BUENAVISTA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS

Buenavista, Guimaras

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS BRIQUETTES

FROM PAPER, CARBONIZED RICE HUSK AND DRIED LEAVES

A Research Proposal

Presented to the Faculty, Special Science Class

Buenavista National High School

Buenavista Guimaras

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the requirements for Completion

In Junior High School

Vincent Emilio L. Chan

October 23, 2016

 BUENAVISTA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS BRIQUETTES

FROM PAPER, RICE HUSK AND DRIED LEAVES

Chapter 1

Introduction

Chapter One is divided into five parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2)

Statement of the Objectives and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) definition

of Terms and (5) Delimitations of the Study

Part One, Background of the Study, gives a general explanation about the

research problem and the rationale why the study is being conducted

Part Two, Research objectives and Hypothesis shows the goal of the study

and specific problems to be known with hypothesis to be experimented

Part Three, Significance of the Study, presents the application of the

gathered knowledge which can be advantageous to the different associations and

can improve the results of the study

Part Four, Definition of Terms, contains the proper definitions of keyword

present in the study

Part Five, Delimitations of the Study, distinguishes the scope and

limitations encountered along the study

Background of the Study and Theoretical Framework

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Fuel is basics need in our daily life. It is use in household like cooking our food

that we eat every day. Now, in our community we use a lot of fuel usually charcoal

since it is the most due to its large quantity and distributions and sometimes we

waste a lot of it. The researcher wants to find a solution on how to find a source of

fuel from a certain material that is efficient and less cheap.

Paper is an incredibly versatile substance made from naturally occurring plant

fibres called cellulose. Originally derived from cloth rags and grasses, paper is now

predominantly made with wood (in Europe, non-wood based pulp accounts for just

1.3% of pulp production). From the finest quality paper through to the thickest,

strongest corrugated carton, the manufacturing process for this renewable resource

is the same. Paper products have a vast range of useful applications - it can be

made soft and delicate as the lightest tissue or strong and tough enough to be used

as a construction material. And this ubiquitous substance continues to reveal new

attributes: paper can be treated and made fire-resistant and it can even be

waterproofed and used in boat hulls (Paperonline, 2016).

According to Renewable Energy World (1999), residential waste is closely

related with every citizen each day, which refers to the wastes generated by

households living, including kitchen and gardens organic wastes, recyclable waste

such as paper, textile, plastics, etc., and non-recyclable wastes and batteries-like

hazardous waste. There are a wide range of materials that can be used to make

briquettes, such as waste paper, cardboard, water hyacinth, agricultural residues,

charcoal dust, and wood wastes like sawdust.

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The rice husk (or hull) is the outermost layer of the paddy grain that is

separated from the rice grains during the milling process. Around 20% of paddy

weight is husk and rice production in Asia produces about 770 million tons of husks

annually. According to Martin Gummert, rice husk was largely considered a waste

product that was often burned or dumped on landfills (IRRI, n. d.). Most farmers all

over the world grow rice and human beings do have a large consumption of rice

every day, which means that there are tons of rice husks in the world each year.

Besides, as they are very loose, they cannot be used as fuel. Therefore, rice husks,

as a large portion of biomass energy produced in the rice growing regions has been

lying as waste at the rice mills in many countries (gcmachines, 2014).

A leaf is a flat, thin plant organ that uses the sun to make its own food. In

general leaves are green and use the chemical called chlorophyll to trap energy

from the sun. This process is known as photosynthesis. The energy is used to

combine water from the soil and carbon dioxide gas from the air to make sugar.

Oxygen is released during this process a process called Respiration. The leaf acts

almost like a solar panel for attracting energy from the sun. Leaves are prominent in

the human diet as leaf vegetables like lettuce (Sciencewithme, 2016).

According to Biomassmagazine (2016), fuel briquettes generated by the

low-pressure compaction of paper, sawdust, agricultural or yard waste, etc.

currently serve as an alternative to firewood, wood pellets and charcoal in

developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America. The materials for bio

briquettes including paper, leaves, pine needles, sawdust and shop waste were
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ground into particles of 6 to 8 millimeters (mm) in diameter to increase surface area

for soaking and to enhance packing efficiency.

Research Objectives

There is information regarding the paper, coconut rice husk and dried leaves

as a biomass briquette:

General Objective:

To attain efficiency on fuel saving as an alternative substitute for as

typical biomass fuel.

Specific objective:

To determine the potential of paper, rice husk and dried leaves to

produce a biomass fuel in the product of briquette.

To determine the efficiency of the homemade biomass briquette using

cooking and ignition test.

Hypothesis

Based on the proceeding problems, the hypothesis states that there is no

significant effects among the different amounts of paper, carbonized rice husk and

dried leaves when used as materials to produce briquettes.

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Significance of the Study

The result will be beneficial to the following:

Students- this study would benefit the students for they would gain some

knowledge and thoughts on which they can share to others or may give them ideas

to try other things that may have wonder them. It can refresh their minds and they

can find new things around.

Teachers- this study would benefit the teachers for they may learn and

understand the things that bother them and they can share the ideas they learn to

their fellow students that can motivate them to explore new many things.

Briquette Producer- this study would benefit the briquette producer for they

will have new ideas, great and affordable products that will motivate the buyers to

buy wisely because of its cheap and affordable price.

Future Researchers-this study could benefit the future researchers for they

can gain some new ideas or they can form out of something from the study that will

motivate them to use and apply it to their own study. For them to encourage other

researchers who have difficulties in their studies and to gain new things and tactics

for their study.

Government- this study would benefit the government for they can gain

knowledge and the government could share and spread on what they have learned

on the studies and the people will be aware on buying cheap and affordable

materials.
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Definition of Terms

The following terms given are defined conceptually and operationally for

better

understanding:

Paper- a substance made from wood pulp, rags, straw, or other fibrous

material, usually in thin sheets, used to bear writing or printing, for wrapping

things, etc. A written or printed document or the like (Idioms Dictionary, 1995).

In this study, papers are pulp with water and use as the material use in

making the briquettes.

Rice Husk-is the outermost layer of protection encasing a rice grain. It is a

yellowish color and has a convex shape. It is slightly larger than a grain of rice, thus

lengths up to 7mm are possible (Ricehusk, 2016).

In this study, rice husk is carbonized and use as the material use in making

the briquettes.

Leaf- one of the flat and typically green parts of a plant that grow from a

stem or twig and a sheet of paper in a book.A part that can be added to or removed

from a table to change the size of its top surface (Merriam Webster, 1828).

In this study, dried leaves are use as the material use in making the

briquettes.
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Dried- having no or very little water or liquid or no longer wet. Having no rain

or little rain (Merriam Webster, 1828).

In this study, the leaves we collect are already dried.

Biomass- is energy that is organic matter, especially plant matter that can be

converted to fuel and is therefore regarded as a potential energy source

(Dictionary, 2016).

In this study, the briquette produced is made of biomass materials.

Briquette- a small block of compressed coal dust or charcoal used for fuel,

especially in barbecuing. A molded block of any material (Dictionary, 2016).

In this study, the product made from the materials given is briquette.

Delimitation of the Study

The main purpose of the study was to determine the potential of paper,

carbonized rice husk and dried leaves as biomass briquettes.

The research study will be conducted at the researchers house, Old

Poblacion, Buenavista, Guimaras.

This study utilized the use of Complete Randomized Design (CRD) where

twelve briquette where arranged by three in a row of four that serves as replicates

of the treatments.

This study focused on the difference between the varying amount of

paper, rice husk and dried leaves when used to create a briquette.

This research had three variables: the dependent, the independent, and

the controlled variable. The independent variable included the different amount of
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paper, carbonized rice husk and dried leaves, the dependent variable in the study

was the result produced by the product, and the controlled variable is the artificial

charcoal.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Set up A: 700 grams of pulp

paper with 300 grams of

The length of fire produce of
cornstarch as binder
the biomass briquettes
Set up B: 700 grams of

carbonized rice husk with 300

grams of cornstarch as binder

Set up C: 700 grams of dried

leaves with 300 grams of

cornstarch as binder

Set up D: Charcoal
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Figure 1.Shows the Paradigm of the Study

CHAPTER II

Review of related literature\ Related studies\ Conceptual framework

This chapter deals with the review of literature related to the study. It is

divided into four parts: (1) Review of Related Literature, (2) Related Studies, (3)

Conceptual Framework, (4) Summary.

Part One, Review of Related Literature, tackles about Paper, Rice Husk and

Dried Leaves.

Part Two, Review of Related Studies, presents previous study which has the

relation to the study.

Part Three, Conceptual Framework, where the study would pattern.

Part Four, Summary, discusses the summary of all the ideas mentioned.
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Paper

Paper making is one of the inventions by Chinese. 105 A.D. is often cited as

the year in which papermaking was invented. In that year, historical records show

that the invention of paper was reported to the Eastern Han Emperor Ho-di by Ts'ai

Lun, an official of the Imperial Court. Recent archaeological investigations, however,

place the actual invention of papermaking some 200 years earlier and later it was

discovered that the quality of paper could be much improved with the addition of

rags hemp and old fish nets to the pulp. The paper was soon widely used in China

and spread to the rest of world through the Silk Road (silk-road, 1997).

Paper is an incredibly versatile substance made from naturally occurring

plant fibers called cellulose. Originally derived from cloth rags and grasses, paper is

now predominantly made with wood (in Europe, non-wood based pulp accounts for

just 1.3% of pulp production). From the finest quality paper through to the thickest,

strongest corrugated carton, the manufacturing process for this renewable resource

is the same. Paper products have a vast range of useful applications - it can be

made soft and delicate as the lightest tissue or strong and tough enough to be used

as a construction material. And this ubiquitous substance continues to reveal new

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attributes: paper can be treated and made fire-resistant and it can even be

waterproofed and used in boat hulls (paperonline, 2016).

Paper has uses in the medical industry to make bandages and surgical

dressings as well as surgical gowns. It is used to make many home decor items,

including sturdy laminated kitchen countertops, flooring and wallpaper. Rags used

to be the main ingredient of paper for many years, but now most types of paper are

made out of wood pulp (reference, 2016).

According to Biomassmagazine (2016), fuel briquettes generated by the

low-pressure compaction of paper, sawdust, agricultural or yard waste, currently

serve as an alternative to firewood, wood pellets and charcoal in developing

countries in Africa, Asia and South America. The energy produced when properly

molded biobriquettes are combusted is comparable to traditional fuels. These

biobriquettes can be burned in unmodified wood and wood pellet stoves, fireplaces,

patio heaters and charcoal grills, and provides a low-cost method for converting

organic wastes into energy.

Rice Husk

The rice husk (or hull) is the outermost layer of the paddy grain that is

separated from the rice grains during the milling process. Around 20% of paddy

weight is husk and rice production in Asia produces about 770 million tons of husks

annually. According to Martin Gummert, postharvest expert at the International Rice

Research Institute, rice husk was largely considered a waste product that was often

burned or dumped on landfills. In India, a nongovernment organization uses rice

 BUENAVISTA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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husk to supply rural villages with cheap and affordable electricity, while a company

in Spain saves the environment one wood-free chopstick at a time (irri, n. d.).

Rice husk is an agricultural residue which accounts for 20% of the

649.7 million tons of rice produced annually worldwide. The produced partially burnt

husk from the milling plants when used as a fuel also contributes to pollution and

efforts are being made to overcome this environmental issue by utilizing this

material as a supplementary cementing material. The chemical composition of rice

husk is found to vary from one sample to another due to the differences in the type

of paddy, crop year, climate and geographical conditions (scielo, 2009).

Rice husk from paddy (Oryza sativa) is one example of alternative material

that has a great potential. Rice husk a major by-product of the rice milling industry,

is one of the most commonly available lignocellulosic materials that can be

converted to different types of fuels and chemical feedstocks through a variety of

thermochemical conversion processes. It is an agricultural residue abundantly

available in rice producing countries. It is used as fuel in the rice mills to generate

steam for the parboiling process. This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile

matter and the balance 25 % of the weight of this husk is converted into ash during

the firing process, is known as rice husk ash (nnir, n. d.).

According to wood- pellet- mill (2000), the advantages of using rice husk

pellets are good to environment compare of burning rice husk, it is convenient that

is densified and more compacted which make the feeding automated heating

system more easily, high effectiveness because rice husk pellet burn longer and

combustion rate above 95%, and wide application as it can be using any appliances.
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Leaves

The leaf is a part of the plant that is charge of making food for the plant.

The parts are petiole (a thin stalk that connects the blade of the leaf to the plant's

stem), and blade (a thin stalk that connects the blade of the leaf to the plant's

stem). Leaves come in a variety of shapes, sizes, color, and textures. Leaves can be

grouped as simple with one blade or compound with many leaflets. The edges of

leaves can be smooth, have jagged edges referred to as toothed or scalloped edges

referred to as lobed edges. Leaves can also be divided into how their veins are

arranged. Some leaves have special features such as spines and bud scales to

protect them. Leaves contain other substances besides chlorophyll that give the leaf

color. These substances are called pigments and cause leaves to turn colors in

autumn (mcwdn, n. d.).

Leaves are use as food (leaves are widely used for culinary purposes.

Now a day people concentrate on eating more leaves because they are very good

for maintaining a good health. Fast food giants like McDonalds and pizza hut

started providing salads as side dishes), medicine (Herbal medicine refers to using

plant's leaves, seeds, berries, roots, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. The

value of using herbal medicine in treating and preventing disease is increasing

rapidly), beverages (Leaves are used to make beverages like tea. Tea is an aromatic

beverage prepared from the cured leaves by combination with hot or boiling water.

It has a cooling, slightly bitter, astringent flavor), skin tattoo, pest control,

recreational drugs, cigarettes and other uses (bukisa, 2008).

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Related Studies

In the study entitled Fuel Characterization of Briquettes Produced from

Corncob and Rice Husk Resides (2010) by Oladeji J. T. Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology stated that, the selection or

choice of agro-waste briquettes for domestic and industrial cottage applications

depends on the fuel properties and investigations were carried out on properties of

briquettes produced from corncob and rice husk residues with a view to finding out

which of the two residues examined can be used more efficiently and rationally as

fuel. Ultimate and proximate analyses were carried out to determine the average

composition of their constituents. A simple prototype briquetting machine was

fabricated to facilitate densification of these residues into briquettes.

In the study entitled Rice Husk Energy Technologies in Bangladesh (2007) by

Ahiduzzaman M. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute stated that, this study was
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conducted to focus on the improvement of rice husk energy and constraints for

technologies dissemination in

Bangladesh. The performances of the rice husk energy technologies were studied.

The

benefits of the use of rice husk energy technologies were analyzed and the

constraints to its

dissemination were found out during this study. This biomass energy is playing a

significant role in the country energy use.

In the study entitled Development of Rice Husk Briquettes for Use as Fuel

(2012) by Yahaya D. B. and Ibrahim T. G. Department of Mechanical Engineering

stated that, Rice husk, which is a large portion of biomass produced in the rice

growing regions has been lying waste at the rice mills in most part of this country. It

was investigated as a source of solid fuel; two sets of solid fuel briquettes were

produced from rice husk using starch and gum Arabic as binders. The briquetting

was carried out manually using a dead weight. Good and strong briquettes were

produced. Water boiling tests were carried out which showed that 1kg of rice husk -

gum Arabic briquette and rice husk - starch briquette took 15 minutes respectively

to boil 2 litres of water where as it took 1.2kg of firewood 21 minutes to boil the

same quantity of water.

In the study entitled Production of Fuel Briquettes from Waste Paper and

Coconut Husk

Admixtures (2007) by Olorunnisola A. Department of Agricultural & Environmental

Engineering stated that, Nigeria has abundant supplies of biomass resources,

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particularly agro-forestry residues and municipal solid waste, whose potentials are

yet to be fully tapped for energy generation. The study was undertaken to

investigate the properties of fuel briquettes produced from a mixture of a municipal

solid waste and an agricultural residue, i.e., shredded waste paper and hammer

milled coconut husk particles. Briquettes were manufactured using a manually-

operated closed end die piston press at an average pressure of 1.2 x 103 N/m2

using four coconut husk: waste paper mixing ratios (by weight), i.e., 0:100; 5: 95;

15: 85; and 25: 75.

In the study entitled Briquetting of Biomass and Urban Wastes Using A

Household Briquette Molder (n. d.) by Romallosa Aries Roda D. and Hornada

Kristofer John C. Stated that, this study was conducted to produce briquettes

as alternative source of energy from

abundant biomass and urban wastes using a locally fabricated household

briquette molder which is composed of molders, handle and frame. The

mixtures used were the following: Briquette 1: paper (100%); Briquette 2:

carbonized rice husk or CRH (71%) + cornstarch (29%); Briquette 3: Sawdust

(71%) + cornstarch (29%); Briquette 4: paper (50%) + CRH (50%); Briquette

5: paper (50%) + sawdust (50%); and Briquette 6: paper (50%) + CRH

(25%) + sawdust (25%). Smaller sizes of balled homogeneous materials were

placed into each of the molder of the machine. The materials were compacted

by closing and pressing down the movable upper half portion of the molder then the

briquettes produced were placed on trays for sun drying until ideal for fuel use.
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Summary

Paper is an incredibly versatile substance made from naturally occurring

plant fibers called cellulose. It is originally one of the inventions by the Chinese.

Originally derived from cloth rags and grasses, paper is now predominantly made

with wood. It can be made soft and delicate as the lightest tissue or strong and

tough enough to be used as a construction material. Paper products have a vast

range of useful applications .It is used to make many home decor items, including
 BUENAVISTA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS
Buenavista, Guimaras

sturdy laminated kitchen countertops, flooring and wallpaper. Paper can be used as

alternative to firewood and wood pellets.

The rice husk (or hull) is the outermost layer of the paddy grain that is

separated from the rice grains during the milling process. It is an agricultural

residue which accounts for 20% of the 649.7 million tons of rice produced annually

worldwide. A product that was often burned or dumped on landfills. It is one of the

most commonly available lignocellulosic materials that can be converted to different

types of fuels and chemical feedstocks through a variety of thermochemical

conversion processes. It is used in mills to generate steam for the parboiling

process. This husk contains about 75 % organic volatile matter and the balance 25

%.

The leaf is a part of the plant that is charge of making food for the plant. The

parts are petiole, and blade. Leaves come in a variety of shapes, sizes, color, and

textures. Leaves can be grouped as simple with one blade or compound with many

leaflets. Leaves contain other substances besides chlorophyll that give the leaf

color. Leaves are use as food. Now a day people concentrate on eating more leaves

because they are very good for maintaining a good health. Uses of leaves are being

used in medicine, beverages, skin tattoo, pest control, recreational drugs, cigarettes

and other uses.

Chapter III

Methodology
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Chapter three is divided into six parts: (1) Purpose of the Study and

Research Design; (2) Materials and Equipment; (3) Procedure; (4) Data

Gathering and Analysis Procedure; (5) Statistical Analysis Procedure; and (6)

Research Procedural Design.

Part One, Purpose of the Study and Research Design shows the

intention of the researcher and the treatments to be used in the study.

Part Two, Materials and Equipment, presents the materials and

equipment that would be used in the study and their function.

Part Three, Procedure, states the methods of the study.

Part Four, Data Gathering and Analysis Procedure.

Part Six, Research Procedural Design, shows the proposed flow in the

conduct of the proposed study.

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

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The main purpose of this study is to determine the potential of paper,

rice husk and dries leaves as biomass briquettes and to determine the length

of fire produce on the varying amount of paper, rice husk and dries leaves.

This study employed descriptive experimental design. Experimental

research is a type of research where in at least one independent variable is

deliberately manipulated by the researcher to produce an effect. It has been

considered and this study will utilize the use of Completely Randomized

Design (CRD) with four treatments including the positive control. Each

treatment was replicated three times.

Preparation of Treatments

There are four treatments involved in this study:

Treatment one- 70% pure paper in 30% cornstarch

Treatment Two- 70% pure carbonized rice husk in 30% cornstarch

Treatment Three-70% pure dried leaves with 30% cornstarch

Treatment Four (+) control- charcoal

R R R R
T1

R R R R
T2
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R R

T3

R R R R
T4

Figure 1. Treatments arranged in CRD

Materials and Equipment

The materials and equipment that were used during the conduct of the

research during the conduct of the study are as follows:

Quantity Materials / Equipment Function

1000g Paper Waste Material need in making

the briquette

1L Tap Water Mix to pulp the

materials
1000g Dried Leaves Material need in making

the briquette

1 pc Molder Use in molding the raw

materials

1 pc Weighing Scale Use in weighing the raw

materials
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1 pc Journal Use in recording data in

the experiment

1 pc Pen Use in writing down the

data

1 pc Stud Bolt with Nut Material needed in

making the molder

1 pc GI Pipe with Steel Plate Material needed in

making the molder

1 pc Stopwatch Use in measuring the

length of fire produced

by the briquettes
1000g Rice Husk Material needed in

making the briquettes

Table 1. List of Materials use in the experiment

Procedures

This study will be conducted based on the procedures that are stated below:

Technical Description of the Machine Used for Briquette Production

A simple briquette molder will be developed to produce briquettes at

the household level. The briquette molder will be constructed using locally

available materials. It is made at a local wielding shop making it easier for

adoption in production of small scale briquettes using any material. The

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machine, as presented in Figure 2, is composed of the briquette molder, a

frame, and a handle.

Briquette Molder. A galvanized iron (GI) piped will be used to

contain the prepared mixture for compaction. Its height is 8 in. and the

diameter is 2 in. The molders were fabricated using a standard (Schedule 40)

thick round pipe and welded to attain a round shaped briquette.

Handle. This is the part of the machine that maneuvers the

movement of the upper half of the molder. This is also responsible in creating

the pressure needed in the compaction of the mixtures. A (Schedule 20)

galvanized iron (GI) pipe with a length of 10 in in both sides of the handle

and were welded to the nut so that when compressing, the handle will twist.

Frame. A 12mm round bar were used as frame of the briquette molder.

The frames were used as support during compression of the prepared

mixtures.

2 in.Upper Plate 10 in.

Nut

8in. 10 in.
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4in Stud Bolt (Full Thread)

Lower Plate

8 in. 12 in.

Figure 2. Briquette Molder

Preparation of Materials

Paper, carbonized rice husk and dried leaves were gathered in Sto.

Rosario, Bunavista, Guimaras. The papers used were wastes generated from

Old Poblacion Elementary School. These papers were a combination of

mostly waste paper and corrugated paper (cartons).

The biomass wastes, on the other hand were get from the farmland

located at Rizal, Bunavista, Guimaras.

Washing of Equipments

All equipments that will be used in the experiment will be wahsed

using hot water and dry in open air.

Production and Evaluation of Briquettes

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Three different types of briquette were produced using biomass and

urban wastes. Presented in Table 1 are the different mixing proportions of the

tested material.

Treatment Briquette Components

Briquette Paper CRH Dried Leaves Cornstarch

g % g % g % g
1 1000 70 0 0 0 0 300

2 0 0 1000 70 0 0 300

3 0 0 0 0 1000 70 300

Table 2. Mixing Composition of Tested Mixtures

Briquette 1 will be produced using 70% paper that will be pulped prior

to briquetting with 30% cornstarch as binder. Briquette 2 on the other hand

will be made of 70% carbonized rice husk (CRH) with 30% cornstarch.

Briquette 3 will be made of 70% dried leaves and 30% cornstarch.

The dry weight of biomass and urban wastes were fixed at 1000 g. A

weighing scale is use in measuring the weight of the materials. However, the

total fresh weight of briquettes produce per type varies due to the added

weight of water after the paper, rice husk and dried leaves undergo pulping.

Once the mixture is attain, smaller sizes of balled materials were place into
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each of the molder of the machine. Once the materials are place in the

molder, it is compress by pressing down the upper part of the molder. One

hand of the operator holds the handle while the other hand prevents the

machine from tipping down. Excess water especially in mixtures with the

materials is also removed from the compaction. After, compaction, the

movable top was lifted to take out the briquettes produced. The briquettes

were then place on trays and were sundried for more than 5 days. Once

dried, the fuels were weighed again and the dimensions of the briquettes

were measured using a ruler.

The following parameters were analyzed for this study:

1. Length of Fire. This represents the length of fire produced by the

briquettes. This was measured by the use of a stopwatch.

The summary of the procedure in briquette production is presented in

Figure 3. This involved four major steps, namely: preparation of materials

used ( pulped and squeezed waste paper, carbonized rice husk, and

sawdust), mixing of the prepared materials by hand, compaction of the

materials using the developed briquette molder, and sundrying of the

briquettes to produce the finished products.

Performance Evaluation

Performance evaluation of briquettes will be done in three test runs.

Boiling of water and cooking of rice using the three different types of
 BUENAVISTA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS
Buenavista, Guimaras

briquettes produced and charcoal as fuel were performed simultaneously

using an ordinary charcoal stove found in the market. At the start of every

boiling and cooking operation, the number of briquettes and charcoal was set

to twelve (12) pieces. The fuel will be gradually added to the stove until the

required operation was performed. Two liters of water will be used for the

water boiling test and 750g of rice with the same amount of water was

utilized for the cooking test. The total weight of fuel used and the total

number of briquettes used as fuel used were noted including the total time of

operation. After every boiling and cooking test, the lengths of fire produced

by the briquettes were measured. All data presented in the results are

averaged figures after the test were performed in three runs.

Statistical Analysis of Data

The average of all parameters analyzed was computed using the

arithmetic mean. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to

determine whether the means of parameters of the performance of the

molder based on the different briquettes produced analyzed were

significantly different from each other.

WASTE PAPER
Pulped &
Squeezed
 BUENAVISTA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SPECIAL SCIENCE CLASS
Buenavista, Guimaras

PREPARATION OF
MATERIALS RICE HUSK
Carbonized

DRIED LEAVES

MIXING OF MATERIALS
(Manual)

COMPACTION OF
HOUSEHOLD BRIQUTTE
MATERIALS
MOLDER

SUNDRYING

FINISHED PRODUCT\
BRIQUETTES

Figure 3.Summary of procedure for the production of briquettes.