2009

y
( x + y ) ln1 +
1 x
dxdy =_____________ D x + y = 1
D
1 x y
.
2
2 f ( x) f ( x) = 3 x 2 f ( x)dx 2
0

f ( x) =___________________.

x2
3 z= + y2 2 2x + 2 y z = 0
2
________________________.

4 y = y ( x) xe
f ( y)
= e y ln 29 f

d2y
f 1 =____________________.
dx 2
16 10 [1 f ( y )]2 f ( y )
3x 2 2 x + 2 y z 5 = 0 .
15 3 x 2 [1 f ( y )]3

e x + e2 x + + e nx e
x
lim( ) n .
x 0 n

e e x + e2 x + + e nx
= lim exp{ ln( )}
x 0 x n

e(ln(e x + e 2 x + + e nx ) ln n)
= exp{lim }
x 0 x
0
LHospital
0
e(ln(e x + e 2 x + + e nx ) ln n) e(e x + 2e x + + ne nx )
lim = lim
x 0 x x 0 e x + e2 x + + e nx
e(1 + 2 + + n) n +1
= =( )e
n 2
n +1
( )e
2
= e .
 1 f ( x)
f ( x) , g ( x) = f ( xt )dt lim = A , A g ( x)
0 x 0 x
g ( x) x = 0 .

f (0) = 0 g (0) = 0 .
x

u = xt g ( x) =
0
f (u )du
( x 0)
x
x
xf ( x) f (u )du
g ( x ) = 0
2
( x 0)
x

g (0) = lim
0
f (u )du
= lim
f ( x) A
=
x 0 2 x 0
x 2x 2

x x
xf ( x) f (u )du f ( x) f (u)du = A A = A = g (0)
lim g ( x) = lim 0
2
= lim lim 0 2
x 0 x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x 2 2

g ( x) x = 0 .

D = {( x, y ) | 0 x , 0 y } L D

1 xe dy ye xe
sin x sin y
sin y
dx = dy yesin x dx
L L

5 2
2 xe dy ye .
sin x
sin y
dx
L
2
D
.
0
0 e dy e dx = 0 (e + e )dx
sin x sin x
(1) =
sin y sin x

0
=
0
e sin y dy esin x dx = (esin x + e sin x )dx
0

xe dy ye sin x dx = xe
sin y

sin y
dy yesin x dx
L L

(2) e
sin x
+ e sin x 2 + sin 2 x
5

L
xesin y dy ye sin x dx = (esin x + e sin x )dx 2 .
0 2

1 Green D
 xe dy ye sin x dx = (esin y + e sin x )d
sin y

L D

xe dx = (e sin y + esin x )d
sin y
dy ye sin x

L D

y = x (e + e sin x )d = (e sin y + esin x )d

sin y

D D

xe xe
sin x sin y
sin y
dy ye dx = dy ye sin x
dx .
L L

t 2n
(2) e + e = 2
t
t
2 + t2
n = 0 (2n)!

5
xe dy ye sin x dx = (esin y + e sin x )d = (esin x + e sin x )d 2 .
sin y

L D D
2

y1 = xe + e y2 = xe + e
x 2x x x
y3 = xe + e
x 2x
e x
.
2x
e
x x
e xe .

y y 2 y = f ( x)

y = xe
x

f ( x) = ( xe x ) ( xe x ) 2 xe x = 2e x + xe x e x xe x 2 xe x = e x 2 xe x

y y 2 y = e 2 xe .
x x

x
y = xe + c1e + c2 e
x 2x

y = e + xe + 2c1e c2 e y = 2e + xe + 4c1e + c2 e c1 , c2
x x 2x x x x 2x x

y y 2 y = e 2 xe .
x x

y = ax + bx + 2 ln c 0 x 1 y 0
2

1
x x = 1 . a, b, c, x
3
V .
c = 1
 1 a b 1 2
(ax + bx)dx =
+ = . b = (1 a)
2
0 3 2 3 3
1 1 1 1
V = 0 (ax + bx) dx = [ a + ab + b ]
2 2 2 2

5 2 3
1 1 1 4
= [ a 2 + a(1 a ) + (1 a ) 2 ] .
5 3 3 9
dv 2 1 2 8
= [ a + a (1 a)] = 0
da 5 3 3 27
5 3
a = b b = . y 0
4 2
d 2v 2 2 8 4
|
2 a = 5
= [ + ] = > 0 a = 5 , b = 3 , c = 1
da 4 5 3 27 135 4 2
.

un ( x)

un ( x) = un ( x) + x n 1e x n

u ( x) .
e
un (1) = n
n n =1

un ( x) un ( x)
n =1

un ( x) un ( x) = x e un ( x)
n 1 x

n
un ( x) = e ( x n 1e x e dx + c) = e x ( + c)
dx dx x
n

e xnex
un (1) = c = 0 n
u ( x ) =
n n

xnex xn
un ( x ) =
n =1 n =1 n
= ex .
n =1 n

xn
s ( x) = [1, 1) x (1, 1)
n =1 n

1
s( x) = x n 1 =
n =1 1 x
 x 1
s ( x) = 0 dt = ln(1 x)
1 t

x = 1 u ( x ) = e
n =1
n
1
ln 2 .

1 x < 1 u ( x) = e
n =1
n
x
ln(1 x) .

x 1 x n .
2

n=0

+ +
x t dt x n 1 +
2 2 2
xt dt
0 0
n =0

1
+ + t 2 ln
xt dt =
2
x
e dt
0 0

1 + 1 1
1
= e t dt =
2
.
0 2 ln 1 2 1 x
ln
x x

2009
L1 : x = y = z L2 : x 1 = y = z + 1 L3 : x = y + 1 = z 1

.
L0 .
G G
n = (1,1,1) O(0, 0, 0) O(0, 0, 0) n = (1,1,1)

x + y + z = 0 .

O(0, 0, 0), P(1, 0, 1), Q(0, 1,1)

L0

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ( x 1) 2 + y 2 + ( z + 1) 2
2
x + y + z = x + ( y + 1) + ( z 1)
2 2 2 2 2

x z = 1

y z = 1

L0

x 1 = y + 1 = z .

x = y = z x 1 = y + 1 = z . P0 (1, 1, 0)

L0 .
G JJJG G JJJG
| n P0 S | | n P0O |
S ( x, y, z ) G = G
|n| |n|

( y + z 1) 2 + ( x z 1) 2 + ( x + y + 2) 2 = 6

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy xz yz 3 x + 3 y = 0 .

C nn n n C
 0 0 # 0 an

1 0 # 0 an 1
F = 0 1 # 0 an 2 .

# # # # #
0 0 # 1 a1

a11 a12 " a1n

a a22 " a2 n
1 A = 21 AF = FA
" " " "

an1 an 2 " ann

A = an1 F n 1 + an 11 F n 2 + " + a21 F + a11 E

2 C nn C ( F ) = { X C nn | FX = XF } .

1: A = (1 , 2 ," , n ) M = an1 F n 1 + an 11 F n 2 + " + a21 F + a11 E .

M = A A M . ei i

. i Mei = Aei (= i ) .

= (an , an 1 ," , a1 )T F = (e2 , e3 ," , en , ) .

Fe1 = e2 , F 2 e1 = Fe2 = e3 ," , F n 1e1 = F ( F n 2 e1 ) = Fen 1 = en *

Me1 = (an1 F n 1 + an 11 F n 2 + " + a21 F + a11 E )e1
= an1 F n 1e1 + an 11 F n 2 e1 + " + a21 Fe1 + a11 Ee1
= an1en + an 11en 1 + " + a21e2 + a11e1
= 1 = Ae1

Me2 = MFe1 = FMe1 = FAe1 = AFe1 = Ae2

Me3 = MF 2e1 = F 2 Me1 = F 2 Ae1 = AF 2e1 = Ae3

"""""

Men = MF n 1e1 = F n 1Me1 = F n 1 Ae1 = AF n 1e1 = Aen

M = A .
2 1 C ( F ) = span{E , F , F 2 ," , F n 1}

x0 E + x1 F + x2 F 2 + " + xn 1 F n 1 = O e1 *

= Oe1 = ( x0 E + x1 F + x2 F 2 + " + xn 1 F n 1 )e1

 = x0 Ee1 + x1 Fe1 + x2 F 2 e1 + " + xn 1 F n 1e1
= x0 e1 + x1e2 + x2 e3 + " + xn 1en

e1 , e2 , e3 ," , en x0 = x1 = x2 = " = xn 1 = 0

E , F , F 2 ," , F n 1 . E , F , F 2 ," , F n 1 C ( F )

dim C ( F ) = n .

V C n n > 0 f , g V .

fg gf = f f 0 f , g .

0 f W

W = { V | f ( ) = 0 } . W f .

0 =0. W m , g ( ), g 2 ( )," , g m ( )

0 i m 1 , g ( ), g 2 ( )," , g i ( )

0 i m 1 Wi = span{ , g ( ), g 2 ( )," , g i 1 ( )} , W0 = { } .

dim Wi = i 1 i m Wm = Wm +1 = Wm + 2 = ". g (Wi ) Wi +1

Wm g .

Wm f . f ( ) = 0

fg ( ) = gf ( ) + f ( ) = 0 g ( ) + 0

fg 2 ( ) = gfg ( ) + fg ( )
= g (0 g ( ) + 0 ) + (0 g ( ) + 0 )
= 0 g 2 ( ) + 20 g ( ) + 0

fg k ( ) = gfg k 1 ( ) + fg k 1 ( )
= g ( fg k 1 )( ) + fg k 1 ( )

fg k ( ) , g ( ), g 2 ( )," , g k ( )

g k ( ) 0 .

Wm f f Wm , g ( ), g 2 ( )," , g m 1 ( )
 0

m0 . ..10 )

fg gf = f Wm fg gf m0 = 0

0 =0.

W f ( ) = fg ( ) = gf ( ) + f ( ) = g ( ) + f ( ) =

g ( ) W . W g . W g

f , g .

{ f n ( x)} [ a, b] [ a, b]

f n '( x) M .1 { f n ( x)} [ a, b]
2 f ( x) = lim f n ( x)
n

f ( x) [ a, b] ,

j (b a)
1 > 0 [ a, b] K x j = a +
, j = 0,1, 2,", K
K

ba
< . { f n ( x)} { x j } , j = 0,1, 2,", K N
K

m > n > N f m ( x j ) f n ( x j ) < j = 0,1, 2,", K .

x [a, b] x [ x j , x j +1 ]

f m ( x ) f n ( x) f m ( x) f m ( x j ) + f m ( x j ) f n ( x j ) + f n ( x j ) f n ( x)

= f m '( )( x x j ) + f m ( x j ) f n ( x j ) + f n '( )( x x j ) < ( 2M + 1) .

2.

f ( x) = lim f n ( x) [ a, b] .
1
f n ( x) = x 2 +
n n

3

sin nt 1
an = 2
t dt .
0 sin t n =1 an

3 3 3
sin nt sin nt sin nt
0
2
t
sin t
dt = n t
0 sin t
dt + 2 t
n sin t
dt = I1 + I 2
 3
sin nt 2n
I1 = n
t dt < n tdt =
3 n

0 sin t 0 2

3 1
3

3
sin nt
I2 = 2
t dt < 2 t dt = 2 d
n sin t n 2t 8 n t

3 n 2 2n
= < .
8 8

1 1 1
> 2 .
an n n =1 an

{
f ( x, y ) ( x, y) | x + y 1
2 2
}
2 f 2 f
+ 2 = x 2 y 2
x 2
y

x f y f
I = 2 + dxdy .
x +y 1 2 x 2 y
+ +
2
2 2
x y x y

x = r cos , y = r sin

1 2 f f 1 f f
I = dr cos + sin rd = dr 2 2 2 dy dx
0 0
x y 0 x + y =r
x y

f f
2 + 2 dxdy = 0 dr x2 + y2 r 2 ( x y ) dxdy
1 1
= dr 2 2
x + y r
x y
2 2 2
0

1 r 2
= dr 5 d cos2 sin 2 d =
0 0 0 168

f ( x) [0, 1] (0, 1) A(0, f (0))

B (1, f (1)) y = f ( x) C (c, f (c)) 0 < c < 1 .

(0, 1) f ( ) = 0 .

f ( x) [0, c] Lagrange
f (c) f (0)
1 (0, c) f (1 ) = .
c0
C AB
 f (c) f (0) f (1) f (0)
= = f (1) f (0) .
c0 1 0
f (1 ) = f (1) f (0) .

2 (c, 1) f ( 2 ) = f (1) f (0) .

f (1 ) = f ( 2 ) [1 , 2 ] f ( x) Rolle

(1 , 2 ) (0, 1) f ( ) = 0 .

2011 3

150 100 .

15 10 15 17 16 12 15 100

1.
2.
3.

3 , 5 , 15
.

1
sin x 1cos x
(1) lim ;
x 0
x

1 1 1
(2) lim + +" + ;
n n + 1 n+2 n+n

x = ln(1 + e )
2t
d2 y
(3) .
y = t arctan e , dx 2
t

10
(2 x + y 4)dx + ( x + y 1)dy = 0 .

15 f ( x ) x = 0

, f (0) , f (0) , f (0) .

k1 , k2 , k3 ,
k1 f (h) + k2 f (2h) + k3 f (3h) f (0)
lim = 0.
h0 h2

x2 y 2 z 2
17 1 :
+ + = 1 , a > b > c > 0 ,
a 2 b2 c2

1
 2 : z 2 = x 2 + y 2 , 1 2 . 1

x2 + 3 y 2 = 1

16 S y

z = 0

z 0
, S P ( x, y , z ) ,

( x, y , z ) , , , S .

z
1 dS ; 2 z ( x + 3 y + z )dS .
S
( x, y , z ) S

12 f ( x ) ( , + ) ,

| f ( x ) |< mf ( x) , 0 < m < 1 . a0 ,

+
an = ln f (an 1 ), n = 1, 2," . ( an an 1 ) .
n =1

15 [0, 2]

2
f ( x ) , f (0) = f (2) = 1 , | f ( x ) | 1 ,
0
f ( x)dx 1

2

2010
.
n 1
k k
(1) lim
n
(1 + n ) sin n
k =1
2
.

axdydz + ( z + a ) 2 dxdy
z = a y x a > 0 .
2 2 2
(2)
x +y +z
2 2 2

(3) V . a
b .

1 1 1
(4) f ( x) , f ( x) = f ( x) .
4 2 sin x + cos3 x
3

1 n
(1) lim n 1 + e
n
n
n
1n 1 1

+ +
(2) lim , a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
n n
a b c
n
3

f ( x) x = 1 x = 1 f (1) = 0, f (1) = 2 .

f (sin 2 x + cos x)
lim .
x 0 x 2 + x tan x

f ( x) [0, +) 0
f ( x)dx .

1 y
y + y 0
lim xf ( x)dx

1
f ( x) [0,1] (0,1) f (0) = f (1) = 0, f = 1 . (1)
2

1
,1 f ( ) = (2) (0, ) f ( ) = f ( ) + 1 .
2

n > 1
 x t t2 tn
F ( x ) = e 1 + + + ... + dt .
t
0
1! 2! n!

n n
: F ( x) = , n .
2 2

R f ( x)
1

f ( f ( x)) = 1 + x 2 + x 4 x3 x5
.

f ( x) [0, ) x [0, ) n

f ( x + n) 0 . : { f ( x + n) : n = 1, 2,...} [0,1] 0.

2010

+ e x e x
2 2

(1) > > 0 0 x2

dx =_____________.

1
(2) x kx + = 1(k > 0) (0, +)
x2
k = _____________.
x
(3) f ( x) [a, b] . a
f (t )dt = ( x a ) f ( )
a
(a x < b) . f + (a) lim+ _____________.
x a x a

( )
(4) (a b)ic = 6 (a + b) (b + c) i(a + c) =_____________.

f ( x) (1,1) x = 0 f (0) = 0 . :

n
k f (0)
lim f 2 = .
n
k =1 n 2

f ( x) [0, ) x [0, ) , n

f ( x + n) 0 .

: { f ( x + n)n = 1, 2, } [0,1] 0.

D = {( x, y ) : x + y < 1} f ( x, y ) D g ( x, y ) D
2 2

(1) x + y 1 f ( x, y ) +
2 2

2 f 2 f 2 g 2 g
(2) D f g + = ef , + eg .
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2

f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) D .

R = {( x, y ) : 0 x 1;0 y 1}

R = {( x, y ) : 0 x 1 ;0 y 1 } .

dxdy dxdy
I = R 1 xy
I =
R 1 xy
I = lim+ I .
0

1
1 I = 2
n =1 n

1
u = 2 ( x + y ) 2
1
2 I = 2 .
v = 1 ( y x) 6 n =1 n
2
x y z b
L : x = y = z L : = = .1 a, b
1 a 1
L L
2 L L L L
.

A, B n n 1 rank A n . :

C C ACC BC .
T T

V C n f j : V C ( j = 1, 2 ) ,

: V = 1 + 2 ,

f1 ( ) = f1 ( 2 ) f 2 ( ) = f 2 (1 ) .