If you still have the papers I put in your mail box, Id like to add those onto here.

1.1
Show that the Sun produces 10000 times less energy per unit mass than an average human

giving out about 1W kg-1

L 3.8610 26 W 1026 W W
= 30
30 =104
M 1.9910 kg 10 kg kg

To compare the sun to a human, divide the energy of the human by the energy of the sun.
W
1
kg
=10,000
4 W
10
kg

1.2 The red supergiant star Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion has Teff3500K and a diameter

of .045. Assuming that it is 140pc from us, show that its radius R700R, and that its

luminosity L105L.
7
=2.1810 rad
Diameter of Betelgeuse =.045 648,000

Using equation [1.2]

Distance
Diameter of object (km)
( rad )= object (km)

d= D=2.181074.321015=9.4106 km

Divide the diameter by 2 for the radius, so R=4.7*108km=675R

Use equation [1.3]

L=4 R2 SB T 4

13 2 8 2 4 4 35 8
L=4 ( 4.710 ) m5.6710 W m K ( 3500 K ) =2.3610 W =6.110 L

1.15(A) - Part b includes the use of a table that I did not include.
If a galaxy has an absolute magnitude M, use the equations [1.1] and [1.27] to show that its

apparent magnitude m is related to the redshift z=Vr/c of equation [1.19] by m=M + 5 log10z +C,

where C is a constant same for all objects.

L
F=
[1.1] 4d
2

1 V r
[1.27] d=h
100

obs Vr
[1.19] 1+ z= e =1+ c

Vr
z=
c

Take the distance modulus

mM =5 log10 ( 10dpc ) 5[ log 10 ( d )log 10 ( 10 pc ) ]=5 [ log 10 ( d )1 ]

1 z
d=h
C

mM =5 [log 10 ( h1 ) + log 10 ( z )log 10 ( c )1]

If C=5[log 10 ( h )log 10 ( c )1] , C is a constant for all objects.

1

m=M + log 10 ( z ) +C
 1.10
2.7

1.62

Assuming that the supernovae is a circle (e=0), to find the angle of inclination i, take

sin ( i )=1.10 } over {1.62 i=sin1 ( 1.10 } over {1.62 ) =43

A
BA
i

Point A will be observable before point B due to the fact that is it closer to us. Since the object,

as a whole, is so far away, the non-radial differences in points are negligible.

Distance
Velocity=
Time

Distance to point A is d=RadiusRadiussin ( i)

Velocity is c, the speed of light. So

RRsin ( i) R (1sin ( i ) )
= =
c c
t
That would elude to

R(1+ sin ( i ) )
+=
c
t

To find the radius, add the two times together.

RRsin ( i ) R+ Rsin ( i ) 2 R+ Rsin (i ) Rsin ( i )

+= + =
c c c
+ t
t

+
+t
t

c
2R
+= R=
c
+t
t

The distance can be found from using the determined radius and the measured radius, that is half

of the largest measurement of the observed ring, so 1.62 is the diameter, .82 is the radius.

rad ius ( m )
radius ( arcseconds )=
distance ( m )
tan

.82)} =4.38* {10} ^ {17} m=14.2pc

tan
radius ( m ) 6.191015
d= =
tan ( radius ( arcseconds ) )
Considering that mv=3, use the apparent magnitude of the sun as well as its distance, to find the

luminosity in terms of L, equation [1.10]

L1

m1m2=2.5 log 10
( ) F1
F2
=2.5 log 10
( )
4 d 12
L2
4 d2
=2.5 log 10 (
2
L1 d 2 2
L2 d 1 2
)

2 (m1m2)
d1 2.5
L= 2
10 L
d2