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H.
G.
Mosely
(1887
1915)
Contributed
to
the
periodic
table
of
elements
by
arranging
the
elements
according
to
their
atomic
number
instead
of
their
mass
number.
Mosely
worked
with
x-rays
to
do
this.
Periods: -
A
new
period
starts
when
a
new
electron
enters
a
new
shell.
There
are
seven
periods
numbered
from
1-7
with
the
following
properties:
Kevin
Small
www.cxctutor.org
or
www.cxctutor.com
Groups: -
These are vertical columns of elements they are 8 groups numbered I- VIII.
1. Each
element
in
a
group
has
the
same
number
of
electrons
in
its
outer
shell.
For
element
in
group
I-
VIII,
this
number
is
called
the
group
number.
2. Going
down
a
group
each
element
has
one
more
shell
than
the
previous
element.
3. Elements
in
the
same
group
have
similar
chemical
properties.
4. The
activity
of
metals
going
down
a
group
increases.
5. The
activity
of
non-metals
increases
going
up
a
group.
The
periodic
table
divides
the
elements
into
metals,
non-metals
and
semi-metals
(metalloids).
There
are
two
groups
that
include
metals
only.
These
are
group
I
and
II.
There
are
two
groups
which
contain
metals
with
the
exception
of
Boron.
The
metalloids
are:
B group III
Si, Ge group IV
As group V
Te, Po group VI
Al group III
Kevin
Small
www.cxctutor.org
or
www.cxctutor.com
Kevin
Small
www.cxctutor.org
or
www.cxctutor.com
Valency of Elements
Valency
is
the
number
of
electrons
an
atom
has
to
lose,
gain
or
share
to
attain
a
stable
electronic
structure.
Formula
E.g. 1
The formula of water is (H2O) this tells us we have 2 Hydrogen atoms to 1 Oxygen atom.
E.g. 2
The formula of carbon dioxide is (CO2) this tells us we have 2 Oxygen atoms and 1 Carbon atom.
The
chemical
formula
of
a
compound
shows
a
ratio
of
the
atoms
of
each
element
by
mass.
Nitrogen
2
Hydrogen
8
Sulphur
1
Oxygen
4
The
formula
for
copper
nitrate
is
written
as:
This
is
because
the
compound
is
a
nitrate
and
has
properties
of
a
nitrate.
The
nitrate
group
is
recognized
as
NO3.
Kevin
Small
www.cxctutor.org
or
www.cxctutor.com
Kevin
Small
www.cxctutor.org
or
www.cxctutor.com
Kevin
Small
www.cxctutor.org
or
www.cxctutor.com
Kevin
Small
www.cxctutor.org
or
www.cxctutor.com