APPENDIX

TABLE A.1
Water-
Typical average values Turbo- Wheel
of synchronous-machine Generator Generator Synchro- Synchro-
constants Constant (solid (with nous nous
(units) Type Symbol rotor) dampers) Condenser Motor

Xd 1.1 1.15 1.80 1.20

Synchronous
Xq 1.08 0.75 1.15 0.90
Xd0 0.23 0.37 0.40 0.35
Transient
Xq0 0.23 0.75 1.15 0.90
Reactances Xd00 0.12 0.24 0.25 0.30
Subtransient
(per unit) Xq00 0.15 0.34 0.30 0.40
Negative- X2 0.13 0.29 0.27 0.35
sequence
Zero- X0 0.05 0.11 0.09 0.16
sequence
Positive- R (dc) 0.003 0.012 0.008 0.01
Resistances sequence R (ac) 0.005 0.012 0.008 0.01
(per unit) Negative- R2 0.035 0.10 0.05 0.06
sequence
0
Td0 5.6 5.6 9.0 6.0
Time Transient
Td0 1.1 1.8 2.0 1.4
constants
Subtransient Td00 Tq00 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.036
(seconds)
Armature Ta 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.15

(Adapted from E. W. Kimbark, Power System Stability: Synchronous Machines (New York:
Dover Publications, 1956/1968), Chap. 12)

814
 APPENDIX 815

TABLE A.2 Rating of Highest BIL of Highest

Voltage Winding Voltage Winding Leakage Reactance
Typical transformer kV kV per unit*
leakage reactances
Distribution Transformers
2.4 30 0.0230.049
4.8 60 0.0230.049
7.2 75 0.0260.051
12 95 0.0260.051
23 150 0.0520.055
34.5 200 0.0520.055
46 250 0.0570.063
69 350 0.0650.067

Power Transformers 10 MVA and Below

8.7 110 0.0500.058
25 150 0.0550.058
34.5 200 0.0600.065
46 250 0.0600.070
69 350 0.0700.075
92 450 0.0700.085
115 550 0.0750.100
138 650 0.0800.105
161 750 0.0850.011

Power Transformers Above 10 MVA

Self-Cooled or
Forced-Air- Forced-Oil-
Cooled Cooled

8.7 110 0.0500.063 0.0820.105

34.5 200 0.0550.075 0.0900.128
46 250 0.0570.085 0.0950.143
69 350 0.0630.095 0.1030.158
92 450 0.0600.118 0.1050.180
115 550 0.0650.135 0.1070.195
138 650 0.0700.140 0.1170.245
161 750 0.0750.150 0.1250.250
230 900 0.0700.160 0.1200.270
345 1300 0.0800.170 0.1300.280
500 1550 0.1000.200 0.1600.340
765 0.1100.210 0.1900.350

* Per-unit reactances are based on the transformer rating

 816
TABLE A.3 Characteristics of copper conductors, hard drawn, 97.3% conductivity

APPENDIX
TABLE A.4 Characteristics of aluminum cable, steel, reinforced (Aluminum Company of America)ACSR

APPENDIX
817