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MOLE CONCEPT
Target And Contents Of The Chapter :
This chapter focuses on the very basics of physical chemistry: Atoms and Molecules
and calculations related to them. The target of this chapter is to make a child understand
that this world is made up of atoms and molecules, and to make him do the related calculations
in a very simple way and teach him to play with numbers in Physical Chemistry. Mostly,
unitary approach can be applied to all the calculations related to no. of atoms, molecules in
a given sample, stoichiometry of reactions, mass composition and empirical formulae, laws
of chemical combination, reactions in aqueous media etc. The task of a teacher should be
making Physical chemistry simple and lucid, and remove the fear of MOLE from the mind
of a student. The numerical problems are well graded and techniques used very simple.
LECTURE - 1
1. Atom: Definition
2. Atomic mass : amu and g
3. Definition of Mole: Avogradros number
4. Molecules
5. Molecular mass : amu and g
LECTURE - 2
1. Chemical Reactions : Conservation of atoms and mass
2. Stoichiometry: Moles of reactants and products
3. Limiting Reagent and Excess reactant
4. Mass-Mole conversions
5. Mole-Mass Conversions
LECTURE - 3
1. Percent yield
2. Reactions in aqueous media: solutions
3. Strength of solutions: all parameters
LECTURE - 4
1. Variation of strength of solutions
2. Application on reactions
LECTURE - 5
1. Mass Percentages, Empirical Formulae and Molecular Formulae
2. Laws of Chemical Combination: Definite, Multiple and Reciprocal proportions
3. Application of law of conservation of atoms on stoichiometry
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MOLE CONCEPT 2 TM
LECTURE - 6
1. Equivalent concept
2. Acid-Base Neutralisation Reaction
LECTURE - 7
1. Origin of equivalent concept
2. Variation in equivalent weights
3. Equivalent volume of gases
4. Normality
5. Application of equivalent concept in sequential reaction
This chapter is divided into 7 lectures plus one doubt session. (7+1 plan)
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TM 3 MOLE CONCEPT
LECTURE - 1
Important - 1
H 1 amu
Na 23 amu
O 16 amu
This means:
Mass of one atom of sodium = 23 amu
Mass of 2 atoms of Na = 46 amu
Mass of 10 atoms of Na = 230 amu
Important - 2
Remember: amu is a very small quantity and represents very small mass.
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MOLE CONCEPT 4 TM
Class Example-1:
Calculate the number of atoms in the following samples:
(a) 200 amu He
(b) 3200 amu O
(c) 46000 amu Na
Sol. (a) Atomic mass of He = 4u
\ Mass of 1 atom of He = 4u
\ 4u is the wt. of 1 He atom.
1
\ 200 u is the wt. of 200 He atom = 50 He atoms.
4
(b) Atomic mass of O = 16 u
\ 16u is the mass of 1 O atom.
1
\ 3200 u is the mass of 3200 = 200 O atoms.
16
(c) No. of atoms of Na in 23u = 1
1
\ No. of atoms of Na in 1u = .
23
1
\ No. of atoms of Na in 46000 u = 46000
23
= 2000 atoms
(if need be, give more similar examples until a child grabs the funda of a.m.u)
Now, the next important target was to relate the unit a.m.u with the commonly used unit
of grams. As a.m.u is not used generally. (eg: We never go to a Kirana store and ask for
10000 amu rice!!)
To find this relation between g and a.m.u what we did was, we took 3 samples one each of
Hydrogen, Sodium and Oxygen such that:
And number of atoms in each of these samples was calculated somehow (dont focus on
method of calculation). And to everyones surprise the number of atoms of every element in
these three samples was found to be the same.
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TM 5 MOLE CONCEPT
Look at the following examples:
Number of atoms of Na in 23 g sample = 1 mole atoms of Na = NA atoms of Na (Avogadros number)
Number of atoms of Na in 230 g sample = 10 mole atoms of Na
That is: If 23 a.m.u. of Na means 1 atom of sodium then 23 g means 1 mole atoms of
sodium.
Important - 3
Class Example-2:
What is the atomic mass of Sulphur?
Sol. The atomic mass of sulphur is 32u.
i.e. Mass of 1 atom of S = 32u. & Mass of 6 1023 atoms of S = 32g.
Class Example-3:
Calculate the number of atoms of elements in the following samples:
(a) 200 g He (b) 1600 g O
(c) 2300 amu Na (d) 2.3 kg Na
(e) 320 amu S (f) 32 kg S
Sol. (a) Atomic mass of He = 4u.
\ Molar atomic mass of He = 4g.
\ No. of atoms in 4g of He = NA = 6.022 1023.
NA
\ No. of atoms in 200g of He = 200 = 50 NA = 50 6.022 1023
4
= 3.011 1025 Ans.
(b) Molar atomic mass of O = 16g.
\ No. of atoms in 16g of O = NA = 6.0221023
\ No. of atoms in 1600g of O = 100 NA
= 6.0221025 Ans.
(c) Atomic mass of Na = 23u.
No. of atoms in 23u Na =1.
\ No. of atoms in 2300 u Na = 100 Ans.
(d) Atomic mass of Na = 23u; Molar atomic mass of Na = 23g.
\ 23g of Na contains 6.022 1023 atoms.
\ 2300g of Na contains 6.022 1025 atoms Ans.
(e) Mass of 1 atom of S = 32 u.
\ No. of atoms of S in 32u =1
1
\ No. of atoms S in 320 u = 320 = 10 Ans.
32
(f) Mass of 1 atom of S = 32u.
\ Molar Mass of S = 32g.
No. of atoms of S in 32g = 6.022 1023
\ No. of atoms of S in 32 kg = 6.022 1026 = 6.022 1026 Ans.
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MOLE CONCEPT 6 TM
Important - 4
Repeat this funda of a.m.u. and g until clear, very critical and give answers in mole,
NA and actual number
Class Example-4:
Calculate the mass of one oxygen atom in grams.
Sol. Mass of 1 O atom = 16u.
\ Molar mass of O = 16g.
16g of O contains 6.022 1023 atoms
\ Mass of 6.022 1023 O atoms = 16g.
16
\ Mass of 1 O atoms = 10 -23 g
6.022
= 2.658 1023g Ans.
Class example-5:
Calculate the mass of 100 atoms of He in grams.
Sol. Molar atomic mass of He = 4g.
6.022 1023 He atoms have a mass of 4g.
4 100g 20
\ 100 He atoms have a mass of = 10-22 g
6.022 10 23
3.011
= 6.67 1022g Ans.
multiply by multiply by
divide by divide by
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TM 7 MOLE CONCEPT
Mass of one molecule in a.m.u. or the mass of one mole of molecules in grams is called
Molecular mass of a compound.
Units of Molecular Mass = g / mol
Molecular mass in g is also called Molar Mass.
Class Example-6 :
For Glucose, C6H12O6 calculate the following:
(a) Molecular mass in g and a.m.u.
(b) Number of molecules of glucose in 5400 a.m.u.
(c) Number of atoms of every element in 5400 a.m.u.
(d) Number of molecules of glucose in 5400 g
(e) Number of atoms of every element in 5400 g
Sol. (a) Formula of glucose : C6H12O6.
\ 1 Molecule of glucose has 6C, 12H & 60 atoms.
\ Molecule mass of glucose = 6 atomic mass of C + 12 at. Mass of H + 6 atomic
mass of O.
= 6 12u + 12 1u + 6 16u.
= (72 + 12 + 96) u
= 180 u Ans.
\ Molar mol. mass of glucose = 180g Ans.
(b) Mol. mass of glucose = 180u.
\ 180u glucose contains 1 molecule.
1
\ 5400 u glucose contains 5400 molecules.
180
= 30 molecules of glucose. Ans.
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MOLE CONCEPT 8 TM
6.022 1023
\ 5400g of glucose contains 5400 molecules.
180
= 1.8066 1025 molecules Ans.
(e) Again ; 1 molecule of glucose contains 6C ; 12H & 6 O atoms.
\ 1.8066 1025 molecule of glucose contains 6 1.8066 1025 C atoms.
= 1.08396 1026 C atoms, 1.08396 1026 O atoms, = 2.16792 1026 H atoms Ans.
Important - 5
Focus on the difference in 5400 a.m.u. and 5400 g
Class Example-7:
(a) Calculate the mass of one molecule of H2SO4 in a.m.u. and grams.
(b) Calculate the number of atoms of every element in a sample of sulphuric acid
weighing 4.9 kg.
Sol. (a) Mol. mass of H2SO4 = 2 1u + 1 32u + 4 16 u
2H atoms, 1S atom, 4O atoms = 98u Ans.
\ Molar moleculas mass of H2SO4 = 98g.
\ 6.022 1023 molecules of H2SO4 weigh 98g.
98
\ 1 molecule of H2SO4 weigh 10-23 g = 16.267 1023 g Ans.
6.022
(b) 1 molecule of H2SO4 contains 2H, 1S & 4 O atoms.
\ n molecules of H2SO4 contains 2nH ; nS & 4n O atoms.
Now, 98g of H2SO4 contains 6.022 1023 H2SO4 molecules.
4900
\ 4900g of H2SO4 contains 6.022 1023 H2SO4 molecules.
98
= 3.011 1025 molecules.
\ No. of H, S & O atoms are calculated by putting n = 3.011 1026.
\ H :- 6.022 1025, S :- 3.011 1025, O :- 1.2044 1025 Ans.
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TM 9 MOLE CONCEPT
multiply by multiply by
divide by divide by
MOLECULAR
FORMULA
multiply by multiply by
Number
Mass ELEMENTAL Moles AVOGADROS of atoms
of each MOLAR MASS of each NUMBER of each
element element
element
divide by divide by
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MOLE CONCEPT 10 TM
LECTURE - 2
Insulin contains 3.2% sulphur by mass Calculate minimum mol. wt. of insulin.
Sol. Insulin contains 3.2% sulphur. by wt.
If. mol. wt. of insulin = x. amu.
32000
\ x= u = 1000u Ans.
32
Stoichiometry
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TM 11 MOLE CONCEPT
2.2 Stoichiometry
To study any chemical reaction, first of all we always balance it. Balancing involves equating
the number of atoms of every element involved on the both sides of a chemical reaction.
That is applying the law of conservation of atoms on a chemical reaction.
Important - 6
Number of molecules need not be conserved in a chemical reaction.
Limiting Reagent
Important - 7
As shown above, in any chemical reaction if the moles of reactants are taken in the
stoichiometric ratio then the reaction is complete with no reactants left behind. But if
they are not in the stoichiometric ratio then one of the reactants will be exhausted
before the others. This reactant will limit the progress of the reaction and thats why it
is called Limiting Reagent.
The reactant that gets exhausted first and limits the reaction is called Limiting Reagent.
Similarly there are those reactants which are left at the end of the reaction.
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MOLE CONCEPT 12 TM
The reactants which are left at the end of the reaction are called Excess Reagent.
LR ER
Eg: 3A + 6B 3C + 5D 3mol A 5 molD
i 9 mol 27 mol 9 mol 15 mol 9 mol 15 mol
f 0 mol 18
9 mol
The amount of products can be calculated by taken the stoichiometric ratios and identifying
limiting reagent in a reaction. The amount can also be calculated from the excess reactant
but we have to take the amount reacting in that case as all excess reactant does not react.
Class Example-10 :
Identify the Limiting Reagent (LR) and Excess Reactant (ER) in the following reactions
and also calculate the moles of the products formed and reactants left behind.
(a) 7A + 6B 3C + 4D
i 21 mol 24 mol
(b) 2A + 3B 4C + D
i 20 mol 25 mol
(c) 10A + 7B 2C + 6D
i 30 mol 21 mol
If instead of moles, the amount of reactants is given in grams or kg then there can be two
ways of carrying out the calculations, either convert the mass into moles by dividing by
Molar mass or find out the mass relationship of the reaction by stoichiometry and then apply
the unitary calculations.
160
3.7g SO2 produces = 3.7 =4.625g SO
128 3
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TM 13 MOLE CONCEPT
Class Example-11:
What mass of CaO will be formed on heating 5 kg of CaCO3?
Sol. CaCO3 CaO + CO2.
1 molecule 1 molecule 1 molecule
1 Mole 1 Mole 1 Mole
\ 100 g 56 g 44 g.
Q 100 g CaCO3 gives 56g CaO
56
\ 5000g CaCO3 gives 5000g CaO
100
= 2800 g = 2.8 kg CaO Ans.
Calculate the number of mol of Ca(HCO3)2 required to prepare 1.50 mol of CO2
according to the equation
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
Sol. Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
?? (moles) 1.5 moles.
1 mol. of Ca (HCO3)2 gives 2 moles of CO2.
1
\ To produce 1.5 moles of CO2; moles of Ca (HCO3)2 needed = 1.5
2
0.75 moles Ans.
12 44
\ 1g of sucrose produces g of CO . = 1.54g Ans.
342 2
12 32
\ 1g of sucrose reacts with g of O2. = 1.02g of O2 Ans.
342
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MOLE CONCEPT 14 TM
The reaction, 2C + O2 2CO is carried out by taking 24 g of carbon and 96 g O2, find
out:
(a) Which reactant is left in excess?
(b) How much of it is left?
(c) How many mole of CO are formed?
(d) How many g of other reactant should be taken so that nothing is left at the end of
reaction?
Sol. 2C + O2 2CO
24g 96g
(a) 2 moles of C reacts with 1 mole of O2.
\ 24g of C reacts with 32g of O2.
But weight of O2 taken is 96g which is greater than 32g.
\ O2 is in excess Ans.
(b) Moles of O2 needed for reacting with 2 moles of C =1 .
96
Moles of O2 taken = = 3.
32
1 moles of O2 in excess = 3 - 1 = 2 moles Ans.
(c) Moles of CO formed by reacting 2 moles of C = 2 Ans.
(d) 1 mole of O2 reacts with 2 moles of C.
\ 3 moles of O2 reacts with 2 3 moles of C.
= 6 moles of C.
\ Wt. of C needed to react completely with 96g O2 = 72g Ans.
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TM 15 MOLE CONCEPT
LECTURE - 3
Important Funda Question
Class Example-15: (Sequential Reactions) Schaum Series, Pg 178, Q 11.68
For the reaction 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3, 4.80 g of oxygen is used to burn 0.150 mol of
iron. What mass of Fe2O3 will be produced? What mass of Fe will be left over at the end
of the reaction? What mass of O2 will be left over at the end of the reaction?
Sol. 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
0.15 mol. 4.8g O2.
4.8
moles of O2 taken = = 0.15
32
Now, 4 moles of Fe reacts with 3 moles of O2.
3
\ 0.15 moles of Fe needs 0.15 moles of O2.
4
= 0.1125 moles of O2.
But moles of O2 taken is greater than 0.1125
\ O2 is in excess & Fe is the Limiting reagent.
Q 4 moles of Fe produces 2 moles of Fe2O3.
\ 0.15 moles of Fe produces 0.075 moles of Fe2O3.
\ Mass of Fe2O3 produced = 0.075 (2 56 + 3 16).
3
= 0.075 160 = 160 = 12g Ans.
40
Moles of O2 in excess = 0.15 0.1125 = 0.0375
\ mass of O2 in excess = 1.2 g Ans.
200 200
x= \ moles of Cl2 = 4.
138.5 138.5
200 4 71
\ wt. of Cl2 = = 410.108 g Ans.
138.5
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MOLE CONCEPT 16 TM
Stoichiometry of a reaction
Calculations based on that
Limiting and Excess Reactants
Mass-mole calculations
Mole-mass calculations
Class Example-17:
A on controlled oxidation gives X according to the reaction
2A + 9B 2X + 4Y + 4Z.
Some of the reactant A oxidizes into some other product and only 70% of the maximum
yield predicted by the equation is actually obtained. What weight of X is produced if the
weight of A taken is 200g and the mol. wts. of A & X are 128 & 148 gms/mole respectively.
actual yield
Sol. % yield = theoritical yield .
148
\ 200g of A will give 200g of X.
128
= 231.25 g.
actual yield 70
\ = actual yield = 231.25 0.7g = 161.875g Ans.
231.25g 100
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TM 17 MOLE CONCEPT
Calculate the amount of lime (CaO) that can be prepared by heating 200 kg of limestone
that is 95.0% pure CaCO3.
Sol. 106.4 Kg
CaCO3 D
CaO + CO2
200kg (95%) ?
wt. of CaCO3 taken = 200 kg
\ wt. of pure CaCO3 taken = 0.95200103g
0.95 200
\ moles of pure CaCO3 = 103 moles.
100
= 1.9 103 moles
\ moles of CaO produced = 1.9 103 moles
\ wt. of CaO produced = (1.9 56 103)g
= 106.4 Kg Ans.
Some reactions take place in water. For example, if we have to react two salts which are in
solid phase, then we have to make two solutions of the salts in water and then mix them and
then they will react and products will be formed. Before proceeding ahead we will take a look
at what is a solution?
A solution which contains only two components is called Binary Solution. The major
component is called Solvent and the minor one is called Solute.
The amount of solute dissolved per unit solution or solvent is called Strength of solution
1. Mole Fraction:
For example, in a solution of 36 g water (H2O) and 46 g ethanol, (C2H5OH) there are 2
moles of water and 1 mol of ethanol and therefore their mole fractions are:
Xwater = 2/3 and XEthanol = 1/3
For example, if a solution is 30%w/w then in 100 g of it there are 30 g of solute and 70
g of solvent.
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MOLE CONCEPT 18 TM
For example, if a cough syrup is 5%v/v of alcohol then 100 mL of the syrup contains 5
mL of alcohol. This unit is applicable to Liquid-in-Liquid solutions only.
7. Molality, m:
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TM 19 MOLE CONCEPT
8. Molarity, M:
moles of solute 2
We know, molarity = vol. of solution in L. = 1.5 = 1.33M Ans.
100
\ 3.2g of NaCl will be contained in 3.2
5
= 64g Ans.
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MOLE CONCEPT 20 TM
Many a times the above parameters are linked to each other by using density of the
solution. So its very important to be clear about the use of density as well.
Density of a solution is mass of the solution per unit volume
Density, d = (Mass of solution/Volume of solution) = m/V
Units of density may be g/mL, kg/L, kg/m3 etc.
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TM 21 MOLE CONCEPT
LECTURE - 4
Calculate the volume of concentrated sulfuric acid (density 1.84 g/mL), containing
98.0% H2SO4 by weight, that would contain 40.0 g pure H2SO4.
Sol. Given, 100g of solution contains 98g of H2SO4.
Q 98g of H2SO4 is contained in 100g of solution
100 2000
\ 40g of H2SO4 is contained in 40g of solution = g.
98 49
= 22.2mL Ans.
100 g solution will contain 49 g H2SO4 which is equal to (49/98) mol = 0.5 mol
The volume of 100 g solution can be calculated by dividing the mass by density. But the
volume obtained will be in mL which will have to be divided by 1000 to convert in L.
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MOLE CONCEPT 22 TM
Algorithm Approach :
Given : mass %, density of solution (g/mL)
To Calculate : Molarity
Molecular
weight
Mass of Moles of
solute solute
Interpret
Strength Molarity
(Mass%)
Mass of Volume of
solution solution
density
of solution
x solution 10
Molarity = Mo
x : Mass percent
rsolution : Density of solution in g/mL
Mo : Molecular weight of solute
Given : mass %
To Calculate : Molality
Mol. Mass
Mass of Mass of
solute solute
Molality
Interpret
Strength Mass of
(mass%) solvent
Convert
wt to kg.
Mass of
solution
1000x
Molality =
Mo (100 - x)
x : Mass percent
Mo : Molecular wt. of solute.
Given : Mole fraction of solute (Xsolute), rsoln. (g/mL)
To Calculate : Molarity
1000 X solute soln.
Molarity =
X solute Msolute + (1 - x) Msolvent
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TM 23 MOLE CONCEPT
Dilution of Solution:
Dilution means decreasing the strength / concentration of the solution. A solution can be
diluted by adding more solvent to it. In the process of dilution moles of solute remains constant.
Volume increases and Molarity decreases.
n = M V = constant
\ M 1 V1 = M 2 V2
Important - 8
Where 1 and 2 represent the state before and after dilution respectively. For subsequent
dilutions:
If two solutions of the same solute are added then the moles of solute and volumes of solution
both get added and the new molarity can be calculated by-
Calculate the final concentration of solute after 250 mL of 5.0 M antifreeze solution
and 500 mL of 4.0 M antifreeze solution are combined and diluted to 2.0 L with water.
Sol. First let us consider the first solution :-
moles of solutions = M1V1 = 250mL 5.0 moles/lt.
= 0.25 5 moles = 1.25 moles.
Now, in second solution :-
moles of solutions = M2V2 = 500 mL 4.0 moles/lt.
= 0.5 4 moles = 2 moles.
\ On mixing these two solutions :-
Total moles of solute = 1.25 + 2 = 3.25
Final vol. of solution after mixing = (0.25 + 0.5)L = 0.75
13
Now, by dilution law; 0.75 = M 2 M = 1.625 M
3 2 2
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MOLE CONCEPT 24 TM
What volume of 96.0% H2SO4 solution (density 1.83 g/mL) must be used to prepare
2.00 L of 3.00 M H2SO4 solution?
Sol. We need 2L of 3M H2SO4 solution.
\ Moles of H2SO4 needed = 2 3 = 6 moles.
\ wt. of H2SO4 required = 6 98 = 588g.
Also given that 96g of H2SO4 is contained in 100g of solution taken.
100
\ 588g of H2SO4 is contained in 588 g of solution taken.
96
= 612.5g
612.5
\ vol. of solutions needed = = 334.699 mL Ans.
1.83
V = 12.6 mL
FYI
We are talking about variation of molarity and molarity with temperature with an
assumption that the solution is a closed system and no loss of any kind is happening.
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TM 25 MOLE CONCEPT
When reactions take place in solution phase, then many a times strength terms are used to
represent the amount of reactants. Mostly the term used is molarity. We have to remember
that moles can be calculated if we have molarity and volume.
Number of moles, n = M V
And after calculating moles, the concept of Limiting Reagent and Excess Reactant can be
applied easily, and even the final molarities of products and excess reactants calculated.
Calculate the concentration of an HCl solution if 2.50 mL of the solution took 4.50
mL of 3.00 M NaOH to neutralize.
n 13.5 10 -3
\ Molarity of HCl = = = 5.4M Ans.
v 2.5 10-3
What volume of 0.20 M H2SO4 is required to produce 34.0 g H2S by the reaction
34
moles of H2S produced = =1
34
n 5
\ volume needed = = = 25L Ans.
M 0.2
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MOLE CONCEPT 26 TM
A 40.0 mL sample of Na2SO4 solution is treated with an excess of BaCl2. If the mass
of the precipitated BaSO4 is 2.33 g, what is the molar concentration of the Na2SO4
solution? (Atomic Mass of Ba = 137)
2.33g.
2.33
\ moles of BaSO4 deposited = = 0.01
233
n 0.01
\ molarity = = = 0.25M Ans.
v 0.04
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TM 27 MOLE CONCEPT
LECTURE - 5
We can calculate the mass percentage composition of a molecule by dividing the mass of
individual elements present in one mole of it by the Molecular mass of the compound.
Mass Percent = (Mass of an element in 1 mol / Molar Mass of the compound) 100
For example, if we take Glucose the in 180 g of C6H12O6 there are 6 12 = 72 g carbon
therefore mass percentage of carbon is (72/180) 100 = 40%
For example, the empirical formula of glucose, C6H12O6 is CH2O and the former represents
the molecular formula.
n-factor :- The number which when multiplied to the empirical formula gives the molecular
formula is called then n-factor denoted by n i.e. (empirical formula)n molecular formula.
molecular weight of the compound
Also n =
Empirical formula weight
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MOLE CONCEPT 28 TM
Determination of Empirical and Molecular Formulae from mass percent composition data:
If mass percent composition of a compound is given then the molar ratios of all the atoms
can be calculated by dividing them by respective atomic weights and converting it into simple
whole number ratios the empirical formula can be determined. Then by knowing the ratio of
molecular formula mass and empirical formula mass (n-factor) the molecular formula may
be deduced.
Derive the empirical formula of a hydrocarbon that on analysis gave the following
percent composition: C = 85.63%, H = 14.37%.
Sol. C : 85.63% H = 14.37%
85.63 14.37
\ C: = 7.13 H:
12 1
7.13 14.3
\ nc = =1 nH =2
7.13 7.13
Emp. for = CH2.
A 15.00g sample of an unstable hydrated salt, Na2SO4 .xH2O, was found to contain
7.05 g of water. Determine the empirical formula of the salt.
Sol. 15g. Na2SO4. xH2O contains 7.05g water.
From formula we know that 1 molecule contains x water molecules or, (142+18x)g
contains 18x g of H2O.
18x 7.05
\ = 18 (15 - 7.05)x = 142 7.05
142 + 18x 15
\x=7
\ Empirical formula = Na2SO4 7 H2O
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TM 29 MOLE CONCEPT
These are primitive laws which define chemical combination in a compound or compounds.
In a chemical reaction the mass of reactants consumed and mass of the products
formed is same, that is mass is conserved.
For example: In CO2 the ratio in which C and O combine is 12:32 = 3:8 and this remains
fixed whatever the source of the gas is.
Ratio of the masses of Nitrogen combining with a fixed mass of oxygen = 28:7 = 4:1
H(2g)
H2S H2O
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MOLE CONCEPT 30 TM
Therefore the two ratios bear a simple whole number ratio to each other and that is
law of reciprocal proportions.
All these laws indicate that in chemical combination atoms combine in whole numbers
with each other.
For example:
X mol of A2B3 Y mol A3C5 Z mol A5D7
If in the whole sequence A was neither added nor removed then its number of atoms should
be conserved, that is:
2X mol = 3Y mol = 5Z mol
Even if A is removed or added those moles can be taken into account for conservation, but lot
of involuntary errors may occur in this short cut method.
Class Example-35:
27.6g of K2CO3 was treated by a series of reagents so as to convert all of its carbon to
K 2 Zn 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] 2 . Calculate t he weight of t he pr oduct . (Molecular Mass
of K2Zn3 [Fe (CN)6]2 = 698.5)
Sol. K2CO3
reagents.
K2 Zn3 [Fe (CN)6]2.
concentrating only on the carbon atoms & balancing it
Product side :- 1 molecule contains 12 C atoms.
& 12 K2CO3 molecules can provide 12 C atoms.
1
\ moles of product = moles of K 2CO3
12
27.6
\ moles of K2CO3 = = 0.2
138
0.2
\ moles of product =
12
0.2
\ wt. of product = 698.5g
12
= 11.64g Ans.
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TM 31 MOLE CONCEPT
1.054g.
Applying POAC to P
Moles of NaH2PO4 = 2 moles of Mg2P2O7.
1.054
now, moles of Mg2P2O7 =
222
1.054 120
Wt. of NaH2PO4 =
111
= 1.14 g Ans.
x
moles of SO3 =
80
moles of H2SO4 = x/80
x
mass of H2SO4 = 98 g
80
98x 18x
Total mass of H2SO4 in soln = 100 x + = 100 +
80 80
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MOLE CONCEPT 32 TM
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TM 33 MOLE CONCEPT
We know that an acid is a compound which furnishes H+ ion and base is the one which
give OH- ion in water. When acid and base react with each other water and salt are
formed. This reaction is called Acid-Base Neutralisation. For example,
H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O
What we see above is an overall reaction which takes place inside water. But the
underlying reaction in the above process is the one between H+ ion and OH- ion to give
water.
H+ + OH H2O
In this reaction 1 mol H+ combines with 1 mol OH to give 1 mol water. We can also say
that 1 mole positive charge is combining with 1 mol negative charge in the process.
This is a universally true statement. Now, let us focus our attention on the sources of
these negative and positive charges.
Acid is source of positive charge and base is the source of negative charge. As we know 1
mol positive charge will always combine with 1 mol negative charge we can also infer that
those masses of the sources should react which furnishes 1 mol of the respective charges.
Mass of source producing 1 mol +ve charge Mass of source producing 1 mol ve charge
It can be clearly seen in the above reaction that 98 g of H2SO4 gives 2 mol +ve charge
(H+) and 40 g of NaOH gives 1 mol ve charge(OH). Therefore according to the above
relation 49 g of the acid should combine with 40 g of the base both of which are responsible
to give 1 mol of the respective charges.
98 g of H2SO4 2 mol H+
1 mol H+ 49 g H2SO4
1 mol OH 40 g NaOH
49 g H2SO4 40 g NaOH
This can be verified by a balanced chemical equation and applying mole concept. The
conclusion is:
In an acid-base reaction, that mass of an acid which give 1 mol H+ combines with that
mass of a base which gives 1 mol OH-.
From the above comes the definition of Equivalent weight and no. of equivalents for
acid and base.
The mass of an acid which furnishes 1 mol H+ is called its Equivalent mass.
The mass of the base which furnishes 1 mol OH- is called its Equivalent mass.
And according to the above concept acid and base always react in the ratio of their
Equivalent masses.
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MOLE CONCEPT 34 TM
Now we know how to calculate the equivalent mass of an acid and a base. It is represented
by E.
M.M.
E=
Z
Where, z is called valency factor which in case of acid and base is the number of H+
and OH furnished by one molecule of the compound. As we define moles for Molar
mass we define equivalents for equivalent mass. For example, just like we say 98 g of
H2SO4 contain 1 mol of the acid, in the same way we say that 49 g contains 1 equivalent
of the acid.
No. of equivalents, eq = weight/Equivalent weight = w/E
Therefore we can say that 1 equivalent of an acid always combines with 1 equivalent
of a base.
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TM 35 MOLE CONCEPT
Important
1 equivalent of an acid 1 equivalent of a base
This is law of chemical equivalence applied to acids and bases.
As we have applied the law of equivalence on the reaction of one acid and one base sample, in
the same way we can apply it to a mixture as well. For complete reaction equivalents of acids
present in mixture should be equal to equivalents of bases present. This is because in equivalent
concept it doesnt matter what the compound or the balanced reaction is. We know that total H+
should be equal to total OH for complete reaction.
Total equivalents of acids = Total equivalents of bases
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MOLE CONCEPT 36 TM
We already know how to calculate the valency factor of acids and bases and their
equivalent weight.
For acids, z is the number of replaceable H+ ions in one mole of the compound.
For bases, z is the number of replaceable OH ions in one mole of the compound.
Now let us focus on ions: cations and anions. Take for example the combination of Fe2+
with Cl to form FeCl2. We know that 1 unit positive charge will combine with 1 unit
negative charge in nature.
56 g of Fe2+ = 2 mol positive charge
35.5 g of Cl = 1 mol negative charge
Therefore, 28 g of Fe2+ combines with 35.5 g Cl both carrying same amount of opposite
charges. Therefore:
Equivalent weight of Fe2+ = 56/2 = 28 g (valency factor = 2)
Equivalent weight of Cl = 35.5/1 (Valency factor = 1)
For ions, z is the amount of charge present on 1 mol of the ion/1 ion.
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TM 37 MOLE CONCEPT
This is the basic principle of chemical combination (The one we studied in primary
classes). Lets try the same for Al3+ and SO42-.
1 eq of Al3+ should combine with 1 eq of SO42-
Equivalent weight of Al3+ = 27/3 = 9 g
Equivalent weight of SO42- = 96/2 = 48 g
Therefore 9 g of Al3+ will combine with 48 g of SO42-. These are also their equivalent
weights or 1 equivalent.
Now we can discuss the case of salts. Salts are compounds which give cations and
anions in water that is they furnish positive charge and negative charge. So there
primary property is to give an equal amount of positive and negative charge. For example
Na2CO3 is a salt one mole of which will give 2 unit positive charge and two units negative
charge in form of cation and anion respectively. Equivalent weight of a salt is defined
as that mass which gives 1 mol positive charge or 1 mol negative charge. For example,
106 g of Na2CO3 gives 2 mol positive and negative charge, then its equivalent weight
will be 53 g.
For salts, z is defined as the total amount of positive or negative charge furnished by 1
mol of the salt.
For example, for Al2(SO4)3 the total positive charge is 6 units and therefore z = 6.
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MOLE CONCEPT 38 TM
LECTURE-7
We have almost completely dealt with equivalent concept. But it is important to know
the origin of it and understand it from the very basics. Equivalent weight for various
elements was initially defined in terms of hydrogen.
That weight of an element that combines with 1 g of hydrogen is called its
Equivalent weight.
Here the assumption was that equivalent weight of H is 1 g.
For example, in AlH3 27 g Al combines with 3 g H, therefore 9 g Al will combine with 1 g
H which is its equivalent weight.
Then it was found that not every element shows a tendency to combine with hydrogen
so Oxygen was used as a basis.
That weight of an element that combines with 8 g of oxygen is called equivalent
weight.
That is equivalent weight of O is taken to be 8 g because it exists as O2- (16/2).
For example, in Al2O3:
54 g Al 48 g O
Therefore, 8 g O 9 g Al and EAl = 9 g.
Whatever the basis may be, the result for the same species should be unchanged.
If we have to calculate the equivalent weight of Al2O3 then we can either do it by the
charge method (z=6) or by adding the equivalent weights of the components involved:
1 equivalent of Al2O3 = 1 eq of Al + 1 eq O
Equivalent weight of Al2O3 = 9 + 8 = 17 g (verify it by charge method)
So if we generalise this, for any compound of the form MXNY:
Equivalent weight of MXNY = Equivalent weight of M + Equivalent weight of N
irrespective of x and y.
Now let us apply law of chemical equivalence to the formation of an oxide:
Say a metal M is to be converted into its oxide MXOY:
1 equivalent of M 1 equivalent of the oxide MXOY
For example, if Fe is to be converted into Fe2O3 then
1 equivalent of Fe 1 equivalent of Fe2O3
E g metal will give (E+8) g of the oxide which the equivalent weight of the oxide.
There is a common misconception that equivalent weight remains the same for a
given element. But this is not true. It depends on its valency. For example, Iron will
have two different equivalent weights in Fe2+ and Fe3+ (56/2 and 56/3 g). However,
equivalent weights of elements like hydrogen and Oxygen are generally the same that
is 1 g and 8 g respectively.
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TM 39 MOLE CONCEPT
The way we defined molar volume of a gas at STP as the volume occupied by one mole
of a gas at STP which is 22.4 L assuming it to be ideal gas, in the same way we can
define equivalent volume.
Equivalent Volume is the volume occupied by 1 equivalent of a gas at STP.
For example, equivalent weight of H is 1 g. 2 g of H2 occupies 22.4 L at STP then 1 g will
occupy 11.2 L which is its equivalent volume. In the same way:
Equivalent Volume of Oxygen = 22.4/4 = 5.6 L
Equivalent volume of Chlorine = 22.4/2 = 11.2 L
These volumes are very important in calculations. For example O2 is formed in a reaction
by 3 eq of a reactant then 3 eq of O2 gas will be formed which will occupy: 3 5.6 = 16.8 L
volume at STP.
given volume
eqts = Eqt. volume
If W1 and W2 are the weights of two reactants in any reaction, having their equivalent
weights E1 and E2 respectively, which of the following equations represents the law of
equivalence correctly ?
(a) W1E1 = W2E2 (b) W1E2 = W2E1 (c) W1W2 = E1E2
Sol.The answer is (b) because number of equivalents = W1/E1 = W2/E2.
12 32 12 8
= EM = =3
EM 8 32
EMO EM + EO
Sol. E = E
M M
1
=1 + = 3/2
2
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MOLE CONCEPT 40 TM
0.376 g of aluminium reacted with an acid to displace 0.468 litre of hydrogen at NTP.
Find the equivalent volume of hydrogen if the equivalent weight of Al is 9.
Sol.Equivalent of Al = equivalent of hydrogen.
0.376 0.468
=
9 V ( litre )
\ V = 11.2 litres
9.44 5
=
E MO EM
9.44 5
=
EM + E O EM
9.44 5
=
EM + 8 EM
EM = 9.01g/eq
ECa(OH)2 = 37
x 4.2 - x
+ = 0.1
56 37
x = 1.47g
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TM 41 MOLE CONCEPT
N = eq/V
eq = w/E
E = M/z
Substituting:
N = z w/( M V) = z n/V = z M
Therefore, Normality = z Molarity
Also, eqts = z moles
(b) Equivalent weight of Na2CO3 = (1/2) (formula weight) = (1/2) (106.0) = 53.0
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MOLE CONCEPT 42 TM
The volume increase is V2 V1 = 625 mL 250 mL = 375 mL (When liquids are mixed,
the final volume is not necessarily the sum of the volumes of the original liquids. For
dilute aqueous solutions being mixed with each other or with water, however, the
volumes are very nearly additive.)
( 30 mL ) ( 4.0 N )
Volume NaOH = = 20 mL
6.0 N
250 mg
Equivalent weight of acid = 5.00 meq = 50.0 mg/meq = 50.0 g/eq
EK2CO3 = 69
ELi2CO3 = 37
x 0.5 - x
+ = 0.03 0.25
69 37
x = 0.479g
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TM 43 MOLE CONCEPT
In long reactions equivalent concept may be applied to obtain the final answer very
easily. For example:
ABCD
If we start with A and through a series of reactions we obtain D then provided everything
else is in excess.
Equivalents of A = Equivalents of D
Say we start with 6 eq of A and we add a reagent R to convert it into B and so on. If we
take 3 eq of R and everything else in excess then 3 eq of D will be formed as R will be
limiting reagent. These problems can be solved without writing any reactions in general.
1
Sol. Meq. of CaCO3 = Meq. of HCl = Meq. of CaCl2 formed = 525 = 52.5
10
1
This CaCl2 is now converted to CaSO4 and then to Plaster of Paris CaSO4 . H2O
2
1
\ Meq. of CaSO4 . H2O or Plaster of Paris = Meq. of CaSO obtained by CaCl
2 4 2
w
1000 = 52.5
145/2
1
\ Weight of CaSO4 . H2O = 3.81 g
2
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MOLE CONCEPT 44 TM
FYI
Calculation of equivalent Mass :
While calculating the equivalent mass of a compound we must check the source of the
compound as the equivalent mass may vary depending on the source.
H+ + OH H2O
E (H2O) = E (H+) + E (OH)
= 1 + 17
= 18g
1
H2 + O2 H2O
2
12
8g oxygen combines with = 8
32
= 3g
E (CO2) = E (C) + E (O)
=3+8
= 11g
+3 +4
4
C 2 O -2 Z =1
2 CO2
44
E (CO2 ) = = 44g
1
Dream on !!
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MOLE
CONCEPT
(2011-2012)
Name .....................................
Batch .....................................