Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C. R. C. Mohanty
UNCRD
3Rs offer an environmentally friendly alternatives to deal with growing
generation of wastes and its related impact on human health, economy and
natural ecosystem
Production
(Manufacturing, Distribution, etc.)
Second: Reuse
Third: Material Recycling Use items repeatedly.
Recycle items which cannot
be reused as raw materials.
Consumption
Resource efficiency refers to amount of resource (materials, energy, and water) consumed in producing a unit of product
or services. It involves using smaller amount of physical resources and generating less waste to produce the same product
or service, and encourages patterns of consumption that use few resources through the design of products and services
and their delivery to consumers (ADB, 2008)
Eco-efficiency and the importance of the 3Rs
Eco-efficiency is the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human
needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and
resource intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level at least in line with Earths estimated
carrying capacity.
What we see
Limited efforts on reducing wastes at
source
Lack of segregation, poor collection,
illegal dumping, open dumping and
burning
Photo courtesy: C. F. Kura, ITC38 Training Course
Limited involvement of private sector Participant, UNCRD.
and communities
Lack of integrated approach, and
conventionally waste being thought of
having no value
Slums are deprived
of municipal services
(Preventive/up- (Down-stream/end-of-
stream solutions) pipe solutions)
What should be the priority for countries?
Waste
An expanded
prevention,
versus recycling
extended
industry
use, re-use
10,000
7000000 80
9,000 68.7
6000000 70
8,000
60
7,000
5000000
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
00
05
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Year
Year
Urban Population (Thousands) Urban Population (%)
World More developed regions Less developed regions
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the
United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision
http://esa.un.org/unpp and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision,
http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/
Selected World Trends on Human activities
- Production & Consumption, and Waste issues
Generation of wastes:
Estimated quantity of waste collected worldwide is
at between 2.5 and 4 billion metric tons.
Estimated municipal waste collected world wide is
1.2 billion metric tons (2004).
Global municipal waste generation in 2030 will be
900 million tonnes in OECD, 1 billion tonnes in
BRIICS and 1.1 billion tonnes in ROW.
Photo courtesy: C. Viengsan,
ITC38 Training Course
Source: Worldwatch Institute (2004), CyClOpe and Veolia Environmental Services (2006), and OECD (2010). Participant, UNCRD.
Diversification of wastes Examples of E-waste
70 RoW OECD
RoW 31% 29%
27% OECD
38%
This growth will
60 BRIICS BRIICS
35% 40%
be uneven
Fossil energy
+81% carriers 10.6 billion tonnes 14.8 billion tonnes between different
50
OECD
areas and
RoW OECD
29%
RoW
38%
23%
categories; overall
40 33%
BRIICS growth rates will
BRIICS 39%
38%
be highest in
30
+68% Biomassb 15.6 billion tonnes 20.5 billion tonnes BRIICS.
RoW
20 20%
RoW OECD
19% 44% BRIICS: Brazil, Russia, India,
OECD
BRIICS 55% BRIICS Indonesia, China, and South
10 26% 36%
Africa.
Non-metallic ROW: Rest of the world
+114% mineralsc 22.9 billion tonnes 35.1 billion tonnes
0
1980 2002 2020
Source: OECD (2010), presented at the Second Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia in October 2010 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Selected World Trends on Human activities
Energy Use
Total world energy consumption grew from approx. 8,758 mtoe in 1990 to
11,434 mtoe in 2005; majority of the increase has been in developing countries.
Meanwhile, energy conversion process remains inefficient in most developing
countries.
Relative Energy Intensity of Selected
The Growing Demand for Energy Countries and Regions
Trend of Total World Energy Consumption
14,000
12,000
Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (mtoe)
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
ld st) an pe ric
a
i ca i ca es es
or Ea be ro Af er er tri t ri
W ib Eu un un
le r rth Am m o o Energy intensity is energy consumption per unit of GDP
idd Ca No rth h
A C C
M & ut ed in
g
g ic a st
& No So o p
lop
din er Ea ve
l
ve Source (above): ADB, 2006. Toward a Cleaner Energy Future in Asia and the Pacific.
lu
x c
l Am
dle De De
(e ra id Source (left): International Energy Agency (IEA) Statistics Division. 2006. Energy
ia nt M
As C e
Balances of OECD Countries (2006 edition) and Energy Balances of Non-OECD
Countries (2006 edition). Paris: IEA. Available at
1990 2000 2005 http://data.iea.org/ieastore/default.asp.
Selected World Trends on Human activities
- Degradation of water resources
By the year 2025, as much as two-thirds of the world population may be subject
to moderate to high water stress.
Source: Water Stress Map generated by World Meteorological Organization 2008 based on data available at Alcamo et al. (2003)
17
Source: (2010), presented at the Second Meeting of the
Regional 3R Forum in Asia in October 2010 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Poor waste management further compounds the water issue ..
Highly contaminated
leachate seeps
untreated into
groundwater,
a source of
drinking water.
Water availability is an
emerging issue in Asia with
some countries are already
heading towards water
stress, but water quality
Source: ADB (2004) deterioration because of
industrial discharges and
municipal sewage,
agrochemicals will further
accelerate the issue!
Conventional waste management and the consequences ..
Examples
Examplesofofsome
somegood
good
initiatives:
initiatives:
Recycle
RecycleBased
Based
Society/Sound
Society/SoundMaterial-
Material-
Cycle
Cycle Society inJapan
Society in Japan
Green
GreenGrowth
GrowthininKorea
Korea
Rep. of
Rep. of
Circular
CircularEconomy
EconomyininChina
China
Source: http://www.nokia.com/environment/recycling/why-recycle/take-back-achievements,
The
The relation
relation of
of reduction
reduction of
of the
the amount
amount of
of waste
waste disposal
disposal
with
with the
the amount
amount of
of greenhouse
greenhouse gas
gas emission
emission
Reduction of waste
Restraints on Reduction of
waste generation fuel oil used for
(Reduce) Reduction of incineration
Problems
Problemswith
withconventional
conventional Benefits
Benefitsof
ofintegrated
integratedwaste
waste
waste
wastemanagement
management(Landfills
(Landfillsand
and management
management(Resource
(Resourcerecovery
recovery
incineration)
incineration) and
andrecycling)
recycling)
Waste
Wastedisposal
disposalisisexpensive
expensive Countries
Countriesandandcities
citiesshould
shouldpay
payequal
equal
attention to upstream options to reduce
attention to upstream options to reduce
Requires
Requiressubstantial
substantialinputs
inputsofoflabor,
labor, waste
wastefor
forfinal
finaldisposal
disposaland
andtotoreuse
reuseand
and
materials, energy, and land.
materials, energy, and land. recycle
recyclevaluable
valuableresources.
resources.
Establishing
Establishingnew newlandfills
landfillsand
andincineration
incineration Upstream
Upstreamoptions
optionsare
arealmost
almostalways
always
facilities
facilities is difficult because of highland
is difficult because of high land more
morecosts
costseffective
effectivethan
thandisposal.
disposal.
costs and NIMBY attitudes.
costs and NIMBY attitudes.
Segregation
Segregationand
and
Even
Eventhe
themodern
modernlandfills
landfillswith
with composting
compostingdoes
doesnot
not
advanced
advanced systems could potentiallyface
systems could potentially face create substantial GHG
create substantial GHG
problems in a long term, as these
problems in a long term, as these ififdone
doneproperly.
properly.
technologies
technologiesare
arenot
notinfallible.
infallible.
Landfills
Landfillsare
aremajor
majorsource
sourceofofmethane
methane
(GHG).
(GHG).
-OR-