Chapter 5

Plant Organ Systems. In plants, just as in animals, similar cellsworking together form a
tissue. When different types of tissues work together to perform a unique function, they
form an organ; organs working together form organ systems. Vascular plants have two
distinct organ systems: a shoot system and a rootsystem ...
Plant Tissues and Organ Systems - Boundless
1.Plant tissues are broadly classified into two categories based on their capacity of cell
division. They are (1) Meristematic tissues and (2)Permanent tissues. Meristem is a
type of tissuesystem in plants, composed of a mass of undifferentiated cells and their
primary function is to take part in the growth of plants.
Meristems Vs Permanent Tissues: Similarities & Differences ...

3 Types of Plant Tissue System

2.
and their Function (With
Diagram)
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Some of the most important types of plant tissue system and their
function are as follows:

1. Epidermal Tissue System 2. Ground Tissues System 3. Vascular

Tissue System.

All the tissues of a plant which perform the same general function,
regardless of position or continuity in the body, constitute the tissue
system. The tissues of a plant are organized to form three types of
tissue systems: the dermal tissue system, the ground tissue system,
and the vascular tissue system.
The components and functions of the tissue systems are
summarized below:

1. Epidermal Tissue System:

The cells of epidermis are parenchymatous having protoplasm and
nucleus without intercellular spaces. Epidermis possesses numerous
minute openings called stomata. Main function of stomata is exchange
of gases between the internal tissues and the external atmosphere.
Cuticle is present on the outer wall of epidermis to check evaporation
of water. Epidermis forms a Protective layer in leaves, young roots,
stem, flower, fruits etc.

2. Ground Tissues System:

It includes all the tissues of the plant body except epidermal and
vascular tissues.

It is divided into following parts:

(i) Hypodermis:
It is situated below the epidermis. It is multilayered and made up of
parenchymatous and sclerenchymatous cells.

(ii) General Cortex:

This consists of parenchymatous cells with or without chloroplasts.

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(iii) Endodermis:
Endodermis is single layered made up of parenchymatous cells. The
radial and internal walls of endodermal cell are thickened; a band of
lignin or suberin knows as casparian strip is sometimes found on the
radial and transverse wall of every cell.

(iv) Pericycle:
It is single or multilayered and is situated in between endodermis and
vascular bundles. It is made up of sclerenchymatous and
parechymatous cells.

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(v) Pith:
The central portion in stems and roots is called pith or medulla. It is
made up of parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces. In dicot
stem the pith is large and well developed; in dicot roots the pith is
either absent or small; in monocot roots large pith is present; in
monocot stem the vascular bundles are scattered and the ground
tissue is not marked into different parts.

3. Vascular Tissue System:

It consists of xylem and phloem tissues which are found as strands
termed as vascular bundles. The main function of xylem is to conduct
water, materials to different parts of the plant body. The main function
of phloem is transportation of food materials in different parts of the
plant.

External Features, Origin, and Internal Structure

Taxonomists use an inordinate number of terms as a means to separate and name
plants. The terminology applied to the way leaves are attached to the stem, for example,
includes alternatethe arrangement shown in Figure as well
as opposite and whorled and is based on the number of leaves attached at each node:
one (alternate), two (opposite), and three or more (whorled). If a single blade is attached
to a petiole, as in Figure , the leaf is simple; if the blade is divided into two or more
individual parts, the leaf is compound and may be pinnately or palmately so
depending upon how the leaflets (the individual separate units of the blade) are
attached to the extension of the petiole (the rachis). Other standard terms are used for
venation, overall shape, shape of the tip, condition of the edge of the blade (toothed,
smooth, lobed), hairy (what kind of hairs) or smooth (on both upper and lower surfaces
or just on one) and more.

564 445 - universe-review.ca

4. Growth responses of 15 rainforest tree species to a light

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L Poorter - Functional ecology, 1999 - Wiley Online Library
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Plant tissues
Plant tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the epidermis, the ground
tissue, and the vascular tissue. Epidermis - Cells forming the outer surface of the leaves and
of the young plant body. Vascular tissue - The primary components of vascular tissue are
the xylem and phloem.

Maristematic Tissue
A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells),
found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.Meristematic cells give rise to various
organs of the plant and keep the plant growing.

Plant Organs

A tissue can be simple or complex depending upon whether it is composed of one or more than
one type of cell. Tissues are further arranged or combined into organs that carry out life
functions of the organism. Plant organs include the leaf, stem,root, and reproductive structures.

Taproot System
Taproot, Main root of a primary-root system. It grows vertically downward. From
the taproot arise smaller lateral roots (secondary roots), which in turn produce even smaller
lateral roots (tertiary roots). Most dicotyledonous plants (see cotyledon), such as dandelions,
produce taproots.
Fibrous Root System

A fibrous root system is the opposite of a taprootsystem. It is usually formed by thin,

moderately branchingroots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in
monocotyledonous plants and fernsStructure of

The Root Tip

External and Internal Structures of a Woody Stem

Herbaceous Stem

Herbaceous plants (in botanical use frequently simply herbs) are plants that have no
persistent woody stem above ground.Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or
perennials.
Structure of a Leaf

Leaves enable photosynthesis to occur. Photosynthesis is the process by which leavesabsorb

light and carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrate (food) for plants to grow. Leaves are adapted
to perform their function, eg they have a large surface area to absorb sunlight.

Leaf Venation, Forms and External Structure

Seed Structure
Seed Structure. The outer covering of a seed is called theseed coat. ... Seed coats can be thin
and soft as in beans or thick and hard as in locust or coconut seeds. Endosperm, a temporary
food supply, is packed around the embryo in the form of special leaves called cotyledons
or seed leaves.