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Chapter 1
Theorem 1 (Archimedian Property). Suppose x, y R, where x > 0. Then there exists
n N such that nx > y.
Theorem 2 (Density of Q in R). For every x, y R such that x < y there exists p Q
such that x < p < y.
Theorem 3 (Existence of nth Root). Suppose x R, x > 0. There there exists a unique
y R such that y n = x.
Chapter 2
Theorem 4. Every infinite subset of a countable set is countable.
Theorem 5. Let En be a sequence of countable sets. Then
n=1 En is countable. That is,
the countable union of countable sets is countable.
Theorem 6. The set A = {0, 1}N is uncountable.
Theorem 7. Every neighborhood is an open set.
Theorem 8. Suppose Y X. A subset E Y is open relative to Y if and only if E = Y G
for some open subset G of X.
Theorem 9. A set E is open if and only if its complement is closed.
Proposition 10. Let A and B be sets such that A B. The following hold:
(a) A B ,
c
(b) A = ((Ac ) ) ,
(c) A B.
Theorem 11. Let (X, d) be a metric space and E X. Then the following hold
(a) E is open,
(b) E is closed,
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(c) If G E and G is open then G E ,
Theorem 15. If {K } is a collection of compact subsets of a metric space X such that the
intersection of every finite subcollection of {K } is nonempty, then K is nonempty.
Corollary 15.1. If {Kn } is a sequence of nonempty compact sets such that Kn Kn+1 for
all n N then
n=1 Kn 6= .
Theorem 16. If E is an infinite subset of a compact set K, then E has a limit point in K.
Theorem 17. If {In } is a sequence of intervals in R such that In In+1 , for all n N,
then
n=1 In 6= .
Theorem 18. If {In } is a sequence of k-cells such that In In+1 , for all n N, then
n=1 In 6= .
(b) E is compact.
Chapter 3
(a) pn p X if and only if > 0, N (p) contains pn for all but finitely many n.
Proposition 23. A sequence {pn } converges to p if and only if every subsequence {pnk }
converges to p.
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Proposition 24. A sequence {pn } doesnt converge to any p X if and only if p X
there exists a subsequence {pnk } that does not converge to p.
Theorem 25. Let E X, where X is a metric space. Then p E if and only if {pn } in
E such that pn p. In particular, the limit of a convergent sequence is in the closure of its
range.
Theorem 26. (a) If {pn } is a sequence in a compact metric space K then some subsequence
of {pn } converges to a point in K.
is closed. That is, the subsequential limits of {pn } in X form a closed subset of X.
Proposition 28. If {pn } is convergent then {pn } is Cauchy. If {pn } is Cauchy then {pn }
is bounded.
Theorem 29. Let {pn } be a Cauchy sequence in a compact subset K of a metric space X.
Then pn p K. That is, Cauchy sequences in compact sets are convergent.
SEQUENCES IN Rk , C, and R
Theorem 30. A sequence in Rk is convergent if and only if the k-sequences of its components
are convergent.
Theorem 31. Suppose X = R or X = C. Let {xn } and {yn } be sequences in X such that
xn x and yn y. Then
(a) xn yn x y,
(c) xn yn xy,
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(d) If x 6= 0 then xn
x1 ,
yn
(e) If x 6= 0 then xn
xy .
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Chapter 4
Theorem 34. Let (X, dX ) and (Y, dY ) be metric spaces. The following are equivalent:
(a) f : X Y is continuous at every point in X.
exist and M, m f (K). That is, a real-valued continuous function achieves its max and
min values over a compact set.
Theorem 37. If f : X Y is continuous and E X is connected then f (E) is connected.
Corollary 37.1 (IVT). Suppose f : R R is continuous. If a < b and f (a) < f (b) then
for every y (f (a), f (b)) there exists an x (a, b) such that f (x) = y.
Theorem 38. Let f : X Y , where X is compact. Then f is continuous if and only if f
is uniformly continuous.
CONTINUITY OF REAL-VALUED FUNCTIONS
Theorem 39. Suppose f : (a, b) R is monotonically increasing. Then
(a) f only has discontinuities of the 1st kind,
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f (b)f (a)
(b) (Standard MVT) x (a, b) such that f 0 (x) = ba
.
(c) (Cauchys MVT) x (a, b) such that (f (b) f (a))g 0 (x) = (g(b) g(a))f 0 (x).
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Chapter 6
Throughout this chapter, we will assume that f : [a, b] R is a bounded function, unless
stated otherwise.
Definition 1. Let [a, b] be a given interval. A partition P of [a, b] is a finite set of points
x0 , x1 , . . . , xn , where
a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = b.
Definition 2. Given a partition P of [a, b], for each subinterval [xi1 , xi ] [a, b] define
mi := inf f (x) and Mi := sup f (x).
x[xi1 ,xi ] x[xi1 ,xi ]
Observations
(1) L(P, f ) U(P, f ).
(2) If m = supx[a,b] f (x) and M = inf x[a,b] f (x), then
m(b a) L(P, f ) U(P, f ) M (b a).
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Lower and Upper Darboux Integrals
Definition 3. For f : [a, b] R we define the lower Darboux integral of f as
Z b
f dx := sup L(P, f )
a P
Chapter 7
**In this section we will assume were working with complex-valued functions unless stated
otherwise.
Definition 4. A sequence {fn } in B(E) is uniformly Cauchy if for every > 0 there
exists an N such that
lim fn (t) = An , n N.
tx
that is,
lim lim fn (t) = lim lim fn (t).
tx n n tx
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Proof. Remember that were working in C, a complete metric space. You can show {An } is
Cauchy and therefore convergent by using that {fn } is uniformly convergent if and only if
its uniformly Cauchy. For the second part use the -inequality twice.
Then fn f uniformly on K.
Remark 2. Remember, fn f uniformly if and only if for every > 0 there exists an N
such that for all n N , |fn (x) f (x)| < for all x if and only if for every > 0 there exists
an N such that for all n N supxE |fn (x) f (x)| < .
Remark 3. Note that ||f || is a norm, and that (B(E), ||f g||) forms a metric space.
Remark 5. Note that by the Corollary 47.1, Cb (E) B(E) is a complete metric space
because the corollary shows that Cb (E) contains all of its limit points, meaning it is a closed,
and it is a subset of B(E), a complete metric space.
Theorem 50 (Conditions Under Which Limits Can be Pulled Out of Integrals). Suppose
that fn : [a, b] C and fn R for all n N, and suppose that fn f uniformly on [a, b].
Then f R, and Z b Z b
f dx = lim fn dx,
a n a
that is, Z b Z b
lim fn dx = lim fn dx .
a n n a
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Proof. Begin by defining n = kfn f k = supx[a,b] |fn (x) f (x)|. Then since fn f
uniformly, fn (x) n f (x) fn (x) + n for all x [a, b]. Then use upper and lower
Darboux integrals.
Theorem 51. Suppose that {fn } is a sequence of functions that are all differentiable on [a, b]
and such that {fn (x0 )} converges for some point x0 on [a, b]. If {fn0 } converges uniformly on
[a, b] then {fn } converges uniformly to a function f on [a, b], and