1

Acknowledgement
In the past few weeks, we worked very hard to ensure the accomplishment of
this case study and learning as much as we can from this assignment. During
the process of accomplish this assignment, we are really blessed to have the
help and guideline of some respected individuals, who deserve our greatest
gratitude. The completion of this assignment gives us so much pleasure.

First and foremost, we would like to extend our gratitude to every single
member who has been participated and working hand-in-hand to complete
this assignment. With the valuable suggestions and open-minded personnel,
everything goes smoothly as how we wish to be. Without the cooperation
and effort of every member, this assignment will not be a success, and the
learning journey wouldnt be so fun. We also like to thanks to our group
leader, Lee Pei Gie who always guided us along the assignment to make sure
that we are on track.

Besides, we would also like to expand our deepest appreciation to the

person in charge of PKNS Complex, Mr Mohd Khairul that giving us the
approval to visit the place and carry out our case study in the complex.

Last but not least, greatest gratitude to our lecturer, Dr Kam Kenn Jhun who
always advise and enlighten us when we seek for information, as well as
giving us the opportunity to extract knowledge through experience.

2
Abstract
Building services play important roles in every aspect of the building. Homes,
office buildings, industrial plants, schools, public and government facilities
and computer technology all rely on building services systems to create and
maintain safe, healthy and comfortable living and working environments.
Basically, the topics that are covered under this report is based on what we
had learnt during our lecture, which lays out different type of systems
adopted in PKNS Complex, analysis of the problem of systems as well as
suggestion and recommendation to further improvement of the system. The
case study about building services in PKNS Complex is based on four systems
which are fire protection system, mechanical and air-conditioning system,
vertical transportation system, and electrical supply system.

3
Table Content
1. Introduction of PKNS Complex 5-6

2. Discussion of Existing Systems 7

Fire Protection System 8 18

Electrical Supply System 19-21
Mechanical and Air-conditioning System 22 31
Vertical Transport System 32 39

40
3. Analysis on Problems

Fire Protection System 41- 47

Mechanical and Air-Conditioning System 48 - 50

4. Recommendation of Solutions and Justification 51

52 57
Fire Protection System
58 60
Mechanical and Air-Conditioning System

5. Reference List 62 64

6. Appendix 65 - 68

4
PART 1

INTRODUCTION OF
PKNS COMPLEX

5
PKNS Complex
PKNS Complex is one of the oldest commercial complexes that also houses
offices on the upper floors. It is a three-storied building with an open air,
sheltered food court on the rooftop.

As the first shopping center in Shah Alam, PKNS Complex is not a modern
shopping mall. There are hardly any high street shops. It's more of a bazaar
with small shops/stores/stalls. It's also definitely not a place for tourists. What it
is excellent for however, is during the month of Ramadhan, it'll be heaving
with stalls selling items for hari raya ( aidilfitri ). On the other hand, the
existence of the Selangor Immigration Office here also helps to cater the
crowd. It is the place to go for passport issues and Visas renewing.

Unfortunately, the newer malls such as SACC Mall, Alam Sentral and Plaza
Masalam are overtaking PKNS Complex in amount of patrons received.
Hence it indeed requires a lot of upgrading work to attract more patrons,
especially its building services which include mechanical and air-conditioning
system, vertical transportation ( escalator and elevator ), fire protection
system and electrical supply to buildings. This is why PKNS Complex is selected
as the subject of our case study as we see the potential area of improvement
in it.

6
PART 2

DISCUSSION ON
EXISTING SYSTEMS

7
Fire Protection System
1.0 Literature Review

The fire protection system plays a very important role to prevent the spread of
fire breakouts in buildings. The duty of the fire protection system is to
extinguish the fire and control the spread of fire. Besides, it also reduces the
impact of uncontrolled fire and to protect human life and state, public, and
private property from fire. There are two fire protection methods, which are
active fire protection method and passive fire protection method.
1.1 Active fire protection method

Active fire protection is the process of protecting a building or structure from

fire with methods that use the action of moving parts. (wisegeek, n.d.) These
systems can be automatic or manually such as fire alarm system, smoke &
heat detector, wet & dry risers, hose reels and CO2 fixed installation.
1.1.1 Fire extinguisher

Fire extinguisher is used to extinguish small or initial outbreak fires, often in

emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire. It
should be located at conspicuous location. Typically, a fire extinguisher
consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which
can be discharged to extinguish a fire.

In PKNS Complex, the fire extinguisher can be found everywhere, within 20m
from a potential fire hazard. The type of fire extinguisher used in complex is
mostly ABC type dry powder fire extinguisher which is in blue colour. It is
effective on Class A, B and C fires.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 227 - Portable extinguisher shall be designed and
installed in accordance with MS 1539.

Figure 1.0 shows ABC type dry powder fire extinguisher which is in blue colour

8
1.1.2 External fire hydrant

A fire hydrant is a system of pipe work that allows water to flow from a water
main with the control of a valve in order to put out a fire. (wisegeek, n.d.) The
water is discharged into the fire engine from which it is then sprayed over the
fire.

The external fire hydrants found around the PKNS complex are two way fire
hydrants which are made up of cast iron. It is located not more than 10m
distance to the building, not more than 10m distance to high voltage
electrical mains and spaced not more than 90m apart along access road.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 225(2) - Every building shall be served by at least
one fire hydrant located not more than 45 meter from the fire brigade
access, designed and installed in accordance with MS 1489. In any case,
hydrants shall be located not more than 90 meters apart.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 225(3) - Depending on the size and location of the
building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire
hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the D.G.F.R.

Figure1.1 shows external fire hydrant

9
1.1.3 Hose Reel

Hose reel systems intended for occupant to use during early stage of fire. It
consist of pumps, pipes, valves, hose reel tank and hose reels located
strategically in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a
fire.

In PKNS complex, the hose reel was sited in position where they can be used
without exposing user to danger from fire. The system is manually operated
and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow into the hose
that is typically 30 meters away.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 226A - Hose reel systems shall be designed and
installed in accordance with MS 1489.

Figure 1.2 shows fire hose reel

10
1.1.4 Water storage tank

In PKNS complex, water supplied from a designed water tank (16m3) located
at roof level. The tank is made up of pressed steel and the external surface is
painted with a red band of minimum 200mm. It has two compartments which
is compartment 1 and 2. Besides, level indicator is also provided.

Figure 1.3 shows water storage tank

11
1.1.5 Wet riser

Wet Riser Systems are installed in buildings for fire fighting purposes which are
permanently charged with water from a pump source. (protec, n.d.) It
required when topmost floor of building is higher than 30.5m and lower than
70.5m above the fire appliance access level. Water supply shall be capable
of maintaining a running pressure of 410kPa at the highest landing valve and
give a flow rate of 2.3 I/s.

PKNS Complex is a three-storied building which is less than 70.5m. Therefore, it

uses wet riser as internal fire hydrant. It is installed completed with an inlet
breeching connector at ground floor or and with landing valves at specified
points on each floor. Besides, air release valve is automatically open to
release air and closes when the riser is full of water.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 231(1) - Wet rising systems shall be provided in every
building in which the top most occupied floor is more than 30 meters above
fire appliance access level.

Figure 1.4 shows wet riser

12
1.1.6 Sprinkle system

A sprinkler system is integrated system of piping work, connected to a water

supply, with listed sprinklers that automatically initiate water discharge over a
fire area. Where required, the sprinkler system also includes a control valve
and a device for activating an alarm when the system operates.

In PKNS complex, there are a lot of sprinkler heads. Every sprinkler head has a
small glass bulb with a glycerine-based liquid in it. This bulb normally blocks
the flow of water. In a fire, the liquid in the bulb will become hot. It will then
expand, and shatter the glass bulb, removing the obstacle and causing
water to spray from the sprinkler. (Understand building construction, n.d.)
Water will continue to flow until the main valve is shut off. The most common
temperature that is designed to break is approximately 68C/155F.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 228 - Sprinkler systems shall be designed and
installed in accordance with MS 1910.

Figure 1.5 shows sprinkle system

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1.1.7 Firemans switch

A firemans switch is an electrical isolation switch located beside the top

edge of the lift to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the
relevant floor or zone served. (Arsyad, 2011) Besides, it is to cut down the
supply of electrical services to the shop when the fire exists. This is to avoid the
electric current over flow to cause explosion. In PKNS complex, the firemans
switch is placed in a conspicuous and accessible location which not more
than 2.75m from the ground. Besides, it is painted in red colour and mounted
onto the wall.

Figure 1.6 shows firemans switch

1.1.8 Manual call point

Manual alarm call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm
manually once verification of a fire or emergency condition exists, by
operating the push button or break glass the alarm signal can be raised.
(Crouse-hinds, n.d.) In PKNS complex, it uses break glass call point. It is
installed at a height of 1.2m above floor level and sited where user can be
easily seen. Besides, it is fitted on the floor side of an access door to a
staircase so the floor of origin is indicated at the Control Panel. Moreover, the
greatest travel distance from any point in the building to the nearest call
point does not exceed 30m. (Fire safety advice centre, n.d.)

Figure 1.7 shows manual call point

14
1.1.9 Fire alarm bell

The primary function of a fire bell is to alarm people who are at risk to take
the necessary precautionary safety and evacuation measures. (Fest fire
security, n.d.) Fire bells are relatively loud and also designed to produce a
specific and unique sound pattern with the intention of eliminating confusion
to successfully warn for hazards. In PKNS complex, the fire bell is installed
throughout the building with an even distribution.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 237 - Fire detection and fire alarm systems shall be
designed and installed in accordance with MS 1745.

Figure 1.8 shows fire alarm bell

1.1.10 Smoke detector

A smoke detector's initial function is to detect that fire is present. There are
two types of detectors which are ionized smoke detector and light scattering
smoke detector. In PKNS complex, smoke detector is mounted on the ceiling.
When smokes enter the unit, it will reduce current which energies alarm relay
and obstruct the light passing through. Therefore, it will trigger the alarm bell
to give signal for the occupants to escape.

Figure 1.9 shows smoke detector

15
1.1.11 Voice communication system

An emergency voice communication system allows the fire-fighting team to

communicate critical information and to notify the building occupants of the
need for action in connection with a fire or other emergency. In PKNS
complex, emergency telephone handsets are securely mounted on the wall
and coloured in red. It is used as two-way communication system. It is a
network of telephone handsets located at designated area of the building
and connected to the master handset at the Fire Command Centre. (Fire
safety and protection systems, n.d.)

Under UBBL 1984 Section 239(a) - There shall be two separate approved
continuously electrically supervised voice communications system, one a fire
brigade communications system and the other a public address system
between the central control station.

Figure 2.0 shows Telefon Bomba Api

16
1.2 Passive fire protection method

Passive fire protection method is an integrated component of the structural

fire protection and fire safety in a building. It attempts to contain fires or slow
the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors. Besides,
passive system must comply with the associated listing and approval of use in
order to provide the effectiveness expected by building codes.
1.2.1 Fire door

In PKNS complex, the passive system that we found is fire door which allows
the flow of traffic around the building. Fire doors have two important
functions in the fire incident which are to act as a barrier to stop the spread
of fire when the door is closed and to provide an escape route for occupants
to escape when the door is opened. (Fire safety advice centre, n.d.)

Under UBBL 1984 Section 163 - Fire doors including frames shall be constructed
in accordance with MS 1073.

Figure 2.1 shows fire door

17
1.2.2 Fire escape route

A fire escape is a type of emergency exit. It usually provides a directional exit

signs for occupants to leave for a safe place immediately. It is usually
mounted to the outside of a building or occasionally inside but separated
from the main areas of the building. In PKNS complex, the fire escape plan is
located beside the lift for showing these escape routes.

Figure 2.2 shows fire escape route

1.2.3 Staircase and compartment

In PKNS complex, the fire escape staircase is being properly designed to

meet the requirement of UBBL 168 part 8. This can be proved by the number
of riser per flight are not more than 16, tread & riser dimensions are
consistence, no winders in escape staircase and the length of the landing is
not less than width. Besides, the building is sub-divided into compartment by
using compartment walls and compartment floors. The period of insulation
should not less than 15 minutes.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 168(4) - The required width of a staircase shall be
maintained throughout its length including at landings.

Figure 2.3 shows staircase and compartment.

18
Electrical supply system
2.0 Literature Review

Generator output at 25kV is stepped up by transformer to 400kV, 275kV and

132kV for transmission. In PKNS complex, transmission main intake is the
interconnection point of 132kV to the distribution network.

Figure 2.0 shows Tenaga Nasional Berhad

2.1 Main Switch Board

Switchboards consist of various electronic apparatus that are used to

operate electric circuits. The function of a switchboard is to transmit
electricity from one source to another. (Stein, n.d.) In PKNS complex, the main
switch board is located at the ground floor. It is totally enclosed and sheet
steel fabricated.

Figure 2.1 shows Main Switch Board

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2.2 Service entrance

Service entrance is a service that allows the electric to flow to the building.
Before the electric is transmitted to the building, electric will pass through the
meter equipment and a device for overcurrent protection and electrical
current control to avoid the occurrence of overcurrent.

Figure 2.2 shows service entrance

2.3 Branch circuit

Branch circuit is a metal box that filled with switches and mounted on the
wall. The purpose of the branch circuit is to supply the power to the electrical
devices in the shops. Besides, it can also cut off the power when it is switched
off. The device can cut off the power without affecting the power supply of
the whole building. This is useful when there is any fire occurrence or the
performance of maintenance in the building.

Figure 2.3 shows branch circuit

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2.4 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCCB)

Miniature circuit breakers (MCB) are designed to protect cables and lines
against overload and short-circuit. They thus used for protecting the electrical
equipment against excessive temperature rise and destruction in the event of
short-circuit. (Edvard, 2012)

Figure 2.4 shows miniature circuit breaker

2.5 Conduit

An electrical conduit is a tube that used to protect the cables from physical
damage and heat. Besides, it also provides continuous support. PVC
electrical conduit is very light weight, high strength, low cost and resistance
to more chemicals. In PKNS complex, we have found some electrical conduit
elbow mounted on the wall.

Figure 2.5 shows electrical conduit elbow

21
Mechanical and Air Conditioning
System
3.0 Literature Review

Ventilation is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to

provide high indoor air quality, which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne
bacteria, and carbon dioxide. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and
excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air
circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air.

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as

circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for
maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating
a building may be divided into mechanical or forced and natural types.

The case study building that we have chosen which is PKNS Complex. There is
one type of ventilation occurring in this building, which is mechanical
ventilation by use of fan and air conditioning system. In this section, this type
of ventilation will be analyzed and scrutinized.

3.1 Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical ventilation is a building ventilation system that uses powered fans

or blowers to provide fresh air to rooms when the natural forces of air pressure
and gravity are not enough to circulate air through a building. Mechanical
ventilation is used to control indoor air quality, excess humidity, odors, and
contaminants that can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with
outside air. However, in humid climates specialized ventilation systems can
remove excess moisture from the air.

3.1.1 Mechanical Fan

We observed that PKNS building utilizes ceiling fans as well as wall mounting
fans to circulate air within the space. These air-circulating fans are commonly
seen as ventilation systems as they are usually the most visible mechanical

22
system in a building. However ceiling fans do not provide real ventilation, as
there is no introduction of fresh air. Ceiling fans only circulate air within a
space for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by method of
evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants.

Figure 3.1. 1(a): Ceiling Fan Figure 3.1.1(b): Wall Mounting Fan

3.1.2 Ventilation Ducting System

At every floor of this building, there is exposed ceiling with ductworks. These
ductworks are called flexible ductworks, which are lightweight and fairly
quick and easy to install. This type of ductwork often cost less than the rigid
ductwork. The presence of ducting indicates that PKNS Complex utilizes
centralize system as major part of their air conditioning system. The chilled air
is passed through the ducting system to various parts of the building.

The ductworks in PKNS building are insulated with fiberglass in order to avoid
losing valuable conditioned air. The fiberglass surface faces in toward the
duct, while the foil face protects the outside of the wrap, preventing
conductive heat loss and protecting the fiberglass within. Insulation is applied
to ductwork to enhance thermal performance and prevent condensation
and dripping.

In this building, duct thermal performance needs enhancement since air

transported through a supply duct is at a temperature different than that of
the surroundings. Insulation reduces the rate of thermal loss to those
surroundings. Without insulation, the air would need extra heating or cooling
in order to arrive at the design supply air temperature.

23
 Figure 3.1.2 (a): Ducting system in the building

3.1. 3 Cooling Tower

PKNS Complex utilizes centralized system as the air conditioning system,

hence there is a cooling tower, which is a specialized heat exchanger in
which air and water are brought into direct contact with each other in order
to reduce the water's temperature. As this occurs, a small volume of water is
evaporated, reducing the temperature of the water being circulated
through the tower.

Cooling towers is located on the roof of PKNS building because of the noise
and vibration they generate, the tower should be isolated acoustically from
the frame of the building and noise sensitive areas such as auditorium and
meeting room should not be located directly below them.

24
 Figure 3.1.2.3(a): Cooling tower

Figure 3.1.2.3(b): Details of cooling tower

Source: http://cset.mnsu.edu/engagethermo/components_coolingtower.html

3.1.4 AHU Room

The Air Handling Unit is an integrated piece of equipment consisting of fans,

heating and cooling coils, air-control dampers, filters and silencers. Air
Handling Units are often called AHU. The purpose of this equipment is to
collect and mix outdoor air with that returning from the building space. The
air mixture is then cooled or heated, after which it is discharged into the
building space through a duct system made up of five-feet diameter pipes.
Air Handler is normally associated with heating/cooling (HVAC) systems in
commercial buildings. These are normally very large systems moving 2000
CFM to 10,000 CFM and higher. They often have an economizer or inlet
damper that allows for a small amount of outside air or make-up air to be
pulled in through the air handler.

25
The AHU room in PKNS building is located in a large mechanical room. The
size of the mechanical room is usually proportional to the size of the building.
As PKNS is considered a large building, so its mechanical rooms can be of
considerable size, which requiring multiple rooms throughout the building.

In this building, the AHU connects to the ductwork that distributes the
conditioned air throughout the areas of the building and the warmed air is
returned to the AHU room to be cooled after going through the cooling coil
and filter. The chilled water from the cooling coil taken from the cooling
tower is supplied and returned in blue pipes.

Figure 3.1.4(a): AHU room of the building

Figure 3.1.4(b): Details of AHU room

Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/03/in-previous-air-conditioning-system.html

26
3.1.5 Air Door

PKNS Complex installed air doors at every entrance or customer entryways.

They can be intended to help keep flying insects out by creating forceful
turbulence, help keep out outside air and prevent loss of cool air, thus
reducing infiltration through the opening.

Air doors work best when the pressure differential between the inside and
outside of the building is as close to neutral as possible. The air door for
containing conditioned air inside this building with an open door will have a
high face velocity at the opening, generated by top-down flow, and air
recovery by a recirculating air plenum and duct return to the source fans.

In the operation section, the air door is most effective with low exterior wind
velocity. At higher wind velocities, the rate of air mixing increases and the
outside air portion of the total face flow increases. Under ideal conditions of
zero wind, the effectiveness of the air door is at its maximum. In windy
locations, air doors cannot create a perfect seal, but are often used to
reduce the amount of infiltration from an opening.

Figure 3.1 5(a) & 3.1.5(b): Air door located at the entrance

27
3.1.6 Air Supply Diffuser

A diffuser is the mechanical device that is designed to control the

characteristics of a fluid at the entrance to a thermodynamic open system.
Diffusers are used to slow the fluid's velocity and to enhance its mixing into
the surrounding fluid.

Diffusers are very common in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning

systems. Diffusers are used on both all-air and air-water HVAC systems, as part
of room air distribution subsystems, and serve several purposes which are to
deliver both conditioning and ventilating air, evenly distribute the flow of air in
the desired directions and to enhance mixing of room air into the primary air
being discharged. In addition, they often to cause the air jets to attach to a
ceiling or other surface, to create low-velocity air movement in the occupied
portion of room and accomplish the above while producing the minimum
amount of noise.

Through observing the building, we found out there are two types of diffusers
that use in this building which are cone diffusers and 4-ways louver bladed
diffuser.

One of which is the cone diffuser, which is mounted on the ceiling especially
in installation when an adjustable pattern is required. Cones can be taken
out by pushing inward, turn around and pull down. This provides easy
installation, maintenance and access to the duct. Discharge pattern of this
cone can be adjusted for horizontal flow by extending the cones and for
vertical flow by retracting the cones, which can cool the space of various
parts of the building for users comfort.

Figure 3.1.6(a): Cone Diffuser

28
Flow Pattern of Cone Diffuser

Figure 3.1.2.5(b): Horizontal air pattern

Source: http://www.airmasteremirates.com/products_details.php?product-
id=47

Horizontal air pattern

Pattern is obtained by extending the cones downwards.
This arrangement handles more capacity of air with increased induction
and uniform air distribution.

Figure 3.1.2.5(c): Vertical air pattern

Source: http://www.airmasteremirates.com/products_details.php?product-
id=47

Vertical air pattern

Pattern is obtained by retracting the cones upwards.
Air is delivered vertically without much induction.
Suitable for localized cooling in conditioned area and for higher
altitudes.

29
Whereas, the 4-ways louver bladed diffusers are mounted on the ceiling as
well, which provide excellent diffusion performance and are suitable for
surface mounting in plasterboard ceilings or lay-in ceiling grids. The
removable core, via a positive center screw, makes them easy to install,
clean and access any dampers located behind the diffuser. This louver faced
ceiling diffuser is suitable for use in this building where cooling is required in
areas of high heat and high humidity, and also to suit heating and cooling
applications in cooler temperatures.

Figure 3.1.6(b): Flow pattern of diffuser

Source: http://www.airmasteremirates.com/products_details.php?type=diffusers&sub=20&product-
id=37

Figure 3.1.6(c): 4-ways louver bladed diffuser

3.1.7 Air Return Diffuser

Through observing the building, we found that PKNS Complex installs return air
diffusers attached to the wall as well as mounted on the ceiling. This return air
grille connects to ductwork that allows air to return to any cooling or heating
system. The openings that connect to ducts and other spaces for the
returning air are covered with grillwork.

30
Every cooling or heating system will have air being pushed through into
various parts of this building and spaces through a system of ducts. This
increases the air pressure in the conditioned area and at some time will act
to even prevent any further air from entering unless a circulating system is set
up to relieve the pressure. This is done normally through return ducts, which
allow the air to be recirculated or completely vented to the outside. This
return air grill covers such ducts, and can also act to regulate the flow of air.
They also act to close off the ducts from view. This return air grill also has a
filter mounted on it to trap particulate matter and thus ensure that the
recirculated air is more pure. This can also in the long run reduce the amount
of cleaning required for ducts.

Ducts for returning air are located at every floor level or in the walls. These
require to be covered by a grill that will ensure that duct is protected. It is
considered very necessary to use filters over such grills, which in turn can lead
to higher efficiency in cooling or heating. The filters in a way also help to
reduce airflow and thus help improve efficiency. Such filters can have
increased ratings, which in turn can reduce allergens and dust and thus
make the circulated air more healthy.

Figure 3.1.7(a) & 3.1.7(b): Return air diffusers in the building

31
Vertical Transportation System
4.0 Literature Review

Vertical transportation is a phrase used to describe the various means of

travelling between floors in a building. All buildings with more than one storey
of course have at least one set of stairs and the provision of stairs is a very
important consideration when designing buildings in order to ensure all the
occupants of the building can escape safely in the event of a fire.

In buildings with more than four storeys, a lift commonly known as an elevator
is desirable as there is a limit to how far people are willing to walk up stairs. In
addition to this, stairs are unsuitable for infirm and mobility impaired persons
so buildings with only two storeys are sometimes fitted with a lift. A third option
is the escalator which is ideally suited for high volume applications such as
shopping malls and airports but not practical for high rise buildings as they
take up a lot of space.

We observed that PKNS Complex consists of escalators and elevators as the

mean of vertical transportation. Both of these vertical transportations play a
vital role in this building to provide an accessible path, leading from one level
to another.

4.1 Escalator

An escalator is a moving staircase, which a conveyor transport device for

carrying people quickly and efficiently between floors of a building. The
device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move
up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people, and they
can be placed in the same physical space as a staircase. They have no
waiting interval except during very heavy traffic, they can be used to guide

32
people toward main exits or special exhibits, and they may be weather-
proofed for outdoor use.

PKNS Complex utilizes the only one type of arrangement of escalator, which is
double bank in two travel direction. This arrangement is used in the objects in
which persons travel in two opposite direction and it normally use in major
department stores where transportation time between several levels should
be kept to a minimum. The escalator in this building is located at the center
of ground floor and second floor, which can be easily seen by the users.

The speed of the escalator in PKNS Complex is between 0.45m/s to 0.60m/s.

The step width of escalator is about 1000mm, which allow for two people to
stand side by side and to step on the escalator.

Width

Figure 4.1(a): Step width of escalator

Figure 4.1(b): Escalators in double bank in two travel direction

33
 Figure 4.1(c): Arrangement of escalators in double bank in two travel
direction
Source: http://www.gmv.pl/eng/moving-walks.html

Figure 4.1(d): Components of escalator

Source: http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-components-part-two.html

4.2 Elevator

An elevator is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods

between floors, levels and decks of a building, vessel, or other structure.
Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction

34
cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack.

In PKNS building, there are three fire fighter lift and three electric lifts. The fire
fighter lift is a lift within the firefighting shaft with dual power supply and is
capable of being commandeered by the Fire Service. On the other hand,
the electric lift uses cable to lift the car and movement is depending on the
electrical power. The major components of an electric car are, motor or
machine room, hoistway and pit, lift car and landing.

The elevators can support up to 800kg, which is 11 people or users can go in

at one time. The speed of these elevators is between 100-150 feet per minute,
which is suitable for normal speed of elevator. If the speed of elevator is too
fast, it will result in a nervous breakdown to the users. If too slow will cause
lack of function of the elevator.

Fire Lift and Fire Lift and

Electirc Lift Electirc Lift

Figure 4.2(a): Fire escape plan that showed the location of fire fighter lifts
and electric lifts

35
 Figure 4.2(b): Electric lift

The UBBL requirements:

1. Under UBBL 1984 Section 123-128, lifts:

124 - For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stories above or

below the main access level at least once lift shall be provided

2. Under UBBL 1984 Section 152-155, Ventilation to lift shafts:

152(1) - Every opening in a lift shafts or lift entrance shall open into a
protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the
opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These
requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special
buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S

36
4.2.1 Elevator Lobby

In the PKNS building, elevator lobby controls and indicators shows the two
items required in an elevator lobby, which are the call buttons and the hall
lanterns or position indicator.

Hall Lantern Hall Lantern

Call
Button

Figure 4.2.1(a): Elevator lobby located at ground floor

Call Buttons are used to request an elevator. They are mounted above the
finished floor and consist of an up button and a down button that illuminates
to indicate the request has been received and an elevator is on the way.

Whereas, hall lanterns or position indicators are used to indicate the arriving
elevator and the direction it will travel. In addition to the illuminated
directional indicators, the hall lanterns have an audible tone to indicate
direction. Audible signals sound once for elevators going up and sound twice
for elevators going down. Alternatively, vocal indicators may say, "going up"
or "going down" in lieu of tones.

37
Figure 4.2.1(a) & 4.2.1(b): Exterior & interior view of elevator on the third floor.

Figure 4.2.1(c): Single speed centre-opening and the movement of door is

quite and fast

4.2.2 Inside the Electric Lift

The electric lift in this building is equipped with lighting and ventilation fan,
which provide a bright and comfort condition for the users in the elevator.

In the elevator, there are information display and indicator. The controls
inside the elevator cab vary widely based on the types of services the owner
wants to place on the control panel. However, the elevators in this building
consist of floor selection buttons and operation and emergency buttons.

Floor Selection Buttons are used to select floors that the elevator will stop at.
Operation and Emergency Buttons are offset below the floor selection

38
buttons. These buttons include door open, door close, emergency stop and
emergency alarm. All these button panels are clear and easily reached at
appropriate level.

Figure 4.2.2(a): Lighting and ventilation fan in the elevator

Figure 4.2.2(b) & 4.2.2(c): The controls inside the elevator cab

39
PART 3

ANALYSIS ON
PROBLEMS

40
Problems of Fire Protection
System
1.0 Active Fire Protection
1.1 Fire Alarm System

Although fire alarm trigger system can be seen all over the building but
whether it is in functioning condition is another question. For example,
majority of the manual call point devices are not in operating condition.
There are writings on most of the manual call points indicating that the
device is not working. Besides that, even the ones without writings seem to be
very old and warn out which put many in doubt whether is it working or not.

One more thing that the alarm system lacking is a visible indicator alarm
signal which one of the requirement stated in UBBL 241. The system will be
able to notify deaf occupants when a fire arises in the building.

Old and worn out.

Only a few of the old

alarms were replaced by
41
new ones.
1.2 Voice Communication System

The voice communication system is the last thing to rely on if a fire really arises
in the building as the whole system is not functioning at all. The command
and control centre is closed and looked abandoned when we were there.
Hence, we assume that they do not rely on this protection system during a
fire. However, even if the communication system is still functioning, the
telephone for users to contact the control centre looks very dirty and faulty
from the outside. The box containing the phone is also locked and
inaccessible. Hence, the occupants in the building will have a hard time
notifying the authorities when a fire really occurs.

With the building not operating the voice communication, it violates the
requirement of UBBL 239 part 3 where it states that voice communication
system is required in every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area.
Besides it also violates the requirement of UBBL 238 for not having a
command and control system in such a big building.

Telephone for users to contact There is no key to access the

the control centre looks very telephone in it.
dirty and faulty

The command and control centre which is closed

and looked abandoned
42
1.3 Fire Extinguisher

Fire extinguishers can be found at almost every corner of the building. For
instance near corridors, room exits, stairways, and near fire hazard areas such
as restaurant. The service of the extinguishers are also always up to date.
However, there are some fire extinguishers that are not kept properly but
instead it is just left unsecured and some even just on the ground. This could
be dangerous as children can easily have access to it.

Besides that, some of the boxes containing the fire extinguishers are lock and
the access key which is supposed to be within the glass is nowhere to be
found. Thus, occupants will struggle to put out fire near them and could
cause fatal injuries to the victim involved.

No access key.

Glass is
broken

43
 1.4 Sprinkler System

The Sprinkler system of PKNS Complex is very poorly maintained. Almost

every visible sprinkler is covered with a thick layer of dust. The
accumulation of dust and other contaminates can result in a false alarm
to occur. This result in fire trucks coming for no reason and it might also
disturb the operation within the building.

Sprinklers covered with dust

Moreover, there are even some sprinkles then are badly corroded. Corrosion
of fire system pipes will impact the functionality of the system and also result
in leakage. Therefore, annual inspection of fire sprinkler system should carried
out.

Corroded Sprinklers

44
 2.0 Passive Fire Protection
2.1 Fireman Lift

A fireman lift is required in a building if the top most occupied floor is over
18.5m. The PKNS Complex has 5 floors and assuming each floor is 4 meters
high, there should be a fireman lift included in the elevator system. According
to the building floor plan there are three firemen lift located at each floor but
the size of the firemen lift is just as big as the normal electric lifts. There is also
no signs indicating that which lift in particular is a firemen lift. Not just that, the
normal lift for occupants are also very small in size, if firemen were to use that
lift during a fire, it will be very inconvenient.

No signs indicating which is the firemen lift. Lift with small capacity

Fire Lift and Fire Lift and

Electirc Lift Electirc Lift

Fire escape plan that showed the location of fire fighter lifts and electric lifts.

45
2.2 Escape Route

The diffusers of the staircase pressurization system are covered with a very
layer of dust. As time passes if nothing is done to clean the diffusers, dust will
eventually clot the diffusers and the staircase will not be pressurized.

In addition the fire doors handle lockset at the staircase are in poor condition.
We struggled to open a few of the fire doors leading to the emergency
staircase as the lockset were faulty. This would be crucial if occupants of the
building were to escape the building during a fire.

Diffusers covered with a lot of dust

Fire door with broken lockset

46
3.0 Conclusion

Overall the fire protection system of PKNS Complex is actually well

equipped but at the same time very poorly maintained. For example, escape
routes can be easily spotted at all corners of the building, hose reels and fire
extinguishers are very visible, water sprinklers are everywhere as well, there
are also fire alarms and voice communication system to notify others in case
of fire but whether all these systems are in working condition or properly
maintained is the main problem. The amount of problems mentioned above
could cause many lives.

Therefore, the service management of the building really have to put in

a lot of effort in maintaining the fire protection system as it might come in
handy one day.

47
PROBLEMS OF MECHANICAL AND
AIR-CONDITIONING
1.0 COOLING TOWER

Cooling tower is one of the main components that help to extract heat from
the cold air through lowering the temperature of water stream. The main
problem as shown in this cooling tower is leaking.

WATER LEAKAGE

If the leakage from the cooling

tower is not properly maintain, it will
affect the distribution of the cool air
through the ventilation system in the
PKNS complex. Besides that, the
water from the cooling tower flow to
nearby electrical cabling that can
cause short circuited and causing
danger to passer-by or
maintenance workers who walk by
this area.

48
 On the other hand, for the second
cooling tower which is located at the
middle of the PKNS complex, the louvre
of the cooling tower is already corroded
and does not function well. This is one of
the ventilation problem happening at
ground floor level.

2.0 FAN

Due to the air-conditioning in ground

floor is malfunction, they have install fan
as the main ventilation. The odor of this
place is badly maintained due to poor
ventilation making less customers less
inclined to pass through the area. The
place is also humid making the
customers or people working there
feeling hot and sweating.

Big fans are attach at the edge of floor

slabs between ground floor and first floor.

Some of the big fans have dust

accumulated on its fan blades. This will
make the customers to sneeze continuously
due to allergies to the dust particles. The
management team will have to
continuously maintain the fan since fan is
the only available mechanical system. It
can be costly to keep the atmosphere dust
free.

49
3.0 AHU DOOR UNABLE TO CLOSE PROPERLY

Gaps between the doors

The Air handling unit door cannot be close fully and if there is any fire
occurring in this building the fire can easily spread through the ahu room due
to an uneven gap shown in the picture above. This can lead to undesirable
explosion happening when fire occurs when affected by pressurized tank in
the AHU room.

The ducting on the ceiling is not

properly replaced. As a result, it allows
the ducting to be exposed. It might
cause the failure of performance in
ducting systems to supply ventilation.

50
PART 4

RECOMMENDATION
OF SOLUTIONS AND
JUSTIFICATIONS

51
RECOMMENDATION AND
JUSTIFICATION ON IMPROVING
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
1.0 Active Fire Protection
1.1 Fire Alarm System

A fire alarm system is number of devices working together to detect and

warn people through visual and audio appliances which may be activate
when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present.
Hence, it is necessary to improve the system for safety purpose.

First and foremost, the employees of the complex have to stay alert if there is
any broken system immediately to prevent it from not functioning during an
event of fire which will cause loss of lives within the complex. The volume of
the siren may be increased when the fire alarm system is activated due to
the reason that many fire alarm systems have a mute or hush button to
silence the sounding alarm or lower the volume of alarm which could cause
further alerts to be missed by the people in the complex. They cannot even
determine where is the sound of the alarm comes from. Hence, if the volume
of siren is increased, the occupants can clearly hear the directions that are
being given.

Some frequent maintenance should also be carried out such as battery

changing and cleaning it to make it free from dust. It is important that the
employees of the complex should never leave the alarm unusable as they
are often the first alert to a fire. Besides decreasing the distance between
alarms, the quantity of fire alarm system within the complex may also be
increased. If there is an event of fire, it would take a long time for the
occupants to hear the fire alarm which the valuable escape time would be
lost because of this. Hence, the distance between alarms should be reduced
so that occupant can hear the alarm whenever they are within the complex.
Lastly, the quantity of fire alarm should be increased as if some fire alarms are
broken down, at least there are a few more still can carry out its function in
the case of emergency.

52
1.2 Voice Communication System

A fire voice communication system is designed to announce an emergency

message when there is fire to all the people within the complex in order for
them to escape immediately.

The voice communication system can be improved by frequent testing and

maintenance to ensure it can be functioned as a common problem in fire
safety is not the lack of equipment but the ignorance of maintaining them.
Hence, be strict when it comes to maintaining and servicing to prevent it out
of service during an event of fire.. The employees from control centre can
prepare more spare keys which can access the telephones for users to
contact the control centre as the size of key is usually small which could be
lost easily.

The telephone should also be cleaned frequently so that it would not be

covered with dust or unwanted rubbish which may hiding them away or
mixing them with other items and lead to the confusion for people in the
complex in the case of emergency. The employees have to ensure that the
connection line of control centre is still working because it could assist to
contact fire fighters during emergencies in the complex where radio
communication cannot be guaranteed to work due to interference from the
fire corona.. Lastly, the command and control centre should be reopened so
that they can receive information from the occupants when there is an event
of fire for them to contact the fire fighters immediately without delaying the
time.

53
1.3 Fire Extinguisher

A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device which used to extinguish

or control small fires in emergency situations.

The ways to improve the fire extinguisher included asking the employees of
the complex to test the extinguisher during annual fire protection inspections
to ensure that it can be functioned because the extinguisher would have
easily been knocked and damaged. All the employees should have training
lesson on how to use the fire extinguisher correctly so they can use it to
prevent the spread of fire in the case of emergency so that a fire can be
tackled without delay. In addition, the employees have to ensure that the fire
extinguishers are always in place with accessible keys beside as recorded in
the fire safety log book. Although it may only take a few seconds to remove
the blockage on the extinguisher, but every second is vital in the event of a
fire. Hence, the access to fire extinguishers must never be restricted and they
should be sited in highly visible locations not hidden in a corner.

Unfortunately, all fire extinguishers will expire after a few years no matter if
they have been used or not. Due to this reason, the date of issue in their label
of the extinguisher should be checked frequently. If they are out of date, they
are useless and the employees need to replace them. Lastly, It is also highly
recommended to check fire extinguishers hose. If there are any signs of
breakage, holes or cracks, the extinguisher must be replaced. Hence, the old
model of fire extinguisher should be upgraded to the latest model.

54
1.4 Sprinkler System

A sprinkler system is a water supply system which provides adequate pressure

and flow rate to a water distribution piping system.

The system can be improved by increasing the water volume that can be
spread out from the sprinkler. The pumps that bring water into the building
should be modified to ensure that the volume of water increases and it
should have access to an adequate water supply and ready access to a fuel
supply, whether diesel or electric. The sprinklers should be cleaned frequently
as when the maintenance and building work is being carried, the dust and
trigger or clog the sprinkler head and these should be removed immediately
when the work is finished because they may block the sprinkler head.

The old rusted sprinkler should be replaced to a new one as they cannot be
repaired or cleaned either and must be replaced completely. Due to the
reason of sprinkler heads have valves inside them that break when they
reach a certain temperature so when the sprinkler is rusted, this can interfere
with the valves or even stop them breaking altogether. some frequent
checking of the condition of the piping system of sprinkler should also be
carried out as closed sprinkler valve is the most common cause of failure in a
sprinkler system. The valve gets turned off for maintenance and it is not turned
back on, or a building worker twists it for some reason, not knowing whether it
is open or closed.

Lastly, the sensitivity of sprinkler should be tested and maintenance is required

for broken sprinkler. Hence, the valves, including those that supply water to
the building, should be checked weekly to ensure they are open, and a full
flow test should be conducted at least yearly.

55
2.0 Passive Fire Protection
2.1 Fireman Lift

A fireman lift is a type of elevator which enables fire fighters to use in order to
rescue people who may be trapped on upper floors during an event of fire in
the complex.

A fireman lift should be identified by placing a sign stated FIREMAN LIFT

because the obfuscating signage in any way will make this more difficult for
people who are not familiar with the layout of the building which will cause
the misuse of lift in the case of emergency. The size of the fireman lift should
be enlarged to ensure more fire fighters can be sent to upper floor to control
the fire spread the save the occupants who are trapped in the fire.
Moreover, the velocity of the lift should be slightly increased to reduce the
time taken for fire fighters to stop the spread of fire on the upper floor.

As with all fire safety equipment, it is important to make sure installation and
maintenance are carried out properly and thus, the maintenance of fireman
life should be done frequently to prevent it from not functioning during an
event of fire which will cause the delay in time for fire fighter to save lives. A
fire resistance coating can also be applied for internal and external wall
surface of the lift which can form a barrier to stop the spread of fire in order
to send the fire fighter to upper floor should also be done to prevent the
ingress of smoke around the lift edges.

56
2.2 Escape Route
Escape route is a path to exit the complex when there is an event of fire.

The escape route can be improved by providing the diagrams to show the
route to escape at the announce board in the complex as fire exit signs
should be clearly visible and located at each point of the escape route
where the direction changes. In the event of a fire, well displayed signs can
quickly guide everyone to safety. The diffusers should be cleaned weekly by
the cleaner because the build of residues inside diffuser such as grease and
dust which combined with heat can cause serious life-threatening fires. Other
than this, if the diffuser could not function well, it may provide more oxygen to
keep a fire burning for longer period.

Employees have to change the fire door lockset if it is broken because if the
fire door cannot be opened, it could lead to very dangerous situation if
people are trying to the fire door in a panic, especially if there is also smoke.
This could cost lives in an emergency. In addition, the employees have to do
monthly check up of the condition of the fire door. If there is a hole or crack
on the fire resistant door, the door is considered as useless because smoke will
be able to come through the cracks and the fire will continue to spread to
other places within the complex. Lastly, employees have to ensure that the
fire door is accessible so that when people are trying to escape from the
complex, they do not need to interfere with any equipment, tools or objects
that could cause them further harm.

In conclusion, the majority of losses are preventable. Hence, the fire

protection system has to be improved because it is always easier to prevent
loss than to recover from the aftermath.

57
RECOMMENDATION AND
JUSTIFICATION ON IMPROVING
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Water leak from the cooling tower

The water leakage from the cooling tower maybe be caused by the tower itself or
the pipes. However, it is more likely caused by the pipes regardless of the material of
the pipes due to clog or blockage along the drain line.

*For illustration purpose only

Hence, periodic maintenance is required to remove the clog. For instance, remove
the cap of the access point of the pipe, pour in mixture of bleach and warm water
and the clog shall be removed as the mixture flows in the pipe.

It is important to keep the ventilation drain pipe unblock because leakage not only
may lead to electric shock when in touch with electrical cables nearby but it also
may affect the cooling system in the building due to insufficient cooling agent to
take away heat from the refrigerant.

58
Mechanical fan

Due to malfunction of ventilation at the ground floor, mechanical fan is installed to

replace air conditioning. However, it is less efficient because there is no adequate
distribution of ventilation and fresh air.

Hence, the centralize air conditioning should be repair and properly maintained. In
order to achieve optimum and adequate ventilation, round cone diffuser should be
installed because round cone diffuser distributes cool air evenly in an enclosed
space.

Round cone diffuser

*For illustration purpose only

Moreover, round cone diffuser can be installed in such a way to replace the
mechanical fan attached to the side between ground floor and first floor to improve
the ventilation and remove odour in the building.

59
AHU Door

The gap between the doors of the AHU room might be caused by termite attack
over the time as it is made of solid timber. Since AHU room must protected especially
from fire, the door may be replaced with fire rated steel door.

Fire resistant door made of steel are durable in such a way that is has fire resistant up
to 3 hours, termite resistant and low maintenance.

Exposed ducting

The ceiling should be covered with ceiling tiles in order to hide the ventilation
ducting from exposing. Ceiling tiles comes with plain and many other pattern for
aesthetic purposes.

Plain ceiling panel

Aesthetic ceiling panel

60
Conclusion
In conclusion, building services play a central role in contributing to the
design of a building, not only in terms of overall strategies and standards to
be achieved, but also in facade engineering, the weights, sizes and location
of major plant and equipment, the position of vertical service risers, routes for
the distribution of horizontal services, drainage, energy sources, sustainability
and so on. This means that building services design must be well integrated
into the overall building design from a very early stage, particularly on
complex building projects.

Through observing the PKNS building, we found that the building services of
this complex do not meet the requirements of Uniform Building By-Laws 1984.
For instance, we found that this building do not operate the voice
communication, which violates the requirement of UBBL 239 part 3 where it
states that voice communication system is required in every office area
exceeding 92.9 square meters in area. Besides that, it also violates the
requirement of UBBL 238 for not having a command and control system in
such a big building. Not only that, we also found that most of the fire
protection system are poorly maintained and some of them are not
functioning. Especially with the sprinkler system, almost every visible sprinkler is
covered with a thick layer of dust and some of these are damaged.

We truly hope that the management team of the PKNS building would take
action to support the operation and maintenance of the mechanical,
electrical and plumbing building services to ensure all systems are fully
operational and compliant as well as supporting the building and services
manager to ensure full compliance of all operating systems particularly with
the fire protection system, identifying risk and supporting solutions to create
procedures which are clearly documented. With a good building service
system, it can provide an optimum level of occupants comfort and protect
the customers as well as workers within the PKNS building.

Through this assignment, we have developed the ability to identify and

explain the relevant information related to fire protection system, vertical
transportation system, mechanical air-conditioning system and electricity
generation and supply system. It has also advanced our skill to distinguish and
differentiate the installation of various types of services in a building as well as
increasing our capability to analyze and scrutinize on the problem of the
building service systems.

61
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64
Appendix

65
Report 1
Date of site visite : 6th Nov 2015 ( Friday )
Location : PKNS Complex, Shah Alam
Attendees : Lee Pei Gie, Davin, Yong Seen Yee, Thun Shao Xun, Khoo Xin Yee
Absentees : Shane Sim Ee Han, Tay Sy Min
Job Scope :
Lee Pei Gie
Prepare letters
Take photo during visit
Observer

Davin

Driver
Observer

Yong Seen Yee

Observer
Note taker

Thun Shao Xun

Liase with PKNS Complex management, get approval

Observer
Note taker

Khoo Xin Yee

Observer
Note taker

66
Report 2
Date of discussion : 7th Nov 2015
Job Delegation :
Lee Pei Gie

Purpose of the building

Preparation of report
Compilation of report and presentation slides

Khoo Xin Yee

Discussion on vertical transportation

Discussion on electricity supply to building
Conclusion

Yong Seen Yee

Discussion on fire protection system

Discussion on mechanical and air-conditioning system
Acknowledgement and abstract

Thun Shao Xun

Analysis on mechanical and air-conditioning system

Davin

Analysis on fire protection system

Shane

Recommendation on mechanical and air-conditioning system

Tay Sy Min

Recommendation on fire-protection system

67
Report 3
Date of discussion : 8th Nov 2015
Content :

Davin, Khoo Xin Yee, Yong Seen Yee, Lee Pei Gie and Thun Shao Xun
complete their parts before 12th Nov 2015 ( Thursday ) and post on
Facebook group.
Shane and Symin commence their parts at 12th Nov 2015 ( Thursday )
and complete by 16th Nov 2015 ( Monday ).
Every member post the presentation slide on FB group before 20th Nov
2015 ( Friday ).

Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Site Visit

8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Part 1, 2 and
3 completed

15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Part 4 Report Powerpoint Powerpoint
completed compilation completed compilation
completed completed

22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Presentation

29 30

68