TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 117-124, June 25, 2014

pISSN: 1229-7607 eISSN: 2092-7592

Regular Paper DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/TEEM.2014.15.3.117

Study of Short-Circuit Currents Around Dtmarovice

Power Station

Shehab Abdulwadood Ali

Department of Physics, College of Saber, Aden University, 867-10B, Sheikh Othman, Aden, Yemen

Received September 15, 2012; Revised February 3, 2014; Accepted March 24, 2014

The calculation of short-circuit currents is important for power systems operation and restoration, and for
determining the means to protect human lives and properties. In this paper, a part of a power system network,
around the Dtmarovice power station in Czech Republic, was simulated by the well known program EMTP-ATPDraw
(Electromagnetic Transients Program-Alternative Transient Program), and short-circuit currents and voltages
were calculated at different points in the electric network and presented as a time function by the PlotXY program.
Calculations were done just for phase-to-ground, and for the three-phase short-circuit at the Kunice substation. The
results were important for determining the characteristics of the equipment required to withstand or break the short-
circuit current; for this reason, the calculations were repeated using earth-fault resistances only for the case of busbar
KUN shown in Figs. 5 and 6.

Keywords:Short-circuit, Short-circuit currents and voltages, Phase-to-ground, Three-phase, EMTP-ATPDraw

1. INTRODUCTION Generally, such faults give the maximum short-circuit currents

Normally, short circuit studies involve calculating a bolted
three-phase fault condition, which can be characterized as
all three phases 'bolted' together to create a zero impedance
connection. This establishes the 'worst case' (highest current)
condition that results in maximum three-phase thermal and
mechanical stress in the system. From this calculation, other
types of fault conditions can be approximated. This worst case
condition should be used to specify proper interrupting rating
requirements, selectively coordinate the system and provide
component protection [4].
In a three-phase system, a fault may equally involve all three
phases. A bolted fault acts as if the three phases were connected
together with links of zero impedance prior to the fault, i.e., the
fault impedance itself is zero and the fault is limited by the sys-
tem and machine impedances only. Such a fault is called a sym-
metrical three-phase bolted fault, or a solid fault.
and form the basis of the calculations of short-circuit duties on
switching devices. Faults involving one, or more than one, phase
and ground are called unsymmetrical faults. Unsymmetrical
faults are more common than three-phase faults, but under cer-
tain conditions, line-to-ground fault or double line-to-ground
fault current values may exceed three-phase symmetrical fault
currents. Short-circuit calculations are, thus, the primary study
whenever a new power system is designed or an existing system
is to be expanded or upgraded [7].
In a distribution system, several variables affect calculated
bolted three-phase short-circuit currents. Appropriate variable
values must be selected for the specific application analysis. Elec-
trical installations almost always require protection against short-
circuits wherever there is an electrical discontinuity. This most
often corresponds to points where there is a change in conductor
cross-section. The short-circuit current must be calculated at
each stage of the installation to determine the characteristics of
the equipment required to withstand or break the fault current [4].

Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed:
E-mail: shehababdulwadood@gmail.com
Copyright 2014 KIEEME. All rights reserved.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Sources of a short-circuit current that are normally considered
include utility sources, local sources, synchronous motors, in-
duction motors and alternate power sources [4].
The consequences of short-circuits can vary depending on
the type and duration of the fault, the installation point (as in a

Copyright 2011 KIEEME. All rights reserved. 117 http://www.transeem.org

 118 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

physical location) where the fault occurred and the short-circuit (a)
power. Consequences include:

- At the fault location: the presence of electrical arcs, resulting

in damage to insulation, welding of conductors, initiation of
fires and endangerment to life.

- On the faulty circuit: electrodynamic forces, resulting in the

deformation of the bus-bars, disconnection of cables, and ex-
cessive rise in temperature due to an increase in Joule losses, (b)
risking damage to insulation.

- On other circuits in the network or in near-by networks: volt-

age drop during the time required to clear the fault, ranging
from a few milliseconds to a few hundred milliseconds.

- Dynamic instability and/or the loss of machine synchroniza-

tion, etc. Fig. 1. Single-phase and three-phase short-circuits. (a) single-phase
and (b) three-phase.
Short-circuit calculations should be done at all critical points
in the system. These would include the service entrance, transfer
switches, panel boards, load centers, motor control centers, dis- (a)
connects and motor starters. The various types of short-circuits
that can occur during electrical installations are as follows [3]:

- Phase-to-ground (80% of faults).

- Phase-to-phase (15% of faults). This fault often degenerates

into a 3-phase fault.

- Three-phase (only 5% of initial faults).

(b)
In networks with isolated nodes, or ineffectively earthed, the
connection of the phase with the earth dose not called single-
phase short-circuit, but qualitatively a ground fault.
In this study, only phase-to-ground and three-phase short-
circuits are calculated to investigate short-circuit currents and
voltages.
From Figure 1a, the characteristic equations for a single-phase
Fig. 2. Network diagram and directions of energy flow. (a) network
short circuit can be written directly as follows [12]:
diagram and (b) equivalent circuit.

U A 0=
= , I B 0=
, IC 0 (1)

In a real single-phase short circuit, the voltage at the damaged where

phase does not decrease to zero. This type of short circuit can oc-
cur only in networks with earthed nodes of transformers or gener-
1 3
ators. For short-circuits, phase A current can be written as follows: a = + j
2 2

3 E
IA = (2) Switching from the state before the fault to the new state is
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0
accompanied by a transient. In single-phase short-circuits (Fig.
2(a)), the transient is caused by the balance capacities in phases
where B and C, where its energy shifts to inductance, which will be
E is the phase voltage. transformed into the energy of the coils magnetic field and vice
Z1, Z2 and Z0 are the positive, negative and zero impedances, versa. This results in an oscillating circuit, whose natural fre-
respectively. quency depends on the values of capacities and inductance and
The characteristic equations for a three-phase short circuit is oscillates the phase A voltage from the phase value UA to, or near,
as follows (Fig. 1(b)): zero and UB and UC to the values U'B and U'C calculated by equa-
tions 5 and 6 below:
I=
A I=
B I C , U=
A U=
B UC (3)

'
3 Z 0 / Z1 3
For the phase currents, assuming a symmetrical short: I B= U A j (5)
2 2 + Z 0 / Z1 2

E E E 3 Z 0 / Z1 3
I A = a 2 , IC =
, IB = a , (4) U '
C= U A +j (6)
Z1 Z1 Z1
2 2 + Z 0 / Z1 2
 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali 119

The diagram of Fig. 2(a) can be replaced by Fig. 2(b), and the
frequency of the circuit is calculated by equation 7 below:

1
f0 =
(7)
2 3 Lr C

The results, obtained by ATPDraw [2], which is a graphical,

mouse-driven preprocessor to the ATP version of the Electro-
magnetic Transients Program (EMTP), are drawn by PlotXY pro-
gram [11].

2. THE STUDIED CASE

The studied case (Fig. 3) corresponds to a part of a power net-
work around a branch from the Dtmarovice power station (EDE)
- block No. 2 in Czech Republic. Block No. 2 (EDE2) has a genera-
tor with a three-phase volt-ampere rating of about SG=235 MVA
and a voltage of about 15.75 kV and it supplies to the power net-
work 110 kV a power of about 160 MW via the block transformer
(EDET). A part of this power, about 100 MW, is consumed in the
Kunice substation (KUN), and 60 MW is fed to the supergrid 220
kV of Lstkovec (LIS2) via the distribution transformer (LIST).
Both parts of the power are transferred via the Vratimov substa-
tion (VRA), considered to be under no load. All the substations
are connected by AlFe-110 kV transmission lines. A single line,
No. 692 (two conductors in a bundle 2670 mm 2, length 20.4
km), is connected between the Dtmarovice power station (EDE)
and the Vratimov substation (VRA); a double line No. 605-606 (240
mm2, length 5.168 km) between the Vratimov substation (VRA)
and the Kunice substation (KUN); and a double line No. 641-
642 (450 mm2, length 8.107 km) between the Vratimov substation
(VRA) and the Lstkovec substation (LIS).
Fig. 3. Scheme of the Dtmarovice power station - block No. 2.
transmission lines and one load of Kunice (KUN). ATPDraw has
sufficient models to represent this power system, but some com-
ponents are needed to calculate short-circuit currents and volt-
ages, such as measuring probes and a combination of switches
with resistances.
3.1 Supply stations
The synchronous generator (SG=235 MVA/15.75 kV ) of the
Dtmarovice supply stations (EDE) is represented by the AT-
PDraw model SM59. Parameters of the generator are listed in
Table 1 below. The voltage magnitude is calculated as in equation
8 [14] and represents the steady-state voltage at the terminals of
the machine.

2
3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODELS U = 15.75 =12.860 kV (8)
amp 3
The power system has two supply stations, the block of
Dtmarovice (EDE), which contains a synchronous generator The supergrid 220 kV of Lstkovec (LIS2) is represented as an
(EDE2) and a block transformer (EDET), and the supergrid 220 ideal source of voltage (AC3ph- type 14) with amplitude given by
kV of Lstkovec (LIS2), in addition to two transformers, three equation 9:

Table 1. The parameters of the generator.

Angle SMOVTP
Volt Freq Poles
Phase A in (deg.) No machines in parallel=1
12,860 50 77.47 2 1
SMOVTQ RMVA RkV RA
AGLINE
No machines in parallel=1 3phase volt-ampere rating line-to-line voltage Armature resistance (pu)
1 235 15.75 5,000 0
Xd (pu) Xq (pu)
XL (pu) Xd' (pu) Xq' (pu)
D-axis synchronous reac- Q-axis synchronous reac-
Armature leakage reactance D-axis transient reactance Q-axis transient reactance
tance tance
0.13 1.73 1.65 0.206 0.165
Xd'' (pu) Tdo' (s) Tqo' (s) Tdo'' (s)
Xq'' (pu)
D-axis subtransient reac- D-axis transient time con- Q-axis transient time con- D-axis subtransient time
Q-axis subtransient reactance
tance stant stant constant
0.154 0.154 7.1 7.1 0.041
Tqo'' (s) RN (pu) XN (pu) XCAN (pu)
Xo (pu)
Q-axis subtransient time Real part of neutral ground- Imaginary part of neutral Canay's characteristic reac-
Zero-sequence reactance
constant ing impedance grounding impedance tance. unknown=XL
0.43 0.13 0 0 0.13
MECHUN
HICO DSR DSD FM
0: English units. 1: Metric
0.0156 0 0 3 1
 120 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali

Table. 2. Parameters of BCTRAN.

2
U
= 220 = 179.630 kV (9)
amp 3 Short- Open- Short-cir- Open-cir-
Transform- Power
circuit circuit cuit losses cuit losses
er (MVA)
voltage (%) current (%) (kW) (kW)
3.2 Transformers
EDET
(15.75/ 250 13 0,161 853 135
The power system contains two transformers, the block trans-
110 kV)
former (EDET), type EC 41 M, manufactured by koda Plze-
LIST
Czech Republic, and the distribution transformer (LIST), manu-
(220/ 250 13 0,161 853 135
factured by koda Plze. Both transformers are modeled by the
110 kV)
ATP-Draw model BCTRAN. Table 2 describes the parameters of
the transformers.
The other values are as follows: three phases, two windings, a
Table 3. The parameters of the transmission line No. 692.
3-legged stacked core, test frequency of 50 Hz and DYn1 connec-
tion for EDET and YNyn0 connection for LIST. Phase no 1 2 3 0
Rin (cm) Inner radius of the conductor 0.63 0.63 0.63 0
3.3 Transmission lines Rout (cm) Outer radius of the conductor 1.81 1.81 1.81 0.5
Resis (/km) 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.2
The 110 kV transmission lines, made of AlFe, are modeled by Horiz (m) -2 0 2 0
the ATP-Draw model Lines/Cables (LCC). The parameters and Vtower (m) 14 14 14 18
location of the conductors on the towers for each line are listed Vmid (m) 11 11 11 15
below: Separ (cm) 40 40 40 0
Alpha (deg) 0 0 0 0
- The single line No. 692 has two conductors in a bundle: cross NB No. of conductors 0 2 2 1
sectional area of 2670 mm2, length of 20.4 km, an overhead
line, 3-phase, type PI, with skin effect, Rho (ground resistivity)
= 120 m, and initial frequency = 50 Hz. The parameters and Table. 4. The parameters of transmission line No. 605-606.
location of the conductors on the tower are given in Table 3.
Phase no 1 2 3 4
Rin (cm) Inner conduc. radius 0.4 0.4 0.4 0
- Double lines No. 605-606 are made of AlFe: cross sectional Rout (cm) Outer conduc. radius 1.07 1.07 1.07 0.5
area of 240 mm2, length 5.168 km, overhead lines 3-phase, Resis (/km) 0.123 0.123 0.123 0.2
type PI, with skin effect, Rho (ground resistivity)=100 m, and Horiz (m) -2.6 2.5 3.4 0
initial frequency = 50 Hz. The parameters and the locations of Vtower (m) 16.8 18.4 15.2 21.2
the conductors on the tower are given in Table 4. Vmid (m) 14 15 12.5 18.5

- Double lines No. 641-642 are made of AlFe: cross sectional

area of 450 mm2, length 8.107 km, overhead line, 6-phase, Table 5. The cable input data.
type PI, with skin effect, Rho (ground resistivity)=100 m, and
initial frequency = 50 Hz. The parameters and the location of Phase Rin (cm) Rout (cm) Resis Horiz Vtower Vmid
the conductors on the tower are given in Table 5. no Inner radius Outer radius (/km) (m) (m) (m)
1 0.6 1.5 0.065 -4.7 20 17
2 0.6 1.5 0.065 -6.65 16.3 13
3.4 Loads
3 0.6 1.5 0.065 -2.95 16.3 13
4 0.6 1.5 0.065 4.7 20 17
The load in the Kunice substation (KUN) can be easily mod-
5 0.6 1.5 0.065 2.95 16.3 13
eled by a standard component RLC3 as a resistive load, con-
6 0.6 1.5 0.065 6.65 6.3 13
nected to a star with a grounded node. Load consumed is about
0 0 0.5 0.2 0 26 23
100 MW, with 110 kV. The resistance value will be [14]:

U 2 1102 106
R =
=
(10) = 121 performed in total. A switching simulation was represented by a
P 100 106 statistical switch, modeled at ATP as SW_STAT, with a Gaussian
probability distribution and described by a standard deviation
Finally, the scheme of the Dtmarovice power station - block (set to 1 s). For all simulations, the starting time of the fault was
No. 2 shown in Fig. 3, will be modeled by ATPDraw as shown in set to 0.0378 s, which is the time the voltage of phase A crosses
Fig. 4 below. the maximum.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the Kunice

In this study, we investigate the short-circuit currents and
voltages at the bus of the Kunice substation (KUN), as well as
at some points such as the secondary side of the Dtmarovice
transformer (EDET) and at the secondary side of the Lstkovec
transformer (LIST). The short-circuit calculations will be done
only for phase-to-ground and for three-phase at the Kunice
substation (KUN).
For each analysis in this study, 200 statistical simulations were
substation
Assuming that the fault occurs at phase A, the following figures
illustrate the imbalance situations that could occur at the differ-
ent points in the network.
4.1.1 Busbar KUN
Figures 5 and 6 show the currents of the three phases of the
 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali
Fig. 4. The ATPDraw model of the network.
Fig. 5. The currents to the load KUN.
Fig. 6. The voltages at the busbar KUN.
load of Kunice and the voltages at this busbar. The current and
the voltage at the damaged phase A () decreased to zero, while
those at the faultless phases B () and C () were slightly affect-
ed. The amplitude of the current at all phases (Fig. 5), in the case
of steady state, reached 752 A and because the fault, the ampli-
tude of the current at phases B and C increased to almost 811.5
A and 861.4 A, respectively (increased about 7.9% and 14.5%,
respectively). In Fig. 6, the amplitude of the voltage reached 88.7
kV at steady state and because the fault increased to 95.7 kV
(7.89%) at phase B and -101.65 kV (14.6%) at phase C.
4.1.2 At the secondary side of the Dtmarovice
transformer EDET
The amplitudes of the three phase steady state currents that
121
Fig. 7. The currents at EDET.
Fig. 8. The voltages at EDET.
flowed from the secondary side of the transformer EDET (Fig.
7) are 1,164.1 A at phase A (), 1,207.6 A at B () and 1,184 A at
C ().because the fault, the amplitude of the phase A current
increased to a maximum -3,794.2 A (225.9%). This disturbance
appears in the curves of voltages (Fig. 8), whose the ampli-
tudes at the three phase steady state were almost 89.85 kV,
because the fault decreased to 51.1 kV at phase A (decreased
43.1%).
4.1.3. At the secondary side of the Lstkovec
transformer list
The amplitudes of the three phase steady state currents that
flowed from LIST (Fig. 9) are 441.23 A at phase A (), 451.59 A
at B () and 418.36 A at C ().because the fault the amplitude
of the phases A current increased to a maximum of -8,225.3 A
(1,764.2%). The amplitudes of the three phase steady state volt-
ages (Figure 10) are almost 89.1 kV because the fault decreased
to 41.31 kV (53.6%) at phase A.
4.2 Three-phase short-circuit at the Kunice
substation
Based on the above explanations, the following imbalance
situations occur:
4.2.1 Busbar KUN
Figures 11 and 12 show the currents and voltages at the three
phases. The current and the voltage at the damaged phases de-
creased to almost zero. The amplitude of the current at all phases
(Fig. 11) at steady state reached 753 A and the amplitude of the
voltage reached 89 kV (Fig. 12).
 122
Fig. 9. The voltages at EDET.
Fig. 10. The voltages at EDET.
Fig. 11. The currents to the load KUN.
Fig. 12. The voltages to the load KUN.
Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali
4.2.2. At the secondary side of the Dtmarovice
transformer EDET
The amplitudes of the steady state currents at all phases (Fig.
13) are 1,164.1 A at phase A (), 1207.6 A at B () and 1,184.1 A at
C ().because the fault, the amplitudes of the currents increased
to a maximum -4,219.5 A at phase A (262.5%), 7,135.6 A at B
(490.9%) and -6,979.4 A at C (489.4%). This disturbance appears
in the curves of voltages (Fig. 14), whose amplitudes of the three
phase steady state are almost 90 kV, because the fault decreased
to almost 40 kV (55.6%) in all phases.
The transient disturbance at the start of the fault showed that
the transient voltage at phase A reached the value of 131.16 kV, i.e.
increased by about 45.7% in comparison with that at the steady
state.
4.2.3 At the secondary side of the Lstkovec
transformer LIST
The amplitudes of the three phase steady state currents that
flowed from the LIST (Fig. 15) are 443.71 A at phase A (), 451.71
A at B () and 429.37 A at C ().because the fault, the amplitude
of the current increased to a maximum -10,077 A (2,171.1%) at
phase A, 16,019 A (3,446.3%) at B and -16,090 A (3,647.4%) at C.
The amplitudes of the three phase steady state voltages (Fig. 16)
are almost 89.2 kV because the fault decreased to almost 33.5 kV
(62.4%) in all phases.
At the start of the fault, the transient voltage reached the value
of 112.7 kV (26.3%) at phase A.
5. NOTES
A fault such as indirect connection of one phase with the
ground in networks with an isolated node or in compensated
networks (node is connected via arc-suppression coil) is called
an earth-fault (or ground fault). This fault may occur in normal
operation and currents will leak from phase to earth. Earth-
leakage currents have small values and are capacitive [12], while
short-circuit currents usually reach multiple values higher than
those at steady state operation and are inductive.
In this study, we assumed that the earth-fault resistance was
zero, although it has a decisive influence on the Y-voltage (U0)
value and thereby on earth-fault protections. For example, the
functions of some earth-fault protections, such as GSC12 [12],
are blocked by the value of (U0); protection will not react if the
value does not reached 30~40% of the nominal value.
Short-circuit calculations are possible using earth-fault resis-
tances if the power system is correctly modeled and the study
aims to find the correct configuration for the network to avoid
faults. In ATPDraw, the earth-fault resistance is simply modeled
by the component "Resistor", which will be one-pole or three-
pole grounded. For example, with earth-fault resistance of 10
for the scheme corresponding to Figs. 5 and 6, the curves of the
currents and voltages will differ as shown below. The amplitude
of the current at phase A reached 538.92 A, not zero (Fig. 5), and
the amplitude of the voltage reached 63.6 kV.
6. CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated the imbalance situations due to
short circuits at different locations in power systems. Short-
circuits may occur in well designed power systems and produce
large decaying transient currents, in most cases much above the
system load currents. Such a case can be studied to identify the
 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 15(3) 117 (2014): S. A. Ali 123

Fig. 13. The currents at EDET. Fig. 17. The currents to the load KUN - () with and () without earth-
fault resistance.

Fig. 14. The voltages at EDET.

Fig. 18. The voltages at the busbar KUN - () with and () without
earth-fault resistance.

worst possible cases in a power system by modeling using a suit-

able program, such as EMTP-ATPDraw, and simulating the faults
at different locations in the network.
The high oscillations on the voltage curves due to a fault origi-
nate from the oscillating circuit described previously in Fig. 2.
The worst case in this simulation (the fault started when the
voltage of phase A crosses the maximum, t=0.0378 s), which need
to be protected against, was the rise of a short circuit current at
the secondary side of the Listkovec transformer LIST for both
phase-to-ground and three-phase faults. Referring to Fig. 9 and
Fig. 15, the amplitude of the current at phase A increased to a
Fig. 15. The currents at LIST. maximum -8,225.3 A (1,764.2%) because of the phase-to-ground
fault and increased to -16,090 A (3,647.4%) at phase C because of
the three-phase fault. These values decreased when the voltage
was not the maximum.
The worst case was the three-phase fault, which is called a
symmetrical three-phase bolted fault. Knowing this, the short-
circuit to the faulty section of the electrical system should be
limited by applying appropriate switching devices that can oper-
ate under short-circuit conditions without damage and isolate
only the faulty section.

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