xo * Cos((Sqr(J ^ 2 - 1)) * Wn * t))
ElseIf J > 1 Then
X = (Exp(-J * Wn * t)) * ((Vo) / (Wn * (Sqr(J ^ 2 - 1)))) * (((Exp((Wn * t) *
(Sqr(J ^ 2 - 1)))) - (Exp(-((Wn * t) * (Sqr(J ^ 2 - 1)))))) / 2) + Xo * (((Exp((Wn
* t) * (Sqr(J ^ 2 - 1)))) + (Exp(-((Wn * t) * (Sqr(J ^ 2 - 1)))))) / 2)
ElseIf 0 < J < 1 Then
X = (Exp(-J * Wn * t)) * (((J * Wn * Xo + Vo) / ((Wn * (Sqr(1 - J ^ 2))))) *
Sin((Wn * (Sqr(1 - J ^ 2))) * t) + (Xo * Cos((Wn * (Sqr(1 - J ^ 2))) * t)))
End If

Picture1.Line -(X, t)
Next t

End Sub

- 20 -
  This program line saves the graph as a .jpg format picture on the desktop.
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Dim image As image
Picture1.Picture = Picture1.image
SavePicture Picture1.Picture, "C:\Users\Ben\Desktop\file.jpg"
End Sub

 This program line clears the picture boxes to make room incase the user
wants to input other variables.
Public Sub Command2_Click()
Picture1.Cls
Picture2.Cls
Picture3.Cls
End Sub

- 21 -
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION.

Firstly as can be noted in the program J was used to represent the damping ratio
(ζ), due to the fact that the program could not recognise the symbol even though
it was defined during the programming.
As can be seen on my project simulation a data input for Xo (initial
displacement), ζ (Damping ratio), 𝜔𝜔n (natural frequency), Vo (Initial velocity),
and t (time) were provided. Therefore the outcome of the graph depends on the
users input; although there are three system of vibration and each of these
systems are defined based on the value of their damping ratio, but as can be
observed from the simulation the pattern of the graph also depends on the value
of the rest of the quantities mention above. Even though the damping ratio
identifies a predefined system of vibration, if the rest of the units aren’t
reasonable the graph would take an unrecognised pattern, i.e. a pattern different
from the sample graph of different system of vibration shown above.
To test out the accuracy of my program I employed four case studies;

Case 1:
Xo=0; ζ= 0; 𝜔𝜔n =4; Vo=50; t=20

Fig. 4.1 Layout of case 1

- 22 -
 Case 2:
Xo=0; ζ= 0.5; 𝜔𝜔n =4; Vo=50; t=20

Fig 4.2 Layout of case 2

Case3:
Xo=0; ζ= 1; 𝜔𝜔n =4; Vo=50; t=20

Fig. 4.3 Layout of case 3

- 23 -
 Case4:
Xo=0; ζ= 2; 𝜔𝜔n =4; Vo=50; t=20

Fig. 4.4 Layout of case 4

- 24 -
 CHAPTER 5

5.1 CONCLUSION

When I received this project topic it was hard to understand how this project
apply to a mechanical engineer; even though it had to do with vibration system
but the most tasking part of the project is the computer programming; so for the
part half of the time I spent researching for this project I spent it with a
computer teacher.
From the research made in getting this project to work, I ascertained that a
spring mass damper system, which is widely used in mechanical applications,
can also be represented and simulated on a Computer to reproduce real-life
situations and accurately predict different conditions and outputs desired. Thus
it can be used to design systems which have not been manufactured for testing.

- 25 -
 REFERENCES.

1. Leonard Meirovitch (2001). Fundamentals of Vibration, International

Edition.

2. Ferdinand P. Beer & E. Russell Johnston (1997). Vector Mechanics for

Engineers, Sixth Edition. Pgs. 1172 – 1174.

3. S. Graham Kelly. (2000). Fundamentals of mechanical Vibrations, Secon

Edition.

4. Allen S. Hall, Alfred R. Holowenko, Herman G. Laughlin (2002).

Schaum’s Outlines Machine Design. Pgs. 89-92

5. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Edited by Myer Kutz (2006). Mechanical
Engineers’ Handbook: Materials and Mechanical Design, Volume 1,
Third Edition. Pgs. 1204-1209.

6. Aaron Wirth. (1997) Complete list of visual basic commands

7. Yahaya Md. Sam PhD. (2006). “Robust Control of Active Suspension

System for a quarter car model” Project for Department of Control and
Instrumentation Engineering, University Technology, Malaysia, 81310
UTM Skudai. Pgs. 6-21

8. Appleyard M. and Wellstead P.E. (1995). Active Suspension: some

background. IEEE Proc.

9. Steven Holzner. (1996). Visual basic 6 black book, First Edition.

10. Karnopp, D. (1990). Design Principles for Vibration Control Systems

using Semi-Active Dampers. ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems,
Measurement and Control.
112:448-455.

11. Prof. P.Dinesh (2007). Mechanical Vibration e-notes Sambram College,

Bangalore.

- 26 -