Ancient Indian Astronomy (Rao)

^NCIENT INDIAN ASTRONOMY
PLANETARY POSITIONS AND ECLIPSES
pQrvScSiyamatebhyo yadyat srestham laghu sphutam bljam

tattadtbSvikalamaham rahasyamabhyudyato vaktum
"I shall state i n full the best of the secret lore of astronomy
extracted from the different schools of the ancient
teachers so as to make It easy and clear."
PancasiddhSnUl^. 1.2.7
ANCIENT INDIAN ASTRONOMY
PLANETARY POSITIONS A N D ECLIPSES
S. Balachandra Rao, M.SC.. Ph.o.

Principal and Professor of Mathematics
National College, Basavanagudi, Bangalore
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2000 S. Balachandra Rao (b. 1944)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I acknowledge my sincere gratitude to the prestigious Indian National Science

Academy (INSA), New Delhi, and in particular to Dr. A . K . Bag, for sponsoring my
research project on the subject. In fact, this project forms the genesis of the present book.
I express my special thanks to Prof. K . D . Abhayankar (formerly of Osmania
University), Dr. K . H . Krishnamurthy (Bangalore) and Dr. B.V. Subbarayappa (Bangalore)
for their continuous encouragement.
I record my appreciation to my research assistant Smt. Padmaja Venugopal for her
contribution in completing the manuscript.
For the sake of continuity of presentation of the subject I have used material from
my earlier two titles : (1) Indian AstronomyAn Introduction, Universities Press,
Hyderabad, 2000 and (2) Indian Mathematics and AstronomySome Landmarks, 2"^ Ed.,
2"'' Pr., 2000, Jnana Deep Publications, 2388, Rajajinagar II Stage, Bangalore-10.
I am highly indebted to all the authors and publishers of the titles listed it\ the
Bibliography as also to the learned reviewers of my earlier works on the subject. Valuable
suggestions are indeed welcome from discerning readers.
S. Balachandra R a o
PREFACE
The present book, Ancient Indian AstronomyPlanetary Positions and Eclipses, is

mainly addressed to students who are keenly interested in learning and becoming
proficient in the concepts, techniques and computational procedures of Indian astronomy.
These form an integral part of our Indian culture and are developed by the great savants
of Indian astronomy over the past more than two millennia.
A comparative study of the popular Indian traditional texts like Khanda Khadyaka
of Brahmagupta (7th cent. A . D . ) , SHrya Siddhanta (revised form, c. 10th-11 th cent. A.D.)
and Graha Laghavam of Ganesa Daivajfia (16th cent.) is presented.
The procedures and algorithms described succinctly in these traditional texts for
(i) the mean and true positions of the sun and the moon, the tdrdgrahas ("star-planets")
viz.. Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn and (ii) computations of lunar and solar
eclipses are elaborated with actual examples.
A unique and pioneering feature of the present book is providing ready-to-use
computer programs for the above-cited procedures. The 'source codes' (listings) of these
computer programs are presented after Chapter 14. The advantage of these programs is
that students and researchers in the field of Indian astronomy can readily use them for
computations of planetary positions and eclipses according to the popular Indian
astronomical texts used in our work and for a comparative study.
It is humbly claimed that a sincere attempt to contribute significantly to the field of
Indian astronomy is made here by (i) providing suggested improved procedures for
computing lunar and solar eclipses, and (ii) suggesting bijas (corrections) for planetary
positions to yield better results comparable to modem ones.
The effect of the phenomenon of precession of equinoxes and the resulting ayandmsa,
relevant to Indian astronomy, is presented in Appendix-1. The computation of lagna, the
orient ecliptic point (ascendant), according to the traditional Indian method is included
in Appendix-2.
A detailed Bibliography of the original Sanskrit works and also of the secondary
sources.in English is provided after the appendices.
Fairly exhaustive Glossaries of technical words (both from Sanskrit to English and
vice versa) and Index, for ready reference, form the last part of the book.
S. Balachandra R a o
DIACRITICAL MARKS FOR
ROMAN TRANSLITERATION OF DEVANAGART
Short Vowels Long Vowels Visarga
a i u r I a 7 u e 0 ai au h
Consonants
k kb fif h c ch n
1 1
t th d dh n t th d dh n
1 Compound-
ph b bh m Consonants ks tr jn
P
Anus\ra
- Of II
y r / V s s s h m
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 2.1: Celestial sphere 15

Fig. 2.2: Equator and poles 16
Fig. 2.3: Altitude of pole star and latitude of a place 16
Fig. 2.4: Ecliptic and equinoxes 17
Fig. 3.1: Celestial longitude and latitude 19
Fig. 3.2: Right ascension and declination 20
Fig. 3.3: Azimuth and altitude 20
Fig. 3.4: Hour Angle & Declination 21
Fig. 7.1: Epicyclic Theory 55
Fig. 9.1: Nodes of the moon 74
Fig 9.2: Earth's shadow cone and the lunar eclipse 75
Fig. 9.3: Angular diameter of the shadow cone 75
Fig. 9.4: Ecliptic limits 76
Fig. 9.5: Half durations of lunar eclipse 78
Fig. 9.6: Parallax of a body 84
Fig. 9.7: Angular diameter of the shadow cone 85
Fig. 10.1: Solar eclipse 99
Fig. 10.2: Angle MES at the beginning and end of solar eclipse 100
Fig. 12.1: ifg/ira epicycle 127
Fig. 12.2: Retrograde motion of Kuja 140
Fig. 12.3: Stationary Points 141
Fig. A-1.1: Precession of equinoxes 266
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements v
Preface vii
Diacritical Marks for Roman Transliteration of Devnagari ix
List of Figures x
1. INTRODUCTIONHISTORICAL SURVEY 1
1.1 Astronomy in tiie Vedas 1
1.2 Vedatiga Jyotisa 3
1.3 Siddhantas S
1.4 Aiyabhata I (476 A . D ) 5
1.5 Post-Aryabhatan astronomers 9
1.6 Contents of Siddhantas 11
1.7 Continuity in astronomical tradition 12
1.8 A i m and scope of the present work 13
2. ZODIAC ANDCONSTELLATIONS 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Equator and Poles {Visuvadvrtta and Dhruva) 15
2.3 Latitude of a place and altitude of Pole Star 16
2.4 Ecliptic and the Equinoxes 16
2.5 Zodiac 17
3. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS 19
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Celestial longitude and latitude (Ecliptic system) 19
3.3 Right ascension and declination (Equatorial system) 20
3.4 Azimuth and altitude (Horizontal system) 20
3.5 Hour angle and declination (Meridian system) 21
4. YUGA SYSTEM AND ERAS 22

4.1 Mahayuga, Manvantara and Kalpa 22
4.2 K a l i Era 23
xii Ancient Indian Astronomy
4.3 yikrama Era 23

4.4 Salivahana Saka Era 24
5. AHARGANA 25
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Working method to find Ahargana since the Kali epoch 25
5.3 Ahargana according to Khanda Khadyaka {KK) 27
5.4 Ahargatta according to Graha Laghavam (GL) 29
5.5 Ahargana from the Christian date; finding the weekday 35
Tables 5.1 to 5.3 for finding Ahargana 38-41
6. MOTIONS OF T H E SUN AND T H E MOON 42

6.1 Introduction 42
6.2 Mean positions of the sun and the moon 42
Table 6.1: Revolutions of the sun, the moon, etc., in a Kalpa 43
Table 6.2: Daily mean motions of the sun, the moon etc. 44
Table 6.3: Mean positions of planets at the Kali epoch 45
6.3 Mean positions of the sun and the moon 45
6.3.1 According to Suryasiddhdnta (SS) 45
6.3.2 According to Kharida khadyaka (KK) 49
6.3.3 According to Graha laghavam (GL) 51
Table 6.4: Mean sidereal longitudes for 21-3-1997 54
7. T R U E POSITIONS O F T H E S U N A N D T H E M O O N 55
7.1 Introduction 55
7.2 Epicyclic theory and Mandaphala 55
Table 7.1: Peripheries of Epicycles of Apsis 57
7.3 Mandaphala according to SS for the sun and the moon 57
Table 7.2: Sines according to SUrya Siddhanta 58
7.4 Bhujantara correction 61
7.5 Further corrections for the moon 62
7.6 True longitudes of the sun and the moon according to KK 63
7.7 True longitudes of the sun and the moon according to GL 64
8. TRUE DAILY MOTIONS OF T H E SUN AND T H E M O O N 67

8.1 According to 55 67
8.2 True daily motions of the sun and the moon according to KK 69
8.3 True daily motions of the sun and the moon according to GL 70
8.4 Instant of conjunction of the sun and the moon 71
8.5 Instant of opposition of the sun and the moon 72
Contents xiii
9. LUNAR ECLIPSE 73
9.1 Introduction 73
9.2 Indian astronomers on eclipses 73
9.3 Cause of lunar eclipse 74
9.4 Angular diameter of the shadow cone 75
9.5 Ecliptic limits for the lunar eclipse 76
9.6 Half durations of eclipse and of maximum obscuration 78
9.7 Lunar eclipse according to SS 79
9.8 Lunar eclipse according to KK 84
9.9 Lunar eclipse according to G L 91
10. S O L A R E C L I P S E 99
10.1 Cause for solar eclipse 99
10.2 Angular distance between the sun and the moon at the
beginning and end of solar eclipse 100
10.3 Computations of solar eclipse according to SS 101
10.4 Computations of solar eclipse according to G L 106
10.5 Computations of solar eclipse according t o 1 1 3
11. M E A N P O S I T I O N S O F T H E S T A R - P L A N E T S 119
( K U J A , B U D H A , G U R U , S U K R A A N D SANI)
11.1 Introduction 119
Table 11.1: Revolutions of planets in a Mahdyuga {SS) 119
11.2 DîflrtMra correction for the planets 120
11.3 Mean positions of planets according to/lIT 122
11.4 Mean positions of planets according to G L 123
Table 11.2: Dhruvakas and Ksepakas 123
12. T R U E P O S I T I O N S O F T H E S T A R . P L A N E T S 125
12.1 Manda correction for the tdragrahas 125

Table 12.1: Peripheries of manda epicycles {SS) 125
Table 12.2: Revolutions of mandoccas in a Kalpa and
their positions at the beginning of Kaliyuga 126
12.2 Sfghra correction for the taragrahas 127
Table 12.3: Peripheries of sighra epicycles (55) 129
12.3 Working rule to determine the sighra correction 130
12.4 Application of manda and ijg/ira corrections to faragra/ias 133
12.5 True daily motion of the tdrdgrahas 137
12.6 Retrograde motion of the tdrdgrahas 139
12.7 Rationale for the stationary point 141
Table 12.4: Stationary points for planets 142
xiv Ancient Indian Astronomy
12.8 Bhujantara correction for the tdrdgrahas 143

12.9 . True positions of the tdrdgrahas according to KK 143
12.10 True positions of the tdrdgrahas according to GL 149
Table 12.5: Manddrikas of tdrdgrahas 149
Table 12.6: Sighrdrikas of tdrdgrahas 149
12.11 A comparison of true planets according to different texts 158
Table 12.7: Eight planets'combination 158
13. S U G G E S T E D I M P R O V E D P R O C E D U R E S F O R E C L I P S E S 160
13.1 Computation of lunar eclipse 160
13.2 Computation of solar eclipse (for the world in general) 163
13.3 Solar eclipse for a particular place 166
14. S U G G E S T E D BIJAS ( C O R R E C T I O N S ) F O R P L A N E T S ' P O S I T I O N S 170

14.1 Introduction 170
14.2 Bijas for civil days and revolutions, mandoccas, epicycles etc., of
planets 171
14.2.1 C i v i l days in a Mahdyuga 172
Table 14.1: C i v i l days in a Mahdyuga 172
14.2.2 Revolutions of bodies in a Mahdyuga 173
Table 14.2: Revolutions of bodies in a Mahdyuga 173
14.2.3 Peripheries of manda epicycles 173
Table 14.3: Peripheries of manda epicycles 174
Table 14.4: Earth's eccentricity and coefft. of sun's
manda equation 175
Tables 14.5 to 14.13: Eccentricities and peripheries of
manda epicycles of planets 176-180
14.2.4 Mandoccas of planets 181
Tables 14.14 and 14.15: Mandoccas of planets 181-184
14.2.5 Peripheries of Sighra epicycles of planets 184
Table 14.16: Peripheries of Sighra epicycles 184
Tables 14.17 to 14.24: Mean heliocentric distances and
5/^hra peripheries of eight planets
from Budha to Pluto 185-189
14.3 Moon's equations 189
14.4 The case of Budha and Sukra 191
14.5 Mean positions of bodies at the Kali epoch 193
Table 14.25: Mean positions of bodies at the Kali epoch 193
Table 14.26: Mandoccas of planets at the Kali epoch 194
' 14.6 Revolutions of bodies in a XaZ/jfl 194
Table 14.27: Revolutions of bodies in a Kalpa 194
14.7 Conclusion 195
Contents xv
COMPUTER PROGRAMS 196
APPENDICES - 1 PRECESSION OF EQUINOXES 266

- 2 L A G N A (ASCENDANT) 269
BIBLIOGRAPHY 272
A . Sanskrit Works 272
B . Secondary Sources in Englisii 274
G L O S S A R Y O F T E C H N I C A L T E R M S IN INDIAN A S T R O N O M Y 276
I English to Sanskrit 276
II Sanskrit to English 276
INDEX 285
1
1
INTRODUCTIONHISTORICAL SURVEY
Yathd sikha mayurdndm ndgdndm manayo yathd I
tadvad veddriga sdstrdndm jyotisam (ganitam) murdhani sthitam II
"Like tiie crests on the heads of peacocks, like the gems on the hoods of the cobras,
stronomy (Mathematics) is at the top of the Veddiiga sastrasthe auxiliary branches
he Vedic knowledge". (Veddriga Jyotisa, R - V j , 35; Y - V J , 4)
Astronomy i n the Vedas
The above verse shows the supreme importance given to astronomy (and
mathematics) among the branches of knowlege ever since the Vedic times.
Even like many other branches of knowledge, the beginnings of the science of
astronomy in India have to be traced back to the Vedas. In the Vedic literature, Jyotisa
is one of the six auxiliaries (sadarigas) of die corpus of Vedic knowledge. The six veddrigas
are :
(1) Siksd (phonetics)
(2) Vydkarana (grammar)
(3) Chandas (metrics)

(4) Nirukta (etyomology)
(5) Jyotisa (astronomy) and
<6) Kalpa (rituals).

It is important to note that although in modern common parlance the word Jyotisa
is used to mean predictive astrology, in the ancient literature Jyotisa meant all aspects
of astronomy. O f course, mathematics was regarded as a part of Jyotisa. The Veddriga
Jyotisa is the earliest Indian astronomical text available.
Even during the time of the early mandalas of the Rgveda the astronomical knowledge
necessary for the day-to-day life of the people was acquired. The Vedic people were
conversant with tlie knowledge required for their religious activities, like the time (and
periodicity) of the full and the new moons, the last disappearance of the moon and its
2 Ancient Indian Astronomy
first appearance etc. This type of information was necessary for the monthly rites like
darsapiirnamdsa sand seasonal rites like cdturmdsya.
The naksatra system consisting of 27 naksatras (or 28 including Abhijit) was evolved
long back and was used to indicate days. It is pointed out that Agrahdyana, an old name
for the Mrgasira naksatra, meaning "beginning of the year" suggests that the sun used
to be in that asterism at the vernal equinox. This corresponds to the period of around
4000 B . C .
The Rohini legends in the Rgveda point to a time in the late Rgveda period when
the vernal equinox shifted to the RohinT asterism (from Mrgasira).
The later sacrificial session called Gavdmayana was especially designed for the daily
observation of the movements of the sun and of the disappearance of the moon. This
must have given the priests and their advisors sufficient knowledge of a special kind,
even like the "saros" of the Greeks, for predicting the eclipses. There is evidence, in the
Rgveda that this specialized knowledge about the eclipses was possessed by the priests
of the Atri family.
During the Yajurveda period it was known that the solar year has 365 days and a
fraction more. In the Taittiriya samhita it is mentioned that the extra 11 days over the
twelve lunar months (totalling lo 354 days), complete the six rius by the performance of
the ekddasa-rdtra i.e., eleven-nights sacrifice. Again, the same samhita says that 5 days
more were required over the savana year of 360 days to complete the seasons adding
specifically that "4 days are too short and 6 days too long".
The Vedic astronomers evolved a system of five years' yuga. The names of the five
years of a yuga are :
1. Samvatsara
2. Parivatsara
3. Iddvatsara
4. Anuvatsara and
5. Idvatsara
This period of a yuga (of 5 years) was used to reckon time as can be seen from
the statements like, "Dirghatamas, son of Mamata, became old even in his tenth
yugcC{, i.e. between the age of 45 and 50 years {Rgveda 1.158.6). The two intercalary
months, Amhaspati and Samsarpa to complete the yuga (of 5 years) were known
(^Kl.25.8).
Introduction-Historical Survey 3
In the Yajurveda, a year comprising 12 solar months and 6 rtus (seasons) was
recognized. The grouping of the six rtus and the twelve months, in the Vedic
nomenclature, is as follows :
Seasons Months
1. Vasanta rtu Madhu and Mddhava
2. Grisma rtu Sukra and Suci
3. Varsa rtu Nabha and Nabhasya
4. Sarad rtu Isa and Urja
5. Hemanta rtu Saha and Sahasya
6. Sisira rtu Tapa and Tapasya
The sacrificial year commenced with vasanta rtu. The Vedic astronomers had also
noted that the shortest day was at the winter solstice when the seasonal year Sisira began
with Uttarayana and rose to a maximum at the summer solstice.
1.2 Vedariga Jyotisa
The purpose of the Veddriga Jyotisa was mainly to fix suitable times for performing
the different sacrifices. The text is found in two rescensionsRgveda Jyotisa and
Yajurveda Jyotisa. Though the contents of both the rescensions are the same, they differ
in the number of verses contained in them. While the Rgvedic version contains only 36
verses, the Yajurvedic version contains 44 verses. This defference in the number of verses
is perhaps due to the addition of explanatory verses by the adhvaryu priests with whom
it was in use.
In one of the verses, it is said, "I shall write on the lore of time, as enunciated by
sage Lagadha." Therefore, the Veddriga Jyotisa is attributed to Lagadha.
According to the text, at the time of its composition, the winter solstice was at the
beginning of the constellation Sravisthd (Delphini) and the summer solstice was in the
middle of the Aslesd constellation. Since Varahamihira (505 A . D . ) stated that in his own
time the summer solstice, w^s at the end of three quarters of Punarvasu and the winter
solstice at the end of the first quater of Uttrardsddhd, there had been a precession of
the equinoxes (and solstices) by one and three-quarters of a naksatra, i.e. about 2320'.
Since the rate of precession is about a degree in 72 years, the time interval for a precession
of 2320' is about 72 x 23''20' i.e., 1,680 years prior to Varahamihira's time. This takes
us back to around 1150 B . C . Generally, the accepted period of Veddriga Jyotisa is between
12th and 14th centuries B . C .
The Veddiiga Jyotisa belongs to the last part of the Vedic age. The text proper can
be considered as the record of the essentials of astronomical knowledge needed for the
day-to-day life of the people of those times. The Veddiiga Jyotisa is the culmination of
the knowledge of astronomy developed and accumulated over thousands of years of the
Vedic period upto 1400 B . C .
In the Veddiiga Jyotisa, a yuga of 5 solar years consists of 67 lunar sidereal cycles,
1830 days, 1835 sidereal days, 62 synodic months, 1860 tithis, 135 solar naksatras, 1809
lunar naksatras and 1768 risings of the moon. It also mentions that there are 10 ayanas
and visuvas and 30 rtus in a yuga.
The practical way of measuring time is mentoned as the time taken by a specified
quantity of water to flow through the orifice of a specified clepsydra (water-clock) as
one nddikd i.e. 1/60 part of a day.
One can find in the Veddriga Jyotisa very useful presentation of the various
calendrical items prevalent during those times like
(i) the solstices

(ii) increase and dercrease of the durations of days and nights in the ayanas
(iii) the solstitial tithis
(iv) the seasons
(v) omission of tithis
(vi) table of parvas
(vii) yogas (which developed later as one of the five limbs of a fullfledged
paricdriga)
(viii) finding the parva naksatras and the parva tithis
(ix) the visuvas (equinoxes)
(x) the solar and other types of years
(xi) the revolutions of the sun and the moon (as seen from the earth)
(xii) the times of the sun's and the moon's transit through a naksatra
(xiii) the adhikamasa (intercalary month)
(xiv) the measures of the longest day and the shortest night, etc.
The Veddriga Jyotisa mentions that the durations of the Tdngest and the shortest days
on the two solstitial days are of ratio 3 : 2 i.e., 36 and 24 ghatikas (or nddikds) which
correspond to 14 hours, 24 minutes and 9 hours, 36 minutes respectively. This means
the dindrdhas i.e. the lengths of half-days come to be 7'' 12"* and 4''48'" respectively.
It is calculated that around 1400 B . C . , the sun's maximum declination used to be about
2353'. However, our ancient Indian astronomers took it as 24. Now, the latitude 0 of
a place can be found using the formula :
sin (ascensional difference) = tan <)| tan 5

where 8 is the declination of the sun. The correction due to ascensional difference in this
case is l''12"' i.e., in angular measure, 1* 12" x 1 5 = 18. Now, using the above
formula, we get the latitude of the place, (]> = 35 approximately. Therefore, the place of
composition of the Veddriga Jyotisa appears to be in some region around the northern
latitude of 35.
1.3 Siddhantas
The astronomical computations described in the Veddriga Jyotisa were in pracdcal

use for a very long time. Around the beginning of the Christian era, say a century on
either side of it, a new class of Indian astronomical literature emerged. The texts
representing this development are called siddhdntas. The word "siddhanta" has the
connotation of an established theory. These siddhdnta texts contain much more material
and topics than the Veddriga Jyotisa.
Along with the naksatra system, the twelve signs of the zodiac viz.. Mesa. Vrsabha
etc., were introduced. A precise value for the length of the solar year was adopted.
Computations of the motions of the planets, the solar and lunar eclipses, ideas of parallax,
determination of mean and true positions of planets and a few more topics formed the
common contents of the siddhdntic texts.
A very significant aspect of that period, in the history of Indian astronomy,

was the remarkable development of newer mathematical methods which greatly
promoted mathematical astronomy. Needless to say, the unique advantage of the
famous H i n d u invention of decimal numeralsadopted wprld over now-^made
computations with the huge numbers very handy and even enjoyable to the ancient
Indian astronomers.
According to the Indian tradition, there were principally 18 siddhdntas : SUrya,
Paitdmaha, Vydsa, Vdsistha, Atri, Pardsara, Kdsyapa, Ndrada, Gdrgya, Marici, Manu,
Arigira. Lomasa (Romakal), Paulisa, Cyavana, Yavana, Bhrgu and Saunaka. However,
among these only five siddhdntas were extant during the time of Varahamihira (505 A.D.)
viz., Saura (or Surya), Paitdmaha (or Brahma), Vdsistha, Romaka and Paulisa. These
five siddhdntas were ably collected together by Varahamihira and preserved for the
posterity as his Paricasiddhdntikd.
1.4 A r y a b h a t a I (476 A . D . )
Aryabhata I, different from his namesake of the tenth century, was bom in 476 A . D .
and composed his very famous work, Aryabhatiyam, when he was 23 years old. He
mentions in his monumental text that he sets forth the knowledge honoured at
Kusumapura, identified with modem Patna in Bihar.
The Aryabhatiyam consists of four parts (pddas) : Gltikd, Ganita, Kdlakriyd and
Gola. The first part contains 13 verses and the remaining three parts, forming the main
body of the text, contain totally 108 verses.
In the Gitikdpdda, we are introduced to :
(i) the large units of time viz, Kalpa, Manvantara and Yuga (different from that
of the Veddrigajyotisa);
(ii) circular units of arcdegrees and minutes ; and
(iii) linear units viz., yojana, hasta, and arigula.
The numbers of revolutions of planets in a (mahd-) yuga of 43,20,000 years are

given in the Gitikdpdda. Further, the positions of the planets, their apogees (or aphelia)
and nodes are also given. Besides these, the diameters of the planets, the inclinations of
the orbital planes of the planets with the eclipdc and the peripheries of the epicycles of
the different planets are also included. The topic of great mathematical importance, in
this part, is the construction of the tables of Jyd, the trigonometric function "sine". It is
significant that so much of information is packed, as i f in a concentrated capsule form,
in just ten verses.
The second part of the Aryabhatiyam, the Ganita pdda contains 33 stanzas
essentially dealing with mathematics. This part deals with the following important
mathematical topics: geometrical figures, their properties and mensuration (Ksetra
vyavahdra); arithmetic and geometric progressions; problems on the shadow of the
gnomon (sanku-chdyd); simple, quadratic, simultaneous and linear indeterminate
equations (kuttaka). In fact, the most signiUcant contribution of Aryabhata, in the
history of world maUiematics, is his method of solving a first order indeterminate
equation: to find solutions of ax + by = c, in integers (where a and b are given
integers).
The kdlakriyd pdda, the third part of the Aryabhatiyam contains 25 verses explaining
the various units of time and the method of determination of positions of planets for a
given day. Calculations concerning the adhikamasa (intercalary month), ksyatithis, angular
speeds of planetary motions (in terms of revolutions), the concept of weekdays are all
included in this part of the text.
The Golapdda forms the fourth and the last part of the Aryabhatiyam. It contains
50 stanzas. Important geometrical (and trigonometric) aspects of the celestial sphere
are discussed in the Golapdda. The important features of the ecliptic, the celestial
equator, the node, the shape of the earth, the cause of day and night, rising of the
zodiacal signs on the eastern horizon etc., find a place in this last part of the text.
In fact, much of the contents of the Golapdda of the Aryabhatiyam are generally
discussed under a chapter called triprasna (three problems of time, place and
direction) in the later siddhantic texts. Another very important topic included in the
chapter is on the lunar and solar eclipses.
The system of astronomy expounded in the Aryabhatiyam is generally referred to

as the auddyika system since the Kali beginning is reckoned from the mean sunrise
(udaya) at LMtikdy a place on the earth's equator. However, we learn from Varahamihira
and Brahmagupta that Aryabhata I propounded another system of astronomy called
drdha-rdtrika in which the day is reckoned from the mean midnight (ardha-rdtri) at
Lankd. The important parameters are different in the two systems. However, Aryabhata's
text of the drdha-rdtrika system is not available now. Its parameters can be recovered
from Brahmagupta's Khandakhadyaka and some later works.
The following are some of the innovative contributions of Aryabhata I :
1. A unique method of representing huge numbers using the alphabets for

the purposes of metrics and easy memorization. The method followed
by Aryabhata is different from the now popular methods of Katapayddi
and Bhutasahkhyd which also serve the same purpose. However,
Aryabhata's method was not followed by later astronomers perhaps due
to the inconvenience of pronunciation and lack of meanings of the
words formed.
2. The value of n is given as 3.1416, which is correct to the first four decimal
places, for the first time in India. Aryabhata gives the value of Jt as the ratio
of 62,832 to 20,000. But he cautiously points out that the value is "dsanna"
i.e. approximate. The great Kerala astronomer, Nllakaritha Somayaji (1500
A . D . ) provides the explanation that n is incommensurable (or irrational). This
achievement of Aryabhata I, as early as in the fifth century, is truly
remarkable in view of the fact that it was only thirteen centuries later, in
1761, that Lambert proved that n is irrational (i.e. cannot be expressed as
ratio of two integers). Again, it was yet more than a century later, in 1882,
that Lindemann established the fact that n is transcendental i.e. it cannot be
the root of an algebraic equation of any degree.
3. Sine tables : The importance of the trigonometric functions like sine (jyd)
and cosine (kotijyd) in Indian astronomy can hardly be exaggerated.
Aryabhata I gives the rule for the formation of the sine-table just in one stanza!
Accordingly, the sine values for the angles from 0 to 90 at intervals of 345' can be
obtained. The values thus obtained compare well with the modem values. It is important
to note that for an angle 0, the "Indian-sine" (jyd) of the angle 9 is related to the modem
sine values by the relation
Jyd (9) = ^ sine
where /? is a predefined constant value of die radius of a circle. For example, Aryabhata,
as also Surya siddhdnta, take the value R = 3438' so that
Jyd (9) = 3438'sin 9
Brahmagupta takes R = 150'.
Aryabhata also gives the following relations for the trigonometric ratios of "allied"
angles like 9 0 + 9, 1 8 0 + 9 and 2 7 0 + 0 :
J-
(i) sin (90-h 9) = sin 90 - versine 9 = cos 9
(ii) sin (180 + 9) = sin 90 - versine 90 - sin 9 = - sin 9
(iii) sin (270 + 9) = (sin 9 0 - versine 90) - (sin 90 - versine 0) = - cos 9

where versine 9 = 1 - cos 0
4. Earth's shape and rotation :

Now it is well known that the earth is spherical (or spheroidal) in shape and
that it rotates about its own axis once a day causing day and night. Aryabhata
clearly maintains that :
(i) The earth is spherical"circular in all directions" (see Golapdda, 6).
(ii) Halves of the globes of the earth and the planets are dark due to
their own shadows; the other halves facing the sun are bright. It is
truly creditable that Aryabhata recognised that the earth and the other
planets are not self-luminous but receive and reflect light from the
sun.
(iii) Again, Aryabhata was the first to state that the rising and setting of
the sun, the moon and other luminaries are due to the relative motion
caused by the rotation of the earth about its own axis once a day.
He says, "Just as a man in a boat moving forward sees the stationary
objects (on either side of the river) as moving backward, just so are
the stationary stars seen by the people at Latika (i.e. on the equator)
as moving exactly towards the west" (Golapdda, 9).
5. The period of one sidereal rotation (i.e., with reference to the fixed stars in
the sky) of the earth, as given by Aryabhata works out to be 23'' 56'" 4.1''.
The corresponding modern value is 23''56"* 4.091'^. The accuracy of
Aryabhata is truly remarkable.
Aryabhata I (476 A . D . ) is regarded as the major expounder of systematic and

scientific astronomy in India. The unparalleled popularity of Aryabhata I and his system
of astronomy is demonstrated by the fact that the remarkable development of astronomy
in Kerala in 14th to 19th centuries is based exclusively on the Aryabhatan system.
1.5 Post-Aryabhatan astronomers
The cryptic and aphoristic style of Aryabhata would have made it extremely difficult
to understand his text but for the detailed exposition of the system by Bhaskara I (c.600
A.D.). In his commentary on the Aryabhatiyam, as also in the works Mahdand Laghu
Bhdskariyams, Bhaskara I (to be distinguished from his more popular namesake of the
12th century) has very ably expounded Aryabhata's astronomy with examples and copious
references.
As mentioned earlier, Varahamihira (505 A . D . ) brought together five systems of

astronomy, extant during his period, in his remarkable work, Pahcasiddhdntikd. He
mentions that among the five systems, the Suryasiddhdnta is the best. Even to this day
the most popular astronomical text is Suryasiddhdnta, though in its revised form. It is
believed that the SHryasiddhdnta in its current verson was composed around 1000 A . D .
The parameters in the two texts are totally different.
W h i l e the siddhdntas proper are large texts consisting of broad theories and a
large number of topics generally these texts are not handy for practical
computations for day-to-day use. Further, very large numbers w i l l have to be
dealt with which are very inconvenient and lead to errors. Therefore, besides these
siddhdntas, two other types of texts on astronomy have been in vogue. These are
called tantras and kararias.
Conventionally, siddhdntas choose the beginning of the Mahdyuga (43,20,000) years

of Kalpa (432 x 10^ years) as the epoch. After the Suryasiddhdnta, two popular
Siddhdntas are Brahmasphutasiddhdnta of Brahmagupta (628 A.D.) and
Siddhdntasiromarii of Bhaskara II (1114 A.D.). A large number of commentaries and
even super-commentaries are written particularly on the Suryasiddhdnta.
The tantra texts have comparatively fewer topics and explanations. These works
choose the more canvenient epoch viz., the beginning of the Kaliyuga (the midnight of
17/18 February 3102 B . C . or the sunrise of February 18). For example, the Aryabhatiyam
and Nilakantha Somayaji's Tantrasangraha (c 1500 A . D . ) are tantra texts.
However, for practical computations and making pahcdhgas the most useful handbooks
are the karana texts. In these, practical algorithms are provided taking a convenient
contemporary date as the epoch. The advantage of a recent epoch is that one now deals with
smaller numbers for the ahargaria (the number of civil days elapsed since the epoch).
Further, since corrected positions of planets for a recent date have been given with necessary
bijasarnskdras (corrections), die computations based on these kararia handbooks are more
accurate. The wellknown kararia texts are Brahmagupta's Kharidakhddyaka (7th cent.),
Bhaskara II's Kararmkutuhalam (12th cent.) and Ganesa Daivajiia's Grahaldghavam (16th
cent.). A large number of such handbooks and tables (sarariis) were composed during
different periods, even as late as in the nineteenth century.
Some of the famous Indian astronomers and their major astronomical works are
listed below. The dates in brackets refer to the approximate dates of composition of the
works :
Author Works
1. Aryabhata I (499 A.D.) Aryabhatiyam, Aryasiddhdnta
2. Varahamihira (b. 505 A.D.) Pahcasiddhdntikd, Brhatsamhitd
3. Bhaskara I (c. 600 A.D.) Bhasya on Aryabhatiyam.
Mahdbhdskariyam, Laghubhdskariyam
4. Brahmagupta (b. 591 A.D.) Brahmasphutasiddhdnta. Kharidakhddyaka
5. Vatesvara (880 A.D.) Vatesvarasiddhdnta
6. Mafijula (932 A.D.) Laghumdnasam
I. Aryabhata II (950 A.D.) Mahdsiddhdnta
8. Bhaskara II (b. 1114 A.D.) Siddhdntasiromarii. Karariakutuhalam
9. Paramesvara (c. 1400 A.D.) Drggariitam, Suryasiddhdnta vivarariam.
Bhatadipikd, etc.
10. Nilakantha Somayaji (1465 A.D.) Tantrasarigraha. A ryabhatlyabhdsya

II. Ganesa Daivajfia (1520 A.D.) Grahaldghavam
12. Jyesthadeva (1540 A.D.) Yuktibhdsd
13. Candrasekhara Samanta (b. 1835 A.D.) Siddhdntadarpariah
14. Sarikara Varman (19th cent.) Sadratnaindld
15. Verikatesa Ketkar (1898 A.D.) Grahagariitam. Jyotirgariitam

1.6 Contents of Siddhantas

Various topics of interest in Indian astronomy are discussed in different chapters. A
chapter is called adhyaya or adhikara. The following is generally the distribution of the
topics into the different adhikdras in a typical siddhdntic text.
1. Madhyamddhikdra
The word madhyama means the average or 'mean' positions of planets. Here, by
'planets' are meant the sun, the moon and the so-called tdrdgrahas viz.. Mercury,
Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. In order to calculate the mean angular velocities, the
numbers of revolutions completed in a mahdyuga (of 43,20,000 years) or a kalpa
(432 X 10^ years) by the planets as also by the special points viz., the apogee (called
mandocca) of the moon and the moon's ascending node (popularly called Rdhu) are
given.
The procedure to calculate the ahargana (the number of civil days from the epoch)
of the given date is also explained in this chapter. The total number of civil days in a
mahdyuga is also specified. Then, the motion of a planet from the epoch to the given
date is given by
Motion = (No. of revns. x Ahargaria x 3 6 0 ) / ( N o . of civil days in a Mahdyuga) in
degrees.
When the nearest integral multiple of 360 (i.e, completed number o f revolutions) is
dropped from the above value, we get the mean position of the planet in degrees, etc.
for the given date.
2. Spastddhikdra
In this chapter the procedure to obtain the "true" position of a planet, from the mean
position, is discussed. The word spasta means correct or true. For obtaining the true
positions from the mean, two corrections are prescribed;
(i) manda, applicable to the sun, the moon and the five planets and
(ii) sighra, applicable only to the five planets {tdrdgrahas) viz., Budha, Sukra,
Kuja, Guru and Sani.

The manda correction takes into account the fact that the planets' orbits are not
circular.
This correction corresponds to what is called "the equation of the centre" in modem
astronomy. The sighra correction corresponds to conversion of the heliocentric positions
of planets to the geocentric.
3. Triprasnddhikdra
This chapter deals with the "three questions" of direction {dik), place {desa) and
time {kdla). Procedures for finding the latitude of a place, the times of sunrise and sunset.
variations of the points of sunrise and sunset along the eastern and westem horizon,
gnomon problems and calculation of lagrux (ascendant) are discussed.
4. Candra - and Surya Grahanadhikdra

In these two chapters the computations of the lunar and the solar eclipses are
discussed. The instants of the beginnings, the middle and the endings, effects of parallax,
regions of visibility, possibility of the occurrence, totality etc. of the eclipses are
considered. Their computational procedures are elaborated.
In fact, for Indian astronomers the true testing ground for the veracity of their theory
and procedures very much depended on the successful and accurate predictions of
eclipses. O f course, as and when minor deviations between computations and observations
were noticed, necessary changes and corrections (bija sarnskdrd) were suggested.
Besides these four important topics, the siddhdntic texts contain many other topics,
which vary from text to text, like the first visibility of planets, moon's cusps, mathematical
topics like kuttaka (indeterminate equations), spherical trigonometry and the rationales
of the formulae used, etc.
1.7 Continuity in astronomical tradition

A characteristic feature of Indian astronomy is the unbroken continuity in the tradition
starting from Vedic period upto the recent times. Starting from simple observations and
a simple calendar, relevant to the contemporary needs during the Vedic times, there has
been a gradual progress in the extent of astronomical topics considered, mathematical
techniques developed, and refinement and sophistication in the computational algorithms,
always aimed at greater accuracy during the siddhdntic period of evolution spread over
nearly fifteen centuries.
The existing popular siddhdnta texts, like the Siirya siddhdnta, are made clearer
with elucidations and illustrations by a large number of commentaries, super-
commentaries etc. For example, the Aryabhatiyam carries highly learned and exhaustive
commentaries by Bhaskara I, Paramesvara and Nilakantha Somayaji among others.
Prthudakasvamin's commentary on the Kharidakhddyaka of Brahmagupta, besides those
by Bhattotpala and Amaraja, is extremely useful. Bhaskara II has written his own
commetary, Vdsand bhdsya on his magnum opus, Siddhdntasiromarii. In fact, often
the commentaries improve upon the parameters and computational techniques of the
original texts to yield better results.
While Manjula (or Munjala, c. 932 A . D . ) and SrTpati (c. 1000 A . D . ) introduced
additional corrections for the moon, Nilakaritha Somayaji (c.1500 A . D . ) revised the model
of planetary motion in his Tantrasarigraha for obtaining better positions of the inferior
planets, Budha and Sukra.
Inspired by the ideas of Paramesvara (c.1400 A . D . ) , Nilakantha (c.1500 A.D.)
developed a heliocentric model in which all planets move round the Sun in eccentric
orbits. It is a significant achievement before Copernicus came into picture. Nilakaritha's

revised model was successfully adopted by all later astronomers of Kerala, like
Jyesthadeva, Acyuta Pisarati and Citrabhanu.
It is also noteworthy that the knowledge of astronomy was never restricted to any
particular region, but spread throughout India. While Candrasekhara Samanta of Orissa
made quite a few important innovations, like an additional correction to the month,
independently, Kerala became the pocket of tremendous development during 14th to 19th
centuries. O f course, congenial social milieu and patronage must have played an important
role in the development of astronomy more during certain periods and in certain regions
and less at other times and regions.
1.8 Aim and scope of the present work

In the present book we have studied in detail the procedures and algorithms presented
in the traditional Indian astronomical texts, for the computations of the mean and true
positions of the sun, the moon and the five tdrdgrahas (Budha, Sukra, Kuja, Guru and
Sani). The methods of computations of lunar and solar eclipses are presented.
The algorithms are documented with ready-to-work computer programs for the benefit
of students and researchers. Three representative siddhdntic texts viz., the
Kharidakhddyaka of Brahmagupta (7th cent.), the revised form of the Suryasiddhdnta
(assigned to 10th or 11th cent.) and Ganesa Daivajiia's Grahaldghavam (early 16th cent.)
are chosen in the present work for a comparative study. For some chosen dates of eclipses,
both ancient and current, computations according to the above texts are presented in
Chapters 9 and 10.
The procedures for determining the mean and true positionswith a detailed
understanding of the manda equationof the sun and the moon are discussed in Chapters
6 and 7. Similarly the mean positions and true positions of the tdrdgrahas ("star
planets")with an analysis of the sighra equationare discussed with examples in
Chapters 11 and 12.
However, initially, an introductory description of the zodiac and the different co-ordinate
system is provided in Chapters 2 and 3. The basic ideas of the systempeculiar to
traditional Indian astronomy - and determination of the ahargaria (accumulated civil days
since chosen epochs) are discussed with relevant examples in Chapters 4 and 5.
In this report, in addition to the above, we have made an attempt to
(i) provide improved procedures and parameters for computations of lunar and
solar eclipses (Chapter 13); and
(ii) suggest bijasarnskdras (i.e., corrections), in Chapter 14, to the various relevant
parameters for computations of planetary positions based on the known
modem values and formulae. The parameters considered in this context are:
(a) The proposed number of civil days in a mahayuga (or a kalpa);

(b) Numbers of revolutions of the bodies in a mahdyuga (or a kalpa)
which when divided by the number of civil days yield the mean daily
motions (in fractions of a revolution);
(c) The peripheries of the manda epicycles of all the planets indicating
how these vary with the eccentricities of their heliocentric orbits;
(d) Mandoccas (apogees) of the planets at the beginning of each century
over a period of 5,200 years from 2000 A . D . backwards upto - 3200;
(e) Revolutions of the mandoccas of the planets in a kalpa (432 X 10'
years);
(0 The peripheries of the sighra epicycles which are dependent on the
mean heliocentric distances of the planets;
(g) The mean epochal positions of all the planets at, the Kali beginning
(i.e. the mean midnight between 17th and 18th February, 3102 B.C.)
giving both the tropical (sdyana) and the sidereal (nirayana) values;
(h) The mean epochal positions of the mandoccas (apogees) of planets
at the Kali beginning.
In continuation of the present work, we propose to suggest, in due course, improved
parameters and algorithms for the various traditional texts, in line with their simplified
forms of expressions and for their chosen individual epochs. Several other karana
granthas will be taken up for detailed study. A l l the algorithms, even with our proposed
bijas, will be documented with computer programs. This will greatly facilitate future
research workers in the field of Indian astronomy to compute in seconds the true positions
of planets and eclipses for any date in any century according to various Indian texts and
to compare the values without any effort on their part.
ZODIAC AND CONSTELLATIONS
2.1 Introduction
Stars and planets, on a clear night, appear as luminous points as though placed on
a hemispherical dome. This imaginary sphere of arbitrarily large radius is called celestial
sphere (khagola). This sphere has no real physical existence and in fact the stars and
planets are at different large distances from the observer. Since the relative angular
distances of the celestial bodies are of interest in spherical astronomy, their actual linear
distances are not considered.
In Fig. 2.1, A and B are two celestial bodies and e
O is the position of the observer which is taken as the
centre of the celestial sphere.
The lines OA and OB joining A and B to the \
observer's position 0 cut the celestial sphere at the
N
y
points a and b respectively. Angle aO b is the same as 0 ^
angle AdB, the angular distance between the celestial
bodies A and B as seen from O. Thus we observe that
although the two objects A and B are at different
distances from the observer, the angular distances
between them remains the same as though the two Fig. 2.1: Celestial sphere
bodies lie on the celestial sphere with O as centre.
The radius of the celestial sphere is taken arbitrarily so large that the entire earth
can be considered as just a point at the centre of this very huge imaginary sphere. This
means that wherever may the observer be on the surface of the earth, he can always be
considered as at the centre of the celestial sphere.
However, it is important to note that all observers at different places on the earth do
not see the same part of the celestial sphere at a given time.
2.2 Equator and Poles (Visuvadvrtta and Dhruva)
The earth is rotating about its own axis pp'. The axis pp' is produced both ways to
meet the celestial sphere at P and F ' which are called the celestial north and south poles
(uttara and daksina dhruva).
The great circle qr on the earth whose plane is perpendicular to the axis pp is
the earth's equator and the points pmdp' are the terrestrial north and south poles.
Correspondingly, the great circle QR on the celestial sphere is called the celestial equator
(visuvad vrtta). The points P and P' are the celestial poles. It is clear that the celestial
equator QR is the intersection of the celestial sphere with the plane of the earth's
equator.
2.3 Latitude of a place and altitude of Pole Star

The terrestrial (or geographical) latitude <|i of a
place on the surface of the earth is the angular distance
of the place from the earth's equator. In other words,
the latitude of a place is the angle made by the line
joining the earth's centre to the place with the plane
of the earths equator. In F i g 2.2, AdR is the latitude
^ of the place A. Rg. 2.2: Equator and poles
Altitude of a celestial body is its angular distance
from the horizon. To put it in the ordinary language,
the altitude of a luminary is the angle through which
the observer has to raise his eyes, above the horizon,
to see the body.
In F i g 2.3, E is the centre of the earth and O is
the position of the observer on the earth. The latitude
()) of the observer O is the angle OEq made by the line
Fig. 2.3: Altitude of pole star and
EO with the plane of the terrestrial equator Eq. In the
latitude of a place
figure, r denotes the radius of the earth and R the
arbitrarily large radius of the celestial sphere (R r).
The altitude of the pole star P is ndP (or arc nP) made by the line OP with the
horizon sn of the place. Now, we have
Latitude ^ = OEq = arc Oq
= QdZ=aic QZ
= arc PQ-arc PZ
= 90 - (arc Zn - arc Pn)
= 90-(90-arcPn)
= arc Pn Altitude of P
Thus, the latitude of a place is equal to the altitude of the pole star at that place.
For example, an observer in Bangalore can locate the pole star at about 13 above the
horizon.
2.4 Ecliptic and the Equinoxes
The sun appears to move round the earth, as seen from the earth, from west to east
with respect to fixed stars, continuously and comes back to the same position after a
year. This motion of the sun, for an observer on the earth, is apparent and is a relative
motion caused by the revolution of the earth round the sun in a year.
Zodiac and Constellattons 17
The apparent annual path of the sun round the

earth, with respect to fixed stars is a great circle
5, 52 (Fig 2.4) called the ecliptic. The points of
intersection of the ecliptic 5] 52 with the celestial
equator QR are called equinoxes denoted by y and
n.
The equinoxial point y where the sun during his
annual motion along the ecliptic crosses the celestial
equator from the south to the north is called the
Vernal Equinox or the first point of Aries and the Fig. 2.4: Ecliptic and equinoxes
other equinoxial point is called Autumnal Equinox
or the first point of Libra.
The angle between the planes of the ecliptic and the celestial equator is called
obliquity of the ecliptic, denoted by e. The value of e is about 2330'. The ecliptic is
called apanumdala or krdnti vrtta.
2.5 Zodiac
Consider two small circles parallel to the ecliptic lying at an angular distance of 8
on either side of die ecliptic. The positions of stars and planets are considered with
reference to this circular belt, called Zodiac (bhacakra).
The zodiac is divided into 12 equal parts, each part of 30 extent, called signs (rdsi).
The twelve signs of the zodiac are counted starting from the vernal equinox which is
called the first point of Aries. Each sign (or rdsi) is characterized by a group of stars
called constellation. These are named after the objects or animals or human forms which
these are supposed to resemble. The twelve groups of stars, characterizing the twelve
signs, are called zodiacal constellations.
The sun moves from one sign to the next in the course of a solar month. He is at
the first point of Aries i.e., at the vernal equinox, around March 22, and at the first point
of Libra i.e., at the autumnal equinox around September 23 each year.
Table 2.1 gives the names of the twelve constellations, the Indian equivalenj names
of the rdsis, the imaginary shapes of the clusters of stars and the angular extent of each
sign (in degrees).
Table 2.1 : Signs of the Zodiac
Signs Rdsis Shape of die Angular
Constellation Extent
1. Aries Mesa Ram 0 - 30
2. Taums Vrsabha Bull 30 - 60
3. Gemini Mithuna Twins 60 - 90
4. Cancer Karkataka Crab 90 - 120
(Contd...)
Ancient Indian Astronomy
Signs Rasis Shape of the Angular

Constellation Extent
5. Uo Simha Lion 120 - 150
6. Virgo Kanyd Virgin 150 - 180
7. Libra Tula Balance 180 - 210
8. Scorpio Vrscika Scorpion 210 - 240
9. Sagittarius Dhanus Archer 240 - 270
10. Capricorn Makara Sea goat 270 - 300
11. Aquarius Kumbha Water carrier 300 - 330
12. Pisces Mina Fish 330 - 360
Note : The signs and Rdsis shown in the first two columns of the table are equivalent
when the first point of Aries (i.e, the vernal equinox) coincides with the first
point of Mesa of the Indian system. However, currently there is a difference
of about 2349' (in 1997) between the two, due to a phenomenon called the
"precession of the equinoxes", which will be discussed in Appendix - 1.
3
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
3.1 Introduction
In order to determine and specify the location of a celestial body in the sky different
systems of co-ordinates are evolved. Each of these systems is useful in a particular context
to locate a celestial body. The following are the different systems of co-ordinates :
1. Celestial longitude and latitude (or ecliptic system)
2. Right ascension and declination (or equatorial system)
3. Azimuth and altitude (or horizontal system)
4. Hour angle and dedination (or meridian system)
We shall discuss these systems of co-ordinates in the following sections.
3.2 Celestial longitude and latitude (Ecliptic System) ^
Let 5 be the position of a planet on the

celestial sphere. The ecliptic is represented by
CL and its poles by ATandAf. The arc KS is
produced to meet the ecliptic CL at M (Fig. 3.1).
The angular distance SM (equal to angle SO\f)
of the planet from the ecliptic is called latitude
of the planet 5 and is denoted by p. The latitude
is northern if S lies on the same side of the
ecliptic as the north pole P and negative K'
otherwise. O f course, i f S is on the ecliptic, the 3^. j , ^ , ^ ^ ^ . ^ , ,^
latitude p = 0.
The angular distance yM, measured eastward along the ecliptic from the first point
of Aries is called the celestial longitude of the planet S and denoted by X.
The celestial longitude X varies from 0 to 360". For example, on January 1, 1995
at 5.30 a.m. (1ST) the longitude X, of the sun was 28005'. This means that the sun was
at 1005' in the sign of Capricorn whose range is 270 to 300 in the zodiac.
Ifowever, in the fiidian system, the position of the sun is not considered as in Makara rdsi
since in this system die longitude X , is 25618', less by 2347' due to the precession of die
equinoxes 5_, and this falls in Dhanus (whidi extends ftom 240 to 270) of the Indian zodiac.
The longitude measured from the vernal equinox y is called "tropical" (sdyana)
and the longitude A,, used in Indian astronomy is called "sidereal" (nirayana). The
longitudes in the two systems are related by :
The Indian system of reckoning the celestial longitude is called sidereal since the
motions of planets are reckoned with reference to fixed stars. The word "sidereal" is
used as a reference to fixed stars.
3.3 Right ascension and declination (Equatorial system)

In this system the celestial equator QR is the
great circle of reference and the first point of Aries
is the origin.
In F i g . 3.2 let S be a celestial body and M be
the foot of the secondary through it to the celestial
equator. Now, yM measured along the celestial
equator is called the right ascension {R.A.) denoted
by a and SM is called the declination 5 of the body
5. The right ascension is measured from 0 to 360.
But, usually the R.A. of a heavenly body is expressed
in time units as hours, minutes and seconds (by ^^9- f^'Q*^* ascension and
dividing the angle in degrees by 15 to get hours etc.) declination
When a %ody is to the north of the celestial equator, its declination is said to be
north and when the body is to the south, declination is also south.
In the course of the sun's motion, in a year, his declination 5 increases from 0
(March 22) to about 2327'N (June 22), then decreases from 2327'N to 0 (Sept. 23).
For the next six months, the sun will go "south" of the celestial equator; 8 increases
from 0 (Sept 23) to 2327'S (Dec. 22) and then it decreases from 2327'S to 0 (March
22).
The northern course (Dec. 22 to June 22) and the southern course .(June 22 to Dec.
22) of the sun are respectively referred to as the uttardyana and the daksiridyana. However
the difference in the dates of observance is due to the precession of the equinoxes.
3.4 Azimuth and altitude (Horizontal system)

In this system die celestial horizon is die reference
circle and the north point n is the origin. In Fig. 3.3, let
5 be a celestial body and SM be the secondary to the
horizon; M is the foot of this "vertical" through S.
The angular distance nM from the north point n
measured along the horizon is called the azimuth of
the body S. The angular distance SM along the vertical
through S is called the altitude of 5. The azimuth A
Fig. 3.3: Azimuth and altitude
Co-ordinate Systems 21
is always measured eastward from the north point n and varies from 0 to 360.
Sometimes the azimuth is also measured westward in whiich case a specific mention is
made to that effect.
The altitude " a " of a body is the angular distance from the horizon measured along
the vertical through the body. It varies from 0 to 90 on either side of the horizon.
The horizontal system of azimuth and altitude is suitable for local short interval
observations. These coordinates are affected by diurnal motion and also vary from one
place of observation to another.
3.5 Hour Angle and Declination (Meridian system)

Here, the celestial equator QR is the reference
circle and the visible point of intersection of the
meridian with the equator is the origin. Let 5 be a
celestial body and M be the foot of the secondary to
the celestial equator through 5. A s defined earlier
(section 3.3), the angular distance SM from the
celestial equator, along the secondary through S, is
the declination 8 of the body S (Fig. 3.4). ^9- 3.4: Hour Angle & Declination
The angular distance QPM arc QM) is called the hour angle " / i " of the celestial
body 5. Thus, the hour angle of 5 at any instant is the angle between the meridian
of the place and the declination circle through S. The hour angle h is always measured
westward from the meridian. However in some context i f h is measured eastward,
then it will be referred to as the eastern hour angle. The hour angle varies from 0
to 360.
While the hour angle is affected by the diurnal motion, the declination 8 is not
affected. Further, h changes from one place of observation to another.
4
YUGA SYSTEM AND ERAS
4.1 Mahayuga, Manvantara and Kalpa

On the macroscopic scale of time, the yuga system is evolyed in Indian astronomy.
Many important elements of planets and other parameters are given in terms of the number
of revolutions in the course of a long period of time called yuga.
While in the Veddriga Jyotisa the word yuga was used to mean a period of 5 years,
in later works the word meant a large period of time. So far as Indian astronomy is
concerned, the yugas of large periods of time have been used to indicate the rates of
motion of planets and other important points of astronomical significance. This technique
enabled them to express these constants as integers, though very large, thus avoiding
very inconvenient ifractions.
One Mahdyuga of 43,20,000 years comprises four yugas (or yugapddas) viz., Krta,
Tretd, dvdpara and Kali. Aryabhata took them all to be of equal duration, 10,80,000
years. But other astronomers, except Lalla and Vatesvara, have taken the four yugas
having their durations in the ratio 4:3:2:1. Thus, we have:
Krta Yuga : 17,28,000 years

Tretd Yuga 12,96,000 years
Dvdpara Yuga 8,64,000 years
Kali Yuga 4.32,000 years
Total period of Mahdyuga 43,20,000 years
Note that a Mahdyuga is ten times a Kaliyuga in its duration.
1 Manvantara = 71 Mahdyuga = 30,67,20,000 years
14 Manvantaras = 14 x 30672 x lO'* = 4.29408 X 10^ years.
In between two successive manvantaras there is a sandhyd period equal to the
duration of a Krtayuga. For the fourteen manvantaras there are 15 sandhyds.
A Kalpa is formed by the fourteen manvantaras along with their sandhyds so that
1 Kalpa = (14 X 30,67,20,000) + (15 x 17,28,000)
= 432 X lO''years
Thus, a Kalpa is one thousand times a mahdyuga.

Yuga System and Eras 23
A t present, we are under what is called Svetavaraha kalpa in which already six
manvantaras have elapsed and we are now in the seventh one called Vaivasvata
manvantara. In this manvantara 11 Mahayugas have elapsed and we are now in the 28th
Mahdyuga. Again, in this running Mahayuga. the first three yugas viz., Krta. Tretd, and
Dvdpara are over. The fourth yuga namely, Kaliyuga is currently running. Indian
astronomers are agreed on the point that the present Kaliyuga commenced at the midnight
between the 17th and 18th February 3102 B . C . (by Julian reckoning). For the year 1997
A . D . , 5098 years have elapsed since the Kali epoch and the actual number of civil days
(called Kali Ahargana) as on the midnight of January 1-2, 1997 is 18,61,895.
The Indian astronomical siddhdntas assumed that at the commencement of the Kalpa,
all the planets including Ketu were in conjunction (i.e., at the same celestial longitude)
at the first point of Mesa and the ascending node (Rdhu) of the moon was 180 away
i.e., at the first point of Tuld. A s pointed out earlier, the yuga theory has been adopted
by Indian astronomers to express the mean motions of planets and other important
geometrical points. These details will be discussed in a subsequent chapter.
4.2 Kali Era

In Indian astonomical texts, generally, this era is adopted. A s pointed out earlier the
Kaliyuga is supposed to have commenced at the midnight between 17th and 18th of
February, 3102 B . C . (Julian), the day following the midnight being a Friday. Actually an
astonomical reference to the Kali era is available in the famous text Aryabhatiyam
composed by the renowned astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata I (476 A.D.). He
says that he was 23 years old when 3600 years have elapsed in the Kaliyuga. That year
corresponds to 499 A . D . when the celebrated astronomer composed his immortal text. It
has been inferred that this era was in vogue for long before Aryabhata I although earlier
records to that effect are yet to be unearthed.
The Kali era is more advantageous compared to later eras for the simple reason that
it covers the antiquity of our Indian civilization adequately which other eras cannot since
those were started later. However, for recording of contemporary events many other eras
were adopted. The beginning of Kaliyuga is characterized by the end of the Mahdbhdrata
war (Aryabhata refers to the end of the Dvdparayuga as "Bhdratdt purvam") and also
the demise of Sri Krstia as per the purdnas.
4.3 Vilcrama E r a
This era is widely used in most states of north-west India which follow the
pdrnimdnta lunar calendar ( i.e. lunar month ranges from a full-moon to the succeeding
full-moon). This era is used in Gujarat also, although the amdnta (new-moon to
new-moon) lunar month is followed, but the lunar year starting from the Diwali
new-moon. The starting epoch of the Vikrama saka is 58 B . C . , but the source of its
origin is not exactly known. The popular belief is that the era was started by king
Vikramdditya of Ujjayini to commemorate his victory over the sakas or scythians; bul
inscriptional or other evidences for this are not available. Actually this era was associated
with Malavas and hence it was known as Malava era for a very long time from the early
5 th century A . D . Earlier it was also called Krta era, but it is not known why it was called
so. It is also argued that this era was started by the Gupta emperor, Chandra Gupta II
who defeated the sakas.
4.4 Salivahana Saka E r a

-.This era starts from 78 A . D . and is very widely used for both solar and lunar
calendars. Even like the Vikrama era, the origin of the saka era is not well understood.
One theory is that the Kusana emperor, Kanishka, the king who came after Asoka, is
believed to have started this era from the date of his accession. It is opined by some that
Kanishka used the old saka era omitting 200; this opinion presumes that there was a
saka era 200 years earlier. However, the date of Kanishka is quite uncertain. In fact, no
Indian text makes any reference in support of this theory.
AHARGAISJA
5.1 Introduction
For the purpose of finding the mean positions of planets on any day, the total number
of civil days elapsed since a chosen epoch is first determined. Then this duration of time
multiplied by the mean daily motion of a planet gives the amount of motion of the planet
during that period. From this motion the completed number of revolutions (multiples of
360) is removed. The remainder when added to the mean position of the planet at the
beginning of the epoch gives the mean position for the required day.
The number of days elapsed since the chosen fixed epoch is called ahargana which
literally means a "heap of days". The calculation of the ahargaria depends on the calendar
system followed. Since in the traditional Hindu calendar both luni-solar calendar and
solar calendar, to which the former is pegged on to, are followed the intercalary months
{adhikamasa) play an important role in calculating the ahargaria.
The process of finding the ahargana essentially consists of the following steps :
(i) Convert the solar years elapsed (since epoch) into lunar months ;
(ii) A d d the number of adhikamasas during that period to give the actual number
of lunar months elapsed till the beginning of the given year ;
(iii) A d d the number of lunar months elapsed in the given year ;
(iv) Convert these actually elapsed lunar months into tithis (by multiplying by
30);
(v) A d d the elapsed number of tithis in the current lunar month; and finally
(vi) Convert the elapsed number of tithis into civil days.
Note : While finding the adhikamasa if an adhikamasa is due after the given lunar month of the
current lunar year, then I is to be subtracted from the calculated number of adhikamasas.
This is because an adhikamasa which is yet to come in the course of the current year will
have been already added.
5.2 Working method to find Ahargana since the Kali epoch
Before evolving a working algorithm to find Ahargaria, we shall list some useful
data for the purpose according to Siirya Siddhdnta. In a Mahdyuga of 432 x lO'* years,
we have
Number of sidereal revolutions of the moon : 577,53,336

Number of revolutions of the sun : 43,20,000
Number of lunar months in Mahdyuga of
432 X 10^ The difference of the above : 534,33,336

Number of Adhikamasas in a Mahdyuga = Number of lunar months
- (12 X Number of solar years)
= 534,33,336 - (12 x 43,20,000)
= 534,33,336-518,40,000
= 15,93,336
Suppose we want to find the Ahargana for the day on which ' V luni-solar years,
"y" lunar months and "z" tithis have elapsed.
Then, we have the number of adhikamasas in x completed luni-solar years given by

;cj = INT[(;c) (15,93,336/43,20,000)]
where I N T (i.e. integer value) means only the quotient of the expression in the
square brackets is considered.
Now, since in the given luni-solar year y lunar months and z tithis have elapsed,
we have :
Number o f lunar months elapsed since the epoch = l2x + Xi+y + z/30
where the number of elapsed tithis z is converted into a fraction of a lunar month.
The average duration of a lunar month is 29.530589 days. Therefore, the number of
civil days /v' elapsed since epoch
N^=\m[(\2x-\-x^+y\-z/30) x 29.530589] -i-1
Here also, only the integer part of the expression in the square brackets is considered.
Since in our calculations we have considered only mean duration of a lunar month,
the result may have a maximum error of 1 day. Therefore, to get the actual ahargana
N, addition to or subtraction from of 1 may be necessary.
This is decided by the verification of the week-day. The tentative ahargana is

divided by 7 and the remainder is expected to give the weekday counted from the weekday
of the chosen epoch. For example, the epoch of Kaliymia is known to have been a Friday.
Therefore, when N\ is divided by 7, if the remainder is 0, then that day must be a Friday,
if 1 then Saturday etc. However, i f the calculated weekday is different from the actual
weekday, then 1 is either added to or subtracted from so as to get the calculated and
the actual weekday the same. Accordingly, the actual ahargaria N = N^\.
Ahargana 27
It is important to note tiiat the method described above is a simplified version of the
actual procedure described variously by the siddhdntic texts.
Note : While finding the number of adhikamasas in the aforesaid method if an adhikamasa
is due after the given lunar month in the said lunar year, then subtract 1 from to get
the correct number of adhikamasas.
Example : Find the Kali Ahargana corresponding to Caitra krsna trayodasi of saka
year 1913 (elapsed) i.e. for 12 April, 1991.
Number of Kali years = 3179 + 1913 = 5092, since the beginning of saka i.e. 78
A . D . corresponds to 3179 years (elapsed) of Kali. Therefore.
Adhikamasds in 5092 years = (15,93,336/43,20,000) x 5092 = 1878.0710
Taking the integral part of the above value, = 1878.
Now, an adhikamasa is due just after the Caitra mdsa under consideration. Although
the adhikamdsa is yet to occur, it has already been included in the above value of X|.
Therefore,
Corrected value of x^ = 1877.
Since the month under consideration is Caitra, the number of elapsed lunar months
in the lunar year, y = 0. The current tithi is trayodasi of krsna paksa so that the elapsed
number of tithis is 15 + 12 = 27. i.e., z = 27.
Therefore,
Number of lunar months completed = (5092 x 12) + 1877 + 0 + 27/30 = 62,981.9.
(Tentative) number of civil days

yv' = INT [62,981.9 x 29.530589] + 1
= INT [18,59,892.603]+ 1
= 18,59,893
Now, dividing A'' by 7, the remainder is 0; counting 0 as Friday, 1 as Saturday

etc., the remainder 0 corresponds to Friday. Also, from the calendar. 12 April, 1991 was
a Friday. Therefore, we have Ahargaria,
N= 18,59,893
since the Kali epoch.
5.3 Ahargana according to Khanda Khddyaka (KK)
Deduct 587 from the saka year, multiply the remainder by 12, to this result add the
number of lunar (synodic) months elapsed from the sukla paksa of Caitra month; multiply
the sum by 30 and add to it the number of tithis elapsed; put down the result increased
by 5 separately in two places. In one place divide by 14945; by the quotient diminish
the result in the other place, and divide it by 976; by the quotient of intercalary months
reduced to lunar days, increase the result in the original place; put down the result below
(i.e. in the other place), multiply it by 11 and add to it 497; put down the sum below
(i.e. in the other place) and divide by 111573, diminish it by the quotient obtained from
the sum in the first place; divide the new result by 703 and by the quotient of omitted
lunar days (or ksaya tithis), diminish the result. The final result is the ahargana and
begins from Sunday.
The epoch of Brahmagupta's Khandakhadyaka is the mean midnight between 22nd
and 23rd March 665 A . D . (587 saka) at Ujjayini.
Brahmagupta's celebrated commentator Prthudakasvami works out the following
example.
Example : Find the KK ahargana at the end of 11 tithis and one lunar month from
the sukla paksa of the Caitra in the saka year 786 (864 A.D.). Following the steps given
above, we have :
(i) 786-587 = 199
(ii) (199xl2) + l = 2389, total solar months.
(iii) (2389 x 3 0 ) + l l = 71681,total solar days.
iv) 71681 71681
+5 +5
14945 ) 71686 days 71686 days
- 4d., 41gh., Alpa
4 days, 47 gh. 47 pa. 71681 days, \2gh., npa
(v) Now, dividing 71681 days, \2gh., 13 pa by 976, we get 73 as the quotient
which is the number of adhikamasas (intercalary months). The remainder is
433 days, \2gh., 13pa. To this add Mgh. (to be explained later). Hence the
true remainder relating to intercalary months is taken as 433 days,
29gh., \ 2>pa.
Note : 1 day = 60 ghatikas (or nadikas) and 1 gh (or nadi= 60 palas (or vighaiis)
(vi) 73 adhikamasas =73 x 3 0 = 2190 lunar days. Adding this to the earlier
obtained [in (iv)] number of lunar days. 71681. we get
2190 + 71681 = 73871. This is the total number of tithis elapsed.
(vii) Multiplying 73871 ((obtained in (vi)| by 11 and adding 497 we get
813078.
This number is put down in two places :
813078 813078
Dividing this Subtracting from the above
by 111573, we get 7 days. 17g/i., \4pa.. we get
7days, llgh., I4pa. 813070 days, 42^^/1., 46pakis
(viii) Now, dividing 813070 days, 42g/i., 46/x(. by 703, wc get the quolicnl 1156
and the remainder as 402 days, 42 gh.. 46pa. This is increased by 14 gii. (lo
Ahargana 29
be explained later). The true remainder relating to the omitted lunar days
(ksaya tithis) is thus taken as 402 days, 56 gh., 46 palas.
The quotient 1156 representing the integral number of omitted lunar days is now
subtracted from the total tithis, 73871 and hence the ahargaria is now
73871 - 1156 = 72715. To obtain the week day, dividing 72715 by 7, the remainder is 6.
Therefore, the day, at the end of which the KK ahargaria is 72715 is a Friday (considering
the remainder 1 as representing Sunday etc.)
Note : (1) In items (v) and (viii) above, \7gh., and \4gh. respectively were added. For explanation
see Khandakhadyaka. Tr, by P.C, Sengupta. 1933. pp.6-7.
(2) The epoch of Khandakhadyaka viz. March 23, 665 A . D . {saka 587) was a Sunday.
5.4 Ahargaria according to Graha Laghavam (GL)
Epoch : March 19,1520 A . D . (Julian), Monday.

(i) Subtract 1442 from the saka year (elapsed) of the required date.
(ii) Divide the remainder by 11. The quotient is called cakra (cycles) s C
(iii) Multiply the remainder [obtanined in (ii)] by 12 and to the product add the
number of lunar months elapsed counting Caitra as 1.
The sum thus obtained is called Mean Lunar Months (Madhyama mdsa gaiia)
=M
(iv) Number of Adhikamdsas
M + 2 C + 10 , , .
= (take the quotient)
(v) True lunar months (Spasta mdsa gana)
= Mean lunar months + No. of adhikamdsas

" M + 2 C + lO"
= M+ INT sTM
" J
(vi) Mean ahargaria (madhyama ahargaria) = MAH
= [{(True lunar months}) x 30 + (No. of tithis elapsed
= [(TM x 30) + {TI) + T + ( 7 Cakras)]

6 6
(where Tl = No. of tithis elapsed in the given lunar month)
(vii) Ksaya dinas = INT [ (Madhyama Ahargaria)]
= INT[-^(MAH)] = KD
64
[i.e., take the quotient of 77 (MAH)]

64
(viii) Ahargaria (Savana dinas) i.e. Civil days s TAH
= Mean Ahargaria - Ksaya dinas
= MAH -KD = MAH - 77 (MAH)

04
(ix) However, since the average values of the various parameters are considered
in the above computations, 1 day may have to be either added to or subtracted
from T A H in (viii) to get the actual ahargaria.
This is done by finding the weekday :
(a) Multiply the cakras by 5 i.e. find SC. A d d Savana Ahargaria to this
i.e. find (5C + TAH)
(b) Divide the result of (a) by 7 and find the remainder :
\5C+TAH
Let R = Remainder of
If = 0, Monday; R=\: Tuesday etc.

(c) If the calculated weekday is a day next to the actual weekday, then
subtract 1 from TAH and if it is one day less than the actual weekday,
then add 1 to TAH.
{See Note (1) and (2) appearing later}.
Example 1 :
Sa.Saka 1534, Vaisakha Sukla PUrrtintd, Monday = M a y 16,1612 A . D . (Gregorian)
(i) Subtracting 1442 from 1534 :
1534 - 1442 = 92 years (from the epoch)
(ii) Divide the remainder in (i) by 11 :
the quotient, cakras = 8 = C and the remainder = 4
(iii) 'Multiplying the remainder from (ii) i.e. 4 by 12 and adding the number of
lunar months elapsed in the given year :
( 4 x 12)+ 1 = 49 = M
is the Madhyama mdsa garia
(iv) N o . of Adhikamdsas
_ A / + 2 C + l Q _ 4 9 + 2(8) + 10
33 33
= ; Quotient = 2
(v) M + No. of Adhikamdsas

= 49 + 2 = 51 = is the Spasta mdsa garia
(vi) (a) Mean Ahargaria (Madhyama Ahargaria)
= (TM X 30) + (No. of tithis elapsed in the given lunar month)
= (51 x 3 0 ) + 14= 1544
(b) A d d INT 7 [ q i.e. I N T (8/6) = 1 to the result of (vi)(a)

6
.-. 1544+1 = 1545 s M A / /
Ahargana 31
(MAH\
(vii) Ksayadirms = I N T
64
ri545^
= INT = 2A = KD
64
(viii) Savana Ahargaria (i.e. N o . of civil days in the running cakra)
= MAH - KD
= 1 5 4 5 - 2 4 = 1521 = r A / /
(ix) Week day verification :
5 C + ry4// = 5 (8) + 1521 = 1561
.. R = Remainder of ^^1 =0
That is, the weekday comes out as Monday.

Since the weekday obtained from calculation is the same as the actual weekday
(known), nothing need be added to or subtracted from TAH. Therefore
True Ahargana = 1521
No. of cakras = 8
F i n d i n g the corresponding C h r i s t i a n date (see section 5.5):
No. of civil days since epoch = 8 (4016) + 1521
= 33,649
Kali Ahargana of GL epoch = 16,87,850
Therefore, Kali Ahargana of = 17,21,499
the given date
From : Table 5.1 1600 A . D . : 17,16,982
Table 5.2 12 : 4,383
Table 5.3 May 14 134
Total : 17,21,499
Therefore, the given day corresponds to M a y 14, 1612 A . D . (Gregorian)
Note 1 : Sometimes wiien {Saica year - 1442) is divided by 11. to get Cakras the remainder could
be 0. In that case even 2 may have to be added to or subtracted from the obtained Savana
dinas to get the true Alvtrgana for the weekday. See the following example.
Example 2 : Saka 1574 Caitra Sukla Pratipat Ravivara {i.e. April 7, 1652 A . D . , Sunday}
(i) 1574 - 1442 = 132, years since the epoch
132
(ii) C = INT = 12
11
Remainder of is 0
Ancient Indian Astrono\
(iii) (0xl2) + 0 = 0 s M
(iv) No. of Adhikamdsas
M + 2 C + 10 "0 + 24+ l O '
= INT = INT
33 33
34
i.e. Adhikamdsas =INT = 1
33
(V) TM = M + No. of adhikamasas = 0 + 1 = 1
(vi) Mean Ahargana
A f A / / = (1 X 30) + 0 + I N T [7 (12)]
o
= 30 + 2 = 32
^MAH\
(vii) Ksaya dinas, KD = I N T = INT
64
i,e. KD = 0
(viii) Sdvana Ahargaria = MAH - /TD = 32 - 0 = 32
.. Cakras = 12, Ahargaria = 32 (in the running Cakra)
(ix) Weekday verification :
R = Remainder of i^^'^J^^
60 + 32
i.e. of
^92^
i.e. of or /?= 1
i.e. Tuesday. But the actual weekday is Sunday.

Therefore subtracting 2 from the Sdvana Ahargaria, we get
Actual Ahargaria = 32 - 2 = 30.
Thus, Cakras = 12 and Ahargaria = 30.
(X) Christian date (see section 5.5) :

No. of civil days since epoch
= 12 (4016)+ 30 =48,222
Kali Ahargaria of GL epoch = 16,87,850
Therefore, Kali Ahargaria of the given date : 17,36,072
From Tables 5.1 to 5.3, we have
1600 A . D . (G) 17,16,982
52 18,993
April 7 97
Total 17,36,072
corresponding to April 7,1652 A . D . (G)
Ahargana 33
Note 2 ; Sometimes tliere could be an Adhikamasa in a particular given lunar year,

(i) If the given date is before the adhikamdsa of that lunar year, then subtract
1 from the no. of adhikamdsas obtained in the calculation.
(') i f the given date is after the adhikamdsa of that lunar year, then add 1 to
the no. of adhikamdsas obtained in the calculation.
This is demonstrated in the following example.
Example 3 :
Saka 1555 Caitra Sukla Pratipat, Friday. In this lunar year, Vaisakha is the
adhikamdsa [March 11,1633].
We shall find the ahargana for the given date :
(i) 1 5 5 5 - 1442= 113
{U3^
(ii) Cakras, C = I N T = 10, Remainoer = 3
11
(iii) (Remainder x 12) + No. of elapsed lunar months = (3 x 12) + 0 = 36 s M

(iv) No. of adhikamdsas
M + 2C+ 10 36 + 2 ( 1 0 ) - H 0
= INT = INT
33 33
66
= INT = 2 (Note : Remainder = 0)
33
Since the given date falls before the adhika Vaisakha masa, subtract 1 from
the number obtained above. Therefore,, the actual adhikamdsas elapsed
= 2 - 1 = 1.
(v) True lunar months
= M + No. of adhikamdsas = 36 + 1 = 37 s TA/
(vi) Mean Ahargaria
^C}
MAH= (37 X 30) + Tithis elapsed + INT
6
\ /
^10^
= 1110 + 0 + INT
6
= 1110+1 = 1111.
(vii) Ksayadirms
MAH 1111
KD = I N T = INT = 17
64 64
(viii) Savana Ahargaria = MAH - KD

= n i l - 17= 1094 3 7>1//
5C + r A / f = 5 (10)+ 1094= 1144
1144
Remainder = 3 i.e. Thursday; but actual weekday : Friday
Therefore, the true Ahargaria = TAH+ 1 = 1095

(X) Christian date (see section 5.5) :
No. of civil days since epoch
= 10(4016)+1095 = 41,255
Kali Ahargaria of GL epoch : 16,87,850
.-. Kaii Ahargaria of the date : 17,29,105
1600 A . D . 17,16,982
33 12,053
March 11 70
Total 17.29.105
Corresponding to March 11,1633 A . D . (Gregorian)
Example.4 : Saka 1530 (Bhadrapada is adhikamdsa) Kdrtika Sukla Pratipat, Saturday.
(i) 1 5 3 0 - 1442 = 88
,r88^
(ii) C= Cakra = mi = 8, Remainder = 0
11
(iii) Mean lunar months

A/=(0xl2) +7
=7
(since Kdrtika is the 8th month i.e. 7 months are over) .
(iv) N o . o f Adhikamdsas
Af + 2C+ 10 7 + 16+10
= INT = INT
33 33
= 1. Remainder 0
Since Kdrtika month (i.e. the given month) occurs after the adhika
Bhadrapada mdsa, add 1 to the calculated no. of adhikamdsas.
Therefore, no. of adhikamdsas = 1 + 1 = 2
(v) True lunar months
TM = M+ N o . of adhikamdsas
=7+2=9
(vi) Mean Ahargana
^C^
MAH = (TM X 30) + (Tithis elapsed in the given month) + I N T
6
= ( 9 x 3 0 ) + 0 + INT
6
= 271
Ahargana 35
(vii) Ksaya dinas = I N T = 4 = KD

64
(viii) Savana Ahargana
TAH^MAH- KD^ni - 4 = 267
5C + r/l// = 40 + 267 = 307
^307^
Remainder of = 6 i.e. Sunday. But the given weekday is Saturday.
7
.. True Ahargana ~ TAH - 1 = 266
Cakras = 8 and ahargana = 266
(x) Christian date :
No. of civil days since epoch = 8 (4016) + 266 = 32,394
Kali Ahargaria of GL epoch : 16,87,850
.-. Kali Ahargaria of given date : 17,20,244
1600 A . D . : 17,16,982
08 ; 2922
December 6 : 340
Total : 17,20,244
corresponding to December 6,1608 A . D . (Gregorian)
5.5 Ahargana from the Christian date; finding the weekday
In the earlier sections we saw how to obtain the ahargaria from the lunar date with
the epoch of
(i) The beginning of the Kaliyuga (according to the Siirya Siddhdnta)
(ii) The Kharida Khddyaka and
(iii) The Graha Laghavam.

Now, we shall discuss the method of finding the ahargaria for a given Christian date
(either Julian or Gregorian).
In Table 5.1 the Julian days, and the ahargaria for the epochs of the Kaliyuga, Kharida
Khddyaka and the Graha Laghavam are given for the beginnings of the century years
from3200 (J) to 2200 A . D . (G).
Epochs Chosen :
(i) Julian days (JD) : The reckoning of the Julian days starts from the mean
noon ( G M T ) on January 1, 4713 B . C . , Monday. On that day at the mean
noon ( G M T ) , JD = 0.
The so-called Julian calendar was adopted by Julius Ceasar (100 B . C . to 44
B.C.)
This was revised by Pope Gregory XIII'in 1582 A . D . on the advice of his
astronomer. According to the erstwhile Julian calendar system October 4,
1582 was a Thursday. Pope Gregory ordered that the next day would be
October 15, 1582, Friday. However, the continuity of the week days was
maintained.
In Table 5.1, the beginnings of centuries from3200 to 1500 A . D . are suffixed with
"(J)" which means for those centuries the system of Julian calendar is applicable. This
is so upto October 4, 1582 A . D . Then for the beginnings of centuries beyond that date
the suffix " G " (Gregorian) is added.
For any year before Christ (B.C.) for mathematical convenience a negative sign (-)
is perfixed to one less than the numerical value of the year. For example, 46 B . C . is
^ 5 and 3102 B . C . is -3101. This convention is adopted since 1 B . C . is considered as
the "0" year of the Christian era.
(ii) Epoch of the Khanda Khddyaka {KK)
The epoch chosen by Brahmagupta in this Kararia text is the mean midnight
between 22rid and 23rd of March 665 A . D . (J) at Ujjayini.
(iii) Epoch of the Graha Ldghavam {GL) : Ganesa Daivajha, in his Graha
Laghava has adopted the mean sunrise (at Ujjayini) of March 19, 1520 A . D .
(J), Monday.
Finding the Ahargarias
(a) First, from Table 5.1 for the beginning of the Christian century (column
1) in which the given date liesthe Julian days. Kali ahargaria, KK and
GL ahargarias are given in columns 2 to 6. For example, consider March
21, 1997. Now, the century beginning for 1997 is 1900. In Table 5.1, against
the entry 1900 (G), we have :
Julian days Kali ahar KK ahar GL ahar

Ca. ahar
2415020 1826554 450989 34 2160
(b) In Table 5.2 the total clasped days are given for the beginning of the years
of a century.
In our example, the year is 97. Against the entry 97 in Table 5.2, we have
Days Graha Ldghavam

Ca. Ahar
35429 8 3301
(c) In Table 5.3, the accumulated days for the dates of the different months in a
year are given.
Here, for the months of January and February in a leap year, the dates given under
the second column headed by the letter " B " must be used. For all other months of any
year and for January and February of a non-leap year, the dates in the first column under
the letter " C " must be used.
Ahargana 37
In our example, for March 21, the number of days elapsed in the year is 80 (in the
column under " C " ) .
Now, the total J D and the different aharganas are obtained by adding the
corresponding number of days from items (a), (b) and (c) above. For example, for March
21. 1997, we have :
Julian days Kali Ahar. KKAhar Graha Lag.
Ch. Ahar
1900 (G) 2415020 1826554 450989 342160
97 35429 35429 35429 83301
March 21 80 80 80 80
Add 2450529 1862063 486498 425541
Note : While adding the ahargana numbers for the epoch of the Graha Laghava if the total
ahargana is greater than or equal to 4016, then the number should be divided by 4016
and the quotient (an integer) must be added to the cakras. In the example considered, the
ahargana number 5541, under C L , exceeds 4016 and hence dividing 5541 by 4016, the
quotient is 1 and the remainder is 1525. Therefore, adding 1 to the cakra number 42 we
get cakras (elapsed) as 43 and the balance ahargana as 1525.
Finding the, weekday.

(a) From the J D to find the weekday, divide J D by 7. If the remainder is 1, it
is Tuesday: i f the remainder is 2 it is Wednesday etc.
In the example, when J D = 2450529 is divided by 7, the remainder is 4 and
hence March 21, 1997 is a Friday.
(b) From the Kali ahargaria, to find the weekday, divide the ahargaria by 7. If
the remainder is 1, then it is Saturday; i f the remainder is 2, it is Sunday etc,
In the example, the Kali ahargaria is 1862063. When this number is divided
by 7, the remainder is 0 and hence the weekday is Friday.
(c) From the KK ahargaria find the remainder R by dividing the ahargana by7
If /? = 1. then the weekday is Monday; i f /? = 2. it is Tuesday etc. In our example,
for March 21, 1997, the KK ahargaria is 486498. Dividing this by 7, the
remainder /? = 5. Therefore the weekday is Friday.
(d) The weekday from the GL ahargaria : Multiply the number of cakras C
by 5 and add to this product the ahargaria A (after reducing the cakras)
i.e find (5C + A). Dividing (5C + A) by 7, let the remainder be R. If
/? = 0: Monday; i f R=l: Tuesday etc. In the example considered,
C = 4 3 a n d A = 1525.
Therefore, 5 C + A = 5 (43) + 1525 = 1740.
Dividing 1740 by 7, /? = 4 and hence the weekday is a Friday.
Table 5.1: AharganaKali, Khandakhadyaka, Graha Ldghavam and JD
Chris. Kali Kharida Khdd. Graha Ldghava

Julian Days
Year Ahargaria Ahargaria Ca. Ahargaria
-3200 (J) 552258 -36208 -1411773 -430 1%11
-3100 (J) 588783 317 -1375248 -All 3203
-3000 (J) 625308 36842 -1338723 -412 3584
-2900 (J) 661833 73367 -1302198 -403 3965
-2800 (J) 698358 109892 -1265673 -393 330
-2700 (J) 734883 146417 -1229148 -384 711
-2600 (J) 771408 182942 -1192623 -375 1092
-2500 (J) 807933 219467 -1156098 -366 1473
-2400 (J) 844458 255992 -1119573 -357 1854
-2300 (J) 880983 292517 -1083048 -348 2235
-2200 (J) 917508 329042 -1046523 -339 2616
-2100 (J) 954033 365567 -1009998 -330 2997
-2000 (J) 990558 402092 -973473 -321 3378
-1900 (J) 1027083 438617 -936948 -312 3759
-1800 (J) 1063608 475142 -900423 -302 124
-1700 (J) 1100133 511667 -863898 -293 505
-1600 (J) 1136658 548192 -827373 -284 886
-1500 (J) 1173183 584717 -790848 -275 1267
-1400 (J) 1209708 621242 -754323 -266 1648
-1300 (J) 1246233 657767 -717798 -257 2029
-1200 (J) 1282758 694292 -681273 -248 2410
-1100 (J) 1319283 730817 -644748 -239 2791
-1000 (J) 1355808 767342 -608223 -230 3172
-900 (J) 1392333 803867 -571698 -221 3553
-800 (J) 1428858 840392 -535173 -212 3934
-700 (J) 1465383 876917 -498648 -202 299
-600 (J) 1501908 913442 ^62123 -193 680
-500 (J) 1538433 949967 ^25598 -184 1061
^ 0 0 (J) 1574958 986492 -389073 -175 1442
-300 (J) 1611483 1023017 -352548 -166 1823
-200 (J) 1648008 1059542 -316023 -157 2204
-100 (J) 1684533 10^6067 -279498 -148 2585
0(J) 1721058 1132592 -242973 -139 2966
(Contd...)
Ahargaria 39
Chris. Kali Khanda Khdd. Graha Laghava

Julian Days
Year Ahargana Ahargana Ca. Ahargana
100 (J) 1757583 1169117 -206448 -130 3347
200 (J) 1794108 1205642 -169923 -121 3728
300 (J) 1830633 1242167 -133398 -111 93
400 (J) 1867158 1278692 -96873 -102 474
500 (J) 1903683 1315217 -60348 -93 855
600 (J) 1940208 1351742 -23823 -84 1236
700 (J) 1976733 1388267 12702 -75 1617
800 (J) 2013258 1424792 49227 -66 1998
900 (J) 2049783 1461317 85752 -57 2379
1000 (J) 2086308 1497842 122277 -48 2760
1100 (J) 2122833 1534367 158802 -39 3141
1200 (J) 2159358 1570892 195327 -30 3522
1300 (J) 2195883 1607417 231852 -21 3903
1400 (J) 2232408 1643942 268377 -11 268
1500 (J) 2268933 1680467 304902 -2 649
1500 (G) 2268923 1680457 304892 -2 639
1600 (G) 2305448 1716982 341417 7 1020
1700 (G) 2341972 1753506 377941 16 1400
1800 (G) 2378496 1790030 414465 25 1780
1900 (G) 2415020 1826554 450989 34 2160
2000 (G) 2451545 1863079 487514 43 2541
2100 (G) 2488069 1899603 524038 52 2921
2200 (G) 2524593 1936127 560562 61 3301
Table 5.2: Ahargana for Year Beginnings
Year Days Graha Laghava Year Days Graha Laghava

Ca. Ahar. Ca. Ahar.
0 0 0 0 8 2922 0 2922
1 365 0 365 9 3287 0 3287
2 730 0 730 10 3652 0 3652
3 1095 0 1095 11 4017 1 1
4 1461 0 1461 12 4383 1 367
5 1826 0 1826 13 4748 1 732
6 2191 0 2191 14 5113 1 1097
7 2556 0 2556 15 5478 1 1462
(Contd...)
Year Days Graha Laghava Year Days Graha Laghava

Ca. Ahar Ca. Ahar.
16 5844 1 1828 58 21184 5 1104
17 6209 1 2193 59 21549 5 1469
18 6574 1 2558 60 21915 5 1835
19 6939 1 2923 61 22280 5 2200
20 7305 1 3289 62 22645 5 2565
21 7670 1 3654 63 23010 5 2930
22 8035 2 3 64 23376 5 3296
23 8400 2 368 65 23741 5 3661
24 8766 2 734 66 24106 6 10
25 9131 2 1099 67 24471 6 375
26 9496 2 1464 68 24837 6 741
27 9861 2 1829 69 25202 6 1106
28 10227 2 2195 70 25567 6 1471
29 10592 2 2560 71 25932 6 1836
30 10957 2 2925 72 26298 6 2202
31 11322 2 3290 73 26663 6 2567
32 11688 3 3656 74 27028 6 2932
33 12053 3 5 75 27393 6 3297
34 12418 3 370 76 27759 6 3663
35 12783 3 735 77 28124 7 12
36 13149 3 1101 78 28489 7 377
37 13514 3 1466 79 28854 7 742
38 13879 3 1831 80 29220 7 1108
39 14244 3 2196 81 29585 7 1473
40 14610 3 2562 82 29950 7 1838
41 14975 3 2927 83 30315 7 2203
42 15340 3 3292 84 30681 7 2569
43 15705 3 3657 85 31046 7 2934
44 16071 4 7 86 31411 7 3299
45 16436 4 372 87 31776 7 3664
46 16801 4 737 88 32142 8 14
47 17166 4 1102 89 32507 8 379
48 17532 4 1468 90 32872 8 744
49 17897 4 1833 91 33237 8 1109
50 18262 4 2198 92 33603 8 1475
51 18627 4 2563 93 33968 8 1840
52 18993 4 2929 94 34333 8 2205
53 19358 4 3294 95 34698 8 2570
54 19723 4 3659 96 35064 8 2936
55 20088 5 8 97 35429 8 3301
56 20454 5 374 98 35794 8 3666
57 20819 5 739 99 36159 9 15
Ahargana 41
Table 5.3: Ahargana for Days of a Year
Dates Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
C B
0 1 0 31
1 2 1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335
2 3 2 33 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336
3 4 3 34 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337
4 5 4 35 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338
5 6 5 36 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 339
6 7 6 37 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 340
7 8 7 38 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 341
8 9 8 39 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 342
9 10 9 40 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343
10 11 10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344
11 12 11 42 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 345
12 13 12 43 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 346
13 14 13 44 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 347
14 15 14 45 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 348
15 16 15 46 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 349
16 17 16 47 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 350
17 18 17 48 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 351
18 19 18 49 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 352
19 20 19 50 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 353
20 21 20 51 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 354
21 22 21 52 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 355
22 23 22 53 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 356
23 24 23 54 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 357
24 25 24 55 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 358
25 26 25 56 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 359
26 27 26 57 85 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 360
27 28 27 58 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 3QP 331 361
28 29 28 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362
29 30 29 - 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 363
30 31 30
- 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 364
31 - 31
- 90
- 151
- 212 243
- 304
- 365
6
MOTIONS OF THE SUN AND THE MOON
6.1 Introduction
It was pointed out, while discussing the Yuga system of Indian astronomy, that the
mean modon of each planet i f given in numbers of revolutions made by the planet in
the course of a mahayuga of 432 x 10'* years or a kalpa of 432 x l O ' years. The advantage
of choosing such a long period of time is that the motions of planets could be expressed
in integral numbers of revolutions completed, avoiding inconvenient fractions. The yuga
model is used to compute the mean positions of planets. These positions are then
corrected to get the true positions.
6.2 Mean positions of the sun and the moon

The following is the usual procedure for finding the mean position of any planet :
Let be the mean position at an epoch. If d is the daily mean motion of the planet in
degrees and A is the ahargana from the epoch, then the mean motion from the epoch
till the given day is Xj = (A x d). The mean position on the given day is
X = Xp + Xj = Xq + (A X ^ .
In the texts where the beginning of Kali yuga is used as the epoch, Ahargana is
calculated from the mean midnight between 17th and 18th of February 3102 B . C .
Therefore, in this method, the Ahargana A is obtained till the mean midnight preceding
the given day. Further, the mean midnight is as at thp Ujjayini (23 l l ' N latitude and
75 47' E longitude) meridian passing through Lanka on the equator.
Therefore, when we calculate the positions of the planets, corrections will have to
be applied to account for
(i) the time interval between the midnight at Ujjayini and the midnight at the
given place;
(ii) the duration from the local midnight to the given time. In addition to these
some more important corrections will also have to be applied. These will be
discussed later.
Motions of the Sun and the Moon 43
Some astronomical texts consider the mean sunrise at LaAka on Feb 18, 3102 B . C .
as the starting time of the Kali era.
The mean motion o f the sun. the moon and other planets are given in terms o f
revolutions (each o f 360 extent) completed in the course of a Kalpa of 432 x l O ' years.
Table 6.1 gives the needed details for finding the positions of the sun and the moon. For
other planets the details will be considered later.
From Table 6.1. we notice that while the revolutions of the sun in a kalpa are the
same according to the different texts, those of the moon and its apogee and node (Rahu)
are different. Further, the number o f civil days in a Mahdyuga (or multiplied by 1000
for a Kalpa) are slightly different according to Aryabhata I and the Siirya Siddhdnta, for
example. These differences have resulted from the corrections made periodically, and
give rise to slightly different mean daily motions.
Table 6.1: Revolutions of the sun, the moon etc. in a Kalpa
(1 Kalpa = 432 x l o ' years = 1000 Mahdyugas)
Planets and Ravi Candra Candra's Candra's Civil days in a

points Apogee (Asc.) Node Mahdyuga of
{Mandocca) {Rdhu) 432 X 10'* yrs.
Aryabhata I 432,00.00.000 5775.33.36.000 48.82.19.000 23.21.16.000 1.57,79,17.500
Brahmagupta 432.00.00.000 5775.33.36,999 48.82,19,000 23.22.26,000 1.57,79,17,800

(Khattda
khddyaka)
Siirya 432.00.00.000 5775.33.36,000 48,82,03.000 23.22.38.000 1.57.79.17.828

Siddhdnta
48,82,08,674 23,23,13.354 1,57,79.17.542
Aryabhata II 432.00.00.000 5775,33.34.000
{Mahd
Siddhdnta)
Bhaskara II 432.00,00,000 5775.33.00.000 48.82.05.858 23.23.11,168 1.57.79.16.450

{Siddhdnta
Siromarii)
The daily mean motions are given in Table 6.2 according to die Siddhanta Siromarii of
Bhaskara II as compared to the modem values and those of the Kharidakhddyaka of
Brahmagupta and the Siirya Siddhdnta. The values are given in degrees, minutes, seconds
of arc and two further subdivisions of a second viz., 1/60 and 1/36(X) of second of arc.
Table 6.2: Daily mean motions of the sun, the moon etc.
Planets & Surya Siddhdnta Modem Kharida

points Siddhdnta Astronomy
Siromani khddyaka
Ravi 0 5 9 08 10 09.7 0 5 9 08 10 21 0 5 9 08.2 0 59 08
Candra 13 10 34 52 02 13 10 34 53 00 13 10 34.9 13 10 31
Kuja 031 26 28 10 031 26 28 07 031 26.5 031 26
Budha's
Sighrocca 4 05 32 20 42 4 05 32 18 28 4 05 32.4 4 05 32
Guru 0 0 4 59 08 48 0 04 59 09 09 0 04 59.1 0 0 4 59
5ukra's
1 36 07 43 37 1 36 07 44 35 1 36 07.7 136 07
Sighrocca
Sani 0 02 00 22 53 002 00 22 51 0 02 00.5 0 02 00

Candra's
Mandocca 0 06 40 58 42 0 06 40 53 56 0 06 40.92 0 06 40
Candra's
Pdta (Rahu) - 0 0 3 10 44 43 - 0 0 3 10 48 20 - 0 0 3 10.77 - 0 0 3 10
It is clear that the daily motion of a celestial body is given, in revolution, per day,
by
^ _ Number of revolutions in a Mahd yuga
Number of civil days in a Mahd yuga
Example : According to the Siddhdntasiromarii, the number of revolutions completed by

the moon is 577,53,300 in a Mahdyuga having 157,79,16,450 civil days. Therefore,
moon's daily motion,
'^moon = (577,53,300/157.79,16,450) X 360 (in degrees)
Similarly, for the sun, the mean daily motion,
d,^ = (43,20,000/157,79,16,450) X 360 (in degrees)

= (43,20,000 X 360/157,79,16,450) degrees
Now, as explained earlier, the mean motion for any given day is obtained by multiplying
the mean daily motion of the celestial body by the Ahargana of the day, that is,
X\=dy.A
The mean motion thus obtained must be added to the initial mean position at the
epoch viz, Xq. According to Bhaskara II, the following are the initial mean positions
(dhruvakas), for the different celestial bodies at the Kali epoch. The values as per the
Surya Siddhdnta are also given.
Table 6.3: Mean positions of planets at the Kali epoch
Planets & points Siddhanta Siromani Surya Siddhanta
Ravi 00 0 00 0
Candra 00 0 00 0
Kuja 359 03 50 00 0
Budha Sighrocca 357 24 29 00 0

Guru 359 27 36 00 0
Sukra's Sighrocca 358" 42 14 00 0
Sani 358 46 34 00 0
Ravi's Mandocca 77 45 36 77 7 48
Candra's Mandocca 125 29 46 90 0 0
Candra's Pdta (Rahu) 15312 58 180 0 0
6.3 Mean positions of the sun and the moon

For the computation of the mean positions of the planets, we choose the beginning
of the Kaliyuga, viz, the midnight of 17/18 February 3102 B . C . as the epoch. Further,
it is assumed that the sun, the moon and the five planets {tdrdgrahas) were at the
beginning of the zodiac i.e., 0" Mesa. The mean longitude of a planet at the mean midnight
at Ujjayini on a day with Kali Ahargaria A is given by
Mean longitude -Ax Mean daily motion
= /4 X No. of revolutions/No. of civil days
where the number of revolutions of the concerned body and the number of civil days
correspond to a Mahdyuga of 43,20,000 years. In the following example, for the midnight
preceding March 21, 1997, the mean positions of the sun, the moon and the moon's
apogee and node are calculated.
6.3.1 According to Suryasiddhdnta {SS)

(i) Mean Longitude of the Sun
In a Mahdyuga, the number of revolutions of the sun is 43,20,000 and the
number of civil days is 157,79,17,828. Now, on March 21, 1997 the elapsed
Kali Ahargana is 18,62,063. Therefore,
Mean longitude of the sun = 18,62,063x43,20,000/157,79,17,828

= 5097 revolutions, 334 14' 0 9 "
Now, ignoring the completed revolutions viz. 5097,
the mean longitude of the sun : 334 14'09"
(ii) Mean Longitude of the Moon

In a Mahdyuga, the number of revolutions of the moon is 577,53,336 and
the number of civil days is 157,79,17,828. At the midnight preceding March
21, 1997, the elapsed Kali Ahargaria is 18,62,063. We have
Mean longitude of the moon = 18,62,063 x 57,53,336/157,79,17,828

= 68,153 revolutions, 117 48' 2 5 "
Ignoring the number of completed revolutions,
the mean longitude of the moon : 117 48' 25".

Note : In the above computations, since the mean longitudes are given in terms of revolutions,
the decimal part is multiplied by 360 to get it in degrees, the decimal part of the degree
by 60 to get minutes and lastly the decimal part of the minute by 60 to get seconds.
(iii) Mean Longitude of the Moon's Apogee {Mandocca)

In a Mahdyuga, the number of revolutions of the moon's mandocca is
48,82,03; and the number of civil days is 157,79,17,828. At the epoch, the
mandocca was 90. Therefore for the Kali Ahargana of 18,62,063, the mean
motion of the moon's mandocca is
48,82,03 X 18,62,063/157,79,17,828
= 576 revolutions 41 5 9 ' 4 6 "

Removing the number of completed revolutions, the mean motion of the
moon's mandocca since the epoch is 41 59'46". Now adding this mean
motion to the longitude of the mandocca at the epoch, we have the mean
longitude of the moon's mandocca
= 90 + 41 59' 46" = 131 59' 46"
(iv) Mean Longitude of the Moon's Node (Rahu)

The number of revolutions of the ascending node of the moon, called Rahu,
in a mahdyuga is 2,32,238. Rahu was assumed to be at 180 from the
beginning of the zodiac at the epoch i.e., the beginning of the Kali yuga.
Therefore,
Mean longitude of Rahu = 1 8 0 - mean motion for the Ahargaria.
Note: Mean motion is subtractive since Rahu moves backwards along the ecliptic,
In the example, we have

Mean motion of Rahu
= (No. of revolutions/No. of civil days) X Ahargaria
= (2,32,238/157,79,17,828) X 18,62,063
= 274 revolutions, 21 0 3 ' 3 1 "

Removing the completed number of revolutions, the motion of Rahu is 21 0 3 ' 3 1 " .
Since the motion is backwards, this value is to be subtracted from the initial position at
the epoch i.e., 180. Therefore,
Mean longitude of Rahu = 180 - (21 03' 31")

= 15856'29"
Note: If the mean longitude comes out to be negative then 360 must be added to
render it non-negadve.
The opposite node, called the descending 'node of the moon (Ketu) is exactly 180
away from Rahu. Therefore, the mean longitude of Ketu = 338 56' 29".
Desantara correction
Desantara is the longitude of a place measured east or west from the standard (or
prime) meridian. In traditional Indian astronomy the prime meridian is the great semi-
circle of the earth passing through the north and south poles, Ujjayini and Lafika where
Lanka was assumed to be on the earth's equator.
The sun completes a rotation (of 360) in one day due to its diurnal motion. Therefore,
the angular distance covered by the sun in 1 hour is 360/24 i.e. 15. This means i f
the sun rises at 6 a.m. (1ST) at place A, then the sunrise at another place B, 15 to the
west of the first place will be 1 hour later i.e. at 7 a.m. (1ST) provided the two places
are on the same latitude (i.e. on the same small circle parallel to the equator). Similarly,
at place C to the east of A, the sunrise will have taken place earlier. If C is 15 to the
east of A (but on the same small circle parallel to the equator), then the sunrise at C will
be 1 hour before that at A i.e. at 5 a.m. (1ST).
In Indian astronomy, the mean positions of planets are calculated either for the
midnight or for the sunrise at the standard meridian. Then to get the position at the
corresponding time (i.e., either midnight or sunrise) at another place, on a different
meridian, we have to apply a correcton due to the difference in the longitudes of the
given place and the standard meridian. This correction is called desantara correction.
Since the standard meridian passes through Ujjayini, in terms of the modem terrestrial
longitudes (referred to Greenwich meridian), we have
Desantara = [(Long, of the placeLong, of Ujjayini) / 15] in hours

where the longitudes are in degrees.
Since the longitude of Ujjayini is 75E 47' (east of Greenwich), we have
Desdntara = [(Long, of the place75 47')/15] in hours ...(1)

If the correction is required in ghatikas, since the earth rotates at the rate of 360
per 60 ghatikds (or 6 per gh.), we have
Desdntara = [(Long, of the place75 47') /6] in gh., ...{!)
The correction to be applied to the mean sun or moon (obtained for Ujjayim midnight)
due to Desdntara is given by
Desdntara correction = (Desdntara in hours)x d/24
- (Desdntara in ghatikds) X d/60 ...(3)
where d is the mean daily motion of the sun or die moon as the case may be.
The above correction is to be added to or subti-acted from the earlier obtained mean
positon (for Ujjayim midnight) according as the place is to the west or east of Ujjayini.
If the place is to the west of Ujjayini, the midnight occurs later than at Ujjayini
during which time interval the celestial body will have moved further and hence the
desdntara correction in that case is additive.
Similarly, i f the place is to the east of Ujjayini, the midnight there would have
occurred earlier and hence the celestial body will have moved less; therefore the correction
is subtractive. Thus, from (1) (2) and (3) we have
Desdntara correction = - (X - X,,,) X rf/360
where
X, = Longitude of the place
Xf, = Longitude of Ujjayini and
d = Mean daily motion of a celestial body
The negative sign indicates that the correction is subtractive when 'K>X^ i.e., the
place is to the east of Ujjayini. For a place lying to the west of Ujjayini (i.e., X < X^),
the correction automatically becomes additive. Note that for a place with a westem
longitude (with reference to Greenwich) X must be taken negative.
Note : In the Indian astronomical texts, the Desdntara is obtained from the linear
distance (in yojanas) of the place from Ujjayini.
We shall now apply the Desdntara correction to the sun, the moon and moon's apogee
and node for Bangalore at the local midnight between 20th and 21st March, 1997. Taking
the longitudes of Bangalore and Ujjayini respectively as 77 E 35' and 75 E 47', we have
( X - X j / 3 6 0 = 1.8/360
(i) Desdntara correction for the sun :

Since the daily mean motion of the sun is 59'. 136078
according to the SUrya Siddhdnta, we have
Desdntara correction for the sun = (1.8/360) x 59'.136078 = 17".7.
Therefore, the mean longitude of the sun on 21-3-1997 at the preceding local
mean midinight of Bangalore is 334 14' 09" - 17".7 = 334 13' 51".3
(ii) Desdntara correction for the moon :

Daily mean motion of the moon : 13. 176352. Therefore,
Desdntara correction = (1.8/360) X 13. 176352
= 3' 57"
Mean longitude of the moon at the local midnight preceding 21-3-1997 at
Bangalore is
117 48' 2 5 " - 3' 57" = 117 44' 28"
(iii) Desdntara correction for the moon's apogee (mandocca) :
Daily mean modon of the moon's apogee is 6'.6829747
Therefore, for the moon's apogee,
Desdntara correction = (1.8/360) x 6'.6829747 = 2".
The mean longitude of the moon's apogee at the mean midnight preceding
21-3-1997 at Bangalore is
1 3 1 5 9 ' 4 6 " - 2 " = 131 5 9 ' 4 4 "
(iv) Desdntara correction for the moon's node :
Daily mean motion of the moon's node is - 0.052985 or - 190".746 so that
Desdntara correction = - (1.8/360) x 190".746
= - 0".95373 = - i " approximately.
Thus, the mean longitude of Rahu for the local mean midnight preceding 21-3-1997
at Bangalore is
158 56' 29" - (- 1") = 158 56' 30"
6.3.2 According to Khanda khddyaka (KK)

In the Khanda khddyaka, the mean longitude of the sun is given by :
, (A X 800) + 438 , .
If the above value is multiplied by 360, we get X in degrees from which

the integral multiples of 360 (i.e. the completed number of revolutions) have
to be removed.
Example : For March 21, 1997, the KK Ahargaria is 4,86,498
i.e., A = 4,86.498. Therefore
(4,86,498x800)+438
292207
= 1331.928523 revolutions.
Removing the completed number of revolutions viz., 1331, we get
X = 0.928523 rev.
i.e., X = 334 16'06"

50 Ancient Indian Astrononvj
(Compare this with the SS value : 334 1 4 ' 0 9 " for the same date and time.)
In KK the mean longitude of the moon is given by :
- ( A x 6 0 0 ) + 417.2 , .
~ 16393 revolutions
minutes of arc.
4929
Example With A = 4,86,498, we get

X = 17806.33302 revolutions
-98'.70115642
= 119 53' 1 4 " - 9 8 ' 4 2 "
= 118 14'32".
(iii) Mean Longitude of the Moon's Apogee (Mandocca)
In KK the mandocca of the moon is given by
A-453.75
M = revolutions + mm.
3232 39298
Example : With A = 4,86,498, we have
M = 150.3849783 revns. + 12' 2 3 "
= 138 4 7 ' 5 5 " (omitting the revns.)
(iv) Mean Longitude of the Moon's Node (Rdhu)

In KK the mean longitude of the moon's ascending node is given by
A-372
n =- rev + degrees of arc
6795 514656
Example : With A = 486498, the mean Rahu is

n = - [71.54172185 rev. + 0.945287726]
= - [ 7 1 ' ' 1 9 5 1' 12" + 0 5 6 ' 4 3 " ]
= - [ 7 r 195 57'55"]
= 164 0 2 ' 0 5 "
by removing the completed revns. (-71) and adding 360.

Note: Lalla (c. 786 A.D.) in his celebrated text Sisya-dhi-vrddhida gives a bija (conrection) for
the mean longitude of the moon's node. According to Lalla's rule, the bija is at the rate
of - 96' for the lapse of every 250 years since 499 A.D. (the year of composition of the
Aryabhatiyam). This means that for the year Y A.D. the bija to the mean longitude of
Rahu is (- 96') x ( K - 499)/250.
Thus, in the example considered, for March 21, 1997,

Bija = - 96' X (1997 - 499)/250 = - 96' x 1498/250
Motions of the Sun a n d the Moon 51
= -575'.232 = - 9 3 5 ' 14'I"

Now, as calculated earlier.
Mean Rahu 164 02'05'
Bija (correcdon) I"
- 9 35'14'
Corrected Rahu 154 26' 51
Desantara correction according to KK
(i) According to the Khatjda khddyaka, the daily mean motion of the sun,
d = 59'%"
Here, X = 77 35' and = 75 47' with reference to Greenwich. Therefore,
Desdntara correciton for the sun :

= - (7735' - 75 47') x 59* 8 " / 3 6 0
= - 17".74
We have, for the preceding midnight of 21-3-1997,
Mean sun 334 16'06'

De'santara correction : - 17".74
Corrected mean sun 334 15' 4g".26
(ii) For the moon, the mean daily motion
d= 13 10'31"= 13.175278 wcidX-\= 1.8
.-. Desdntara correction for the moon

= - 1.8 X 13.175278/360 degrees
= -3'57".15
Mean moon 118 14'32"
De'santara correction - 3 ' 57". 15
Corrected mean moon 118 10'34". 85
Note: The desdntara corrections for the apogee and the node of the moon are negligible and
hence left out.
6.3.3 According to Graha laghavam (GL)

Let Cakra and the Ahargana (A), according to GL be determined for the
given date.
Then, the mean longitude of the sun is given by
A A
- Cakra x 1.81972
70 150x60
+ 349.683 in degrees
Here, for the sun, according to the GL Dhruvaka = 1 4 9 ' 11" = 1.81972
and Ksepaka = 349 41'= 349.683 at the mean sunrise of the epoch.
Example : For March 21, 1997, we have
Cakra C = 43 and Ahargana A = 1525 according to GL.
Therefore, the mean longitude of the sun at the mean sunrise on that day at Ujjayini is
X = 1525 X 1 - J L - '
70 150x60
- 43 X 1.81972 + 349.683 degrees

= 4 rev. 334 2 8 ' 4 8 '
Removing the completed number of revolutions, the mean longitude of the sun,
X = 334 2 8 ' 4 8 " at the mean sunrise.
Note : The mean daily motion of the sun is 0 59' 08" according to GL. Accordingly, the mean
longitude of the sun at the preceding midnight of 21-3-1997 is 334 14'01".

In the case of the moon, we have Dhruvaka = 3 4 6 ' 1 1 " and Ksepaka
= 349 06'
The mean longitude of the moon is given by
X = A x 1 4 - 1 4 x A / 1 7 - A / ( 1 4 0 x 60)
- Ca/:rax 3.76972+ 349.1 in degrees.
Example : For 21-3-1997, we have Cakra = 43 and A = 1525
Therefore, X = 20280.93804
= 56'^" 120 56' 17" i.e. 120 56' 17"
Note : The moon's mean daily motion, according to GL is 790' 35 ". Therefore, the moon's
mean longitude at the preceding midnight is 117 38'38".
(iii) Mean Longitude of Moon's Apogee (Mandocca)

The moon's mandocca is given by
M = A / 9 - A / ( 7 0 X 60) - 272.75 x Cakra + 167.55 in degrees.
Example : For Cakra = 43 and A = 1525, we have
M = -11391.61865
= - [ 3 1 ' ^ ^ 231 37'07"]
Ignoring the completed revolutions and then adding 360, we get
M = 128 2 2 ' 5 3 " .
Note : The mean daily motion of the moon's apogee is 6' 42" so that the mean longitude of the
moon's apogee at the preceding midnight is 128 21' 13".
(iv) Mean Longitude of Moon's Node (Rdhu)
In G L , the mean longitude of the moon's ascending node (Rahu) is given by

Rahu = [360 - ( A / 1 9 + A / 4 5 x 60) - (212.83 x cakra) + 27.63] degrees.
Example : WitK A = 1525 and caitra =43 for 21-3-1997 the mean longitude of Rahu is
Rahu =-9205.027833
= -[25'*^-20501'40"]
. Omitting the completed revolutions and adding 360, Rahu = 154 58' 2 0 " at
the sunrise.
Desantara corrections
We have seen earlier that due to the difference in the terrestrial longitudes of the
given place and Ujjayini there will be a corresponding change in the celestial longitude
of each heavenly body. We shall obtain the Desdntara corrections for the sun and the
moon according to GL.
The desdntara correction is given by - (X - X^) d / 360
where X = longitude of the sun
Xg = longitude of Ujjayini
d = mean daily motion of die body.
(i) According to the Graha ldghava, the daily mean motion of the sun
^ = 59' 8"
Here, X = 7 7 35' and X^ = 75 47'. Therefore
Desdntara correction for the sun
= - ( 7 7 3 5 ' - 7 5 47') X 5 9 ' 8 "
360
= - 1.8 X 5 9 ' . 1 3 / 3 6 0
= - 17".74
We have, for March 21, 1997 at mean sunrise at Ujjayini
Mean Sun = 334 28' 48"
Desdntara cor. = - 17".74
Corrected mean sun = 3340 28' 30".26
(ii) For the moon, the mean daily motion

d = 13 10' 35" and X - Xo = - 1.8. Therefore,
Desdntara cor. for the moon

= - 1 . 8 X 13. 176398/360
= - 3 ' 5 7 " . 18
Mean moon 120 56' 17"
Desdntara cor. ~ 3' 57". 18
Corrected mean moon 120 52' 19".82
Note : The Desdntara corrections in respect of the apogee and the node of the moon are negligibly
small.
A comparison of the mean longitudes

In the preceding sections, we have computed the mean longitudes of the sun, the
moon, the moon's ^ g e e and the node for 21-3-1997. In Table 6.4 the mean longitudes
according to the Surya Siddhdnta, the Grahaldghavam and die Khandakhadyaka, are
compared with the modem values.
Table 6.4: Mean sidereal longitudes for 21.3-1997

(at the preceding midnight)
SS KK GL Modem
Ravi 334 14'09" 334 16'06" 334 14'01" 334 31'48"
Candra 117 48'25" 118 14'32" 117 38'38" 117 55' 06"
Candra's Mandocca 131 59'46" 138 47'55" 128 21'13'- 126 16' 13"
Candra's Pdta (Rahu) 158 56'29" 154 26'51" 154 59'08" 155 03'51"
Note: The mean longitude of Rihu according to KK is given after applying Lalla's correction.
The modem sidereal positions are as per the Ind. Ast. Ephemeris.
7
TRUE POSITIONS OF THE SUN AND THE MOON
7.1 Introduction
In obtaining the mean positions of the sun and the moon, it was assumed that these
bodies move in circular orbits round the earth with uniform angular velocities. However,
by observations it was found that the motions are non-uniform.
The procedure for calculating the major corrections to the mean positions, to obtain the
true positions, is related to die epicyclic dieory which is explanined in the following section.
7.2 Epicyclic theory and Mandaphala

The theory is that while the mean sun or the
moon moves along a big circular orbit (dotted in
Fig.7.1), the actual (or true) sun or moon moves
along another smaller circle, called epicycle, whose
centre is on the bigger circle.
The bigger circle ABP with the earth E as its
centre is called the kaksavrtta. Let A be the
position of the mean sun at a certain time. The
line AEP is called the apse line (or nicoccarekhd)
J'
and AE is the trijyd (radius) of this orbit. The
epicycle, with A as centre and a prescribed radius
(smaller than A f ) is called the nicoccavrtta. Let the
apse line PEA cut the epicycle at U and ^V. The Fig. 7.1: Epicyclic Theory
two points U and N are respectively called the
mandocca (apogee) and the mandanica of the sun. Note that as the sun moves along
the epicycle, he is farthest from the earth when he is at II and nearest when at N.
The epicyclic theory assumes that as the centre of the epicycle (i.e. mean sun) moves
along the circle ABP in the direction of the signs (from west to east) with the velocity
of the mean sun, the true sun himself moves along the epicycle with the same velocity
but in the opposite direction (from east to west). Further, the time taken by the sun to
complete one revolution along the epicycle is the same as that taken by the mean sun
(i.e., centre of the epicycle), to complete a revolution along the orbit.
Now, in Fig.7.1, suppose the mean sun moves from A to A\ Let A'E be joined cutting
the epicycle at U' and N' which are the current positions of the apogee and the
mandanica. While the mean sun is at A', suppose the true sun is at S on the epicycle
so that U'A'S = [/'A..Join ES cutting the orbit (i.e. circle ABP). Then A' is the madhya
(mean sun) and S" is spasta (or sphuta) Ravi. The difference between the two positions
viz, A'ES" (or arc A T ) is called the equation of centre (or mandaphala).
Now, in order to obtain the true position of the sun, it is necesary to get an expression
for the equation of centre which will have to be applied to the mean position.
In Fig.7.1, SC and A'D are drawn perpendicular to U'tÊ and CW respectively.
The arc AA' (or Ajfe4'), the angle between die mean sun and die apogee is called the
mean anomaly of the sun (mandakendra).
We have, in the right-angled triangle A'DE,
sin AA' = sin DA' = A'D/A'E

so that
A'D = RsmAA'
(where R = A'E) called mandakendrajyd. From the similar right-angled triangles

SCA' and A'DE, we have
SC/SA'=A'D/A'E
so that
SC = A'DxSA'/A'E
Since SA' and A'E are respectively the radii of the epicycle and the orbit, these are
proportional to the circumferences of the two circles; that is,
SA'/A'E = circumference of epicycle / circumference of orbit

SC = (circumference of epicycle/circumference of orbit) x A'D
Taking the circumference of the orbit as 360, we have
5'C= (circumference of the epicycle) x Mandakendrajyd/360.

Now taking SC approximately the same as A'S", we have
Equation of centre (Mandaphala)
= (circumference of the epicycle) (mandakendrajyd)/360

= (r/R) (R sin m)
where R sin (m) is the "Indian sine" of the anomaly m of the sun. The maximum value
of the equation of centre is r, the radius of the epicyle. By observation this can be
obtained as the maximum deviation of the sun's position from the calculated mean
position. Note that when the sun is at his apogee or perigee, the mean and true positions
coincide since sin (m) is 0 when /n = 0 or 180.
The maximum equation of centre for the sun was observed by Bhaskara II to be
2 11' 30" (i.e. 131'.5) which is the value of r. Therefore,
True Positions of the Sun and the Moon 57
Circumference of the epicycle of the sun
= (131.5/3438) X 360 = 13.66
This value is given by B h a s k a r a II.
Note : The same epicycle theory is applied to the moon also. In the case of the moon, Bhaskara
II has given the maximum equation of centte as 302'. Most texts have taken the epicycles
as of varying radii and not fixed.
Table 7.1: Peripheries of Epicycles of Apsis
Bodies Khanda Saura siddhanta Surya Siddhanta

Aryabhatiyam
Khddyaka (Vardhamihira)
Ravi 13 30' 14 14 13 40' to 14
Candra 31 30' 31 31 31 40' to 32
Kuja 63.0 to 81.0 70 70 72 to 75
Budha 22.5 to 31.5 28 28 28 to 30
Guru 31.5 to 36.5 32 32 32 to 33
Sukra 9.0 to 18.0 14 14 11 to 12
Sani 40.5 to 58.5 60 60" 48 to 49
From Table 7.1 we notice that while the Khanda Khddyaka and the Saurasiddhdnta
(as given by Varahamihira) take the epicycles as of constant periphery (and hence radius),
Aryabhatiyam and the later Siirya Siddhdnta take them as varying between two limits.
7.3 Mandaphala according to SS for the sun and the nxoon
Now, how are these perpheries of die epicycles used to detemiine the equations of centre
(mandaphala)'? We will follow die procedure given by die Siirya Siddhdnta in this section.
For example, in the case of the sun, the periphery varies from 13 40' to 14. Therefore,
the radius r varies from ( 1 3 4 0 ' / 3 6 0 ) x 3438' to (14/360) x 3438'. i.e., from
130'.517 to 133'.7. But then we must know how to find the actual value of r, at the given
moment, between die given limits. For this, the Sutya Siddhdnta gives die following
rule : "The degrees of the sun's epicycle of the apsis (manda paridhi) are fourteen,...at the
end of the even quadrants; and at die end of die odd quadrants, diey are twenty minutes less."
There are four quadrants : the odd quadrant endings are 90 and 270 and the even
quadrant endings are 180 and 360 (or 0). Let m be the mean anomaly (mandakendra)
of the sun where
m = Mandocca of the sun - Mean longitude of the sun.
Since at m = 90 and /n = 270 the periphery is minimum and at m = 0 and
; n = 180 it is maximum (i.e. 14), we can formulate :
Corrected periphery = 14 - (20' x I sin m I)
58 Ancient Indlcm. Astrononiy
assuming that the variation is periodic sinusoidally. Correspondingly, we have the

corrected radius of the epicycle of the sun's apsis :
r = ( 3 4 3 8 7 3 6 0 ) [14 - ( 1 / 3 ) I sin m I ]
Similarly, in the case of the moon, the periphery of the epicycle varies from
3 1 4 0 ' to 32.
Hence, the corrected radius is give by

r = ( 3 4 3 8 7 3 6 0 ) [32 - ( 1 / 3 ) I sin m I ]
where
m= Moon's mandocca - Moon's mean longitude.
Having found out the corrected radius of the epicycle, the
Mandaphala = r sin m
so that with the corrected r, we have the following :
Sun's Mandaphala = ( 3 4 3 8 7 3 6 0 ) [14 - ( 1 / 3 ) I sin m I ] sin m
= [133.7 sin m - 3.183 (sin m). I sin m I ] minutes of arc
Moon's Mandaphala = (3438/360) [32 - ( 1 / 3 ) I sin m I ] sin m

= [305.6 sin m - 3.183 (sin m) I sin m I ] minutes of arc
The Mandaphala is additive for m < 180 and subtractive for m > 180.
Table 7.2: Snies according to Siirya Siddhdnta

(/? = 3438 and ' = 3437.75)
SI. No. Arc (9) Arc (6) RsmXQ) Difference R' sin (9)
(min) (Hindu)jyd (True)
1. 3 45' 225 225 224.84

2. 7 30' 450 449 224 448.72
3. 11 15' 675 671 222 670.67
4. 15 00' 900 890 219 889.76
5. 18 45' 1125 1105 215 1105.03
6. 22 30' 1350 1315 210 1315.57
7. 26 15' 1575 1520 205 1520.48
8. 30 00' 1800 1719 199 1718.88
9. 33 45' 2025 1910 191 1909.91
10. 37 30' 2250 2093 183 2092.77
11. 41 15' 2475 2267 174 2266.67
12. 45 00' 2700 2431 164 2430.86
13. 48 45' 2925 2585 154 2584.64
14. 52 30' 3150 2728 143 2727.35
15. 56 15' 3375 2859 131 2858.38
(Contd...)
SI. No. Arc (9) Arc (9) R sin (9) Difference /?' sin (9)
(min) (Hindu) jya (True)
16. 60 00' 3600 2978 119 2977.18

17. 63 45' 3825 3084 106 3083.22
18. 67 30' 4050 3177 93 3176.07
19. 71 15' 4275 3256 79 3255.31
20. 75 00' 4500 3321 65 3320.61
21. 78 45' 4725 3372 51 3371.70
22. 82 30' 4950 3409 37 3408.34
23. 86 15' 5175 3431 22 3430.39
24. 90 00' 5400 3438 7 3437.75
Note : The circumference of a circle, in arc, is 2nR = 360 = 21,600'
so that R = 2\ .600'/27t = 3437'.7468
Aryabhata I has taken the value of A as 3438'.
Example : Find the equations of centre and hence the true longitudes of the sun and
the moon at the mean midnight preceding March 21, 1997 at Bangalore.
We have already computed in Chapter 6, the mean longitudes after the desdntara
correction, for the midnight preceding the given date at Bangalore, and the values are :
Mean longitude of the sun ; 334 \y 51"

Mean longitude of the moon j j 7 44' 28"
Moon's Mandocca 131 59'44"

Sun's Mam/occa 77 17'40"
Note : According to the Surya Siddhdnta the sun's apogee {mandocca) completes 387 revolutions
in a Kalpa of 432 x l o ' years. At that rate of motion the position of the sun's mandocca
at the beginning of the Kaliyuga (i.e., February 17/18, 3102 B.C.) works out to be
77 7' 48". Therefore, for the Kali Ahargana of 18,62,063, corresponding to March 21,
1997, the motion of the suii's mandocca is
= [18,62,063/(157.79,17,828 x 10^)] x 387 x 360 x 60'
= 9'.8645 = 9'52"
Therefore, for the given date
Sun's mandocca = 77 7' 4 8 " + 9'52" = 77 17' 4 0 "

(0 Sun's equation of centre {mandaphala) and true longitude
Sun's mean longitude 334 13'51"

Sun's Mandocca : 77 \T 40"
Therefore
Sun's anomaly {mandakendra)
m = Sun's mandocca - sun's mean longitude
= 77 17 4 0 " - 3 3 4 1 3 ' 5 1 "
= 103 0 3 ' 4 9 " (by adding 360)
= 103.06361
and hence the equation of centre is additive (m < 180).
The rectified periphery = 14 - ( 1 / 3 ) I sin m I = 13.67529343
Sun's equation of centre {Mandaphala)
= 133'.7 sin m - 3'. 183 (sin m) I sin m I
= (133'.7) (0.9741197) - (3'. 183) (0.948909)
= 130'.2398-3'.020378
= 127'.219422
= 2" or 13"
Therefore, at the mean local midnight at Bangalore, preceding 21-3-1997,
True longitude of the sun
= (Mean longitude of the sun + Equation of centre of the sun)
= 334 1 3 ' 5 1 " - 2 0 7 ' 1 3 "
= 336 2 1 ' 0 4 "
(ii) Moon's equation of centre and true longitude
Moon's mean longitude : 117 44'28"

Moon's A/a/idocca 131 59'44"
Therefore, we have Moon's anomaly {mandakendra)
m = Moon's mandocca - Moon's mean longitude
= 131 5 9 ' 4 4 " - 117 4 4 ' 2 8 "
= 14 15' 16"= 14.254
Hence the equation of centre is additive (m < 180).
Corrected periphery of the epicycle = 32 - ( 1 / 3 ) I sin w I = 31.91793

Moon's equation of centre
= 305'.6 (sin m) - 3'. 183 (sin m). I sin m I
= (305'.6) (0.246228) - (3'. 183) (0.060628)
= 75'.24742 - 0'. 19298
= 75'.0544188
= 1 15'03"
Therefore, at the mean local midnight at Bangalore,
True longitude of the moon

= (Mean longitude of the moon + Equation of centre of the moon)
= 117 4 4 ' 2 8 " + 1 1 5 ' 0 3 "
= 118 5 9 ' 3 1 "
7.4 Bhujantara correction

The true midnight of a place differs from the mean midnight by an amount of time
called "equation of time". The equation of time is caused by
(i) the eccentricity of the earth's orbit ; and
(ii) the obliquity of the ecliptic with the celestial equator.
The correction to the longitude of a planet due to the part of the equation of time
caused by the eccentricity of the earth's orbit is called Bhujantara. The other correction
caused by the obliquity of the ecliptic is called Udayantara.
While all the Siddhdntie texts consider the Bhujantara correction, the other
correctionUdayantarawas first introduced by Sripati (about 1025 A . D . ) and later
followed by Bhaskara-II and others.
We shall discuss the Bhujantara correcdon which is mentioned in the Surya Siddhanta.
The eccentricity of the earth's orbit results in the equation of the centre of the sun
(mandaphala) which is converted into time at the rate of 15 per hour or 6 per ghatikd.
This rate of conversion is due to the fact that the earth rotates about its axis at the rate
of 360 in 24 hours (or 60 ghatikds.). The resulting amount in time unit is the equation
of time caused by the eccentricity of the earth's orbit. Thus, the equation of time (due
to the eccentricity)
= [ (Equation of centre of the sun)/15 ] hours
= [ (Equation of centre of the sun)/6 ] ghatikds
Now, to get the Bhujdntara correction for the sun Or the moon or any other planet,
the equation of time obtained above must be multiplied by the motion of the planet per
hour or per ghatikd as the case may be. That is,
Bhujdntara correction for a planet

= [ Equation of time in hours ] x [ (Daily motion)/24 ]
= [ (Equation o f centre of the sun)/15 ] x [ (Daily motion)/24 ]
= [ (Equation of centre of the sun) ] x (Daily motion)/360
where the factors in the numerator are in degrees and the daily motion is that of the
planet. If the time unit used is ghatikd, then
Bhujdntara correction
= (Eqn. of time in ghatikd) x (Daily motion)/60 ]
= [ (Eqn. of centre of the sun in degrees)/6 ] x [ (Daily motion of the planet)/60 ]

= [ Eqn. of centre of the sun in degrees ] x [ Daily motion of the planet/360 ]
where the daily motion of the planet is in degrees and hence the Bhujdntara correction
is also in degrees.
However, i f the daily motion of the planet is in minutes of arc, then
Bhujdntara correction in degrees
= (Eqn. of centre of the sun in degrees) x (Daily motion of the planet)/2l600

Further, the Bhujdntara correction is additive or subtractive according as the equation
of centre of the sun is so.
For example, in the case of the moon, its mean daily motion is 13. 176352 or
790'.58112.
Therefore, we have Bhujdntara correction (mean)

= (Eqn. of centre of the sun) x 790'.58112/21600'
= Eqn. of centre of the sun/27.321674
Note : Brahamagupta takes the denominator approximately as 27 in his Khandakhadyaka.

It is important to note that to obtain the actual (and not the .mean) Bhujdntara
correction of a planet, we have to use the true daily motion of the planet for the given
day.
Example : Find the Bhujdntara corrections for the longitudes of the sun and the moon
given that on a certain day
True daily motion of the sun 59*.65
True daily motion of the moon : 855'.23
Equation of centre of the sun + 27'32"= 127'.53
Therefore, we have
(i) True Bhujdntara correction of the sun

= (Eqn. of centre of the sun) x (Daily motion of the sun)/216(X)
= 127'.53 X 59'.65/21600' = 0'.3521835 = 0' 2 1 "
Since the equation of centre of the sun is additive, the Bhujdntara correction is also
additive.
(ii) True Bhujdntara correction of the moon

= (Eqn. of centre of the sun ) x (Daily motion of the moon)/21600
= 127'.53 X 855'.23/21600' = 5'.0494205 = 5' 3"
Here also, the correction is additive since the sun's equation of centre is so.
7.5 Further corrections for the moon
We have applied so far an important correction namely, the equation of centre, to

the mean position of the moon. Besides this correction, the other two corrections applied
viz, Desantara and Bhujdntara arc mainly to get the true position of the moon at the
true local midnight at the place of observation.
However, to get the true apparent position of the moon at least two more important
corrections will have to be applied, of course, ignoring other minor corrections due to
planetary perturbations.
(i) vcrio = ( 1 5 / 4 ) ' m e sin ( 2 ^ - 0 ) = 7 6 ' 2 6 " s i n (24-(|)

where m is the ratio of mean daily motions of the sun and the moon, e is
the eccentricity of the moon's orbit, ^ = ( M - S), the elongation of the moon
from the sun and ^ = M-P, the mean anomaly of the moon (P being the
moon's perigee).
(ii) Variation = 39' 30" sin (2^)
In the above formulae, S and M are respectively the mean longitudes of the
sun and the moon. The Surya Siddhanta, being an earlier text, does not mention
these corrections. However, Manjula (932 A.D.), Bhaskara-II (1150 A . D . )
and later Indian astronomers have recognized the evection correcdon in
addition to the equation of centre. Besides these, the famous Orissa
astronomer Samanta Candrasekhara Simha discovered independently a
fourth correction called annual equation. According to Candrasekhara,
Annual equation = (11' 27".6) sin (Sun's distance from apogee)
In fact, Candrasekhara's coefficient viz., \\'21".6 is very close to the known modem
value. Tycho Brahe took the coefficient wrongly as 4' 30".
7.6 True longitudes of the sun and the moon according to KK
The method of Khandakhadyaka is demonstrated for the example of midnight

preceding 21-3-1997.
1. Sun's true longitude
(i) The sun's mandocca = 80
(fixed according to Brahmagupta)
Mandakendra (A/) = Mean sun - sun's mandocca
= 334 1 6 ' 0 6 " - 8 0
M = 254 16'06"
(ii) Mandaphala = - sin M

A
is the equation of centre in radian measure where b=]4 and R = 360 and
M = Mandakendra (i.e. anomaly)
14
i.e. Mandaphala = sin M (in radian measure)
360
Therefore, Mandaphala = - s i n A/ (in degrees, multiplying by 180/n)
= - - s i n (254 16'06")
71
= 2 8 ' 4 1 "
True longitude of the sun

= Mean sun + Mandaphala
= 33416'06"
+ 2 0 8 ' 4 1 "
i.e.. True longitude of the sun
= 33624'47"
(Compare this with the Surya Siddhanta value : 336 21'04")
2. Moon's true longitude
(i) The moon's mandocca (apogee) = 138 47' 55"
Mandakendra (anomaly) M = Mean moon - Moon's apogee
= 118 1 4 ' 3 2 " - 138 47' 55"
= 339 2 6 ' 3 7 "
(ii) Mandaphala (equation of centre)= sin M (in radian measure)

A
where a = 31, /? = 360 and M - Mandakendra.
-31
.'. Mandaphala = x sin M (radian measure)
-31 180 . ,^ .
= X sin M (in degrees)
360 n V s ;
= - ^ sin Af in degrees
271
I.e. Mandaphala =143'57"
Now, the true longitude of the moon = Mean moon + mandaphala
= 119 58' 29"
7.7 IVue longitudes of the sun and the moon according to GL

Ganesa Daivajiia's algorithm for the sun's mandaphala as in his GL is described
below :
(1) The sun's mandocca = 7 8 (taken as fixed)
Mandakendra, MK = MandoccaMean Sun.
Now, the Bhuja of MK is determined as follows :
(i) If MK is negative, then the effective MK is obtained by adding
360.
(ii) If 0 < < 90, then Bhuja = MK
(iii) If 90 < < 180, then Bhuja = 180 - MK
(vi) If 180 <MK< 270, then Bhuja = MK-\ 80
(v) If 270 <MK< 360, then Bhuja = 360 - MK
rue Positions of the Sun and the Moon 65
Let XX = Bhuja/9
Numerator = XX (20 - XX)
and Denominator = 57 - ^ (Numerator)
Then, Mandaphala (MP) is given by MP = Numerator / Denominator
Note : Ganesa Daivajna totally avoids trigonometric functions; still the results thus obtained are
reasonably good though not very accurate.
Ixample : For the midnight preceding 21-3-1997, we have the mean sun: 334 14' 1".
1. True longitude of the sun
Mandakendra, MK = Mandocca - Mean sun
= 7 8 - 3 3 4 14' 1"
i.e., MK= 103 45' 59"
Since MK lies between 90 and 180,

Bhuja : 180 - M/c: = 180 - 103 45' 59"
le. Bhuja =7614'1"
Let XX = Bhuja/9 = 8 28' 13" = 8.4702778
Numerator =XX{1Q-XX)
= 8.4702778 (20 - 8.4702778)
= 97.658889
, , , Numerator
Mandaphala = ;
Denominator
where Denominator = 5 7 - 1 / 9 (Numerator)
= 46.149
97.658889
i.e. Mandaphala = = 2 6'58". 19
46.149
.. True longitude of the sun = Mean longitude + Mandaphala
= 334 14' l " + 2 6 ' 5 8 "
= 336 20' 59".

2. True longitude of the moon
For the example considered we have
Mandakendra MK = Mandocca - Mean moon
= 128 2 1 ' 1 3 " - 1 1 7 3 8 ' 3 8 "
= 10 42' 35"
Let YY=Bhuja/6
Numerator = (30-YY)/YY
and Denominator = 56 - (Numerator)/20
Numerator
Mandaphala {MP) =
Denominator
Since MK lies between 0 and 90, Bhuja = 10 42' 35"
Numerator = (30 - IT) KK = 50.3625
iDenominator = 56-^^=^=53.481667
Therefore, Mandaphala {MP) = 0 56' 30"
True longitude of the moon = Mean longitude + Mandaphala
= 117 3 8 ' 3 8 " + 0 56' 30"
= 118 35'08".
8
T R U E DAILY MOTIONS O F T H E SUN AND T H E

MOON
8.1 According to SS
The mean daily motions of the sun and the moon, as given by the Surya Siddhanta
are respectively 59'. 1361592 and 790'.5811287.
Due to their non-uniform motion the true daily motions of the sun and of the moon
go on changing from day to day. The method to find the true daily motion from the
mean motion is given in the Surya Siddhanta as follows :
True daily motion
= n{n-n').Px [sine difference at (m - a)] / (360 x 225')
where P is the periphery of the epicycle of the sun (or the moon), in is the mean
longitude and a is that of the apogee (mandocca) of the sun (or the moon) and "sine
difference" is the tabulated difference in the sine table corresponding to the mean anomaly,
namely (m - a) from Table 7.2; n and n are the mean daily motions of the sun (or the
moon) and the corresponding apogee.
Rationale : Suppose L and L' are the true longitudes of the sun (or the moon) on
two consecutive days. Then, we have
L = mPx [sin (m - a)] 7360 and
L ' = (m + n ) ( P / 3 6 0 ) s i n {[(m + / i ) - ( a + ')]}
so that
True daily motion
= L'-L = n ( P / 3 6 0 ) [sin { [ ( m - a ) + (n-n')]- sin (m - a)]

= n[Px(n- n')/360 x 225'] x Tab. diff of sines at (m - a)
In the case of the sun, the daily motion of its mandocca (apogee) n is negligible so
that
True daily motion of the sun
= P X M X [tab. diff. of sines at (m - a ) ] / ( 3 6 0 x 225')

Note : The correction to the mean daily motion n is additive if the anomaly (of the sun or the
moon) is between 90 and 270(i.e. 2nd and 3rd quadrants) and subtractive if the anomaly
is between 270 and 90 (i.e. in 1st and 4th quadrants).
Example Find the true daily motions of the sun and the moon on March 22, 1991.
(i) True daily motion of the sun

We shall use the following values in respect of the sun as on March 22, 1991
at the preceding midnight :
Sun's mean daily motion n = 59' 8"

Sun's mean longitude 334 51'30"
Sun's apogee (mandocca) 77 17' 39"
Sun's mean anomaly 102 26' 09"
Tabular difference of sines 51'
(corresponding to 180 - 102 26' 09" = 77 33' 5 1 " - see Table 7.2, between
serial numbers 20 and 21).
Corrected periphery of the sun's epicycle : P = 13.6745
Therefore, the correction to the sun's daily motion
= P X X Tab. sin diff./(360 x 225)
= 13.6745 X 59.13 X 51/(360 X 225) = 0'.5091 = 0 ' 3 1 "
Since the sun's anomaly 102 26' 09" lies between 90 and 270 (i.e. 2nd &
3rd quadrants), the coi-rection is additive. Hence
Sun's true daily motion = 5 9 ' 0 8 " + 0 ' 3 1 "
= 59' 39"
(ii) True daily motion of the moon

In the case of the moon the following are the values for March 22, 1991 at
the preceding midnight :
Moon's mean daily motion n = 790'35"

Mean daily motion of the moon's apogee ' = 6'.683
Moon's mean longitude 47 44'48"
Moon's apogee (mandocca) 247 57' 34"
Moon's mean anomaly 200 12' 46"
Tabular sine diff. for (200 12' 46" - 180) 210' (SI. Nos. 5 & 6 in Table 7.2)
Moon's corrected periphery of the epicycle : p = 31.8848
Therefore,
Correction to the moon's daily motion
= (n - ') X /> X Tab. sin diff.7(360 x 225')
= (790'.583 - 6'.683) x 31.8848 x 2 1 0 ' / ( 3 6 0 x 225')
= 64'.8 = 6 4 ' 4 8 "

Since the moon's anomaly 200 12'46" lies between 90 and 270, the
correction is additive. Hence
True Daily Motions of the Sun and the Moon 69
Moon's true daily motion = 7 9 0 ' 3 5 " + 6 4 ' 4 8 "
= 8 5 5 ' 2 3 " = 14 15' 2 3 "

8.2 IVue daily motions of the sun and the moon according to KK
(i) IVue daily motion of the sun
To fmd the true daily motion of the sun the method of the Khandakhadyaka can be
explained as follows. Let n be the mean daily motion and An be the correction.
True daily motion of the sun =n + An
Here, n = 59'.133 (according to KK) is the mean daily motion of the sun:
An - -^cos M where b = 14, R = 360, M = mandakendra and is the rate

R at Ar
of daily motion.
Example : True daily motion of the sun on April 29, 1995
Ahargana. A = 485806 (according to KK)
Mean longitude of the sun = 12 13'52"
Mandakendra = 292 13' 52"
Mandaphala = 2 3' 45"
True longitude of the sun = 14 17' 37"
True daily motion of the sun = n + An
59'.133 + An
and An = cos (292 13' 52") x 59'. 133

360
= -0'.8306.
Therefore, true daily motion of the sun
= 59'.133 -0'.8306 = 58'.3024 = 58' 18"
(U) IVue daily motion of the moon
True daily motion of the moon is obtained by using the formula (n + An)
where n is the mean daily motion and An is given by the formula
AM A (Mandocca)
An = cos m
R At ~ At
where b = 3\,R = 36O,m = Mandakendra,AM/At = 190'34", the moon's

mean daily motion
and ^(^^^f"""""^ = 6' 40" per day according to KK.
Example : True daily motion of the moon on April 29, 1995. We have
Ahargaria A = 485806
Mean longitude of moon = 0 12' 23"

Mandakendra, m = 298 29' 16"
Mandaphala = 04'32"
True longitude of the moon = 0 16' 55"
True daily motion of die moon = n+An
790'34" + A n
-31 AM A {Mandocca)
where A n = cos m
360 At At
= - 31 [cos (298 29'16")] (790' 34" - 6' 40")/360

= -30'44"
Therefore, the moon's true daily motion : n + An
= 790' 34" - 30'44" = 759' 50"
i.e. 12 3 9 ' 5 0 "
8.3 TVue daily motions of the sun and the moon according to GL
The algorithm for the true daily motion of the sun according to GL is
described below.
(1) Find the sun's mandakendra {MK).
(i) If 0 < M ^ : ^ 9 0 , then Koti = 90-MK
(ii) If 9 0 < m a : ^ 180, then Koti = MK-90
(iii) If 180 <MK<: 270, then Koti = 270 - MK
(vi) If 2 7 0 < M K < 3 6 0 , then Koti = MK-270
Thus, the corresponding Koti is determined. In fact, Koti = 90 - Bhuja

(2) Divide Koti by 20 to get degrees etc.
(3) Subtract item (2) from 11

(4) Multiply item (3) by item (2)
(5) Divide item (4) by 13 to get in minutes etc. of arc.
(6) If 90 <MK< 270 (i.e. n and III quadrants), then add item (5) to the mean
daily motion of the sun viz., 59' 8".
(7) If 270 <MK< 360 or 0 < MAT < 9 0 (i.e. in I V or I quadrant), then subtract
item (5) from the mean daily motion of the sun viz., 59' 8".
Example : The sun's Mam/aifeem/ra (anomaly) is I'' 13 46' 18". Find the true daily motion
of the sun.
Following the procedure described above, we have
(1) MK = 43 46' 18". Since 0<MK< 90, we get Koti = 90 - (43 46'18")
i.e./rott= 4 6 1 3 ' 4 2 "
(2) (46 13'42")/20 = 2 1 8 ' 4 1 "

(3) 1 1 - ( 2 18'41") = 8 4 1 ' 1 9 "
True Daily Motions of the Sun and the Moon 71
(4) 8 4 1 ' 1 9 " X 2 18'41"= 8.68861 X 2.3118 = 20.08275918

(5) 20.08275918/13= 1 '.544827629 = 1' 32".69
(6) Since 0<MK< 90, we have to subtract item (5) from 59' 8" to get the true
daily motion of the sun. Therefore, the true daily motion of the sun
= 59'8"-l'32".69
= 5r35".31
TVue daily motion of the moon

(1) Find the moon's Mandakendra Bhuja {MK Bhuja).
(2) Koti =90- Bhuja.
(3) Divide item (2) by 20 to get liptis (minutes of arc).
(4) Subtract item (3) from 11 liptis.
(5) Multiply item (4) by item (3)
(6) Multiply item (5) by 2.
(7) Divide item (6) by 6 and add it to (6) to get gatiphala.
(8) If MK > 90 and MK < 210 (i.e. II and III quadrants), add the gatiphala to
the moon's mean daily motion viz., 790' 35".
If 270 <MK<. 360 or 0 < MAT ^ 90 (i.e. I V and I quadrants) subtract the
gatiphala from 790' 35".
Example : The moon's mandakendra is 2" 7 43' 34". Find the true daily motion of the moon.
(1) The moon's mandakendra bhuja = 67 43' 34".
(2) Koti = 90 - 67 43' 34" = 22 16' 26".
(3) {Kotil20) liptis =V 6".%.
(4) l l ' - r 6 " . 8 = 9'53".2.
(5) (9.8863056) X 1.1 = 10'52".
(6) 1 0 ' 5 2 " X 2 = 21'44".
(7) 2 1 ' 4 4 " / 6 = 3'37".
(8) 2 1 ' 44" + 3' 37" = 25' 2 1 " is gatiphala.
(9) Since 0 < MK < 90, (8) is to be subtracted from the mean daily motion of
the moon viz., 790' 35".
Therefore, the true daily motion of the moon is 790' 35" - 25' 2 1 " = 765' 14".
8.4 Instant of conjunction of the sun and the moon

The instant of conjunction on a newmoon day is necessary for computing a solar eclipse.
r Sun's longitude - Moon's longitude ,

Instant of conjunction = -r-rt -. j : x 24 hours
^ (Difference of daily motions of sun and moon)
Example : To calculate the instant of conjunction of the sun and the moon on April 29, 1995:
At the midnight preceding April 29, 1995
True tongitude of the sun = 14 13'37"

Difference = 13 56'42"
836'42"
Instant of conjunction = 836' 42"
(759'50"-58'18")^
28*'37"" 26*
4*'37"" 26'a.m. (April 30)
i.e. the instant of conjunction of the true sun and the true iftoon takes place at 4** 37"" 26'
in the morning of April 30, 1995.
8.5 Instant of opposition of the sun and the moon
In the calculations of a lunar eclipse, we require the instant of the full-moon. That
instant in hours is given by
, . . r (Sun's longitude + 1 8 0 ) - M o o n ' s longitude

Instant of opposition = 24 x ^ , :-^^7-; 9, :r
(Moon s true daily motion) - (Sun s true daily motion)
Example : To calculate the instant of opposition on March 3, 1988.
At the midnight preceding 3-3-1988 we have
True longitude of the sun = 3 j go 4 3 ' 5 "

True longitude of the moon = j 30'^ 2 4 ' 32"
True daily motion of the sun = 60' 23"
True daily, motion of the moon = 722' 15"
Instant of opposition (hrs.)
_ (Sun's longitude + 180) - Moon's longitude

(Moon's true daily motion) - (Sun's true daily motion)
(318 43' 5"'+ 180) - 130 24' 32"

722' 1 5 " - 6 0 ' 2 3 "
= iflf x24h = 18h4'"42*.3
Thus, the instant of opposition of the sun and the moon (i.e. full-moon) is at
IS'M"' 4213.
Note : The above procedures give a fairly correct instant of newmoon or fullmoon. However,
the exact instants can be worked out by applying the procedures iteratively.
9
LUNAR ECLIPSE
9.1 Introduction
In ancient and medieval Indian astronomical texts great importance is given to the
phenomenon and computations of eclipses. Their theories and computations in respect of
positions of the heavenly bodiesespecially the sun and the moonwere put to test on
the occasions of eclipses (Grahana or Uparaga).
As and when disagreements occurred between the observed and the computed
positions, the great savants of Indian astronomy revised their parameters and, if necessary,
even the computational techniques. Improving the computations of eclipsesbased on
observations over long periods of timewas an important target of the Siddhdtic
astronomers.
The scholarly Kerala astronomer, Nilakantha Somaydji (1444-1545), paying glowing
tributes to his paramaguru, Paramesvara (1360-1455), remarks "Paramesvara ... having
observed and carefully examined eclipses and conjunctions for 55 years composed his
Samadrgganitam ".
9.2 Indian astronomers on eclipses

The real scientific causes of the lunar and solar eclipses were well known to the
ancient Indian astronomers even in the pre-Aryabhatan period. The procedures explained
in the then extant Panca Siddhantas bear this out.
Aryabhata (476 A.D.) explains the causes of the two types of eclipses briefly thus :
Chddayati sail suryam sasinam mahati ca bhucchdyd

"The moon covers the sun and the great shadow (of the earth) eclipses the moon."
Aryahbhatiyam 4,37.
Varahamibira (c. 505 A.D.) explains at length, in his Brhat Samhitd, the real causes
of the eclipses and demolishes the irrational myths entertained by the ignorant. He says:
Bhucchdydm svagrahatie bhdskaram arkagrahe pravisati induh
"At a lunar eclipse the moon enters the shadow of the earth and at a solar eclipse
the moon enters the sun's disc...". Br. Sam. 5,8.
Varahamihira gives all credit to the ancients for the knowledge of the causes of
eclipses in saying :
Evamuparaga kdranamuktamidam divyadrgbhirdcaryaHf I
Rdhurakdranam asminniyuktah sdstra sadbhdvah II Br Sam. 5, 13.

"In this manner, the ancient seers endowed with divine insight have explained the
causes of eclipses. Hence the scientific fact is that the demon Rahu is not at all the cause
of eclipses".
9.3 Cause of lunar eclipse

On a full moon day the sun and the moon are on opposite sides of the earth. The
sun's rays fall on one side of the earth, facing the sun, and a shadow will be cast on the
other side. When the moon enters the shadow of the earth, a lunar eclipse occurs. This
happens when the sun and the moon are in opposition i.e. the difference between the
celestial longitudes of the sun and the moon is 180.
However, a lunar eclipse does not occur on every full-moon day. This is so because
the plane of the moon's orbit is inclined at about 5 with the ecliptic. If the moon's orbit
were in the plane of the ecliptic, then there would have been a lunar eclipse every
full-moon day. Generally on a full-moon day the moon will be either far above or far
below the plane of the ecliptic and hence fails to pass through the shadow of the earth.
But, on that full-moon day, when the moon does pass through the earth's shadow, a lunar
eclipse occurs.
In order that an eclipse of the moon N
may take place, the moon must come
sufficiently close to the ecliptic. This
means that the moon, on the full-moon /
day, must be close to one of the nodes of
the moon. In Fig 9.1 the orbit of the
moon intersects with the ecliptic at two Ecliptic
points N and A^'. These two points are
referred to as the ascending and the
Moon's t
descending nodes of the moon. They are Orbit
called Rahu and Ketu in Indian Fig. 9.1: Nodes of the moon
astronomy.
The lunar eclipse is said to be total when the whole of the moon passes through the
shadow. The eclipse is partial when only a part of the moon enters the shadow.
In Fig 9.2, S and E represent the centres of the sun and the earth respectively. Draw
a pair of direct tangents AB and CD to the surfaces of the sun and the earth, meeting
SE produced in V. A transverse pair of tangents AD &nd BC meeting SE in X. If these
lines arc imagined to revolve round SE as axis, they will generate cones. There is thus
a conical shadow BVD, with V as its vertex, into which no direct ray from the sun can
enter. This conical space is called the umbra.
Lunar Eclipse 75
N
Fig 9.2: Earth's shadow cone and the lunar eclipse
The spaces, around the umbra, represented by VBL and VDN form what is called
the penumbra from which only a part of the sun's light is excluded. It is to be noted
that the passage of the moon through the penumbra does not give rise to any eclipse. It
results only in diminution of the moon's brightness.
When the moon is at A/, (see Fig. 9.2) it receives light from portions of the sun
next to A; but rays from parts near C will not reach the moon at My Therefore, the
brightness is diminished, the diminution being greater as the moon approaches the edge
of the umbra. A n eclipse is considered as just commencing when the moon enters the
umbra or the shadow cone.
9.4 Angular diameter of the shadow cone

In Fig 9.3, the angular diameter of the cross-section of the shadow cone is represented
by arc MN. Let the semi-angle MEV subtended by MN at the centre of the earth be a.
We have
p = the sun's horizontal parallax = EAX
p = the moon's horizontal parallax = EkB = E'kB
s = the sun's angular semi-diameter = S E A
9 = semi-vertical angle of the shadow-cone = E^B
Now, in triangle MEV, we have a + 8 = so that
a = /7'-e ...(1)
Similarly, we have from triangle AEV,

Q = s-p ...(2)
From (1) and (2) we get
a=p'-is-p)
or a=p+p'-s ...(3)
Since p,p' and s are known, the angular semi-diameter a of the shadow cone is
determined using (3).
However, it is found that as the earth's atmosphere increases, due to absorption, the
calculated radius of the shadow cone increases by about 2 per cent. Therefore, for the
prediction of lunar eclipses, the following expression is used :
a = i5\/50) (p+p'-s) ...(4)
As an example, using the mean values
the moon's hor. parallax, p' = 57'
the sun's hor. parallax, p = 8" and
the sun's semi-diameter, s = 16'
The angular semi-diameter of the shadow cone, from (4) is given by
a = (51/50) [8"+ 5 7 ' - 1 6 ' ]
or a = 41'.956 = 42'
To be more accurate, it is found that a varies from a minimum of 3 7 ' 4 9 " to a
maximum of 44' 37". In fact, the maximum value of a is reached when the moon is
nearest to the earth (i.e. at perigee) and the earth itself being at the same time farthest
from the sun (at the apogee of the sun) i.e., when p' is maximum and s minimum value
being attained when the conditions are reversed i.e. when the moon is farthest from the
earth (i.e. at apogee) and the earth itself, at the same time, being closest to the sun i.e.,
when p is minimum and 5 maximum.
9.5 Ecliptic limits for the lunar eclipse
We noted earlier that the possibility of an eclipse on a full-moon day is restricted

due to the inclination of the moon's orbit to the plane of the ecliptic.
In F i g . 9.4, NM represents the moon's
orbit; M and C are the centres of the moon and
the shadow respectively when the eclipse is
about to take place. Let Ci be the position of
the shadow's centre when the moon is at the
node N. Let A^C, be denoted by ^ and t be the
time required by the moon to go from N to
M and for the shadow's centre to go from
C , to C .
Fig. 9.4: Ecliptic limits

Lunar Ecl^se 77
The geocentric longitude of C is the sun's longitude plus 180. Hence, in finding
the maximum value of ^ for which an eclipse is possible, we are actually finding the
maximum angular distance of the sun from the other node.
Suppose the sun's longitude increases at the rate of 6 and (j) be the angular velocity
of the moon in its orbit. For simplicity, let us take 6 and (j) as constants. Then, we have
NM = ^t and NC = ^ + ^t
If r| is the angular distance C M and / the inclination M^C, we have from triangle
M A ^ C (regarded as a plane triangle)
C M 2 = NC^ + NM'^ - INC. NM cos i
i.e., Ti2 = (4 + 6r)2 + (<j,/)2_2((j)/)(4 + e/)cos
or Ti^ = ^2 _ 2^ ^ cosi - 6) + f2 (6^ + (j>2 _ 2^ cos i]
Now, r\ is minimum when t is given by
4 ((j) cos / - 6) - r [6^ + - 26<i> cos/] = 0

In fact, we have
Tlmin = Tlo = 4 <t) Sin i/[Q^ + (1)2 - 2 6 (j) cos i] './2 ...(1)
Let 9 = 6/^ so that (1) becomes
4 = Tio[l -2<?cos j + 9^]'^^cosec / ...(2)
In (2), 9 is the ratio of the earth's orbital angular velocity to that of the moon which
is the same as the ratio of the moon's sidereal period to the duration of a year. Taking
the mean values, we have
q - 3/40
Also, since / - 5 . 1 5 , we get from (2)

4 -I0.3T1O ...(3)
When the moon is about to enter the umbra shadow cone, we have
= a + i'
where a is the angular semi-diameter of the shadow cone and s' is the moon's angular
semi-diameter. We have from (4) of the previous section
a = {5\/50) (p+p'-s)
For a partial lunar eclipse to be possible, it is evident that
For a total lunar eclipse,

4 S10.3(a-j')
Example : Taking the following values
s = the sun's semi-diameter = 16' = 960"
. j ' = the moon's semi-diameter = 1 5 ' 3 5 " = 935"
p = hor. parallax of the sun = 8"
p' = hor. parallax of the moon = 3422"
we have
(i) The condition for a partial eclipse of the moon to be possible :
4 < 10.3 [ (5 l / 5 0 ) ( p + p ' +
= 10.3 [(51 /50) (8" + 3422" - 960") + 935"]
= 9.8863
or
4 < 9.9.
(ii) The condition for a total lunar eclipse :
4 < 10.3 [ (51/50) (p + p'-s)-s']
= 10.3 [ (51/50) (8" + 3422" - 960") - 935"]
or
4 < 10.3 [(51/50) (2471")-935"]
= 4.5361
or
4 < 4.6
These values of ^ are called the ecliptic limits for the occurrence of a lunar eclipse.
However, since the quantities used in the above derivation are only mean, considering
the actual variations, it is found that for a partial eclipse the maximum value of ^ is
12.l and the minimum value of ^ is 9.l which are respectively called the superior and
inferior ecliptic limits.
9.6 Half durations of eclipse and of maximum obscuration

The next important step is to determine the instants of the beginning and the end of
a lunar eclipse as also of the maximum obscuration. For this, we need to fmd the durations
of the first half and the second half of the total duration of the eclipse. This is explained
in F i g . 9.5.
Fig. 9.5: Half durations of lunar eclipse
A half duration is the time taken by the moon, relative to the sun, so that the point
A in the figure moves through OA. We have
OA^ = O X ? - A X f = ( 0 + X,)2-AXf
Lunar Ek:lipse 79
where
OE = di = semi-diameter of the shadow
EXj = d2 = semi-diameter of the moon
Pi = AX I = latitude of the moon (Viksepa)
when its centre is at Xy
îd,+d,)^-^}
Half duration =
(Moon's daily motion - Sun's daily motion)
Since the actual moment of the beginning of the eclipse, and hence the moon's
latitude then, are not known the above formula is used iteratively.
By a similar analysis, the half-duration of maximum obscuration (or totality as the
case may be) is given by :
Half duration of max. obsn. = ~ ^
where DM and DS are the daily motions of the moon and the sun respectively.
The thus obtained half durations of the eclipse and the maximum obscuration are
(1) subtracted from the instant of the opposition to get the beginning moments; and
(2) added to the instant of the opposition to obtain the ending moments.
Finally, the magnitude (pramanam) of the eclipse is given by
^ f H - Amount of obscuration (Grasa)

Angular diameter of the moon
Obviously, if the magnitude is greater than or equal to 1, then the eclipse is total;
otherwise, it is partial.
It is also clear, from F i g . 9.5, that i f the sum of the angular semi-diameters
of the moon and the shadow is less than the latitude of the moon, there w i l l be
no eclipse.
9.7 Lunar eclipse according to 55
The procedure of computaion of a lunar eclipse is described in the Siirya Siddhanta in

Chapter 4 (Candragrahanam) of die text. This is demonstrated in the following example.
The parameters required for the computaion of a lunar eclipse are :
(i) True longitudes of the sun, the moon and the moon's node (Rahu),
(ii) The true daily motions of these three bodies,
(iii) The latitude of the moon and
(iv) The angular diameters of the earth's shadow (Bhucchdyd) and of the moon.
Example : Lunar eclipse on September 27, 1996.

Since the longitude of the moon's node (Rahu) according to SS is not very accurate,
we use the true longitudes of the sun, moon etc., from the Ind. Ast. Eph. as at 5-30 a.m.
(1ST). However the prodecure of SS is adopted.
True longitude of the sun = 160 21' 0 1 "
Trur longitude of Rahu = 164 10' 14"
True daily motion of the sun = 58' 5 1 "
True half daily motion of the moon = 432' 32".7
True daily motion of the moon = 861'
Node's daily motion = -3'ir'
Instant of opposition = S'' 24*" (I.S.T.)
(i) To find the sun's diameter
c . .A A- . 5 8 ' 5 1 " X 650O>' ,ô-y,.

Sun s corrected diameter = , = 6487^13
5o JO
43,20,000 X 6487>.13 _ ^
57,753.336
and 4 8 ^ = 32'20"
where 58' 58" is the sun's mean daily motion and 57,753,336 is the number of moon's
revolutions in a Mahayuga and 6500 yojanas is the sun's mean diameter. Here y stands
for yojana, a distance unit.
(ii) To find the moon's diameter
X4 r . . . . 861' X 480^ ^^^y^

Moon s corrected diameter = , = 524-*^.2
7oo 25
and = 34' 56"
where 480^ is the moon's mean diameter and 788' 25" is the moon's mean daily
motion.
(iii) True longitudes of sun, moon and node at the opposition
Motion of the sun in 2^54"' = 3 B 31 ^xz 3 ^ ^^,^
: . Sun's true longitude at opposition = 160 2 1 ' 0 1 " + 7 ' 7 "

= 160 2 8 ' 0 8 "
Motion of the moon in 2^ 54*"

= 2 ' ' 5 4 ' " x 4 3 2 ' 3 2 " . 7 / 12''
= 104'32"= 1 4 4 ' 3 2 "
.. True longitude of the moon at the opposition
Lunar Ek:Hpse 81
^ 3 3 8 4 4 ' 2 7 " + l < ' 4 4 ' 3 21"

'
= 340 28' 5 9 "
Node's longitude at opposition :
= -23
.-. Node's true longitude = 164 10' 14" - 23'1"

= 164 9 ' 5 1 "
(iv) Diameter of the earth's shadow
True daily motion of moon x 1600^

Earth's corrected diameter =
Mean daily motion of moon
788'25"
Sun's corrected diameter - earth's diameter
6487>'.13-1600>' = 4887>'.13
Diameter of the earth's shadow

= Earth's corrected diameter - 360^.9
= 1747>'.2-360>'.9 = 1386>'.3
.-. Earth's shadow diameter in arc = 1386.3/15 = 9 2 ' 2 5 "
(v) The moon's latitude at the middle of the eclipse and the amount of
greatest obscuration :
(Longitude of Moon - Longitude of Node) at the oppositiion
= 340 28' 5 9 " - 164 09' 5 1 "
= 176 1 9 ' 0 8 "

Bhuja of the above difference s 3 4 1 ' .-. Jya (3 41') = 221'
Moon's latitude at the instant of opposition
2 7 0 ' X 221'
= 17'21
3438'
As determined earlier
Semi-diameter of the eclipsed body (moon) = 17' 28'

Semi-diameter of the eclipsing body (earth's shadow) = 46' 12'
Their sum = 63'40'
De^^wcf moon's latitude = 17'21'
.". Obscured portion (grasa) = 46' 19"
Since grasa is greater than the moon's diameter the lunar eclipse is total.
(vi) The durations of the eclipse and of total obscuration

Diameter of the eclipsing body (shadow) 92'25" 92' 25"
Diameter of the eclipsed body (moon) 34'56" 34'56"
Their sum and difference 127'21" 57' 29"
Half sum and half difference 63'40" 28'44"
Squares of die above 4053 825
Deduct t!.e square of the moon's latitude 301 301
3752 524
Their square roots 61' 15" 22' 53"
(a) Half duration of the eclipse
61'15" X 6 0 "
(Daily motion of moon - Daily motion of sun)
61'15"X60"
= 4" 34''
802'9"
Note; The superscripts n and v denote nadis and vinadis
(b) Half duration of totality
22' 53' X 60"

= 1"42''
802' 9"
To get a more accurate value of the moon's latitude more iterations are to be carried
out.
4" My y Rfil'
Moon's motion in 4" 34" = = 1 5' 3 1 "
60"
4" 34" X 3' 11'

Node's motion in 4" 34" = = 14"
60"
Moon's longitude at opposition 340 28' 59" 340 28' 59"
Add and subtract moon's motion in 4" 34" (+) 1 5 ' 3 1 " (-) 1 5 ' 3 1 "
341 34' 30" 339 23' 28"
Node's longitude at opposition 164 9 ' 5 1 " 164 9 ' 5 1 "
Subtract and add node's motion in 4" 34" (-) 14" (+) 14"
164 9' 37" 164 10'05"

Long., of Moon - Long, of Node 177 24' 53" 175 13' 23"
Jya values of the above 158' 287'
Moon's latitude at the end and 12' 24" 22' 32"
at the beginning of the eclipse
Square of half the sum of the diameters 4053 4053
Deduct the squares of latitudes 153 507
3900 3546
Their square roots 62' 26" 59' 32"
Lunar Eclipse 83
Corrected second half-duration = =4" 40"

802' 9"
60" X 5 9 ' 3 2 "

Corrected first half-duration = 4" 27"
802' 9"
(vii) Apparent instants of beginning and end of totality
Motion of die moon in l ' ' 4 2 " l"42"x861'
= 24' 23"
60"
Node's motion in l " 4 2 " l"42"x3'10"
5"
60"
Moon's longitude at opposition 340 28' 59" 340 28' 59"
Add and subtract moon's motion (+)024'23" (-) 0 24' 23"
in 1"42"
Moon's long, at the end and 340 53' 22" 340 04' 36"
at the beginning of totality
Node's longitude at opposition 164 9 ' 5 1 " 164 9 ' 5 1 "
Subtract and add node's motion in (-)5" (+) 5"
1"42"
Node's long, at the end and at die 164 9'46" 164 9' 56"
beginning of totality
Moon's distance from die node 176 42' 175 53'
Jya values 197' 246'
Moon's latitude at die end and at the 15' 28" 19' 19"
beginning of totality
Square of half-difference of diameters 825 825
of the moon and shadow
Deduct the squares of latitudes 239 373
586 452
Their square roots 24'.21 21'.26
Second half-interval of totality = ^'ÎL^JT = 1" 49" = 0^ 43"'

o02 9
2 r . 2 6 X 60" _ j _ ^f, 3g,
First half-interval of totality
802' 9"
Summary of the lunar eclipse
Beginning of the eclipse 6*42"*
Beginning of the totality 7*49"'
Middle of the eclipse 8* 24""
End of the totality 8* 59"*
End of the eclipse 10*06"
Note : The timingt coincide with the ones given in the Ind. Am. Eph.
9.S Lunar eclipse according to KK
Before proceeding witii the

procedure of computation of lunar
eclipse according to the Khanda
Khadyaka, let us familiarize ourselves
with certain basic concepts, assumptions
and the formulae derived therefrom.
Fig. 9.6: Parallax of a body
Let O be the position of an observer
on the surface of the earth whose centre is E and radius p (Fig.9.6). The centre of a
celestial bodylike the sun or the moonis represented by B. Suppose the radius of
the earth OE makes the angle OBE=n, called the horizontal parallax of the body
B. In the right-angled triangle OEB, we have sin n = p/R. Since R is considereably
large and the angle n is sufficiently small, we take R as the distance between the
earth and the body B and n ~ p/R
According to the Khanda Khadyaka, the moon's mean daily inotion is 7 9 0 ' 3 1 " and
, , ,, _p_ Moon's daily motion 790' 31"

M o o n s hor. parallax, 7t, = - ^ = rj^ = = 52 42 .
It is assumed, in traditional Indian astronomy, that all planets move with the same
linear velocity. Therefore, if R and /^, are respectively the distance of a heavenly body
B and of the moon, then we have
R X Daily angular motion of B
= X Daily angular motion of the moon
= Constant.
It follows that the parallax of a body
_ _ _p_ Moon's daily inotion

^~ R ~ y?, R ~ 15 R
(i) True angular diameter of the sun
Mean angular dia. of the sun _ ... . ^ .

= f- : X True daily motion of the sun
Mean daily motion of sun
32'31"
= , X True daily motion of the sun
59 o
= ^ X True daily motion of the sun.
(ii) True angular diameter of the moon

Mean angular diameter ^ , .,
= f- X True daily motion
Mean daily motion
Lunar Eclipse 85
32'
X Trae daily motion of the moon
790'31'
10
= X True daily motion of the moon
(iii) Angular diameter of the shadow : Let S and E be the centres of the sun and
the earth and M be the position of the moon. In Fig. 9.7, the sun's horizontal parallax
= E^M and the moon's horizontal parallax = E^B.
B
Moon's plane
Fig. 9.7: Angular diameter of the shadow cone
Now, in triangle BEM, we have
EBM + EMB = MEB' = MEV + VEB'

A A
But VEB' = SEB, the sun's angular semi-diameter.
Therefore, the angular diameter of the shadow
A A A A
= 2MEV = 2[EBM + EMB - SEB] at the plane of the moon's orbit,
i.e. the angular diameter of the shadow
= 2 [Sun's hor. parallax +SDM
Moon'sMDM
hor. parallax
11 - Sun's angular diameter]
= 2
~15~^~[5~-40^^^
= (1 / 6 0 ) [8 SDM + 8 MDM - 33 SDM]
= (1/60) [8 M D M - 2 5 SDM]
where MDM = Moon's true daily motion and SDM = Sun's true daily motion.
Note : Indian astronomers have assumed that the horizontal parallax of the body is equal to the
true daily motion of the body divided by 15.
Now, with these basic concepts and expressions we set out to demonstrate
Brahmagupta's procedure, as in his Khanda Khadyaka, with an example.
Example : Lunar eclipse on 10-12-1992 according to KK
I 77ie longitudes at the preceding midnight :
(1) True longitude of the sun = 233 48' 23"
(2) True daily motion of the sun = 1 1' 13" = 61' 13" = SDM
(3) True longitude of the moon = 51 50' 35"

(4) True daily motion of the moon = 13 12' 53" = 792' 5 3 ' s MDM
(5) True longitude of the moon's node (Rahu) = 237 13' 58".
At the instant of opposition the difference in the longitudes of the sun and
the moon should be 180. A t the preceding midnight
Moon's longitude - Sun's longitude = 178 2' 12"
Therefore, for the moon to be in opposition with the sun, it has to travel
= 1 57' 48" (relative to the sun). The time taken for this is given by
^"^^^"^^^ X 24'' = 3 ' ' 5 1 ' " 5 H

12 11'40"
where 12 11' 40" = Moon's daily motion - Sun' daily motion.
s MDM-SDM
Therefore, the instant of opposition : 3'' 51"* 5 1 ' A . M .
At the instant of opposition:
(1) True sun = True sun at midnight
+ motion for 3*51'" 51'
= 233 4 8 ' 2 3 " + ' xS^srSl'

24*
= 233 58' 14"

(2) True Moon = 51 50'35" + 2 7 ' 4 0 "
= 53 58' 15"
(3) Node (Rahu) = 237 1 3 ' 5 8 " - X 3*.8641667
24
237 13' 5 8 " - 3 1 "

237 13' 27"
(4) Moon - Node 176 44'48"
.. Moon's latitude 270' sin (176 44' 48")

15' 19"
10
(5) Moon's angular diameter = - x Moon's true daily motion
247
10
X 792' 53" = 32' 6
247
(6) Angular diameter of the shadow cone

= (1/60) [8 X moon's true daily motion - 25 x sun's true daily motion]
= 80' 13"
Lunar Eclipse 87
(7) Sum of the semi-diameters of the shadow and the moon

= (1/2) (112' 19") = 56'9".5
(8) Portion of the moon obscured (grasa) :
(Sum of the semi-diameters) - (Moon's latitude)
= 56' 09".5 - 15' 19" = 40' 50".5
Now, the portion obscured > Moon's diameter.
Therefore the lunar eclipse is possible and total.
Note : (i) If the portion obscured is positive and < Moon's diameter, then eclipse is partial
(ii) If the portion obscured is negative, then there is no eclipse.
(iii) If the portion obscured > Moon's diameter, then the eclipse is total.
(9) Difference of semi-diameters of the shadow and the moon
= [ 8 0 ' 1 3 " - 3 2 ' 16"]
= 24' 3".5
(10) Moon's true daily motion - sun's true daily motion
MDM - SDM = 792' 53" - 61' 13" = 731' 40".
First approximation to half-durations

(1) Half-duration of the eclipse
The half-duration is given by the formula
V(^,+^,)2-p2
(MDM-SDM)
where dy and ^2 are the semi-diameters of the shadow and the moon,
P is the moon's latitude at the opposition.
Therefore,
V ( 5 6 ' 9 " . 5 ) 2 - ( 1 5 ' 19")2
Half duration = 73^40^^
(2) Half-duration of total obscuration

The formula to calculate the half duration of total obscuration:
V(cf,-d,)2-P^ , _ V(24'3".5)^-(15'19"g , ^ ,
(MDM-SDM) ""^^ " 731'40" ""^^ ^
where dy and d2 are the semi-diameters of the shadow and the moon
and P, the moon's latitude.
Second approximation to the beginning of the eclipse
The first approximation to the beginning of the eclipse is 1* 46"" 20' = 106'".33 before
the instant of opposition as obtained in item (1) above. We shall determine the true moon,
Rahu, the moon's latitude and hence the second approximation to the first half-duration
of the eclipse.
1. Moon's true motion in this time is

106"" 33
^ X 792'. 883 = 58'33"
24 X 6 ( P
2. Moon's true longitude at the (first approx. to) beginning of the eclipse
53 58' 15" - 58' 33' = 52 59' 4 2 "
3. Node's longitude at the (first approx. to) beginning of the eclipse :
106'".33
237 13' 27" + X 190".7 = 237 13'27" + 14"
24x60^
= 237 1 3 ' 4 1 "
4. M o o n - N o d e = 52 5 9 ' 4 2 " - 237 1 3 ' 4 1 "
= 175 46' 1" (by adding 360)

5. Moon's celestial latitude at the (first approx. to) beginning of the
eclipse
= 270'sin (175 4 6 ' 1 " ) = 1 9 ' 5 6 "

To get a higher degree of accuracy, the above values must be calculated at the
improved instant of opposition.
Now, the second approximation to the first half-duration is
V ( 5 6 ' 9 " . 5 ) 2 - ( 1 9 ' 56")^

731'40"
= l''43'"20^
1. Moon's motion in 1 * 43"" 20^ = 56' 54"
2. Node's movement in 1* 43"" 20^ = 13".7

3. Moon's true longitude at the (second approx. to) beginning of the
eclipse :
Moon's longitude at the opposition - 5 6 ' 5 4 " = 53 0 1 ' 2 1 "

4. Node's longitude at the (second approximation) beginning of the
eclipse :
237 13' 27" + 13".7 = 237 13' 40".7

Therefore, we have
M o o n - N o d e = 53 0 1 ' 2 1 " - 23713'40".7
= 17547'40".3
Moon's celestial latitude at the (second approx.) beginning
270' sin (175 47' 40".3) = 19' 48"
Third approximation to the beginning :

The third approx. to the first half-duration :
Lunar Ek:lipse 89
V(75' 57".5) (36' 21".5) = l ' ' 4 3 ' " 2 6 '

731.66
A t the third approx. to the beginning of the eclipse, we have
1. Moon's motion for l * 43"* 26' is 56' 57"
2. Moon's longitude at the beginning : 53 1' 18"
3. Node's longitude at the beginning : 237 1 3 ' 4 1 "
4. Moon - Node = 175 47' 37"
5. Moon's celestial latitude at the beginning = 1 9 ' 4 8 "
Fourth approximation to the beginning

If we proceed as mentioned above, the first half duration is obtained as 1*43'" 26'.
Therefore the fourth approximation to the instant of the beginning of the eclipse:
3* 51"* 5 1 ' a.m. - 1* 43"* 26' = 2* 08"" 25'.
Second approximation to the end of the eclipse

We have obtained the half-duration of the eclipse:
1* 46"* 20' as the first approximation.
This is also the first approx. to the second half duration.
1. Moon's true longitude at the end of the eclipse (first approx.) :
53 5 8 ' 1 5 " + 58' 33" = 54 5 6 ' 4 8 "
2. Moon's node at the end (first approx.) = 237 13' 13"
3. M o o n - n o d e = 177 4 3 ' 3 5 "
4. Moon's latitude at the (first approx. to) the end : 10'42".7
The second approximation to the second half duration i.e. to the end of the eclipse
is given by l''48"'29^ from the instant of opposition. In the same way as mentioned
above, the moon's longitude, the node's longitude and the moon's latitude for
1* 48"* 29' after the opposition are calculated.
Using the calculated data we obtain the third approximation as 1*48"" 3 1 ' for the
second half duration.
First approximation to the beginning of totality

For the totality of the eclipse also the iterative process should be carried out to obtain
a higher degree of accuracy. As obtained earlier.
First half-duration of totality : 0* 36"" 31'.

1. Moon's motion in this time = 2 0 ' 6 "
2. Node's motion in 0* 36"" 3 1 ' = 4".8
Therefore at the beginning of totality :
3. Longitude of the Moon : 53 38' 9"
4. Node's longitude = 237 13' 32"
5. Moon's celestial latitude = 270' sin (Moon - Node)

= 16'54"
Continuing the process of iteration, we have the second approxiniation for the
beginning of totality as O* 33"* 4 2 ' before the opposition.
Third approxiniation to the beginning of totality : 0* 33"" 5 5 '
Fourth approximation : 0* 33*" 54'
Therefore, the beginning of totality : 3* 51"* 5 H - 0* 33"* 54^ = 3* H * " 57^

Similarly the exact instant of the end of totality is calculated by the method of
iteration.
First approximation to the end of totality :
The first approx. to the second half of totality : 0* 36"* 3 1 '
Moon's motion for 0* 36'" 31' = 20' 6"

Node's motion in this time = 4 . 8 " = 5"
Moon's true longitude = 53 58' 15" + 2 0 ' 6 " = 54 18'21"
Node's longitude = 237 13'27" 5"= 237 13'22"
Moon - Node = 5 4 i g ' 2 1 " - 237 13' 22" = 1 7 7 4 ' 59"
Moon's celestial latitude = 270'sin (177 4'59") = 1 3 ' 4 4 "
Second approximation to the end of totality
Instant of opposition 3''51"'51'A.M. (LMT)

1. (a) Duration of the 1st half interval
(b) Duration of Ilnd half interval l''48"'3l'
2. (a) Duration of 1st half of totality : 0''33"'54'

(b) Duration of Ilnd half of totality : 0* 39"" 1'
Therefore, we have
Beginning of the eclipse 2*08"' 25' A . M .

Beginning of the totality 3* 17" 5 7 ' A . M .
Lunar Eclipse 91
Middle of the eclipse S^Sl^Sl'A.M.

End of the totality 4* 30" 52' A . M .
End of the eclipse 5*40"'22'A.M.
The timings are the Local Mean Time at Ujjayini.
9.9 Lunar eclipse according to GL
The importance of the procedure for computations of eclipses in Ganesa Daivajna's

Graha Ldghavam (GL) lies in the fact that the use of trigonometric ratios is dispensed
with. A l l the same, on account of improved values of the astronomical elements,
predictions of eclipses according to GL are fairly reliable.
The following are some important formulae for the parameters used for computations
according to GL :
1. Sun's angular diameter
Sun's true daily motion - 55

+ 10 aiigulas
^ ., , . . . Moon's true daily motion . ,

2. Moon s angular diameter = ^ angulas
3. Shadow's angular diameter

= [(3/11) X Moon's angular diameter + 3 x Moon's angular diameter - 8]
angulas
Note : 1 angula = 3' of arc i.e. 3 kalas. Therefore, angular diameter in minutes of arc when
divided by 3 gives the same in angulas.
11
4. Latitude of the moon, Sara (M-R)
where Af and/? are respectively the longitudes of the moon and Rahu. If
iM-R)> 90. its Bhuja must be taken.
Note : The approximate formula follows from a general approximation given by

72 6 -
Ganesa Daivajfia: 120 sin 6 - ^ w h e n 0 is small (Ref, : GL, Prasnadhikara. Sl.ll)
Now, the latitude (Viksepa or Sara) of the moon
P = 270'sin ( A / - / ? ) 270 x ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ( A / - / ? )
162
i.e. P = ^ j - (Af - R) minutes of arc (i.e. kalas)
Now, dividing by 3
p , | | ( M - / e ) = il(A/-/?) angulas
The approximations in this case are justified since under the possible
circumstances of an eclipse (M - R) is indeed small.
If {M-R)>m, then its Bhuja = (M-R) - 180
5. The amount of obscured portion,
Grasa = (1/2) [Chadaka dia. + Chadya dia.] - Sara

In the case of a lunar eclipse, the Chadaka (eclipser) and the Chadya
(eclipsed) bodies are respectively the earth's shadow and the moon.
6. Mdnaikya Khanda = (1/2) [Chadaka + Chadya ] diameter

so that we have
Grasa = Mdnaikya Khanda - Sara

Therefore
(0 If Mdnaikya Khanda < Sara (i.e. Grdsa < 0) there will be no eclipse;
(ii) If Grdsa > Chadya diameter i.e. if Grdsa > Moon's diameter, then
the eclipse is total.
Such an eclipse is called Khagrdsa Grahana.
E x a m p i c : Find
(i) the angular diameters of the sun, the moon and the earth's shadow
cone,
(ii) Sara
(iii) Grdsa and
(iv) whether a lunar eclipse is possible given that
Tnic Sun : g' 0 12' 06", Tnie moon : 2 ' 0 12' 06"
Rahu 1' 28 23' 18", SDM = 61' U "
MDM 823' 50"
at the instant of fullmoon where SDM and MDM are respectively the true
daily motions of the sun and the moon,
(i) 1. Angular diameter of the sun :
SDIA = (\/5) (SDM - 55) + \0 angulas

= (l/5)(61'll"-55)+10=11^8l4P"
whert! 1 arigula = 60 pratyarigulas

2. Angular diameter of the moon:
MDIA = ^ 2 3 ^ ^ nang7pra
74
3. Angular diameter of the earth's shadow cone :
SHDIA = [3 (MDIA)/] 1 + 3 (MDIA) - 8] angulas

Lunar Eclipse 93
= (3/11+3) M D M - 8 angulas
= (36/11) (MDM) - 8 angulas
= 36 X (11"** 7P'*)/11 - 8 = 28*" 23l*

(ii) Sara : Here, we have
M - / ? = 60 1 2 ' 0 6 " - 2 3 8 23' 18"
= 181 4 8 ' 4 8 "
since M - /? > 1 8 0 . Bhuja = 1 48' 4 8 "
Therefore, 5ara = 11 (1 48' 48")/7 = 2*" 48P"'
(iii) Grdsa = Mdnaikya Khanda - 5ara
Here, Mdnaikya Khattda = (1/2) (SHDIA + MDIA)
i.e. Mdnaikya Khanda = (1/2) (28"" I S P " + 11*"' 7P")

= (1/2) (39*" 30P") = 19*" 4 5 P "
Graâ = 1 9 ' ' " 4 5 P " ' - 2 ' 4 8 P '
= 16''"57P"
(iv) Since Mdnaikya Khanda > Sara, the eclipse is possible. Further, since
Grdsa > MDIA. (i.e. le""* 57P''' > l l * " * 7P"') the lunar eclipse is total
(i.e , Khagrdsa grahana).
In that case, we have
Khagrdsa = Grdsa - Chadya diameter

= Grdsa - MDIA
= 16*"8 57P"-11*"8 7 P "
= 5ng5opra
(v) Half-durations of the eclipse and of totality
1. A d d sara to the mdnaikya khanda and multiply this sum by 10;

multiply this product by grdsa and then take the square-root of the
product. Take one-sixth of the square root and subtract it from the
square-root. If the result is divided by the Candra-bimba (i.e. the
moon's diameter), we get the madhyasthiti (in ghatikds) i.e. the
half-duration of the eclipse.
2. In the case of a total lunar eclipse, a half of the difference between
the moon's diameter and the diameter of the earth's shadow (called
manantara khanda) must be taken. To that difference add sara, then
mulitply by 10. The product must be multiplied by the khagrdsa.
Take the square-root of the result and divide the same by 6 and
subtract it from the square-root. Divide the remainder by the diameter

of the moon. This will be the marda (i.e. half duration of the totality).
In symbols, this means
1. Half duration of the eclipse :
Let jc = V[(1/2) {SHDIA + MDIA) + Sara ]xlQx Grdsa

Then, the half-duration
= {x-x/6)/(MDIA)
= 6oiiz4) ^'"'^'^"^
2. Half-duration of totaility :
Let :y = V ( l / 2 ) (SHDIA - MDIA) + Siro ] x 10 x Khagrdsa

Then, the half-duration of totality
= \y-y/6]/MDIA
Example : In the example considered in this section fmd the half-durations of the
eclipse and of the totality.
1. Half-duration of the eclipse (Sthiti)
Mdnaikya khanda 19*"* 45*^
Sara 2*"48P"
Add 22*"' 33*^
Multiplying the above sum by 10, wc have
10 x 22'"'8 = 225'"*8 30P"
Multiplying the above value by grdsa viz. 16'"* we get

(225-30) X (16-57)= 3822-13
Square-root : V3822-13 =61'"'49P'*
Dividing by 6: 61*"8 49P'*/6= lO*"" 18P"
Subtracting lO""* ISP'* from 61*''49P'' wc get 51'"3lP'''
Dividing the above quantity by the moon's diameter viz. ll*"7P'*.

we get
(51 '"'8 31 P")/( 11 7P'*) = 4*'' 38^'
Therefore, the half-duration of the eclipse : 4*'' 38^'.

2. Half-duration of totality (Marda)
Shadow's diameter 28*"* 23^'*
Moon's diameter jjanSyPr*
Manantara Khanda = (1/2) (28"* 23'*' -11*^ 7'**)

Umar Eclipse 95
= (1 /2) (1T*"* 1 e n = 8'"8 38P"

Adding Sara : 2*^8 48P''' to the above, we get 11'*"8 2 6 ? "
Multiplying by 10 : 10 x 11*^8 2 6 ? " = 114'"'8 20?"
Khagrdsa = 5*^8 5 0 ? "
Multiplying, we get 666-56
Squre-root : 25*"8 5oP
Dividing by 6:4*"8i8Pra
Subtracting : 2 l ' ^ 8 32Pra
Dividing by the moon's diameter MDIA i.e. 11*"8 yP^^ we get
|j^=l8h56vig
Therefore, the half-duration of totality marda is 18''56^*8
Note : 1 ghatika = 60 vighatika (or palas)
First and second halves of eclipse and of totality
The difference, (True sun - Rahu) called vyagu at the instant of the opposition is
considered and its bhuja is determined. The product 2 x bhuja (in degrees) is put in two
places as palas.
(i) If the vyagu is in an even quadrant i.e. i f 90 < vya^ < 180 or
270 < vyagu < 360 then (2 X bhuja) in palas is subtracted from and added
to the madhya sthiti (i.e. half duration in gh. obtained earlier), respectively,
to get the corrected sparsa and moksa half-durations.
(ii) If the vyagu is in an o ^ J quadrant i.e. i f 0 < vyagu < 90 or 180 < vyagu
< 270, then (2 x bhuja) in palas is added to and subtracted from the madhya
sthiti (i.e. the half-duration in gh. obtained earlier), respectively, to get the
corrected sparsa and moksa half-durations.
Similar operations are carried out to get the first and the second half-durations of
totality by considering the marda duration instead of the sthiti.
Example : Now, in the example considered, we have at the instant of opposition

True Sun : 8 ' 0 12'06"
Rahu 7 ' 2 8 23'18"
Vyagu jo 4 g ' 4 3 "
Since 0 < vyagu < 90, bhuja = 1 48' 48". Now, multiplying this bhuja by 2, we get
3 . 37 - 36 = 4 palas
Again, since vyagu is in I quadrant (i.e. odd), 4 palas, is added to and subtracted
from the madhya sthiti. Thus, we have :
Madhyasthiti (gh.) 3gP'as 48^ 3gpalas

Add and subtract 4 palas : ^ 4llas _ 4Pals
4gh 42Palas Ââlas
ThcTtfore, sparsa sthiti 4^''42?'^'". the first Half-duration

and moksa sthiti 4gh 34Pai ^^^^^^ half-duration
Similarly, by considering the marda (i.e. l*** 56?*''*) the half-durations of totality are
(jgh55palas)^4palas (j gh jgpalas) _ 4palas
i.e. 2**^ and l^** 52?*'** for the first and the second halves of totality respectively.
Instants of beginning and ending of eclipse and of totality
1. The parvanta, in this case the instant of opposition, is the middle of the
eclipse. B y subtracting from and adding to the instant of the middle, we get
the beginning and ending moments of the eclipse respectively. Thus, we get
the sparsa kdla and the moksa kdla of the lunar eclipse.
2. Similariy, subtracting from and adding to the instant of the middle of the
eclipse the first and second halves of totality,_we get the instants of the
beginning (sammilanam) and the ending (unnmilanam) of the eclipse.
Example : We have
(i) Instant of fullmoon 48Palas
408''
Less sparsa sthiti ; 4gh 42palas
.'. sparsa kdla Qgpalas

368"
(ii) Instant of fullmoon 408" 4gpalas
Add moksa sthiti ; 34Palas

48"
.-. moksa kdla 458''
22Palas
(iii) Instant of fullmoon 4gpalas

408"
Less sparsa marda 2Sh Qpalas
388" 4gpalas
.: Sammilana kdla
(iv) Instant of fullmoon 4gpalas
408"
Add moksa marda 18" ^2P^las
4Qpalas
:. Unmilana kdla 428"
Summary of the eclipse

gh. palas
Beginning of the eclipse 36 06
Beginning of the totality 38 48
Middle of the eclipse 40 48
End of the totality 42 40
End of the eclipse : 45 22
Lunar Eclipse 97
The timings are from the local mean sunrise.
Note : Computer programs for (i) computations of the positions of the sun, the moon and Rahu
and (ii) the lunar eclipse according to the Crahalaghavam are provided in PROGRAMS
7.3 and 9.3. The output for a worked example follows.
The example woriced out, using PROGRAMS 7.3 and 9.3, is for May 2, 1520 A.D. (J),
Wednesday. This eclipse occurred during the time of Ganesa Daivajfia [his epoch in GL
is March 19, IS20 A.D. (J)]. The date of the lunar eclipse is taken from the Epigraphia
Indica, Vol VI, Page 237.
GRAHALAGHAVA
POSITIONS O F S U N , M O O N A N D R A H U
(CHRISTIAN) D A T E Y E A R : 1520 M O N T H : 5 D A T E : 2
T I M E (AFTER SUNRISE) HOURS : 0 MINS : 0
N A M E OF THE PLACE UJJAYINI
L O N G I T U D E (-ye F O R WEST) D E G : 75 M I N ; 45
L A T I T U D E (-ve F O R SOUTH) D E G : 23 M I N : 11
WEEK DAY WEDNESDAY
CHAKRAS : 0 A H A R G A N A : 44 [EPOCH : 19-3-1520 (J)]
RAVISPHUTA
M E A N RAVI A T UJJAYINI SUNRISE 33 3' 0"
DESHANTARA CORRECTION 0 0' 0"
M E A N RAVI AT L O C A L SUNRISE 33 3' (f'
M O T I O N F O R 0 HRS. 0 M I N . 0 0' 0"

M E A N RAVI A T G I V E N T I M E 33 3' 0"
MEAN ANOMALY 44 57' 0"
MANDA PHALA + 1 32' 23"
T R U E RAVI 34 35' 23"
PRESS A N Y K E Y TWICE
C H A N D R A SPHUTA
M E A N M O O N A T UJJAYINI SUNRISE 208 51' 34"
DESHANTARA CORRECTION 0 C 0"
M E A N M O O N AT L O C A L SUNRISE 208 51' 34"
M O T I O N F O R 0 HRS. 0 M I N . 0 0' 0"
M E A N MOON AT GIVEN TIME 208 51' 34"
MOON'S MANDOCCA 172 25' 42"
MOON'S M A N D A KENDRA (ANOMALY) 323 34' 8"
M A N D A P H A L A (EQN. O F C E N T R E ) -2 58' 52"
BHUJANTARA CORRECTION 0 3' 25"
TRUE MOON : 205 56' 7"
R A H U SPHUTA
M E A N R A H U A T UJJAYINI SUNRISE 25 18' 4"
DESHANTARA CORRECTION 0 0' 0"
M E A N R A H U A T L O C A L SUNRISE 25 18' 4"
M O T I O N F O R 0 HRS. 0 M I N . 0' 0"
M E A N R A H U AT GIVEN TIME 25 18'
D O Y O U W A N T E C L I P S E / P L A N E T S C O M P U T A I O N ? (E/P) ? E
L U N A R ECLIPSE
ACCORDING TO
GRAHA LAGHAVAM
AT 6 H R S * * * T R U E . S U N : 34.58963 T R U E M O O N : 205.9354 N O D E : 25.30124

SUN'S TRUE DAILY MOTION 57' 30"
MOON'S TRUE DAILY MOTION 736' 15"
M O O N ' S DISTANCE F R O M OPPN. 8 3 9 ' 1 5 "
T I M E O F OPPN. A F T E R M I D N I G H T (LMT) 24H-21 M - 3 7 S
T R U E S U N A T OPPN. 35 19' 22"

T R U E M O O N A T OPPN. 215 19' 22"
N O D E A T OPPN. 25 15' 39"
M O O N ' S D I A M E T E R (in Angulas) 9.949405

S H A D O W ' S D I A M E T E R (in Angulas) 24.56169
ECLIPSE IS POSSIBLE
(NORTHERN) S H A R A (in Angulas) : 15.81192
G R A S A (in Angulas) 1.443631
L U N A R ECLIPSE IS PARTIAL* <PRESS A N Y K E Y >
M A D H Y A STHITI (in Ghatis) 1.829996

SPARSHA STHITI (in Gh.) 2.165401
M O K S H A STHITI (in Gh.) 1.494592
S U M M A R Y OF THE 1
AFTER MIDNIGHT PRECEDING 2/5/1520 LOCAL MEAN TIME
SPARSHA (BEGINNING) T I M E 23 H - 2 9 M - 39 S
M A D H Y A (MIDDLE) O F E C L . 24 H - 21 M - 37 S
M O K S H A (ENDING) T I M E 24 H - 5 7 M - 29 S
Ok
10
SOLAR ECLIPSE
10.1 Cause for solar eclipse

On a new-moon day, the sun and the moon are on the same side of the earth
(see F i g . 10.1). The rays of the sun S which fall on the surface of the moon M,
facing the sun, are prevented from reaching the earth. A shadow cone is caused
by the moon on the side facing the earth. In fact, a solar eclipse is caused under
the following conditions ;
(i) The sun and the moon must be in conjunction i.e. it must be a new-moon
day; and
(ii) The new-moon must be close to one of the nodes (Rahu or Ketu)
On account of the inclination of the moon's orbit with the ecliptic (at an angle of
about 5), there will not be solar eclipse on every new-moon day. Only on those
new-moon days when the moon is close to the ecliptic, and hence close to one of the
nodes, a solar eclipse is possible.
Since the moon's radius is much smaller than that of the earth, the shadow cone
formed by the tangents to the surfaces of the sun and the moon can cover only a portion
of the earth. Therefore, a solar eclipse is visible only from a limited portion of the earth's
surface. In Fig 10.1, the shadow cone of the moon, formed by the tangents at the surfaces
of the sun and the moon, has its vertex at V. This shadow cone is called "umbra". The
"penumbra" region is obtained by drawing the internal tangents to the surfaces of the
sun and the moon.
For the region on the surface of the earth represented by the arc HK of the umbra
the sun is completely obscured by the moon; hence there is a total solar eclipse for that
portion of the earth's surface. For portions of the earth's surface which lie in the penumbra
H
H'
K
K
D
Fig. 10.1: Solar eclipse

region, such as the point L , the moon covers only a part of the sun and hence there will
be a partial solar eclipse.
In fact, the total solar eclipse is possible due to the fact that the moon's angular
diameter at times is greater than that of the sun (although the actual linear diameter of
the moon is quite small as compared to that of the sun).
However, sometimes on the occasion of a solar eclipse, the angular diameter of the
moon is less than that of the sun so that the moon obscures only a central circular portion
of the sun leaving a ring portion of the sun bright. Such an eclipse is called annular
solar eclipse. This is illustrated in Fig. 10.1 where the centres of the sun, moon and earth
are at S, M and * respectively. For the portion of the earth's surface between
H' and K', the solar eclipse is annular.
10.2 Angular distance between the sun and the moon at the beginning and end
of solar eclipse
In Fig. 10.2, the penumbra formed by the internal tangents between the surfaces of
the sun and the moon are shown. Suppose the tangent AB is also tangential to the earth's
surface at C. Then to an observer at C , the sun is just about to enter or leave the penumbra,
marking the beginning or the end of the partial phase of the solar eclipse.
Penumbra
Fig. 10.2: Angle MES at the beginning and end of solar eclipse
Let D denote MES; we have

D = MEB + BES ...(])
But, under the conditions of the beginning or the end of the partial phase of the solar
eclipse, MB is almost perpendicular to EB.
Therefore,
MEB = s'
the moon's angular semi-diameter, so that we have
D = BES + s'
Also
BES = OBE + EOB ...(2)
A A
But. OBE = CBE, the horizontal parallax of B, which is approximately equal to the
horizontal parallax of the moon, p'
i.e., OBE = p
Further, we have
Solar Ek:lipse 101
EOB EOA = AES - EAC = s - p

where s is the sun's angular semi-diameter and p is the sun's horizontal parallax.
Therefore, from (1) and (2), we have
D = s s' + p' - p ...(3)
This gives the angular distance between the sun and the moon with respect to the
centre E of the earth at the beginning or the end of a partial solar eclipse. Now, using
the mean values :
Sun's semi-diameter, s = 16'
Moon's semi-diameter, / = 15'
Sun's hor. parallax, p = 8"
Moon's hor. parallax, p' = 57'
we get values of the angle MES at the beginning and end of the partial phase of the solar
eclipse given by
D = MES = s + s'+ p'-p
= 16'+ 15' + 5 7 - 8 " = 8 7 ' 5 2 "
10.3 Computations of solar eclipse according to 5 5

The procedure of computations of the solar eclipse is somewhat lengthy and
complicated, as compared to the lunar eclipse, mainly on account of the effect of the
parallax. In this section we consider the procedure for the computations of solar eclipse
as given in the Siirya Siddhanta (55). Since the positions of the moon and Rahu,
in particular, are somewhat inaccurate if calculated as per 55, we use the true positions
of the sun, the moon and Rahu, as given in the Indian Astronomical Ephemeris for the
date considered. However, the procedure adopted is as per 55.
Example : Solar eclipse on 24th October, 1995 at Bangalore (according to 55).
I True longitudes at 5:30 A . M . (1ST) :

1. True longitude of the sun = 186 18'9"
2. True longitude of the moon = 183 46' 5"
3. True longitude of Rahu = 182 43"

4. Sun's true daily motion = 59' 46"
5. Moon's true daily motion = 14 1 ' 3 7 " = 841'37"
The latitude and the longitude of Bangalore are taken respectively
as 1 2 N 5 8 ' , 7 7 E 3 5 ' .
II Instant of conjunction :
K^h ^ Diff. in true longitudes of the sun and the moon ^

Difference in their daily motions
^ ^ 186 1 8 ' 9 " - 1 8 3 4 6 ' 5 " ^ ^ 5 . 3 0 - + 4*40-

14 1 ' 3 7 " - 0 5 9 ' 4 6 "
= 10* lO'" = 25" 25" after midnight i.e., 11" 40" after 5-30 A . M .
Note : The nadis and vinadis are denoted by n and v ; 1 day = 60 nadis (Ghatikas); 1 nadi =
60 vinadis.
I l l Longitude at tiie instant of conjunction :
1. Motion of the sun in 11"40" = ^ ^" = 11'37"

60"
since 4* 40"" = 1 r 40" after s" 30"'(IST).
.-. Longitude of the sun = 186 18' 9" + 11' 37" = 186 29' 46"
2. Moon's motion in 11" 40" = ^ 1" 40" x 14 1'37' ^

60"
.-. Longitude of the moon = 183 46' 5" + 2 43' 4 1 " = 186 29' 46"
3. Node's motion in 11" 40" = ' ' " 4 0 " x ( - 3 ' l l " )
60"
.-. Longitude of the node = 182 4 3 ' - 0 ' 3 7 " = 182 4 2 ' 2 3 "
Note : Here, 4'' 40"' = 11" 40^" is the time interval for the conjunction from 5* 30" a.m. (1ST)
I V To i l n d the true diameters of the sun and the moon
, e ^- . 6500^ x 5 9 ' 4 6 "

1. Sun s diameter = = 32 46
11,858.75^
o ^ A- > 480^ X 14 1' 37"
2. Moon s diameter = = 34 4
11,858.75^
In the above expressions, the moon's mean daily linear motion in yojanas is about
11,858.75.
According to the siddhantas, it is assumed that the sun, the moon and the planets
move at a common linear velocity. Now according to SS, the circumference of the
moon's orbit is 3,24,000 yojanas. The sidereal period of the moon being
27.32167416 days, the mean linear daily motion is given by
3,24,000/27.32167416= 11,858.71693 yojanas.
Similarly, in the case of the sun, the circumference of the orbit is given as
43,31,500 voya/icu. Here also, the sidereal year being 365.25875648 days, the mean linear
daily motion comes out approximately as 11,858.75 yojanas.
V Orient ecliptic point (lagna) etc. at the moment of true conjunction
1. The tropical lagna is 264" 30' 45"
T ^ . -^ sin e X /? sin (lagna)

2. Orient sine (Udayajya) : ZZSQ' 3
Solar Eclipse j.03
wiiere e = 24, obliquity of the ecliptic (as in SS)
.: Udayajya =-U2S'.375 = -\428'.
3. Meridian ecliptic point ( M E P ) = 179 42'
A \ * A- J, -N ^ sin X / ? sin (MP) .

4. Meridian sine (Madhyajya) = ^^^g, = 7 m arc
sin ' ^ ^ ] = 0 7 ' 2 2 " inangle.
This is the declination 8 of the MEP

The meridian zenith distance = 5 - (]) where is the latitude of the place and
5 is the declination of MEP.
Declination of MEP = 0 7' 19" N
Latitude of the place = 12 58' N
.-. Meridian zentih distance = - 12 50' 38"
/?sin ( - 1 2 50'38") = - 7 4 6 '
The sine of the ecliptic zenith distance Drkksepa :
, , Orient sine x R sine of Meridian zenith distance

We have
- M 7 8 ' y 764.'
= 343g/ = 317'; square of 317 = 100489
Deducting the above value from the square of R sin (meridian zenith distance),
we get
V ( - 764)2 - 100489 = 695' 10"
That is, the sine of ecliptic zenith distance 695' sRsinz
The sine of the ecliptic altitude (Drggati)
= - /?2 sin^ z = V(3438)2 - (695)^ = 3367'
To find the divisor (cheda) and the sun's parallax in longitude (lambana).
We have the divisor
(R sin 30)^
Cheda =
sine of ecliptic altitude
_ ( 1 7 1 9 ) 2^ _
- 3367 -^^^
i.e. Divisor (cheda) = 878'
where R sin 30 is given by 1719.
Sayana Ravi at the inst. of conjn. = sun's sidereal longitude + Ayandmsa
= 186 29' 46" + 23 47' 54" = 210 17' 4 0 "
At the instant of conjunction :
Longitude of the meridian ecliptic point = 179 4 1 ' 5 3 "
Longitude of the sun {Sayana Ravi) = 210 17' 40"

Interval in longitude (i.e., the difference) = 329 24' 13"
R sine of the above is the numerator.
Parallax in longitude (lambana) = ^ ^ i n (329 24'13")

Cheda
= -2"0"
Therefore, the corrected instant of conjunction = 11" 40" - 2" 0"
= 9" 40"
from 5-30 a m . (1ST).
Time of true conjunction = 25",25" from the midnight
correction = -2"0"
Time of app. conjunction = 23" 25^
from the midnight.
Now, calculating the parameters again, at the apparent conjn, we get
1. Nirayana sun at the apparent conjunction : 186 27' 47"
2. Rahu = 182 43' - 30" = 182 42' 29"
3. True moon : = 186 0 1 ' 4 8 "
4. Orient ecliptic point (sayana lagna) at the moment of 23" 25" is
253 39' 0 2 "
- . . . . ^sine X R sin (253 39') ,^^^,0-,

5. Orient sine (Udayajya) = ^ ^ = - 1376 .92
6. Meridian ecliptic pgint (MEP) = 166 39' 33"
n >! A- JL -X /? sin 6 xR sin (MEP)

7. Meridian sine (Madhyajya) = = 322 40
Latitude of the place (^) = 12 58' N

Declination of MEP (8) = 5 23' 07" N
Meridian zenith distance, 8-(t) = - 7 3 4 ' 5 3 " i.e., 7 3 4 ' 5 3 " (5)
Now, R sin (- 7 34' 53") = - 453' 35"
8. The sine of the ecliptic zenith distance (drkksepa)

We have drkksepa = 4 1 5 ' 38" = /? sin z
9. The sine of the ecliptic latitude (Drggati) = 3412' 47"
10. To find the divisor (cheda) and the sun's parallax in longitude (lambana) :
Divisor (cheda) = 8 6 5 ' 5 1 " r parallax in longitude (lambana) = - 2 " 44"

Corrected time of apparent conjunction = 25" 25*^ - 2" 44" = 2"2" 41" (from the
midnight).
Solar Ek:Upse 105
Repeating the above process iteratively, for getting convergent values, in the
third approximation, we get the following readings.
At the time of coi\junction (Approxn. 3)
True longitude of sun 186 2 5 ' 4 "

True longitude of moon 185 2 3 ' 2 4 "
Longitude of node 182 4 2 ' 3 8 "
Sayana Ravi (Trop. sun) 210 1 2 ' 5 8 "
Orient ecliptic point (Lagna) 249 3 6 ' 8 "
Orient sine (Udaya Jya) -1344'.974
Meridian ecliptic point (MEP) 161 5 0 ' 3 "
Meridian sine (Madhya Jya) 435'58"
Declination of the meridian 7 1 7 ' 6 "
Meridian zenith distance - 5 40'54"
Sine of eel. zen. dist. (Drkksepa) 313'14"
Sine of eel. altitude (Drggati) 3423'42"

Divisor (cheda) 863' 5"
(Parallax in longitude) Lambana -2na.59vin. = - ( 1 H- 11 M - 2 8 5)
Cor. time of apparent conjunction llna.llvin. = 8//-58 A / - 3 6 5
A t the time of apparent coi^n. (after 3 iterations)
True longitude of sun 186 2 2 ' 6 "

True longitude of moon 184 4 1 ' 3 7 "
Longitude of node 182 42' 4 7 "
5ayana Ravi (Trop. sun) : 210 1 0 ' 0 "
Parallax in latitude (Nati) 4' 2 7 "
Moon's latitude at apparent conjn. : 9' 2 0 "
Moon's apparent latitude at conjn. : 13'47"
Sun's angular diameter 32'46"
Moon's angular diameter 34' 4 "
Obscum. at apprnt. conjn. (Grasa) 19'38"
Eclipse is partial
Magnitude of the eclipse : 0.5994744
Calculation of the half-duration of the eclipse

The square of the sum of the semi-diameters : (33' 25")^ = 1 1 1 6 - 4 0
The square of the moon's latitude : (13' 47")^ = 189 - 58

Subtracting : 926 - 42
Here, the moon's apparent latitude at the apparent conjunction is considered.
Square root of the above diff. = V 9 2 6 - 4 2 = 3 0 ' 26".5
60" X 30' 26".5

Half-interval =
Diff. in true daily motions of sun and moon
60"X30'26".5
= 2" 19"
783'51"
Beginning of the eclipse = Time of apparent conjunction - (2" 19")
= 22" 27" - 2" 19" = 20" 08" s S* 03"" 12"

End of the eclipse = 22" 27" + 2" 19" = 24" 46" s 9* 54"* 24*
To obtain more accurate values for the beginning and the end of the eclipse, further
iterations of the above procedure must be carried out.
After a few iterations, the values converge reasonably to yield the following :
First half duration of the eclipse : 2na. 25 vin. = 0 / / - 5 8 M - O S
Second half duration of the eclipse : 2na. 15 vin. = 0 / / - 5 3 M - 4 8 5
Summary of the solar eclipse
on 24 / 10 / 1995 at Bangalore
Beginning of the eclipse lOna. \vin. = 8//-00M-35 5
Middle of the eclipse 22na. 21vin.= 8//-58M-36S
End of the eclipse 24na 4lvin.= 9H-52M-25S
10.4 Computations of solar eclipse according to GL
Example : Solar eclipse on December 15, 1610 A . D . (G), Wednesday at VaranasF.

The cakras = 8 and the ahargaria = 1005
I At the sunrise : The mean longitudes of the sun, the moon and Rahu according
to the Graha ldghavam (GL) at the sunrise are :
Mean sun : 8-'5 3 9 ' 2 5 "
Mean moon 8M10'33"
Moon's mandocca : 8'' 17 27' 2 1 "
Rahu 2Ml4r59"
Now, according to the pahcdhga, the end of Amavasya is at 12** 36''"''" after sunrise.
The true positions of the bodies at the end of the Amavasya are as following :
True sun 8' 5 2 5 ' 5 7 "
True moon 8'5 20'41"
Rahu 2 - M l 4 1 ' 19"

Sun's true daily motion 61' 15"
Moon's true daily motion 726' 30"
Solar Eclipse 107
II At the instant of conjunction

The instant of conjunction of the sun and the moon is at IS** 0 4 ^ ' ' " after local sunrise.
At that instant, by using the true daily motions of the sun and the moon, we have
True sun 8* 5 26' 2 5 "
True moon 8^ 5" 26' 2 5 "
Rahu 2 M I 4 1 ' 18"
Virahvarka = True sun - Rahu
8*5 2 6 ' 2 5 "
- 2 ' 1 1 41' 18"

5* 23" 4 5 ' 0 7 " i.e., 173 45'07"
III Find the Lambana (Parallax in longitude)

(i) Find the Lagna (Orient eel. point) at the instant of the conjunction.
Subtract 90 from the Lagna to get the Tribhona lagna (the
Nonagesimal).
(ii) Find the declination (Kranti) of the sayana (tropical) Tribhona
lagna.
(iii) If the latitude of the place (tj)) and die declination of die (sayana)
tribhona lagna (8) are both north (or both south), then take their sum
(i.e., <!> + 8) called Natdmsas and accordingly it is north (or south).
On the other hand, i f 8 and ^ are of opposite signs, then take their
difference and the sign of the greater value is taken.
(iv) Divide the Natdmsas by 22 and square the result.
If the squared result is greater than 2 subtract 2 from it and take
half of the result ; add this to the squared result. A d d 12 to this
to get hara i.e., divisor (or cheda).
(V) Take the numerical difference between the true sayana Ravi (S) and
sayana Tribhoria lagna (TL). Consider the Bhuja of this difference.
[IS-rLlorl80-l5-rLI or 1 5 - T L I - 180 or 360 - 1 5 - 7 L I
according as 15 - TL! is in I, II, III, IV quadrant.]
Divide the Bhuja (in degrees) by 10 and subtract the result from
Bhjua
14 and then multiply the balance by I.e. find
10
Bhuja"" Bhuja"
14-
10 10
This is the numerator.
(Vi) Then, dividing the numerator in (v) by the divisor (hara) of (iv) we
get the lambana (in ghatikds).
(vii) (a) If the Tribhonalagna < True sun, then subtract the lambana (in
gh.) from the instant of conjunction (in gh.).
(b) If the Tribhotialagna > True sun, then add the lambana (in gh.)
to the instant of conjunction (in gh.).
Example : 15 - 12 - 1610 A . D . (i.e. Sd. sa. 1532). Instant of conjunction is 13^4").
Ayandmsa determination according to Grahaldghavam :
Subtract 444 from the Sdlivdhana Saka year. This is Ayana "liptis". Dividing this
by 60, we get Ayandmsa (in degrees) for the given year.
'_ , . _ , 1532j-444 . 1088 ,_ono/

For Sa. sa. 1532 : Ayanamsa = deg. = rr- = 18 08
60 60
(i) Nirayana lagna at the instant of conjunction 1 1 ' 2 46' 17"
Subtract 3'
Nirayana tribhona lagna (sid. Nonagesimal) 8 ' 2 46' 17"
i.e. 242 4 6 ' 1 7 "
A d d Ayandmsa 18 08'
Sayana tribhoria lagna (Trop. Nonagesimal) 260 5 4 ' 1 7 "
(ii) Declination of Sdyana tribhona lagna 8 = - 2 3 40'46"
(iii) Latitude of the place (^) : 25 26' 4 2 " (South)
Note : In Indian astronomy, the latitude of the place is treated as "South" if it is in the northern
hemisphere of the earth for determining naiamsas.
In fact, natdmsas = 8 - 0 algebraically (if <t) is taken positive for north).
Since 8 and 0 are both south, natdmsas = 8 - (|)
= - 23 40' 4 6 " - 25 26' 4 2 " = - 49 07' 28"

i.e. 8 - 0 = 4 9 0 7 ' 2 8 " "South".
(iv) i^^''=-L(490r28") = 2 1 3 ' 5 8 " . 5
Square of 2 13' 58".5 = 4 / 5 9 / 9 . 3

Since this is greater than 2, subtract 2 from it and divide by 2 to get
1/29/34.6
A d d the above result to the squared result : 1/29/34.6
+ 4/59/9.3
= 6/28/43.9
A d d 12 : 1 8 2 8 ' 4 3 " . 9
This is hara (i.e. divisor)
Solar Eclipse 109
(v) Tribhona tagna : 8' 2 46' 17"
True sun : 8* 5 26' 2 5 "
True sun - Tribhona lagna= 2 40' 8"
This is less than 9 0 (i.e. I quadrant) and negative. The Bhuja = 2 40' 8'
Therefore,
\o_BhuJa ^ Bhuja"
10 10
= (14 - 0 16' 0".8) (0 16' 0".8) = 3 39' 54".7

This is the numerator.
, J L Numerator , ., _
(vi) Lambana = - ghatikas
Hara
3 3 9 ' 5 4 " 7 1.
1828'43".9
(where l * * = 60 palas; 1 pala = 60 vipalas)
(vii) Since Tribhonalagna < true sun, Lambana is subtractive from the instant of
conjunction to get the middle of the solar eclipse. Therefore, we have
Instant of conjunction = 13** 04''
Lambana = - 0 * * l l ' ' . 9
Middle of the eclipse : 12** 52.1'"^'"
(a) Lambana X 13 = (-) 0** 11'' X 13 = -2'''23*"' (in liptis)
(b) Spasta Ravi - Rahu : 8' 5 26' 2 5 " - 2 ' 11 4 1 ' 18"
i.e., Vyagu = 5* 23 4 5 ' 0 7 " = 173 45' 0 7 "

Lambana = - 2'23" : -2'23"
Corrected Vyagu 5' 23 42' 4 4 " : 173 42' 4 4 "
Since m 42'44" is in H quadrant ( 9 0 < Vâg < 180) subtract it from

180 to get the bhuja = 6 17' 16". Since 6 17' 16" < 14, there will be an
eclipse.
11
Sara ~ ^^^^ ^y^S** bhuja
i.e. Sara :y x 6 17' 16" = 5^""

Note : 1 angula = 60 pratyangulas ; 1 angula = 3 kalas
Sdyana Tribhoria Lagna : 8* 20 54' 17"
(1/9) Sara : (-)16' (-ve since/amZ>aa is so)

= 8* 19 4 8 ' 1 7 " = 259 48' 17"

Kranti :-23.59746057
i.e., 5 = - ( 2 3 35'51")
Latitude of the place, ^= 25 3 4 ' 3 5 "
Natamsa, 5 - (j) : - 4 9 10'26"

Finding Nati :
(i) Natamsa I 10 : (S) 49 10' 26" / 10 = 4 55' 2".6 (S)

(ii) 18 - 1 Natamsa / 10 I = 18 - (4 55' 2".6) = 13 04' 57".4
(iii) Multiply items in (i) and (ii) : 4 55' 2".6 x 13 4' 57".4
= 4.91738 X 13.082611
= 64.33217 s Numerator (Num.)
Taking the above as kalas, N= 6 4 ' 2 0 " s 1 4 ' 2 0 "
(iV) 6 18' - ( i i i ) : 6 18' - (1 4' 20") = 5 13' 4 0 " = Denominator (Den.)
(v) Nati =^~^ = = 12"*.30585715

Den. 5 13'40"
= 12'18.4'""''(5)
Note : In considering N it is taken in kalas and the same number as in degrees in N as numerator.
(vi) Nati : (-) 12""^ 18'"'.4
Sara : 5^
.: Spasta Sara ' : (-) 2^" 25'".4
Note : Since Natamsa is south, the nati is taken negative.
(vii) Sun's true daily motion = 61' 15" = SDM
Spasta Sara X ^ = H 2 ^ * 25.4'' x
Sun's dia. (Siirya bimba) = 11^"* 08'"''' sSDIA
^ , ,. Moon's daily motion

(vni) Moon s diameter =
i.e., Candra bimba = = 9^8 49?'''' = MDIA

74
(ix) Mdnaikyakhandardha
= (1/2) (SDIA + MDIA) = (1/2) ( 1 l'"'S 08'"''' + 9""* 49/")

= (1/2) (20^"* 57'"''') = lO'"'* 28''
(x) SHryagrdsa = Mdnaikyakhatiddrdha - Sara
Solar Ellipse \ 11
= (1/2) (SDIA + MDIA)- Sara = l O ' ^ * 28^*^" - 1 ' " ' * 28.4'"'"
(xi) (1 / 2 ) ( S D M + MDIA) + Sara = \(f" 2'^'" + 2"'' 28.4'"'''

= 12'"'56.4^''''
(xii) Multiplying item (xi) by 1 0 : 10 x (\2"^^ 56.4'"''') = 129'"'* 24'""
(xiii) Multiplying (xii) by Suryagrasa, we get 129""* 24'"'" x 8""* = 1035.2
(xiv) Square-root of item (xiii) is V1035.2 = 32.17452408""*
(xv) Dividing item (xiv) by 6, we get 5.36242068 angulas
(xvi) Subtracting (xv) from (xiv), we get =26.8121034 angulas
(xvii) Dividing item (xvi) by the moon's diameter we get sthiti (in Gh)
i.e.S././ri = ^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ Q ^ - ^ " ^ 2.731283896**
= 2** 43'''' 52"''
( s i ' ' 5 " " 330

Sparsa kdla and Mokâ kdla
(i) Sthiti (in C/i) X 6 = 16.38770338

(ii) Subracting item (i) from Tribhoria lagna we get 8' 2 46' 17"
(-) 16 2 3 ' 1 6 "

Sparsa kdla Tribhona lagna : 7 M 6 23' 0 1 "
(iii) Natdmsa = (Krdnti of Sparsa kdla Tribhoria lagna)(Lat. of the place)
= - 2 1 2 4 ' 3 9 " - 25 2 6 ' 4 2 "

i.e. Natdmsa : (-) 4 6 5 1 ' 2 1 "
(iv) Natdmsa I 22 = (-) 2 07' 47"
(v) Ravi at the newmoon 8' 5 26' 25"
Sun's true daily motion 6\'\5" (SDM)

Sun's motion for sthiti of 2** 44''^"'
2S'' 44''/"'
= 61'15" x ^ , =2'47"
60**
Ravi at the newmoon : 8' 5 26' 25"
(-) 2' 47"
Ravi at Sparsa kdla : 8' 5 23' 38"
(vi) Tribhoria lagna : 7 ' 1 6 22'17"
(of Sparsa kdla)
Rfi\i-Tribhona lagna : (8* 5 23' 38") - (7* 16 22' 17")
= 19r21"
(vii) Dividing item no. (vi) by 10 we get 1 54'
(viii) Subtracting item no. (vii) from 14 we get 14 - 1 54' = 12 06'
(ix) Multiplying item no. (vii) and item no. (viii) we get
12 06' X 1 54' = 22 59' = Numerator
(x) From item no. (iv) we have Natamsa / 22 as 2 0 7 '
(xi) Squaring the above result (i.e.) 2 07' and subtracting 2 from it we have
(2 07')2 - 2 = (4 2 8 ' ) - 2 = 2 28'
(xii) Considering half of item no. (xi) we get (1/2) (2 28') = 1 14'
(xiii) By adding item no. (xii) to the square of 2 07' we have
(1 14')+ (4 28')= 5 42'
(xiv) Adding 12 to item no. (xiii) we get
(5 42') + 12 = 17 4 2 ' s Hara (i.e. denominator)
(XV) Lambana = ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = ^ ^ ^ H l ' ' ' il""

Denommator \ 70 4 2 '
Moksa kdla Lambana

(i) Multiplying sthiti (in gh) by 6 we get the result in degrees
28h Mîp X 6 = 16 24'
(ii) Adding Tribhona lagna (TBL) to item no. (i) we get
16 24' + 8* 2 46' 17" = 8 M 9 10' 17"
.-. Moksa kdla TBL : 8' 19 10' 17"
Krdnti of Moksa kdla TBL : (-) 23 42' 2 8 "
Less latitude of the place : (-) 25 2 6 ' 4 2 "

.-. Natdmsa = - 4 9 09' 10"
(iii) Natdmsa/22 =2 14'
(iv) Square of item no. (iii) is (2 14')^ = 4 59'
(v) Subtracting 2 from item no. (iv) we get (4 59') - 2 = 2 59'
(vi) Half of item no. (v) is (1/2) (2 59') 1 29'.5
(vii) By adding item no. (iV) with item no. (vi) we get
(459') + (I29') = 6 2 8 '
(viii) Add 12 to item no. (vii) i.e. (6 28') + 12 = 18-28 s Hdra

i.e. denominator
Solar Eclipse 113
(ix) Moksa kala Ravi : 8' 5 29' 12"
Moksa kdla TBL : 8' 19 10' 17"
Difference : 13 4 1 ' 0 5 "
(x) Dividing item no. (ix) by 10 we get 1 22'

(xi) Subtracting item no. (x) from 14 we get 14 - 1 22' = 12 38'
(xii) Multiplying item no. (x) and (xi) we have
12 38' X 1 22' = 17-15 (Numerator)
To calculate the denominator, the procedure explained in Spdrsika lambana is to be

followed. Hence the denominator = 1 8 - 2 8
(xiii) Numerator 17-15 Qeh^^lio

= Lambana (+ve)
Denominator 18-28
(xiv) 13gh 04lipti

Middle of the eclipse
By subtracting sthiti 2^ 44''P''
(Mean) Sparsa kdla jQgh 2o"Pti
Sparsakdla lambana (_) igh nlipti
:. True Sparsakdla 9gh os'iPti
(XV)
j3gh Q^lipti
Middle of the eclipse
Sthiti 44lipti
15gh 48lipti
Mean Moksakdla (by adding)
Moksakdla lambana + 0" 56"P'*
: . True Moksakdla 168" 44lipti
Summary of the solar eclipse on 15 - 12 - 1610 A.D.
Beginning : 9 8 " 03"?'' s 9* 37"" 1V a.m. ( L M T )
Middle : 128" 52''P'' = 11 ^ 8'" 48* a.m. ( L M T )
End : 168h 44''P'' = 12* 41"" 36* a.m. ( L M T )
10.5 Computations of solar eclipse according to KK
We shall now apply Brahmagupta's procedure for computing solar eclipse, to the
following example, as explained in his Khanda Khadyaka {KK)
Example : January 5, 1992 at Bangalore.
The KK Ahargana : 4,84,596 (from Tables 5.1 to 5.3)
The true longitudes of the sun, the moon and Rahu at the preceding midnight are
True longitude of Sun 25938'18"

True longitude of Moon 259 17'44"
Longitude of Rahu 255 15' 05"
Sun's true daily motion 61'26"
Moon's true daily motion 731'41"
Difference of the daily modons
of the sun and the moon 669'48"
Moon's distance from conjunction :
Sun - Moon = 259 3 8 ' 1 8 "
25917'44"
0 20' 34"
Time of conjunction (True) :
0 20' 34" X 24*

= 0*44'" 13*
669'48"
True motion of the sun in 44"* 13*

44m ,35
x 6 1 ' 2 6 " = 1'53"
1440'"
True sun at conjunction : 259 38' 18"

+ 1'53"
259 40' 11'
True Sun = True Moon at conjunction = 2 5 9 40' 11'
190" X 44"* 13*

Motion of the Node in 44"" 13* = = 0'5"
1440'"
Node at conjunction : 255 1 5 ' 5 "

- 0 ' 5"
255 15' 00"
At 0* 44"" 13* on Jan 5 at Bangalore :
Sdyana Lagna : 6* 24 7' = 204 7'
Nonagesimal = Sdyana Lagna - 90
= 2 0 4 ' ' 7 ' - 9 0 = 114 7'

Declination of nonagesimal
= s i n - ' (sin 24 sin 114 7')
= 2147'30"
Solar EcUpse 115
(Moon-Node) at the instant of conjunction :
259 40' 11"

- 2 5 5 15'0"
4 25' 11"
Moon's latitude, P = 270' sin (Moon - Node)
= 270'sin (4 25' 11")

= 20'48"
Moon's diameter = True daily motion of Moon x
= 731'14" x ^ = 29'36"
Sun's diameter = 61'26" x | ^ = 33'47"
Sun's true longitude = 259 38' 18"
Ayandmsa = 23 45'
Sayana Ravi S = 283 23' 18"
Sun's declination = sin" ' (sin24 sin 283 23' 18")
= - 2 3 18' 30"
At the instant of conjunction we have :

Longitude of the orient ecliptic point = 204 7'
Longitude of the nonagesimal N = 114 7'
Declination of the nonagesimal = 2147'30"
Node's latitude = 255 15'
Moon's celestial latitude P = 20' 48"
Sun's apparent daily motion 61'26"
Moon's app. daily motion = 731'41"
Sun's app. diameter = 33' 47"
Moon's app. diameter 29' 36"
Latitude of the place = 13
z = Declination of nonagesimal + Lat. of Moon - Lat. of place
= 21 47' 30"+ 2 0 ' 4 8 " - 13
= 9 8 ' 1 8 "
S-N = 283 23' 1 8 " - 1 1 4 r = 169 16' 18
The equation of apparent conjunction
= - 4cos z' X sin {S - N) gh
116 Ancient Indicm Astronomy
= - 4 cos (9 8' 18") X sin (169 16' 18")
= - 0 * 1 7 ' " 38*
Time of apparent conjunction = 0* 44"" 13* - 0* 17"" 38* = 0* 26"" 35*

2nd Iteration
Sun's motion in (- 0* 17"* 38*)
- 0 * 17"" 38* X 6 1 ' 2 6 "

24*
sayana Ravi = 283 23' 18"

- 0'45"
= 283 22' 33"
Sayana Lagna : 6* 19 58' = 199 58'
The nonagesimal = 109 58'
Declination of the nonagesimal = s i n " ' (sin 24 x sin 109 58')
= 22 2 8 ' 3 1 "
Moon's motion in ( - 0 * 17"" 38*) ^ - 0 ^ 17"* 3 8 * x 7 3 1 ' 4 r ^ _ 5.57,,

24*
Therefore,
Moon's app. longitude at conjunction : 259 40' 1 1 " - 8 ' 5 7 " = 259 31' 14"
(Moon-Node) at apparent conjunction : 259 31' 1 4 " - 2 5 5 1 5 ' 0 " = 4 16' 14"
Moon's latitude, p = 270' sin (4 16' 14")

= 20' 6"
At the apparent conjunction, we have
Longitude of orient ecliptic point = 199 58'
Longitude of the nonagesimal = 109 58'
Declination of the nonagesimal = 22 2 8 ' 3 1 "
Moon's latitude = 20'6"
Sun's app. daily motion = 61'26"
Latitude of the place = 13
z = Decl. of nonagesimal + Moon's lat. - lat. of place
= 22 2 8 ' 3 1 " + 2 0 ' 6 " - 13 = 9 48' 37"
Note : In traditional texts the northern latitudes of places are taken as negative.
Equation of apparent conjunction
= - 4 cos (9 48' 37") x sin (173 24' 33") = - 0* 10"' 52*
Solar Eclipse 117
3rd Iteration
Time of apparent conjunction = 0*44'" 13' - 0* 10"" 52'

= 0*33"'21*
At the apparent conjunction :
Sun's noUon in (- 0* 10" 52') = - <^ "^T 61'26"

24*
= -0'28"
Therefore, Sayana Ravi S = 2 8 3 23' 18" - 0' 28" = 283 22' 50"
Sayana Lagna =6'2\ IT = 201 27'
Longitude of the nonagesimal = 111 27'
Declination of the nonagesimal = sin" ' (sin 24 sin 111 27')
= 22 14'41"
Moon's motion in (-0* 10"* 52') ^ - 0 ^ ^0"*52'><731'41" ^ 3 , , ,

24*
Moon's long, at app. conjn. = 259 40' 11" - 5' 31" = 259 34' 40"
(Moon - Node) at app. conjn. = 259 34' 40" - 255 15' 0" = 4 19' 40"
Moon's latitude, p = 270' sin (4 19' 40") = 20' 22"
Thus, at the apparent conjunction, Vfe have

Long, of orient ecliptic point = 201 27'
Longitude of nonagesimal = 111 27'
Declination of nonagesimal = 22 14'41"
Moons' latitude = 20' 22"
Sun's app. daily motion = 61'26"
Latitude of Bangalore = 13
.'. z = Decl. of nonagesimal + Moon's lat. - lat. of place

= 22 14'41"+ 2 0 ' 2 2 " - 1 3
= 9 35'3"
S - N = 283 22' 50" - 111 27' = 171 55' 50"

Eqn. of apparent conjn.
= - 4 cos (9 35' 3") X sin (171 55' 50")
= -0*13"'17'
4th Iteration : Eqn. of apparent conjunction : - 0 * 12"'53'

5th Iteration : Eqn. of apparent conjunction : - 0 * 12"" 51*

After 5 Iterations :
Sun's diameter = 33' 47"
Moon's diameter = 29' 36"
Sum of semi-diameters = ^ ^ y ^ = 31' 4 r ' . 5
Portion obscured = (Sum of semi-diameters) - M o o n ' s latitude

= 31'41".5-20'18"
= 11'23".5
Half duration of the eclipse
Consider the quadratic equation :
(31' 4l".5f = {tx 670'.25)^ + [20' 18" +1 (Change of Moon's lat./hr)]^
Now, Moon's lat. P = sin (4.5) sin (Moon - Node)
^ = sin4.5 cos (M-R)

dt dt
= sin 4.5 [cos (4 18' 38")] (130.16194)

= 61'47"
where M and R are true longitudes of Moon and Node.
The quadratic equation reduces to
(31' 41".5)2 = {tx 670'.25)2 + [20' 18" + f (61' 47")]^
_ - 2508.4033 V6292087.1 + 4 x 453052.24 x 592.277
2 X 453052.24
Considering the positive and negative signs in the above, we get
First half duration = - 0* 56"" 12*
Second half duration = 0* 48*" 14*
Summary of the solar eclipse
Time of geometric conjunction
Equation of apparent conjunction -12"* 51*
Time of apparent conjunction 0*31'" 22*
.-. Time of the beginning of the eclipse: 0*31'" 2 2 * - 0 * 5 6 ' " 12*
= 23* 35"'10*
in the night between January 4th and 5th.
Time of the end of the eclipse : 0* 31"' 22* + 0* 48"' 14*

= 1*19"'36*
Duration of the eclipse : 0* 56'" 12* + 0* 48"' 14*
= 1*44"" 26*
on the 5th of January, 1992.
11
M E A N POSITIONS O F T H E STAR-PLANETS
( K U J A , B U D H A , G U R U , S U K R A A N D SANI)
11.1 Introduction
The mean positions of the five taragrahas ("star-planets") namely, Kuja, Budha,
Guru, Sukra and Sani are determined by the same procedure as in the case of the sun
and the moon. Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn are called "star-planets" since
these appear small like stars in contrast to the sun and the moon.
Let be the mean longitude of a planet at the chosen epoch, d be the daily mean
motion of the planet and A be the Ahargana, the number of days elapsed since the epoch
upto the day under consideration. Then, the mean longitude of the planet is given by
X = Xo + Axd
As in the case of the sun and the moon, we choose the beginning of Kaliyuga i.e.
the mean midnight between 17th and 18th, February 3102 B . C . as the epoch. The mean
daily motion (in revolution) is given by :
d = No. of revolutions in a kalpa I No. of civil days in a kalpa

where 1 kalpa = 432 x 10^ years. The details are given in Table 11.1.
Table 11.1: Revolutions of planets in a Mahayuga (Surya Siddhanta)
(Number of civil days in a Mahayuga 157,79,17,828)
Planet No. of Revolutions Mean daily modon (d)

Kuja 22,96,832 0.5240193
Budhsk-sighrocca 1,79,37,060 4.0923181

Guru 3,64,220 0''.0830963
Sxikia-sigghrocca 70,22,376 1 ".6021464
Sani 1,46,568 0.0334393
Note : In the case of Budha and Sukra, the positions of their Sighrocca are considered. This
aspect will be discussed in the next chapter.
Example : Mean longitudes of the five planets at the midnight between March 21 and
22, 1991.
Now, the Kali Ahargana : 18,59,872.
(1) Mean longitude of Kuja
= Ahargana x Mean daily motion
= 1859872x0.5240193
= 974608.82
= 88 49' 12"
(after removing the nearest integral multiple of 360)
(2) Mean longitude of Budha's sighrocca
= 1859872 x 4 . 0 9 2 3 1 8 1
= 7611187.8
= 67 48'
(3) Mean longitude of Guru
= 1859872 xO.0830963
= 154548.48
= 108 2 8 ' 4 8 "
(4) Mean longitude of Sukra's sighrocca
= 1859872 X 1.6021464
= 2979787.2
= 67 12'
(5) Mean longitude of Sani
= 1859872 x 0 . 0 3 3 4 3 9 3
= 62192.818
= 272 4 9 ' 5 "

Note : In the above computations greater accuracy can be obtained by considering more than
8-digits display in a calculator and double precision (16 digits) on a computer
11.2 Desantara correction for the planets

While considering the mean positions of the sun and the moon in Chapter 6 it was
explained that due to the difference in the longitude of the prime meridian (Ujjayini)
Mean Positions of the Star-Planets 121
and the place under consideration, a correction called Desantara correction has to be
applied to the mean longitudes of the sun and the moon. This correction due to Desantara
has to be applied to the mean longitudes of the remaining planets also. As explained in
Sec. 6.4,
Desantara correction = - (X - X^) d/360
where
X = (terrestrial) longitude of the place w.r.t. Greenwich
Xg = longitude of Ujjayini = 75 47' (E)
d = Mean daily motion of the planet.
The negative sign indicates that the correction is subtractive when A,>>,p i.e. the
place is to the east of Ujjayini. On the other hand, for a place to the west of Ujjayini
(i.e. X < X^), the correction becomes additive. In modem calculations terrestrial longitudes
X and Xq are taken with respect to Greenwich.
Example : Apply the Desantara correction to the five planets for the midnight preceding
March 22, 1991 at Bangalore. Now, we have
Longitude of Ujjayini, X^ = 7547' E
Longitude of Bangalore, X = 77 35' E

so that
( X - \ o ) / 3 6 0 = 1.8/360
If this factor is multiplied by the mean daily motion d of a planet, we obtain the
Desantara correction for the planet and it is subtractive since X > X^. We shall calculate
this correction and apply it to each of the five planets as shown below using d as given
in Table 11.1.
(1) Desantara correction for Kuja
= - (1.8/360) X 0.5240193 = - 0 0' 09"
Therefore, the mean longitude of Kuja at the midnight at Bangalore :
88 49' 1 2 " - 0 9 " = 88 4 9 ' 0 3 "
(2) Desantara correction for Budha's sighrocca

= - (1.8/360) X 4.0923181 = - 0 01' 14"
Therefore the mean longitude of Budha's sighrocca at the midnight at

Bangalore
= 67 48' - 1' 14" = 67 46' 46"

(3) Desantara correction for Guru
= - ( 1 . 8 / 3 6 0 ) x 0 . 0 8 3 0 9 6 3 = - 0 0 ' 1".5
Therefore, the mean longitude of Guru at the midnight at Bangalore
= 108 28' 48" - r.5 = 108 28' 46".5
(4) Desantara correction for Sukra's sighrocca
= - (1.8/360) X 1.6921464 = - 0 0' 29"
Therefore, the mean longitude of Sukia's' sighrocca at Bangalore at midnight :
= 67 1 2 ' - 2 9 " = 67 11'31"
(5) Desantara correction for Sani
= - (1.8/360) X 0.0334393 = - 0 0' 0".6 = - 1"
Therefore, the mean longitude of Sani at the midnight at Bangalore
= 272 49' 5" - 1" = 272 49' 4 "
11.3 Mean positions of planets according to
Let A be the ahargana of the given date with respect to the Kharida khadyaka epoch.
Then the mean positions of the five taragrahas at the midnight preceding the given date
are given by the following expressions:
A - 4 9 6 + 0.25 A . ,
(i) Mean Kuja ^ ^ ^ " ^ + 1 ^ " - f ^'"^
A - 2 1 1 3 + 0.2 A ,
(ii) Mean Guru ^ ^ 1 ^^^"^-T6262r''^S-
A 2491 5 A
(iii) Mean Sani
A x 100-2181 A . .
(iv) Mean Sighrocca
- 8797 7H04
of Budha
(A - 37.25) X 10 A-l\2 .
(v) Mean Sighrocca
^ ^^^"^--^^3-
of Sukra
Example : We shall obtain according to the three texts, the mean longitudes of the
taragrahas at the midnight between February 4th and 5th, 1962. In this section, we
consider the Kharida khadyaka. The KK Ahargaria =473670 = A. Using the above
expressions (i) to (v) the mean longitudes for the given date are as follows :
(1) Mean Kuja at Ujjayini midnight 271 37' 34"

Desantara correction -10"
Mean Kuja at Bangalore midnight 271 37' 24"
(2) Mean Guru at Ujjayini midnight 304 40' 0 2 "

Mean Kuja at Bangalore midnight 3 0 4 4 0 ' 00"
(3) Mean Sani at Ujjayini midnight 275 27' 07"

Mean Sani at Bangalore midnight 275 27' 06"

Mean Positions of the Star-Planets 123
(4) Mean Sighrocca of Budha at Ujjayini midnight 72 46'24"

Desantara correction - 0 1 ' 15"
Mean Sighrocca of Budha at Bangalore midnight 72 45' 09"
(5) Mean Sighrocca of Sukra at Ujjayini midnight 310 20'30"

Mean Sighrocca of Sukra at Bangalore midnight 310 20'01"
11.4 Mean positions of planets according to GL
As in the case of the sun and the moon, the mean positions of the five taragrahas
are determined using the cakras and ahargaria obtained with respect to the epoch of the
Graha ldghavam. For this purpose we use the following table of dhruvakas and ksepakas.
Table 11.2 : Dhruvakas and Ksepakas
Planets Budha Guru Sukra Sani Kuja

Dhruvaka (-)4*327' ( - ) 0 ' 2 6 18' (-1 l M 4 2 ' (-)7' 15 42' (-) 1* 25 32'
Ksepaka 8' 29 33' 7* 2 16' 7'20 9' 9*15 21' 10'7 8'
Here, ksepaka of a planet is its mean {nirayana) position at the epoch and dhruvaka
is the residue of the motion of the planet at the end of a cakra. The dhruvaka \s subtractive
for all the five planets as shown in T^ble 11.2. In the case of Budha and Sukra, their
respective Sighra anomalies (and not Sighroccas) are given.
The procedure for determining the mean longitude of each planet is explained below
with an example.
For the given date let C be the Cakras and A be the Ahargana with reference to the
GL epoch.
Let ) and AT respectively be die Dhruvaka and die Ksepaka of a planet as in Table 11.2.
(i) Mean Kuja

^ deg. - ^ min. - (C x D) deg. + K deg.
(ii) Mean Guru

A A
deg. - ~ min. + (C x D) deg. + K deg.
(iii) Mean Sani
^ deg. + min. + (C x D) deg. + K deg.
(iv) Mean Sighra kendra of Budha

3/4 A
3A deg. + deg. - min. + (C x D) deg + K deg.
ZO JO
124 Ancient Indian Astrononry
(v) Mean Sighra kendra of Sukra
y deg. + deg. + iCxD) deg. + K deg.
Note : In expressions (i) to (v) above Dhruvaka D is negative. The Ksepakas are for the mean
sunrise at Ujjayini on 19-3-1520 (J), the epoch.
Example : The mean positions of the taragrahas at the midnight preceding February
5, 1962.
Here, Cakras = 40 and Ahargana =744, at the sunrise on the previous day, 4-2-1962.
(1) Mean Kuja at f/jjaymr sunrise : 275 4 0 ' 5 0 "

Desantara correction -00' 10"
Motion of Kuja for 18 hours + 0 2 3 ' 35"
Mean Kuja for the given time at Bangalore 276 04' 15"
(2) Mean Guru at Ujjayini sunrise 302 05' 22"
Desantara correction -0 0' 0 2 "
Motion of Guru for 18 hours 003' 45"
Mean Guru for the given time at Bangalore 302 09' 05"
(3) Mean Sani at Ujjayini sunrise 282 13' 50"
Desantara correction - 0 0' 0 1 "
Motion for 18 hours + 001' 30"
Mean Sani for the given time at Bangalore 282 15' 29"
(4) Mean Sighra kendra of Budha at Ujjayini sunrise 16256' 17"
Desantara correction -0 0' 57"
Motion for 18 hours + 2 19' 48"
Budha Sighra kendra at the given time at Bangalore 165 15' 08"
(5) Mean Sighra kendra of Sukra at Ujjayini sunrise 732' 54"
Desantara correction - 0 0' 11"
Motion for 18 hours + 027' 45"
Sukra Sighra kendra at the given time at Bangalore 8 0' 28"
Note : In GL the ;nean Sighra kendras of Budha and Sukra are directly determined instead of
using the Sighroccas.
12
T R U E POSITIONS O F T H E S T A R - P L A N E T S
12.1. Manda correction for the taragrahas
The mean. positions of the planets viz., Kuja, Budha's sighrocca, Guru, Sukra's
sighrocca and Sani are obtained, as explained in the previous chapter, assuming uniform
circular motion for them. Since by observations it was found that the motion of each
pknet was non-uniform, suitable corrections were devised. These are called inanda and
sighra corrections.
The manda correction for the five planets is similar to that for the sun and the moon
discussed in Chapter 7. The points 5 and 5 ' in Fig. 7.1 now represent respectively the
true and the mean planet. The manda phala in the case of a planet is given by
Mandaphala = (r/R) (R sin in)
where R sin m is the Indian sine of the planet's anomaly m and r is the radius of the
epicycle of the "apsis" as distinguished from the epicycle of "conjunction" which will
be discussed shortly. The radius r of the manda epicycle is variable (see Table 12.1) as
given in the Siirya Siddhanta.
Table 12.1: Peripheries of manda epicycles (SS)
Planet Periphery of manda epicycle

At the end of At the end of
odd quadrants even quadrants
Kuja 72 75
Budha 28 30
Guru 32 33
Sukra 11 12
Sani 48 49
The corrected periphery p for any given manda anomaly m is :
/'=Pe-(/'e-/'o)
where Pg and Pg are respectively the peripheries of a planet at the end of even quadrants
(i.e. at m = 180 and m = 360 or 0) and at the end of odd quadrants (at in = 90 and
m = 270); m is the manda anomaly of the planet given by
Manda anomaly = Mandocca of the planet - Mean planet
For example, in the case of Kuja, the corrected periphery of the inanda epicycle is
given by
/j = 7 5 - ( 7 5 - 7 2 > l s i n m l
= 75 - 3 I sin m I
The mandoccas of the five planets are given in Table 12.2 in terms of the revolutions
completed in the course of a kalpa. The mandoccas at the beginning of the Kaliyuga are
also provided in Table 122 according to the Siirya Siddhanta.
Table 12.2: Revolutions of mandoccas in ii Kalpa and their positions at the
beginning of Kaliyuga
Planet No. of revns. in Mandocca at the

a Kalpa beginning of Kaliyuga
Kuja 204 4' 9 57' 36"
Budha 368 7' 10 19' 12"
Guru 900 5'210'0"
Sukra 535 2M939'0"
Sani 39 7' 26 36' 36"
The method of calculating the mandocca of a planet on a given day, with Ahargana
A, using Table 12.2 is as follows :
Mandocca = {Mandocca at the beginning of Kali)
+ (No. of revns. in a Kalpa) x 360 x A/{No. of civil days in a Kalpa).
The number of civil days in a Kalpa = 1577917828000.
Examples :
(i) Find the mandocca of Guru as on March 22, 1991.
We have, for the given day, A = 1859872.
According to Table 12.2, the number of revolutions of Guru's
mandocca in a Kalpa is 900 and its position at the beginning of the
Kaliyuga is 5' 21. Therefore,
Guru's mandocca
= 5' 21 + (900 X 360 x 1859872/1577917828000)
= 5*21 + 0 23'= 5 ' 2 1 23'

(ii) Find the manda correction for Jupiter (Guru) as on March 22, 1991
at the preceding midnight. We have
Guru's manda anomaly,
m = Guru's mandocca - mean longitude of Guru
= (5* 21 23') - ( 3 M 8 29') = 2^ 2 54'
= 62 54' = 62.9
Guru's corrected periphery of the manda epicycle,
/' = P . - ( / ' - P ) l s i n / l
= 33-(33-32)lsin(62.9)l
True Positions of the Star-Planets 127
= 3 3 - l l s i n (62.9) I
= 32.109787 = 3 2 6 ' 3 5 "
Therefore, we have
Guru's mandaphala = 3438' x (/7/360) x sin m
= 3438' X (32. 109787/360) X sin (62.9)
= 272'.98239 = 4 3 2 ' 59"
Since Guru's anomaly m is less than 180, the mandaphala is

additive.
Note ; In the Surya siddhanta, the anomaly m of a planet is defined by
m = Mandocca - mean planet
and the corresponding mandaphala is additive for i< 180
But, generally, in other siddhanta texts, m is defined as mean planet minus
its mandocca. Accordingly, the resulting mandaphala is subractive and
addidve respectively for m < 180 and m > 180. However, the resulting effect
is the same, from both the methods, in correcting the mean position of a
planet by the manda equation.
12.2 Sighra correction for the taragrahas
The sighra correction corresponds to the "elongation" in the case of Budha and
Sukra from the sun and the annual parallax in the case of Kuja, Guru and Sani.
The manda correction is applied to the mean longitude of a planet to get the
"true-mean" or manda corrected (mandasphuta graha) position of the planet.
Now, the concept of the sighra correcdon is explained with the help of Fig. 12.1.
Let the circle CDFG, with the earth at
the centre E, represent the kaksdvrtta (or
deferent circle) of a planet. Just like the
manda epicycle, a sighra epicycle is
prescribed with a specified variable radius for M
each planet. Let C be the centre of the sighra J
epicycle of the planet. While C moves along
/ N
the deferent circle, the planet moves along its L
epicycle. The epicycle in this case is called
sighra-nicocca-vrtta. Let CEF cut the
epicycle at U and N which are respectively
sighrocca and sighranica {sighra apogee
andperigee) of the sighra epicycle. The centre
C of the epicycle moves along the deferent
circle with the velocity of the corrected planet
{mandasphuta graha). Let the planet move Fig. 12.1: Sighra epicycle
128 Ancient IndUm Astronomy
from U' to M akmg the qncycle so that arc U'M is equal to arc C ' C. Join EM cutting
the deferent at M ' . Then C is the mandasphuta graha and A / ' is the tnie planet (sphuta graha).
Therefore, the correction to be made to the longitude of the "true mean" planet (i.e.
manrfa-corrected planet) is the zicCM'. The correction, arc C A f ' in angular measure,
is called sighraphala. Now, in order to obtain an expression for the arc C A/',,draw
C L,C' P and MQ perpendiculars respectively to C , EM and U 'E.
The angle C 'EC which is the angle between the sighrocca and the mandasphutagraha
is called the sighra kendra or the anomaly of conjunction.
From Fig. 12.1, we have
C'L = R sin (sighra anomaly)
EL = R cos (sighra anomaly)
Also, arc ( / ' A f = arc C ' C and angle f / ' C ' A f = angle C ' C and hence the triangles
MC'Q and C'EL are similar. Therefore,
MQ/MC' = C'L/C'E
MQ =C'LxMC'/C'E
= R sin (sighra anomaly) x Radius of epicycle / R
= R sin (sighra anomaly) x Epicyclic periphery / 360

= dohphala.
Again, from the same similar right-angled triangles, we have
C'Q/C'M = EL/EC
.: C'Q = ELxMC'/C'E
= R cos (sighra anomaly) x Radius of epicycle / R
= R cos (sighra anomaly) x Epicyclic periphery / 360

= kotiphala
Now, from F i g . 12.1, we have
sphutakoti EQ = EC' + C'Q
= R+ kotiphala
The kotiphala is positive or negative according as the sighra anomaly is in the fourth
and first quadrants (i.e. between 270 and 90) or in the second and third quadrants (i.e.
from 90 to 270).
Then we have
sighrakarna EM = ÊQ^ + MQ^
= ^(C'E + C'Q)^ + MQ'^
the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle MEQ.

From the similar triangles EC 'P and EMQ, we have
C'P/C'E = MQ/EM
.-. C'P = MQxEC'/EM = (Dohphala xR) I sighrakarna
Then the sighraphala, arc C 'M', is the arc corresponding to C'PasR sin (sighra
anomaly). It is important to note that in the Siirya siddhanta, we have
Sighra anomaly = sighrocca - mean planet
In the case of the superior planets viz, Kuja, Guru and Sani, their mean sighrocca
is the same as the mean longitude of the sun.
In the case of Budha and Sukra, their mean longitude is taken to be that of the sun
while their sighroccas are special points. In the siddhdntie texts while the revolutions of
the other mean planets, in a Kalpa or a Mahayuga are given, in the case of Budha and
Sukra, the revolutions of their sighroccas are given.
Thus, we have, according to the Siirya siddhanta :

(i) For the superior planets viz., Kuja, Guru and Sani,
Sighra anomaly = Mean sun - mean planet
(ii) For the inferior planets viz. Budha and Sukra
Sighra anomaly = Planet's sighrocca - mean sun
In both the cases, we have

R sin (Sighraphala) = (r/k) (R sin m)
where r is the corrected radius of the sighra epicycle of the planet, k is the sighra
hypotenuse (sighrakarna) and R sin m is the Indian sine of the sighra anomaly in of the
planet. It is important to note that the radius r of the sighra epicycle is a variable even
as in the case of the manda epicycle.
The peripheries of the sighra epicycles of the five star-planets are listed in Table 12.3.
Table 12.3: Peripheries of sighra epicycles (SS)
Periphery of sigh ra epicycle
Planet At the end of At the end of

the odd quadrants the even quadrants
Kuja 232 235
Budha 132 133
Guru 72 70
Sukra 260 262
Sani 40 39
As in the case of the manda epicycle, the radius and the periphery of the sighra
epicycle are variable. The corrected periphery p for a given sighra anomaly is given by
P = Pe-(Pe-Po) Isinml
where is the periphery of a planet's epicycle at the end of an even quadrant, Pg is

that at the end of an odd quadrant and m is the sighra anomaly. The sighra anomaly, as
pointed out earlier, is given by
Sighra anomaly = sighrocca - mean planet.

Example : Find the Sighra anomaly and hence the corrected periphery of the Sighra
epicycle in the case of Budha and Sani for the midnight preceding March 22, 1991 at
Bangalore.
For the given date, time and place, the mean positions (after the desantara correction)
are as given below :
Mean longitude of the sun : 334 51' 30"
Mean Sighrocca of Budha : 67 46' 46"
Mean longitude of Sani : 272 49' 04"
(i) Therefore, we have
Budha's sighra anomaly

m = 67 4 6 ' 4 6 " - 3 3 4 5 1 ' 3 0 "
= 9 2 55' 16" (after adding 360)
= 92.921
The corrected periphery of Budha's Sighra epicycle is
= 1 3 3 - ( 1 3 3 - 1 3 2 ) (0.0161)
= 132.98392 or 132 5 9 ' 2 "

(ii) We have the Sighra anomaly of Sani,
m = Sighrocca of Sani - Mean Sani

= Mean sun - Mean Sani
= 334 5 1 ' 3 0 " - 2 7 2 4 9 ' 0 4 "
= 62 02' 26" = 62.0406

The corrected periphery of Sani's Sighra epicycle
p = 39- (39 - 40) I sin 62.0406 I
= 3 9 + (1) (0.88328)
= 39.88328 = 39 53'
The sighra anomaly and the corrected Sighra periphery for the remaining planets
can also be found similarly.
12.3 Working rule to determine the sighra correction

After finding the Sighra anomaly m and the corrected periphery of the Sighra epicycle
for a planet, the Slghra correction is determined as follows (with R = 3438) :
(i) Dohphala - {p/im) X R sin (m)
(ii) Kotiphala = ( p V 3 6 0 ) x R cos (m)
(iii) Sphutakoti =R Kotiphala

where the positive or the negative sign is taken according as m lies between 270 and
90 (i.e. I V and I quads.) or between 90 and 270 (i.e. II and HI quads.)
(iv) Sighrakarna (or sighra hypotenuse)
(Sphutakoti)'^ + {Dohphalaf
(v) Then, we have
R sin {Sighraphala) = {Dohphala I Sighrakarna) x R
:. Sighraphala = s i n " ' (I Dohphala I Sighrakarna I)
(vi) The Sighraphala is additive or subtractive according as the Sighra anomaly

is less than 180 or greater than 180' From the above working rule, we have
Sphutakoti =R (/j/360) Rcosm = R[\ {p/360) cos m]
Dohphala = (p/360) R sin m
Sighrakarna
= V(pV3602) /?2 (sin^ m) + /?2 [1 (p/360) cos m]^
= y? V ( p V 3 6 0 2 ) (sin^ m) + (pV3602) (cos^ m) 2 (p/360) (cos m) + 1
= /? V(pV3602) 2 (p/360) (cos m) + 1

Therefore, we have
Sighraphala
= sin" ' [(p/360) (sin m ) / V ( p V 3 6 0 2 ) 2 (p/360) (cos m) + 1 ]
= sin" [r sin 2r cos m + 1 ]
where r = (p/360) is the corrected radius of the epicycle.

In the above formula, of the alternative signs (), the positive sign is to be
taken if m is greater than 270 but less than 90 (i.e. 270 < / M < 3 6 0 or
0 < m < 90) and the negative sign if 90 <in< 270.
Example : Find the sighra correction for Budha and Sani at the midnight preceding
March 22, 1991 at Bangalore.
We have the following values for the sighra anomaly and the corrected
epicycle :
Budha's corrected periphery, p = 132.98392
Budha's sighra anomaly, /?i = 92.921

Sani's corrected periphery, p = 39.88328

Sani's sighra anomaly, m = 62.0406
Sighra correction for Budha :
(0 Dohphala = (132.98392/360) x 3 4 3 8 ' x sin (92.921)
= 1268'.3464
(ii) Kotiphala = (132.98392/360) x 3 4 3 8 ' x cos (92.921)
= -64'.717731
(iii) Sphutakoti = 3438' - 64'.717731
= 3373'.2823
(iv) Sighrakarna = V(3373'.2823)2 + (1268'.3464)2
= 3603'.8502
(v) R sin (Sighraphala) = 1268'.3464 x 3438'/3603'.8502
= 1209'.9767
Therefore
Sighraphala = sin" ' [1209.9767/3438] = 20.606145
= 20 36' 2 2 "
Since the Sighra anomaly m = 92.921 is less than 180 the STghra correction
is additive.
i.e. the if^hra correction = + 20 36' 22"
Sighra correction for Sani :
(i) Dohphala = (39.88328/360) x 3438' x sin (62.0406)
= 336'.4284
(ii) Kotiphala = (39.88328/360) x 3438' x cos (62.0406)
= 178'.57648
(iii) Sphutakoti = 3438' + 178'.57648 = 3616'.5765
(iv) Sighrakarna = V(336'.4284)2 + (3616'.5765)2
= 3632'. 1907
(v) R sin (Sighraphala) = 336'.4284 X 3438'/3632'.1907
= 318'.44166
Therefore,
Sighraphala = sin"' [318.44166/3438] = 5.3145878
= 5 18' 5 3 "
Since the Sighra anomaly, m = 62.0406 is less than 180 the correction is
addidve.
:. Sighra correction = + 5 18' 53"
12.4 Application of manda and sighra corrections to taragrahas
In the case of the five taragrahas viz, Budha, Sukra, Kuja, Guru and Sani, the manda
and the sighra corrections are applied successively one after the other, according to the
prescribed rule, to get the true positions of the planet. In fact, though the prescribed rules
slightly differ from text to text, essentially the application is an iterative process for
getting a convergent value as the true position.
Surya siddhanta gives the following procedure for applying the manda and the sighra
corrections successively :
1st Operation :
To the mean planet add half of the sighra correction. Let MP be the mean longitude
of the planet (after desantara correction) and SE^ be the sighra correction calculated for
MP. Then, the position of the planet after the first opwration is given by
P, = M P + ( l / 2 ) 5 ,
2nd Operation :
To the position thus obtained from the 1st operation, add half of the corresponding
manda correction.
For the first corrected position, P j , suppose the corresponding manda correction is
MEy Then, the position of the planet after this second correction is given by
P2 = P , +(1/2)M:,
3rd Operation :
From the position thus corrected, find the manda correction and apply it entirely to
the original mean position of the planet.
Thus, the manda correction ME2 is determined corresponding to the twice corrected
position of the planet, namely P2 and then it is applied to the original mean position
MP of the planet. That is, the position after the 3rd operation is given by
P2 = MP + ME2
where the manda correction ME2 is calculated taking P2 as the mean planet.
Finally, the fourth operation is effected to get the true position of the planet.
4th Operation :
From the position of tKei planet obtained after the 3rd operation, find the sighra
correction and apply the whole of it to the same.
This means that the sighra correction obtained from the position P 3 of the planet
is applied entirely to P3. The position P4 after this fourth correction is, therefore, given by
P4 = P3 + 52
Note : The above four operations may be repeated in the same order, treating P4 as the new
mean position of the planet. A repeated application of this cycle of four operations refine
the position of the plan^, iteratively by successive approximadons.
Example: Find the true position of Sani by applying the four operation t\ die manda
and the sighra corrections, for the midnight preceding March 22, 1991 at Bangalore.
We have the following details :

Mean longitude of Sani (MP)
(after Desantara correction) : 272 49' 4 "
Mean longitude of the sun : 334 51' 30"
Corrected periphery of Sani's sighra epicycle : 39.88328
Sighra anomaly of Sani : 62.0406

1st Operation :
We found in section 12.3 that for the mean position MP of Sani,
Sighra equation = + 5 18' 53" = 5 ,
Therefore, after the 1st correction, Sani's position P\ is
P2 = A / P + ( 1 / 2 ) S ,
= 272 4 9 ' 0 4 " + 2 3 9 ' 2 7 "
= 275 2 8 ' 3 1 "

2nd Operation :
The position of Sani after the 2nd operation, P2 is given by
P2 = Py+il/2)MEy
where M E j is the manda correction corresponding to the first corrected
position P j of Sani.
J, ^Vee lhave for the given day, the Kali Ahargaria A = 1859872. Using Table 12.2,
1îj
l i ' s mandocca
= {T 26 36' 36") + (39 x 360 x 1859872/1577917828000)
=7* 26 3 7 ' 3 6 "
Therefore, Sani's manda anomaly,
m = Sani's mandocca - mean longitude of Sani
= 7* 26 3 7 ' 3 6 " - 9 ' 2 4 9 ' 0 4 " ^
= 10* 23 48' 32" = 323.8089
^ Rani's corrected periphery of the manda epicycle,
p = 49- (49 - 48) I sin 323.80891
= 48.40952
Therefore,
Sani's mandaphala = 3438' x (48.40952/360*') x sin (323.8089)
= -272'.98549.
i.e. M, =-432'59"
It is negative since m > 180.

Therefore the position of Sani after this second operation is given by
P2 = P,+(1/2)M',
= 275 28' 31" - (1/2) (4 32' 59")
= 275 2 8 ' 3 1 " - 2 16' 30"
= 273 12'01"
3rd Operation :
The position after the 3rd operation is given by
P2=MP + ME2
where MP = 272 49' 04", the mean longitude of Sani and ME2 is the manda correction
obtained for the last corrected position P 2 .
Now, Sani's new manda anomaly,

m = Sani's mandocca - P2
= 236 37' 3 6 " - 2 7 3 12'01"

= 323 25' 35" = 323.4263389
Sani's corrected periphery of the manda epicycle
p = 49 - 1 XI sin 323.426389 I
= 48.404145
Therefore, Sani's mandaphala (new)
ME2 = (3438' X 48.404145/360) x sin (323.426389)
= -275'.4397 = - 4 3 5 ' 26"
The position of Sani after this third operation is therefore given by
P^ = MP + ME2
= 272 4 9 ' 0 4 " - 4 35' 26"
= 268 13'38"
4th Operation :
Finally, the last correction 5^2. the second sighra correction, is determined for the
last corrected position i.e., P 3 and applied to the same. Thus, the fourth corrected position
P4 is given by
The new sighra anomaly of Sani
m = Sighrocca of Sani - P 3
= 334 51' 3 0 " - 2 6 8 13' 38"
= 66 3 7 ' 5 2 " = 66.63111
The corrected periphery of Sani's sighra epicycle p is given by
p = 3 9 + l x l s i n 6663111 I
= 39.9179701 or 39 5 5 ' 0 5 "
Next, we shall calculate the Dohphala, Kotiphala, Sphutakoti, and Sphutakarna to

obtain the resulting sighraphala.
(i) Dohphala = (p/360) X /? X sin (m)
= (39.9179701/360) x 3438' x sin (66.63111)

= 349'.94546
(ii) Kotiphala = (p/360)x/?xcos(m)
= (39.9179701/360) x 3438' x cos (66.63111)

= 151'.20939
(iii) Sphutakoti = /? + Kotiphala
= 3589'.2094
t _
(iv) Sighrakarna = ^{Sphutakoti)^ + {Dohphala)^
= V(3589.2094)2 + (349.94546)^
= V l 2 8 8 2 4 2 4 + 122461.82
= 3606'.2288
(v) Sighraphala = sin" ' (I Dohphala/Sighrakarria I)
= sin" ' (1 349.94546/3606.3388 I)
= 5.5686983
= 534'07"s52
Since the sighra anomaly, m = 66.63111 < 180, the sighra correction is
additive.
Therefore, the finally corrected true longitude of Sani is
P4 = P3 + 52
True Posttions of the Star-Planets 137
= 268 13' 38"+ 5 3 4 ' 0 7 "
= 273 4 7 ' 4 5 "
12.5 TVue daily motion of the taragrahas

The mean daily motions of the five stat-planets viz. Kuja, Budha's
sighrocca, Guru, Sukra's sighrocca and Sani are obtained assuming their uniform motion.
However, due to the manda and sighra corrections the motions are non-uniform.
Therefore, to get the true daily motion of a star-planet, we have to apply the relevant
corrections.
According to the Siirya siddhanta, the following procedure is prescribed for obtaining
the true daily motion :
(1) To the mean daily motion n of the planet, apply the correction due to manda
which is similar to the one applied in the case of the sun and the moon (see
Chapter 8).
For this purpose, from the third operation in the process of getting the true
position, the planet's longitude P2 and hence die equated manda anomaly may
be used. From this we get die planet's manda corrected daily motion n^.
(2) From the planet's sighrocca mean daily motion ni subtract the planet's manda
corrected daily motion n, (obtained from the previous step). This gives the
planet's equated daily synodical motion (/ij - / i j ) . Note that in the case of
Kuja, Guru and Sani, their sighrocca is the mean longitude of the sun.
(3) Let K be the sighrakarna (hypotenuse) of the planet used in the last operation
for finding the true position.
The excess of the sighrakarria over the radius of the deferent circle is given by
Excess = {sighrakarna - radius)
= {sighrakarria - 3438')
where sighrakarria is in minutes of arc. i.e.. Excess = (A"-/?)'.
Then, the correction due to sighra to n for getting the true daily motion of the planet
is given by
Sighra cor. = (Excess / sighrakarna) x (Equated syn. motion).
= {K-R) {n2-nO/K
The sighra correction thus obtained is additive or subtractive according as the sighra
anomaly of the planet is less than or greater than 180.
The sighra correction thus obtained is applied to the planet's manda equated daily
motion obtained earlier; that is.
True daily motion = /ij + [{K- R) (AJ2 - ni)/K].

Example : Find the true daily motion of Sani at midnight preceding March 22, 1991.
The mean daily motion of Sani : 0.0334393 i.e. n = 02' 0"
Mean longitude of Sani

(after Desantara cor.) : 272 49' 04"
Mean longitude of sighrocca : 334 51' 30"

(i.e. the mean sun)
Mandocca of Sani : 236 37" 36"
In the third operation for getting the true position of Sani, we have obtained :
Sani's equated longitude (P2) : 273 1 2 ' 0 1 "
Therefore, Sani's equated manda anomaly,

m = Mandocca - P2
= 236 3 7 ' 3 6 " - 2 7 3 1 2 ' 0 1 "
= 323 25' 35"

after adding 360
Tabulated difference of sines : 183'
(for 360 - 323 25' 3 5 " = 36 34' 2 5 " see Table 7.2 between si. nos. 9 and 10).
The corrected periphery of Sani's manda epicycle is given by
= 4 9 - l i s i n (323 25' 35") I
= 4 8 . 404145
Therefore, we have the correction to Sani's motion (due to manda)
= nxpx Tab. sin diff./(360 x 225') in min. of arc
= 2' x 4 8 . 4 0 4 1 4 5 x 183'/(360 x 225')
= 0'.218715 = 13"
Since Sani's manda anomaly, m = 323 25' 35" lies in the 4th quadrant, the manda
correction to the daily motion is subtractive i.e. the correction to the daily motion due
to manda is - 1 3 " .
Now, mean daily motion of Sani, n = 0 2' 0"

the inanda correction =-13"
Hence, Sani's inanda corrected daily motion ; j , = 0 r 4 7 "
Now, the mean daily motion of Sighrocca

(i.e. daily modon of the sun) 2 = 59' 0&"
Deduct Sani's manda corrected motion, r47"fromn2
Therefore Sani's equated daily
synodical motion (n2-n]) : 5 7 ' 2 1 "
The variable hypotenuse (sighrakarna) used in the last process for finding the true
place of Sani, A = 3606'. 2288.
Its excess over the deferent radius (= 3438') is
K-R = 3606'.228 - 3438' = 168'.2288
Therefore, the equation of motion due to sighra is given by
sighra correction = (Excess/sighrakarna) X (Equated syn. motion)

= (K-R)(n2-nO/K
= (168'.2288/3606'.2288) x 57'.35
= 2'.6753493 = 2 ' 4 0 "
Since the variable hypotenuse is greater than the radius, the correction is additive
i.e. sighra correction = + 2' 40". Hence,
Sani's manda equated daily motion : r 4 7 "

(i.e. after manda correction)
sighra correction : + 2' 4 0 "
Hence, Sani's true daily motion : 1'47"+ 2 ' 4 0 ' = 4'27"

Note : IfrtI is the mean daily motion of the planet after the manda correction, n2 is the mean daily motion
of the planet's siglira, K is the hypotenuse (sighrakanxa) in the last operation of finding the planet's
true position and R = 3438' is the constant radius of the deferent circle, then
True daily motion = [n, + (Wj - n,) (A"- R)/K\
which, on simplification, can also be written as :
True daily motion = [n^ - (Wj - R/K\
In the case of Budha and Sukra, the sun in their mean position and their sighroccas
are separately obtained along with the mean positions of other planets. Therefore, in the
above formula, the sighrocca daily motion and O] is the manda corrected daily
motion of the concerned planet (Budha or Sukra) which is the same as that of the sun.
12.6 Retrograde motion of the taragrahas

The star-planets move from west to east, relative to fixed stars, as seen from the
earth due to their natural motion. However, during certain periods each of these planets
appears to move backwards i.e. from east to west. Its celestial longitude keeps on
decreasing instead of increasing, day by day for some time. This apparent backward
motion is called vakra gati (retrograde motion).
The phenomenon of retrograde motion is caused by the difference in the velocities
of the earth and the planet i.e., the relative velocity. This phenomenon is demonstrated
in F i g . 12.2.
/
Fig. 12.2: Retrograde motion of Kuja
In F i g . 12.2, the motion of Mars (Kuja) relative to the earth is shown in the
heliocentric model. The earth's linear speed is about 18.5 miles per second while that of
Mars is 3.5 miles less i.e. about 15 miles per second. A s the earth overtakes Mars, the
latter appears to move backwards as seen from the earth. The direct motion of Mars
eastward is shown at positions 1,2 and 3, retrograde at 4 and 5 westward and again
direct motion eastward at 6 and 7.
The rule for determining the retrograde motion of a planet is given in the Siirya
siddhanta as follows :
The retrograde motion (vakra gati) of the different star-planets commences when the
sighrakendra (i.e. sighra anomaly) in the fourth process of determining true positions,
is as follows :
Kuja 164
Budha 144
Guru 130
Sukra 163
Sani 115
That is, the retrograde motion of Kuja, for example, commences when
Sighrocca (i.e. Sun) - Kuja = 164.
The point when the motion of a planet changes from direct to retrograde is called
a stationary point. The planet remains retrograde for some days and then again its motion
changes from retrograde to direct. This point of change is the second stationary point.
At both the stationary points the planet has no apparent motion (i.e. the relative velocity
is zero).
12.7 Rationale for the stationary point

Let A/ be the mean planet, P he the
true planet on the epicycle of radius p,
E be the earth and S the sun (Fig. 12.3).
If n is the mean daily motion of the sun,
t be the number of days since the sun S
was at the first point of Mesa,
PMK = 6 and PEM = E, then the celestial
longitude L of the planet is given by
L = nt-Q + E Fig; 12.3: Stationary Points
where nt is the longitude of the sun.
Therefore
dL/dt = n-dQ/dt-^dE/dt ...(1)
Let PM=p and EM = r where the radii pandr are constants. In Fig. 12.2 we have
MA =p cos 0 and PA=p sin 8. Therefore,
4 = A f + AM = r + p c o s 0
and hence
tan = PA/EA = p sin Q/{r+p cos 9)
so that
= tan"' [p sin e/(r + p cos 9)]
Differentiating this expression with respect to t we get
dE/dt = ide/dt) [p^ + rp cos %V[i^ -^p^ + lrp cos 9]
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
dL/dt = n + {dQ/dt) [(p- + rp cos 8)/(/^+p^ + 2r p cos 9)] ...(3)
If n is the mean daily motion of Uie sun and n' that of the planet and a is a suitable
constant, then
e = (n-n') (r + a)
so that
dQ/dt = {n-n') ...(4)
Substituting (4) in (3), we get
dL/dt = [np2 + n'r^ + rp{n-^ n') cos 9]/[r2 -\-p^ + 2rp cos 9]
At the stationary point where the retrograde motion begins, we have
dL/dt = 0.
Therefore,
np^ + n'r^ + rp (/i + ') cos 9 = 0
so that
cos 9 = - (np2 + n'p-yrp (n + nO
Example : In the case of Kuja, considering the mean values, we have
n = 0 .98560265, n' = O.5240193,p = 2 3 3 . 5 , r = 3 6 O . . Here, p a n d r are taken as
142 Ancient Indian Asxronomy
peripheries of the planet's sighra epicycle and of the mean orbit which are proportional
to their radii. Substituting these values, we get
Q _ - [0.98560265 (233.5)^ + 0.5240193 (360)^]

[(233.5) (360) (1.5096219)]
= - [53737.271 +67912.901]/[126898.82]
= - 121650.17/126898.82 = - 0.9586391
Therefore,
G= 180-cos"'(0.9586391)
= 163.4636
Siirya siddhanta has taken this value as 164
The other stationary point is given by 360 - 9, noting that
cos 0 = cos (360 - 9).

In the above example, since 0 = 164 according to the Siirya siddhanta, the second
stationary point is 3 6 0 - 1 6 4 = 196. This means that Kuja will be retrograde during
the period when its sighrakendra (or sighra anomaly) lies between 164 and 196.
Similarly, the corresponding limits for other planets can be calculated.
Remark :
According to modem astronomy, the stationary value of angle 0 is given by
COs0 = [fl/2/,l/23/[^_^l/2fcl/2 + tj
where a is the mean distance of the planet from the sun, b is the mean distance of the
earth from the sun. Now, taking b as one astronomical unit, we get
cose=-[a'/V[a-fl'^^+ n
where a is the mean distance of the planet from the sun in astronomical units.
Note : 1 astronomical unit = Earth's mean distance from the sun.
Table 12.4 gives the stationary values of 9 according to different Indian texts as
compared to the modem values for the five taragrahas.
Table 12.4: Stationary points for planets
Planet Mean distance 9 0 0 0

a in ast. unit Modern Siirya Bhaskara II Brahmagupta
siddhanta & Lalla
Kuja 1.52369 163.215 164 163 164

Budha 0.3871 144.427 144 145 146
Guru 5.20256 125.565 130 125 125
Sukra 0.7233 167.005 163 165 165
Sani 9.55475 114.466 115 113 116
Note : Brahmagupta has given the stationary value of 6 for Guru as 125 in his Brahmasphuta
siddhanta (BS) and as 130 in his KItandakhadyaka (KK).
The stationary points 0 given in Table 12.4 are those at which the respective planets
change their motion from direct to retrograde i.e. the beginning of the retrograde motion
(vakrdrambha). The other stationary points where the retrograde motion ends
(vakratydga) are given by (360 - 0).
12.8. Bhujdntara correction for the tdrdgrahas

We noted earlier that the true midnight at a place differs from the mean midnight
by an amount of time called "equation of time."
The correction to the celestial longitude of a planet due to the part of the equation
of time caused by the eccentricity of the earth's orbit is called Bhujantara correction.
A s pointed out earlier, in the case of the five star-planets also,
Bhujdntara correction
= (Eqn. of centre of the sun) (Daily motion of the planet) / 360
where the equation of centre is in degrees.
If the daily motion of the planet is in minutes of arc, then
Bhujantara correction (in minutes)

= (Eqn. of centre in min.) (Planet's daily motion in min.) / 21600'
Example : Find the Bhujdntara correction for Sani at the midnight preceding March 22,
1991 at Bangalore.
We have for the given date and time.
Sun's equation of centre = + 2 7' 32' = 127'.53
Sani's true daily motion = 4' 27" = 4 ' . 45

Therefore,
Bhujdntara correction = (127'. 53) ( 4 ' . 45)/21600'

= 0'.0262735 = r ' . 5 7 6
In fact, the Bhujdntara correction is negligible for most of the planets. However, in
the case of the moon the Bhujdntara correction is quite pronounced.
12.9 True positions of the tdrdgrahas according to KK
After obtaining the ahargana for the given date according to the Khanda khadyaka
(KK) the mean positions of Ravi and the tdrdgrahas are computed as explained in the
earlier chapters.
The method of obtaining the true positions of the tdrdgrahas is demonstrated below
with an example.
Example : The true position of Kuja for the midnight preceding February 5, 1962.
The KK ahargaria : 473670
Mean Ravi : 290 57'

For the superior planets viz. Kuja, Guru and Sani, the mean Ravi is considered as
their sighrocca.
Mean Kuja at Bangalore midnight : 271 3 6 ' 3 3 "
Sighra Kendra = Sighrocca - Mean Kuja
= 290 5 7 ' - 2 7 1 3 7 ' = 1 9 20'
Since the Sighra Kendra < 90, its bhuja = 19 20'. Then, according to KK,
VI
Bhuja
Sighra equation = _ tan" ' 0.212121 x t a n
Here, Sighra equation = 7 36' 14" s - S ,
Therefore, (1/2) 5 , = 3 48' 7"
Let Py=MP + (1/2) SEi = 271 36' 33" + 3 48' 07" = 275 24' 40"
Longitude of the Mandocca of Kuja = 110 (fixed)

Mean anomaly = P j - Mandocca
= (275 24' 40") - 110 = 165 24' 4 0 "

Now, considering the Sun's manda equation for the above anomaly, we have
Sun's manda equation = ~ - sin (165 24' 40")
= -033'40"
.-. Mandaphala = 5 x sun's manda equation = - 2 48' 20" s A/,
Let P2 = (\/2)MEi +P,
= 275 24' 40" + (- 1 24' 10") = 274 0' 30"

Mandocca of Kuja : 110 (fixed)
Mean manda anomaly = P 2 ~ Mandocca
= (274 0' 30") - 110 = 164 0' 30"
Sun's manda equation = ^ sin (164 0' 30") = - 0 36' 49"
.-. Mandaphala = 5 X sun's manda equation

= -34'9"sA/.
Now, let P-^ = MP + ME2 = 271 36' 33" - 3 4' 9" = 268 32' 24"
Considering the mean sun as the sighrocca of Kuja, we have
Sighra anomaly = Mean sun - P 3 = 290 57' - 268 32' 24" = 22 24' 36"
Bhuja^
.-. Sighra equation = ^ - t a n - ' 0.212121 x t a n
= 8 47' 56" = 5-,

Let ^4 = ^3 + SE2 = 268 32' 24" + 8 47' 5 6 " = 277 20' 2 0 "
In the similar manner true Guru, true Sukra, true Budha and true Sani are
also calculated.
IVue longitude of Guru
We have the mean longitude of Guru : 304 39' 13"

at Bangalore midnight
Sighra anomaly = Sighrocca - Mean Guru
= Mean sun - Mean Guru
= 290 57' - 304 39' 13" = 346 17' 4 7 "
Bhuja = 360 - 346 17' 4 7 " = 13 42' 13"
Bhuja^
Sighra equation tan"' 0.6666 X tan
it
\ P
= -216'20"s5i
Let/, = M P + ( l / 2 ) 5 ,
= 304 39' 13" - 1 08' 10" = 303 31' 0 3 "
Longitude of Mandocca of Guru = 160 (fixed)
Mean anomaly of Guru =P\- Mandocca
= 303 3 1 ' 0 3 " - 1 6 0 = 143 3 1 ' 0 3 "
Sun's manda equation = sin (143 31' 3") = - 1 19' 29"

71
.-. Guru's Mandaphala^ Sun's equation x y = - 3 1' 4 1 " s M ,
Therefore, (1 / 2 ) M E i = - 1 30' 50"

Let P 2 = ' ' i + (1 / 2 ) A/, = 303 31' 0 3 " - 1 30' 50" = 302 0' 13"
Mean manda anomaly ^Pj- Mandocca = 302 0' 13" - 160 = 142 0' 13"
Sun's manda equation = sin (142 0' 13") = - 1 22' 18"

7t
16
.-. Guru's Mandaphala = Sun's equation x y = - 3" 8' 7" s MEj
Let P^ = MP-i- ME2 = 304 39' 13" - 3 08' 07" = 301 31' 06"
Guru's Sighra anomaly = Mean sun - P 3

= 290 57' - 301 31' 6' = 349 25' 54"
Bhuja = 10 3 4 ' 6 "
'r , Bhuja -1 Bhuja T
Sighra equation = y - - tan 0.6666 X tan
Then, the true longitude of Guru is given by
^4 = ^3 + = 301 31' 06" - 1 45' 22" = 299 45' 44"
True longitude of Sani
We have the mean longitude of Sani : 275 27' 08" s MP

(at Bangalore midnight)
Sighra anomaly of Sani = Mean sun - mean Sani

= 290 57' - 275 27' 08" = 15 29' 52"
Bhuja
Sani's Sighra equation = ^ ^ y ^ _ tan ' 0.8 X tan
= l32'10"s5t
Therefore, (1 /2) SE^ = 0 46' 5"
L e t P , =MP + (1/2) SEi = 275 27' 8" + 0 46' 5" = 276 13' 13"
Longitude of Mandocca of Sani = 240 (fixed)
Sani's manda anomaly =P\- Mandocca
= 276 13' 13" - 240 = 36 13' 13"
Sun's manda equation = ^ sin (36 13' 13")
= -l18'59"
60
.-. Sani's mandaphala = Sun's equation x
= - 5 38'30" s M E ,
Therefore, (1 /2) M E , = - 2 49' 15"
Now, P2 = Pi + (1/2) M , = 276 13' 13" - 2 49' 15" = 273 23' 58'
Sani's manda anomaly = P2 -Marulocca
= 273 23' 58" - 240 = 33 23' 58"

Sun's manda equation = - 1 13' 35"
.. Sani's manda equation = Sun's equation x
= - 5 15' 2 3 " s M 2
Now, P^=MP + ME2 = 275 27' 8" - 5 15' 23" = 270 11' 45"
Sani's Sighra anomaly = Mean sun - ^3
= 290 57' - 270 11' 45" = 20 45' 15"

Bhuja
Sani's Sighra equation = ^^^J^ _ tan ' 0 . 8 X tan
= 2 2' 34" = 5^2
The true longitude of Sani is given by
^4 = ^3 + SE2 = 270 11' 4 5 " + 2 2' 34" = 272 14' 19"
True longitude of Budha
We have the mean Sighrocca of Budha at Bangalore midnight

Sighrocca of Budha = 72 33' 5 1 "
Mean sun = 2 9 0 57'
Therefore, Budha's Sighra anomaly = 141 36' 5 1 "
'Bhuja'
Budha's Sighra equation = _ tan ' 0.4634146 x t a n
= 1743'10"HSi
Therefore, ( 1 / 2 ) 5 : , = 8 5 1 ' 3 5 "
Let Py=MP-\- (1/2) 5 E , = 290 57' + 8 51' 3 5 " = 299 48' 3 5 "
Longitude of Mandocca of Budha = 2 2 0 (fixed)
Budha's manda anomaly =P\- Mandocca
= 290 48' 35" - 220 = 79 48' 35"
Sun's manda equation sin (79 4 8 ' 35")
= - 2 11'34"
.'. Budha's Mandaphala = Sun's equation x 2
= - 4 23' 9" = MEi
Now, P2 = P , + (1/2) M , = 299 48' 35" - 2 11' 34" = 297 37' 01'
Again, we have
Budha's manda anomaly = ^2 ~ Mandocca
= 297 37' 1" - 220 = 77 37' 1"
Sun's manda equation sin (77 37' 1")

n
= - 2 10' 34".5
.-. Budha's Mandaphala = Sun's equation x 2 = - 4 21' 9" s M f j
Let P^ = MP + ME2 = 290 57' - 4 21' 09" = 286 35' 5 1 "

where MP is the mean sun. In the case of the inferior planets viz., Budha
and Sukra, the mean sun itself is taken as the mean planet.
Budha's Sighra anomaly = P3 - Sighrocca
= 286 35' 51" - 72 33' 51 " = 214 02' 0"

Bhuja = 360 - (214 2' 0") = 145 58' 0"
Bhuja
Sighra equation = ^ ^ y ^ _ tan ' 0.4634146 xtan
= 16 25' 29" s
Now, ^4 = ^3 + SE2 = 286 35' 51" + 16 25' 29" = 303 1' 20"
is the true longitude of Budha.
True longitude of S u k r a
We have the mean longitude of the Sighrocca of Sukra = 310 17' 46'
at Bangalore midnight.
Sighrocca of Sukra = 3 1 0 17'46"

Mean sun = 290 57'
Therefore, Sukra's Sighra anomaly = 19 20'46"

Bhuja -1 {Bhuja
Sukra's Sighra equation
ion = y - - tan 0.1612903 x t a n
2
= 8 5' S4' = SEy
Therefore, (1/2) = 4 2' 57"

Let P , =MP + {\/2)SEy
= 290 57' + 4 2' 57" = 294 59' 57"

Longitude of Mandocca of Sukra = 80 (fixed)
Mean manda anomaly =P\- Mandocca
= 294 59' 57" - 80 = 214 59' 57"
Sun's manda equation = ^ sin (214 59' 57")
= 1 16'41"
In the case of Sukra his mandaphala is given by the same expression as the
sun's manda equation
Sukra's mandaphala = Sun's equation = 1 16' 4 1 " = ME^
Therefore (I / 2 ) ME^ = 0 38' 20"
Let P2 = P\ + (1/2) A/j = 294 59' 57" + 0 38' 20" = 295 38' 17"
True Positions oj the Star-Planets 149
Sukra's manda anomaly = ^2 - Mandocca
= 295 38' 17" - 80 = 215 38' 17"
Sun's manda equation = sin (215 38' 17")

7t
= 117'54"
Sukra's mandaphala = Sun's equation = 1 17' 54" = ME2
Let P^ = MP- ME2 = 290 57' + 1 17' 54" = 292 14' 54"
where MP is the mean sun which is taken as the mean longitude of
Sukra.
Sighra anomaly = Sighrocca - P3 = 310 17' 46" - 292 14' 54"
=182'52"
Bhuja)
Sukra's Sighra equation = ^ ^ y ^ _ tan ' 0.1612903 xtan
Now, the true longitude of Sukra is given by
P4 = P3 + SE2 = 292 14' 54" + 7 33' 24" = 299 48' 18"
12.10. True positions of the tdrdgrahas according to GL
Based on cakras and the ahargana, as per the Grahaldghavam {GL) the mean
positions of the tdrdgrahas are first determined. Then the true positions can be computed
as explained below with an example.
Table 12.5: Manddiikas of tdrdgrahas
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 I
Kuja 0 29 57 85 109 124 130 1
Budha 0 12 21 28 33 35 36 i
Guru 0 14 27 39 48 55 57
Sukra 0 6 II 13 14 15 15
Sani 0 19 40 60 77 89 93
Table 12.6: Sighraiikas of taragrahas
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 f 11 12
Kuja 0 58 117 174 228 279 325 365 393 400 368 209 0
Budha 0 41 81 117 150 178 199 212 212 195 155 89 0
Guru 0 25 47 68 85 98 106 108 102 89 66 36 0
Sukra 0 63 126 186 246 302 354 402 440 461 443 326 0
Sam 0 15 28 39 48 54 57 53 45 18 0
Example : The true positions for the taragrahas on April 3, 1996 at the sunrise.
According to die Grahldghavam, for the given date, cakras = 43 and die ahargaria = 1173
(i) True longitude of Kuja
The mean longitude of Kuja at the sunrise on the given day : 1 1 ' 3 5 3 ' 2 5 " = A/P.
The mean longitude of the sun : 11' 17 32' 53". Sighra anomaly = Sighrocca - Mean
Kuja. In the case of the superior planets viz., Kuja, Guru and Sani, their Sighrocca is
the mean sun.
Therefore for Kuja,
Sighra anomaly = 1 F 17 32' 53" - 11* 3 53' 25" = 0 M 3 39' 28" < 180.
Dividing the Sighra anomaly by 15, the quotient is 0 (called ahka). In Table 12.6
for Sighrahkas, in the case of Kuja the difference between the entries in the 1st and 2nd
columns (corresponding to Sighra anomaly 0 and 15) is 58. Therefore, for Sighra
anomaly of 13 39' 28", the corresponding entry would be :
X 58 = 52 48' 36"
Sighrphala = (1/10) (52 48' 36") = 5 16' 5 1 " = 5 ,
Half of Sighraphala = (1/2) (5 16' 51") = 2 38' 25" = SE/2
Since the Sighra anomaly < 180 the Sighraphala is additive (otherwise it would be
subtractive). Now,
Mean Kuja + (1/2) Sighraphala =MP + SE^/l
= 11* 3 53' 25"+ 2 38' 25" = 11* 6 3 1 ' 5 0 " s P ,
the first Sighra corrected Kuja.
Mandocca of Kuja = 4* = 120 (fixed).
Manda anomaly of P | = Mandocca - Pj
= 4 * 0 0 ' 0 " - 11*631'50"

= 4* 23 28' 10"< 180
Bhuja = 6* - 4* 23 28' 10" = 1 * 6 31' 50" = 36 31' 50"
Ahka - Quotient of
^ . , 3 6 31'50" -
= Quotient of j-^ =2
The remainder in the above division = 6 31' 50".

In Table 12.5 for mandahkas the entries in columns against 2 and j for Kuja are 57
and 85. Their difference is 85 - 5 7 = 28. Therefore for the remainder 6 3 1 ' 5 0 " the
proportionate value is
6 31' 'SO"
5 - ~ ^ x 2 8 = 1 2 ir25"
Adding this to the preceding entry in the table we gel

5 7 + 12 11'25" = 69 11'25".
Dividing this by 10, we get
Mandaphala = 69 11' 25"/10 = 6 55' 9" s M ,
Since the manda anomaly (i.e. 143 28' 10") is less than 180, the mandaphala is
additive.
Manda spasta Kuja = Mean Kuja + Mandaphala = MP + ME^
= 11* 3 53' 25"+ 6 55' 9"
= 1 1 ' 1 0 4 8 ' 3 4 " = ^2
The I" Sighra anomaly of Kuja, obtained earlier, is 0* 13 39' 28". Subtracting from
this the mandaphala, obtained above viz., MEy we get
2"'' Sighra anomaly =0* 13 39' 28" - 6 55' 9"
= 0*6 44' 19"

Dividing the above by 15, the quotient is 0 and the remainder is 6 44' 19". From
Table 12.6 for Sighrahkas, the entries in columns under 0 and 1 are respectively 0 and
58 and their difference is 58. Therefore, the corresponding proportionate value for the
remainder 6 44' 19" is
fi0 4 4 ' I Q "
15 X 58 = 26 3 ' 2 1 "
Dividing the above result by 10, we get
26 3 ' 2 1 "
the second corrected Sighraphala = = 2 36' 20" s SE2
The true longitude of Kuja is given by
Manda spasta Kuja + Second cor. Sighraphala
s + 5^2 = 11' 10 48' 34" + 2 36' 20"
= 11* 13 2 4 ' 5 4 "
(According to Ind Ast. Eph., True Kuja = 11*13 28' 3")
(ii) True longitude of Guru

The mean longitude of Guru at the sunrise on the given date : 8* 18 50' \5" = MP
Guru's Sighra anomaly = Sighrocca - Mean Guru

= Mean Sun - M P = 1 P 17 32' 53" - 8* 18 50' 15"

= 2* 28 42' 38" = 88 42' 38" < 180
Dividing the above Sighra anomaly by 15 i.e. (88 42'53")/15, the quotient is 5
(called ahka) and the remainder is 13 4 2 ' 3 8 " . In Table 12.6 for Sighrahkas, for Guru,
the entries under columns 5 and 6 are respectively 98 and 106 and their difference,
1 0 6 - 9 8 = 8. The proportionate value for the remainder 13 42' 38" is given by
13 42' 38"
"^^Y^ X 8 = 7 18'44".
Adding this to the preceding entry (headed by column 5) viz. 98, we get
9 8 + 7 18'44" = 1 0 5 18'44"
Dividing this value by 10, we get
SEi H Sighraphala = 10 31' 5 3 " or (1/2) Sighraphala = 5 15' 57"
and it is additive since the Sighra anomaly < 180. Therefore

P ' Sighra corrected Guru = Mean Guru + (1/2) Sighraphala
= 8* 18 50' 15" + 5 15' 57" = 8' 24 6' 12" = Pj
Mandocca of Guru = 180 (fixed)
Manda anomaly of Guru s Mandocca - P(
= 6' 0 0' 0 " - 8' 24 6' 12" = 9* 5 53' 48"
= 275 5 3 ' 4 8 " = MA
Since 270 < M A < 360, its Bhuja = 360 - 275 53' 4 8 "
= 84 06' 12".
Dividing the Bhuja by 15, the quotient, ahka =5 and remainder = 9 6' 12".
In Table 12.5 for manddnkas, for Guru, the entries under columns 5 and 6 respectively
are 55 and 57; their difference is 57 - 55 = 2. The proportionate value for the remainder
9 6' 12" is given by ^ - ^ ^ x 2 = 1 12' 5 0 "
Adding this value of the preceding entry (headed by column 5) viz., 55, we get
5 5 + 1 12'50" = 56 1 2 ' 5 0 "
Mandaphala = - 5 37' 17" s M E ,
Since the manda anomaly MA is greater than 180, the mandaphala ME^ is subtractive.
Therefore,
Manda spasta Guru = MP + ME^
= 8' 18 50' 15"+ ( - 5 37' 17")
= 8' 13 1 2 ' 5 8 " s P ,

Sighrakendra (obtained earlier) = 2" 28 42' 38"

Now, Sighrakendra - Mandaphala
= 2' 28 42' 38" + 5 37' 17" = 3* 4 19' 55'

i.e., 2"'* Sighra kendra = 94 19' 55'
Dividing the above value by 15 the quotient ahka is 6 and the remainder
4 19'55". FroiTi Table 12.6 for Sighrahkas, the entries under columns 6 and 7 are
respectively 106 and 108 and the difference, 1 0 8 - 106 = 2. The proportionate value is
given by
4 19'
X 2 = 0 34' 39"
Adding this value to the preceding entry (under column 6) we get
1 0 6 + 0 3 4 ' 3 9 " = 106 3 4 ' 3 9 "
Dividing this value by 10 we get
2"'' Sighraphala = 106 34' 39"/10 = 1039' 28" = 5^2
Since the Sighrakendra < 180, the Sighraphala is additive. Now the true longitude
of Guru is given by
True Guru = Manda spasta Guru + 2"^ Sighraphala = P2 + SEj
= 8' 13 12'58"+ 10 3 9 ' 2 8 "
= 8* 23 52' 26"
[According to bid. Ast. Eph., true Guru is 8' 22 19' 22"].

(iii) True longitude of Sani
Mean Sani at the sunrise on the given
date at Bangalore : 11' 9 28' 31" = MP
Mean Sun : 11* 17 3 2 ' 5 3 "
Sighra anomaly of Sani = Mean Sun - MP

= 11* 17 3 2 ' 5 3 " - 11* 9 2 8 ' 3 1 "
= 8 4' 22" < 180
Dividing the Sighra anomaly by 15, the quotient is 0 (aiika) and the remainder is
8 4' 22". The entries in Table 12.6 for Sighrankas in the case of Sani, under columns
headed by 0 and 1 are respectively 0 and 15 and their difference is 1 5 - 0 = 15. The
proportionate value for the remainder 8 4' 22" is
00 A'29"
x l 5 = 8 4 ' 22".

P' Sighraphala of Sani = ^ ^^22" ^ 4^' 26" = S ,
Therefore. (1/2) Sighraphala = (1/2) 5 E , = 0 24' 13" (additive)
Sfg/ira corrected Sani =MP + {\/2) 5 ,
= 11* 9 28' 3 1 " + 0 24' 13" = 11* 9 52' 44" = P ,
Mandocca of Sani = 8* = 240 (fixed)

Manda anomaly = Mandocca-P^
= 8* - 11 * 9 52' 44" = 8* 20 7' 16" s 260 7' 16"
Therefore, (Manda) Bhuja = 260 7' 16" - 180 = 80 7' 16"

Since Manda anomaly > 180, the mandaphala is subtractive.
Dividing the Bhuja by 15, the quotient is 5 (anka) and the remainder is
5 17' 16". The entries in Table 12.5, for manddiikas, in the case of Sani, the entries in
columns under 5 and 6 are respectively 89 and 93 and their difference is 93 - 89 = 4.
The corresponding proportionate value for the remainder 5 17' 16" is
ro ,7' 1/:"
^ ' 1 ^ ' ^ x 4 = l 2 4 ' 36".

Adding this proportionate value to 89 (under col. 5) we get 90 24' 36". Dividing
this value by 10, we get 9 2 ' 2 8 " . Therefore,
Mandaphala of Sani = 9 2' 28" = yW,
Manda spasta Sani =MPME^
= 1 1 ' 9 2 8 ' 3 1 " - 9 2' 28"
= 11*0 26' 03" s P ,
Now, the earlier obtained Sighra anomaly is 8 4' 22". Subtracting the mandaphala
(which is negative), we gel
2"'^ Sighra anomaly = 8 4' 22" - (- 9 2' 28")
= 8 4' 22" + 9 2' 28" = 17 6' 50" < 180
Dividing the above value by 15, we gel the quotient (arika) as 1 and the remainder
2 6' 50".
In Table 12.6 for Sighrahkas in the case of Sani the entries under columns headed
by 1 and 2 are respectively 15 and 28 and their difference is 2 8 - 1 5 = 1 3 . The
proportionate value for the remainder 2 6' 50" is given by
2 6' 50"
X 13 = 1 4 9 ' 5 5 "
Adding this value to 15 (under column 1), we get 16 4 9 ' 5 5 " . Dividing this value
by 10, we get
2"'' Sighraphala = = 1 41' = S E j
Now, the true longitude of Sani is given by
True Sani = + = 11' 0 26' 3" + 1 4 1 '
= 11* 2 07' 03"
(According to Ind. Ast. Eph., true Sani is 11* 05 39' 56").
(iv) True longitude of Budha

In the case of the inferior planets, Budha and Sukra, the mean Sighra anomaly, rather
than the Sighrocca is first determined according to the Grahaldghavam. For the date,
under consideration, we get
Budha's Sighra kendra = 1* 15 21' 0 8 " = 45 21' 08" < 180
Dividing the Sighrakendra by 15, the quotient is 3 {ahka) and the remainder is
21'08". The entries in Table 12.6 for Sighrahkas, in the case of Budha, under columns
headed by 3 and 4 are respectively 117 and 150 and their difference is 1 5 0 - 117 = 33.
21' 08"
The proportionate value for the remainder is j - ^ x 33 = 0 46' 30".
Adding this value to 117 (under column 3), we get 117 46' 30".
Sighraphala of Budha = 11 46' 39" s S ,
Therefore, Sighraphaldrdha = (1 / 2 ) S , = 5 53' 20"
Since the Sighra anomaly < 180, the Sighraphaldrdha is additive. Therefore
Sighra corrected Budha = M P + (1/2) S ,
= 11*17 3 2 ' 5 3 " + 5 53' 20"
= 11*23 26' 13" =
where MP is the mean longitude of Budha, taken same as that of the mean sun.
Budha's Mandocca = 7* = 210
Budha's manda anomaly (for Pj)
= Mandocca - P , = 7* - 11* 23 26' 13"
= 7* 6 33' 47" = 216 33' 47" > 180

Therefore, Bhuja = 2 1 6 33' 47" - 180 = 36 33' 47"

Since the manda anomaly > 180, the mandaphala is subti active.
Dividing the Bhuja by 15, the quotient is 2 (arika) and the remainder is
6 33' 47". The entries in Table 12.5, for mcuiddhkas, in the case of Budha, under columns
2 and 3 are respectively 21 and 28. Their difference is 2 8 - 2 1 =7. The proportionate
value for the remainder 6 33' 47" is given by
6 33' 4 7 "
^ ^ j * ^ ^ ^ x 7 = 3 3'46".
Adding this value to 21 we get 24 3' 46".

Dividing this value by 10, we have
Mandaphala = 2 24' 2 3 " (subtractive) = M ,
Manda Spasta Budha =MP- ME^
= 11M732' 5 3 " - 2 24'23"
= 11* 15 08' 30" =
Now, 2"'' Sighra anomaly = Sighra kendra (obtained earlier) - Mandaphala
= 4 5 21' 08" - (- 2 24' 23") = 47 45' 3 1 "
Dividing the above value by 15, we get quotient {arika) as 3 and the remainder
2 45' 31". In the entries from Table 12.6 for sighrahkas in the case of Budha, are 117
and 150 under columns 3 and 4 respectively. Their difference is 1 5 0 - 117 = 33. The
proportionate value for the remainder 2 4 5 ' 3 1 " is given by
9O AC' Ol//
^ ^g-^' X 33 = 6 04' 08"
Adding this value to 117 (under column 3), we get 123 04' 08". Dividing this value
by 10, we get
2"'' Sighraphala = 12 18' 25" = 5^2
Therefore, we have
True Budha = P 2 + SE2
= 11*15 08' 3 0 " + 1 2 18' 25"
= 11* 27 26' 55"
(According to Ind Ast. Eph., True Budha is 11* 25 45'04").
(v) True longitude of S u k r a

For the given date, we have
Sukra's Sighra kendra =4* 19 57' 3 1 " = 139 57' 3 1 " < 180.
Dividing the Sighra kendra by 15, the quotient is 9 (ahka) and the remainder is
4 57'31".
The entries from Table 12.6 for Sighrahkas in the case of Sukra, under columns 9
and 10 are respectively 461 and 443 and their difference is 4 4 3 - 4 6 1 = - 1 8 . Therefore,
the proportionate value for the remainder 4 5 7 ' 3 1 " is
r
4 5 7 ' 3 1 "
15 '^) = ~ 5 5 7 ' 0 1 "
Adding this value to 461 (under column 9), we get 461 - 5 5 7 ' 0 1 " = 455 2 ' 5 9 "
Sighraphala = 45 30' 18" = SE^
Therefore, Sighraphaldrdha = 1/2 SEy
= 22 4 5 ' 0 9 " .
Since the Slghra anomaly < 180, the Sighraphaldrdha is additive. Therefore
P' Sighra corrected Sukra = M P + (1 / 2 ) S ,
= 11* 17 3 2 ' 5 3 " + 22 4 5 ' 0 9 "
' = a ' 1 0 18'02" = P ,
'( where M P is the mean Sukra, taken same as the mean sun.
Mandocca of Sukra = 3* = 90
Manda Kendra = Mandocca - P ,
= 3* - 0* 10 18' 02" = 2* 19 41' 58"
Therefore, Bhuja = 79 41' 58".
Dividing the above value by 15, the quotient is 5 (arika) and the remainder
4 41'58". The entries from Table 12.5 for manddrikas, in the case of Sukra, under
columns 5 and 6 are both 15. Therefore, for the remainder 4 4 1 ' 5 8 " the proportionate
value is 0. Hence
I
I Mandaphala = 15/10 = 1 30' = ME^
Since manda kendra < 180, M | is additive.
Manda spasta Sukra = M P + M |
= 11* 17 3 2 ' 5 3 " + 1 30'= 11* 1 9 0 2 ' 5 3 " s P 2

A ' '
2 Sighra anomaly = Sighra kendra (obtained earlier) - M j
= 139 5 7 ' 3 1 " - 1 3 0 '

= 1 3 8 2 r 3 1 " < 180.

Dividing the above value by 15, the quotient is 9 and the remainder is 3 2 7 ' 3 1 " .
The entries from Table 12.6 for Sighrdrikas, in the case of Sukra, under columns 9 and
10 are respectively 461 and 443. Their difference, 443 - 4 6 1 = - 18.
The proportionate value for the remainder 3 2 7 ' 3 1 " is given by
3 27' 3 1 "
x ( - 18) = - 4 0 9 ' 0 1 "
Adding this to the previous value 461 (under column 9), we get
461 - 4 0 9 ' 0 1 " = 456 5 0 ' 5 9 "

2"'' Sighraphala = 45 4 1 ' 06" = SEj-
Since the Sighra anomaly < 180, SE2 is additive. Therefore, we have
True Sukra = P j + ^'2

= 11* 19 0 2 ' 5 3 " + 45 4 1 ' 0 6 "
= 1* 04 43' 59"
(According to Ind. Ast. Eph., true Sukra is 1* 5 34' 23").
12.11. A comparison of true planets according to different texts
In this section the true longitude of the sun, the moon, Ketu and the tdrdgrahas
obtained according to the Siirya siddhanta, the Khandkhddyaka and the Grahaldghavam
are compared among themselves and with the ones according to the modem computations.
As an example, the famous Asta-grahakUta (conjunction of eight planets) of February

5, 1962 in Makara rdsi is considered. In Table 12.7, the true longitudes of the eight
heavenly bodies in conjunction at the midnight between 4th and 5th of February 1962
are provided for comparison.
Table 12.7: Eight planets' combination
Planets SS KK GL Modem
Ravi 292 08' 292 06' 292 06' 292 09'
Candra 286 52' 288 31' 288 57' 288 53'
Ketu 298 38' 294 20' 294 50' 294 37'
R. Budha 291 49' 302 57' 293 15' 293 52'
Sukra 297 30' 299 50' 294 46' 294 10'
Guru 299 09' 299 46' 296 20' 295 14'
Sani 274 09' 272 14' 278 0' 280 27'
Kuja 277 07' 277 21' 279 22' 278 52'
True Posttions of the Star-Planets 159
We observe that the values are remarkably comparable. The true positions of the
planets according to GL are extremely close to the modern values. In view of the fact
that the Indian texts precede modem computations by more than 500 years (in the case
of GL) and even as ancient as 7th century A . D . (KK), the traditional Indian computations
are truly praiseworthy. O f course, Budha of KK is off the mark.
Particularly, in respect of the Crahalaghavam, the accuracy of the result based on

the text must be greatly appreciated in the light of its author totally dispensing with
trigonometric ratios.
13
SUGGESTED IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR

ECLIPSES
In Chapters 9 and 10 we studied the procedures for computing lunar and solar eclipses
according to the Surya siddhanta, the Khanda Khadyaka and the Graha laghavam. We
observed that the results obtained according to these ancient and medieval Indian texts
were reasonably good. The correctness of the timings of the eclipses accomplished by
the traditional Indian astronomers, with periodically introduced bija correctons, is truly
remarkable.
However, in the light of better formulae and improved values of parameters, we can
introduce a few bijas (corrections) in the procedures and the relevant parameters to yield
timings of eclipses comparable to the ones obtained from modern computations. The
presently suggested improved procedures are inspired by the works of the great savant
in the field of Indian astronomy, the late Prof. T.S. Kuppanna Saslri.
13.1 Computation of lunar eclipse

The suggested improved procedure for computaions of lunar eclipse is demonstrated
with an example providing explanatory comments in relevant places.
Example : Lunar eclipse on April 13, 1968.
The instant of fullmoon : 10* 22"' a.m. (1ST) = 10" 5 5 " " from the mean sunrise.
i.e. 25" 55"'" from the mean midnight.

At the instant of fullmoon
1. Moon's true angular diameter (Candra bimba): MDIA = 2 1939.6
+ (61.1) cos A 2 ] / 6 0 in minutes of arc where A 2 is the moon's anomaly
(measured from its perigee).
Here, MDIA = 29' 56"
2. Sun's true angular diameter (Ravi bimba): SDIA = 2 [961.2 + (16.1) cos A^]/&)
in minutes of arc.
Here, SDIA = 32' 0 2 "
In the expression for SDIA,A^ is the sun's anomaly measured from the
perigee.
3. Diameter of the earth's shadow (Chaya bintba) :
Suggested Improved Procedures for Eclipses 161
SHDIA = 2[2545.4 + (228.9) cos - (16.4) cos A 8 J / 6 0
in minutes of arc where A 2 = Moon's anomaly and Ag = Sun's anomaly.
Here, SHDIA = 96'.92
4. Moon's latitude, p = 25' 30" S
5. Vyarkendu sphuta Nddi gati = 14'.0378 = VRKSN
the rate of motion of the true (Moon - Sun) per nadi. This is given by
{MDM-SDM)/
where MDM= True daily motion of the moon and SDM = True daily motion
of the sun. One day = 60 nadi; 1 nadis= 60 vinadis
6. Bimba Yogdrdham= {MDIA + SHDIA)/! = (29'.933 + 96'.92)/2
= 63'.43 s D
7. Bimba Viyogdrdham = {SHDIA - MDIA)/2 = (96'.92 - 29'.933)/2
= 33'.49 = >'
8. X = p X (1 - 1/205) = 25'.5 x 204/205
= 25'.376 5 = - 2 5 ' . 3 7 6
where P is the moon's latitude from item (4) above.
9. m = V/?A5A^x(l + 1/205)
= 14'.0378 X 206/205 = 14'. 1063
where VRKSN = Vyarkendu sphuta nddi gati, obtained in item (5) above.
10. If \ X\ <D, then lunar eclipse occurs.

If I A, I < D ' , then the eclipse is total.
11. Virdhucandra, VRCH = (True Moon - True Rahu).

If VRCH < 0, add 360 to render it positive.
12. Calculate
61 )t I ( 1 - 1 / 6 0 ) / m vinadis
(i) if VRCH is in an odd quadrant (i.e. I or III), then subtract the above
value from the instant of fullmoon to get the instant of the middle
of the eclipse.
(ii) If VRCH is in an even quadrant (i.e. II or I V ) , then add the above
value to the instant of fullmoon to get the instant of the middle of
the eclipse.
In the current example, we have

61 X l ( l - l / 1 6 0 ) / m = 6 x 2 5 . 3 7 6 x 159/(160 x 14.1063) = 10.73

vinadis
Now, VRCH= 184 41'. Since 180 < VRCH < 270, i.e. VRCH is in
III quadrant (odd), the above value is subtractive from the instant of
fullmoon. Therefore,
Middle of the eclipse = 25" 55"'" - 10'"".73 = 25" 44^27 from midnight
= 10'' 17"" 4 2 ' a.m.
13. Half-duration of the eclipse
HOUR = - X^/m
= V(63' . 4 3 ) 2 - ( 2 5 ' . 3 7 6 ) V l 4 ' . 1063
= 4" 7^.25 =1*38"'54*

where D is obtained in (6) and X in (8) above.
14. End of the eclipse

= Middle of the eclipse + HOUR
= 25" 44''.27 + 4" 7^25 = 29" 51 ".52 from midnight
= 11* 56"'36* a.m.

15. Beginning of the eclipse
= Middle of the eclipse - HOUR
= 2 5 " 4 4 " . 2 7 - 4 " 7 " . 2 5 = 2 r ' 3 7 " . 0 2 from midnight
= 8* 38"' 50* a.m.

16. Half-duration of totality
THDUR = ^{D'f-X^/m
= V(33'.49)2 - (25'.376)Vl4'.1063
= 1" 32" = 0*36'" 48*

17. Beginning of the totality
= Middle of the eclipse - THDUR
= 25" 44".27 - 1" 32" = 24" 12".27 from midnight
= 9* 40'" 54* a.m.
18. End of the totality
= Middle of the eclipse + THDUR
= 25" 44".27 + 1" 32" = 27" 16".27
= 10* 54"" 30* a.m.

(i) Beginning of the eclipse 8* 3i'" 50' a.m.

(ii) Beginning of the totality 9* 40"" 54'a.m.
(iii) Middle of die eclipse 10* 17"'42'a.m.
(iv) End of the totality 10*54'"30'a.m.
(V) End of the eclipse 11*56'" 36'a.m.
Pramanam (Magnitude of the eclipse)
= iD-\X\- \ X\/\400)/MD1A
= (63'.43 - 25'.376 - 25'.376/1400)/29'.933
= 1.272.
13.2 Computation of solar eclipse (for the world in general)
In the case of solar eclipse, suggested improved procedure is demonstrated here

with an example.
Example : Solar eclipse on October 24, 1995.
1. Instant of newmoon 10* 05'" a.m. (1ST) s 10" 13"'" from 6 a.m. (1ST)
Sun's true daily motion 59'.65851 s SDM
Moon's true daily modon 858'.9944 = MDM
Moon's daily latitude 78'.37068
variation
Node's daily motion -0'.2069092
2. At the instant of newmoon
(0 Ravi sphuta 186 29'51"

{ii) Candra sphuta 186 29'51"
("0 Rahu sphuta 182 39' 44"
(IV) Moon's latitude 0 20'46" s p (in deg.)

(v) Sun's true diameter 32'. 16244 s 5 D M
(vi) Moon's true diameter 33'.352321 =MDIA
(vii) Ravi sphuta nadi gati 0'.99431 s S D A / / 6 0
i.e. the true rate of motion of the sun per nddi (1/60 of a day)
(viii) Candra spasta nddi gati 14'.31657 s AfDM/60
(ix) Vyarkendu spasta nddi gati : 13'.32226H VKAA^G
i.e. the true rate of motion of (Moon - Sun) per nddi by (MDM - SDM)/60.
3. Solar eclipse for the world in general

(/) Moon's horizontal parallax is given by
PAR = [3447.9 + 224.4 cos (A2)]/60 in minutes of arc

where A2 = Moon's anomaly from its perigee.
In the example, PAR = 60'.265
(H) Let D = PAR + (MDIA+ SDIA)/2
where the second expression is the Ravicandra bintba yogdrdham.
Here, D = 60'.265 + (33'.35231 + 32'.16244)/2

i.e. Z) = 93'.02237
{iii) Let / = PAR + (MDIA -SDIA)/1
where the second expression is the Bimba viyogdrdham. In the
example, we have
D ' = 60'.265 + (33'.35231 - 32'.16244)/2

i.e. D ' = 60'.85994.
(iv) Let X = P X 60 X 204/205 minutes of arc where P is the latitude of

the moon (in degrees) obtained in item (2)(iv) above. Here
X = 20'.65857
(v) m = VRKNG X 206/205

where VRKNG is the vyarkendu nddigati obtained in item (2)(ix)
above.
In the example, rh = 13'.38725

4. If I X, I < D , then a solar eclipse is possible.
If I X, I < D ' , then the solar eclipse is total.
X = 20'.65857, D = 93'.02237 and D ' = 60'.85994
Since \ X \ <D and I X, I < D ' , a solar eclipse is possible and it is total.
5. Virdhucandra = True Moon - Rahu s VRCH at the instant of newmoon.
Here, VRCH = 186 29' 5 1 " - 182 39' 44"

i.e. VRCH =3 50'OT
Note : If VRCHkO, then add 360 to make it positive and call the new value VRCH.'
6. Evaluate 6 x 99 x I X I / ( 6 0 x 100 x m ) i.e. 99 I X I / (1000 n i ) where X (in

minutes of arc) is obtained in (3)(/v) above. In the example, we have
99 I X 1/(1000 m ) = 9.3 vinadis
7. Middle of the eclipse is obtained as follows :

(/) If VRCH is in an odd (I or III) quadrant, subtract the above value
from the instant of newmoon to get the middle of the eclipse.
(//) If VRCH is in an even (II or IV) quadrant, add the above value to
the instant of newmoon to get the middle of the eclipse.
In the example, VRCH = 3 50' 07" is in I quadrant. Therefore,

Middle of the eclipse is given by
MIDDLE= 10" 13"-9''.3 = 10" 04" = lO* O r . 6 a.m. (1ST)
Half interval of the eclipse : the half duration of the solar eclipse is given
by
HDUR = ^D'^-7}/rh
In the example under consideration.
HOUR = V(93.02237)2 - (20.65857)^/13.38725

= 6.775059 nddis = 2* 42"" 36'
9. (/) Beginning of the eclipse,
Sparsakdla = MIDDLE-HOUR
= 10" 04" - 6" 47" = 3" 17" after 6 a.m. (1ST)
= 7'' 18"" 48' a.m. (1ST)
(ii) End of the eclipse,
Moksakdla = MIDDLE + HDUR
= 10" 04" + 6" 47"

= 16" 51" after 6 a.m. (1ST)
= 12* 44"" 24'p.m. (1ST)
10. Half-duradon of totality of the eclipse.
THDUR = V ( D ' ) 2 - X V m
In the example under consideration
THDUR = V(60'.85994)2 - (20'.65857)2 /13'.38725
= 4" 17"= 1*42'" 48'

(i) Beginning of totality
= MIDDLE-THDUR
Beginning of totality = 10" 0 4 " - 4 " 17"
5" 47" after 6 a.m. (1ST)
8* 18"" 48'a.m. (1ST)

(II) End of totality MIDDLE + THDUR
14" 21" after 6 a.m. (1ST)
11''44"'24' a.m. (1ST)

Summary of the solar eclipse for the world
I.S.T.
Beginning of the ecUpse T* 18"^48'a.m.
Beginning of the totaHty S* IS"" 48* a.m.
Middle of the echpse 10* 01"" 36*a.m.
End of the totahty l l ' ' 44'" 24*a.m.
End of the eclipse 12* 44"" 24* p.m.
Remark: According to Ind. Ast. Eph. the beginning and the and of the solar eclipse are respectively
7* 22" and 12*43".
13.3 Solar eclipse for a particular place

The circumstances of a solar eclipse for a particular place, using its terrestrial
coordinates, are computed by the procedure demonstrated below.
We consider the example of the solar eclipse that occurred on October 24, 1995. The
beginning, middle and end of the eclipse are determined for Diamond Harbour (Latitude:
22 N 12', Longitude : 88 E 13').
Now, as computed in section 13.2, the solar eclipse on October 24, 1995 commences
at 7* 18"" 48* a.m. (I.S.T.) somewhere in the world. Therefore, the commencement of the
solar eclipse at Diamand Harbour cannot be earlier than the above time.
1. (i) Choosing a conveniently small time interval (step length STP), say
SrP = 0.1 hour (i.e. 6 minutes of dme), determine the Lagna at intervals of
STP starting with the time (//I hours 1ST) of commencement of the eclipse
for the world in general. The Lagna is determined for the latitude of the
particular place (Diamond Harbour, in the example) under consideration at
the above time intervals,
(ii) The correspondingly changing longitudes of the moon are also determined at
the above time intervals. This can be done using the moon's true nadi gati
(i.e. MDM/60).
2. Let Vicandra lagna = {Lagna - Moon) = VCHLG at each time interval
mentioned above. If VCHLG < 0, then add 360 and the new (positive) value
be called VCHLG.
3- Drgjya = sin e cos <[) sin S - cos sin (])
where e = obliquity of the ecliptic
<t) = latitude of the place
and 5 = ndksatrika kdla (sidereal time) at the time
4. Sahku = V1 - {Drgjydf
5. Samskdra gunakam = sin {VCHLG)

= sin {Lagna - Moon) = SAMSGUN
Suggested Improved Procedures for E:clipses 167
6. Parama navina lambanam

= PAR - 0.0017 (1 - cos 2(1)) =
where PAR is the moon's horizontal parallax obtained under item (3)(/) in
section 13.2
7. Laniiana gurpkam = PARy x Sariku = LAMBGUN
8. Samskarakam = lAMBGUN x SAMSGUN = SAMSKR
9. Lambanam = LAMBGUN x cos {VCHLG)
= LAMBGUN X cos {Lagna - Moon) = LAMB

10. 5/?/ira lambanam = LAMB X (1+5AA/5A/?) s SPLAMB
11. Vyarkendu = (True moon - True sun) = VYARKND in minutes of arc.
12. M = VYARKND +
= (Moon - Sun) + Sphuta lambanam
13- A'AT/ = P/4/?, X Drgjyd
where is obtained in item (6) above and Drgjyd in item (3)

14. Viksepam = Moon's latitude (in minutes of arc)
15. X = {NATI + viksepam) x (1 + SAMSKR) where SAMSKR is obtained in item
(8) above.
16. UCD = {MDIA/2) x ( 1 + SAMSKR) + {SDIA/2) where MDIA and SDIA are
the angular diameters of the moon and the sun respectively obtained under
items (2) (v) and {vi) in section 13.2
17. LCD = ^X^ + M^

where X is obtained in (15) above and M in item (12)
18. DIFFD = UCD-LCD
19. A l l the above calculations are carried out successively for the time intervals
[with time step-length STP as explained in item (1) above] until DIFFD
attains the maximum value.
Suppose this maximum of DIFFD (i.e. UCD - LCD) is attained at the
{K- 1)'" time-interval. Let A^, B^ and C^ be the values oi' DIFFD at the
{K-2)"*,{K- 1)'" and A ' " time-intervals respectively. Let TP be the TIME
at which the maximum DIFFD is attained.
20. The computations are continued further until the sign of DIFFD changes
(from negative to positive) i.e. the product of two successive values [say
{K- 1)'" and A ' " ] of DIFFD is negative. Then let
DIFF] = DIFFD {K) - DIFFD {K - ])
DIFF = I DIFFD {K) I x STP/DIFF]
TIME] = TIME-DIFF
168 Ancient Indian Astrononvy
where DIFFD (K) and DIFFD (K- 1) are values of DIFFD at A ' " and
(K- if intervals.
21. The computations are continued until the sign of DIFFD changes again
(this time from positive to negative) i.e. the product of two successive
values of DIFFD,
[DIFFD iK-l)]x [DIFFD (K)] < 0
Note that the values of K ( i.e. the order of the time interval) are different
in items (20) and (21) above. Let
DIFFl = DIFFD (K) - DIFFD (K-\)
DIFF = I DIFFD (K) I x STP/DIFFl
TIMEl = TIME-DIFF
Note : In (20) and (21) above, TIME = 1 + (/: - 1) x STP
22. If TIME] = 0, then the solar eclipse is not visible at the place.
23. Beginning of the eclipse =11] + TIME]
24. End of the eclipse = / / I + TIMEZ
Note : In (23) and (24) above, HI is the time (in hrs. 1ST) of the commencement of the eclipse
for the worid in general (see item (1) (') above].
The beginning and end of the solar eclipse, obtained in (23) and (24) are for the
particular place under consideration.
25. Instant of maximum obscuration : Let
A , = fi - A2 = (Co - fi) - (Bo - Ao)
and PRMGR = TP- STP/2 - STP x A , / A 2
where A^, Bq and Cq as also TP are obtained in item (19) above.
26. Summary of the solar eclipse at the place:
(i) Beginning of the eclipse = H] + TIME 1
(ii) If (A, + A 2 / 2 ) 2 - 2 x B , x A 2 < 0 , then the eclipse is partial,
otherwise total.
Here, = (B^ + D') - >
where D and D' are obtained under item (3) (/) and {ii) in section 13.2.
If the eclipse is total, let
BECT= PRMGR - I STP/2 A j I x V ( A , + A 2 / 2 ) 2 - 2 B , A j and
EECT = PRMGR +1 STP/2 A^' x V ( A , + A 2 / 2 ) 2 - 2 f l , A j

(iii) Beginning of the totality = / / I + BECT and
(iv) Instant of maximum obscuration (i.e. of parama grdsa)

= H]+ PRMGR
(v) End of the totality = H] + EECT
(vi) End of the eclipse = H] + TIME 2
(vii) Magnitude of the eclipse, pramanam
= [B" - (2 A j + A 2 ) V 8 A j J / S D / A
Example : For the solar eclipse on October 24, 1995 at Diamond Harbour (West
Bengal), after going through the procedure described above, we get the
following details:
I.S.T.
Beginning of die eclipse T* 3 r a.m.
Beginning of die totality 8* Si"* a.m.
Middle of die eclipse 8* 54'" a.m.
End of die totality 8* 55"" a.m.
End of die eclipse 10* 19'" a.m.
Pramanam (Magnitude) = 1.0018

Note : The timings are rounded off correct to a minute.
Remark; According to Ind. Ast. Eph. the beginning and the end of the eclipse at Diamond Harbour
are respectively 7* 32" 08* a.m. (1ST) and 10* 17" 50* a.m. (1ST).
14
S U G G E S T E D BijAS ( C O R R E C T I O N S )
F O R P L A N E T S ' POSITIONS
14.1 Introduction
In the earlier chapters on computations of planets' mean and true positions as well
as eclipses, we observed that there were deviations, though small, in the traditionally
computed values from the modern ones. The deviations are quite natural in the light of
the fact that the traditional Indian astronomical texts were composed thousands of years
ago.
In the Indian astronomical tradition, the practice of introducing bijas (corrections) to

the parameters has been in vogue for long. The Indian astronomers were aware that the
values of the governing parameters, given by them, would be valid only for a century
or so and that future competent astronomers should provide further improvements.
For example, the celebrated Kerala astronomer, Paramesvara states :
Kdldntare tu samskdrascintyatdm ganakottainaih
"In course of time, the (necessary) corrections must be decided by the expert mathematicians."
In fact, Paramesvara in his extensive work on computations of
eclipsesGrahanamandanaobserves in all humility that the times of contact etc. of
an eclipse as given by him may at times differ slightly from observed positions {Kdlo
aneiia ca siddhah kaddcidapi bhidyate svalpam).
In the famous karana text, Laghumdnasam, Manjula (or Munjala) composed five slokas
separately in the arya metre while the main text of 60 slokas was in anustubh metre. In the
arya verses Manjula has given the planetary details for his epoch. Giving reasons for the
separate treatment of the five verses, the commentator Siiryadeva Yajvan suggests :
The epochal positions stated in those (five) verses will not serve for more
than 100 years and after every century thereafter these will have to be replaced
by new verses giving new epochal positions.
Again, the famous astronomer Jyesthadeva (c. 16th century) in his Malayalam text
Drkkarana described the long series of revisions introduced over centuries in the
Aryabhatan system of astronomy. He says :
Suggested Btjas (Corrections) for Planets' Positions 171
(i) In the Kali year "giritimga" (i.e. 3623 = 522 A.D.), his work {Aryabhatjyam)
was composed He had adjusted the (planets') revolutions by reduction and
addition in such a way that there was no zero correction at the beginning of Kali.
(ii) In course of time, deviations were observed in (the results arrived at by) this
computation. Then, in the Kali year mandasthala (3785 = 684 A.D.), several
astronomers gathered together and devised, through observation, a system
wherein (the correct mean longitudes were to be found) by multiplying the
current Kali year minus "girituriga" (Kali 3623 i.e. the epoch). This system was
named parahita and many followed it, assuring themselves of its accuracy.
(iii) When a long time had elapsed, there occurred substantial deviations. Then a
noble brahmana, Parames'vara residing on the coast of the Western Ocean,
revised the Parahita system by means of astronomical observations in the
Kali year ''rangasobhanu" (4532 s 1431 A . D . )
(iv) The work Tantrasarigraha by Nilakantha (Somayaji), with revised constants,

is for twelve years later.
(v) The revolutions given therein (i.e. in the Tantrasahgraha) too, becoming
imperfect (in course of time), observations were continued by the astronomers
on the West Coast for 30 years, from the Kali year "jaustava"
(4678 = 1577 A.D.) through the Kali year ' 'jhanasevd nu" (4709 = 1607 A.D.)
and, by observation, the astronomical tradition was revised accurately.
Henceforth too, deviations between the calculated and the observed positions of
planets should be carefully observed and revisions effected.
Again, there is a detailed statement in the Brhat-tithi-cintdmani, by Ganesa Daivajfia

(16th cent. A.D.) describing how the sdstra (science) which is tathya (accurate) at one
period of time becomes slatha (inaccurate) and needs samsthapana (firm establishment)
in any later period.
The celebrated astronomer Nilakaiitha Somayaji, referring to a certain commentator

of Manjula's "Mdnasam" who laments, "Alas! we have precipitated into a calamity -
mahati sahkate patitdh smah") points out :
"... One has to realize that the five siddhantas had been correct at a particular period.
Therefore, one should search for a (new) siddhanta that does not show discord with
actual observation (at the present time). Such accordance with observation has to be
ascertained by (astronomical) observers during times of eclipses etc."
14.2 Bijas for civil days and revolutions, mandoccas, epicycles etc., of planets
In Indian astronomy, computations of true positions of planets are based mainly on
the following parameters :
(i) Number of civil days in a Mahayuga (or Kalpa)

(ii) Mean rate of daily motion given in terms of the number of revolutions in a
Mahayuga (or Kalpa);
(iii) The rates of motion of the mandoccas (apogees) of the planets in terms of
revolutions in a Mahayuga (or Kalpa) ;
(iv) The peripheries of the manda and the sighra epicycles of planets; and
(v) The epochal positions of bodies and special points.
In the present chapter we propose suitable bijas (corrections) to the above parameters
based on modem scientific computations. The parameters related to the items mentioned
above are now considered one by one.
14.2.1 Civil days in a Mahayuga
In a Mahayuga, the sun completes 432 x 10"* revolutions; the period of one revolution
with reference to fixed stars being defined as a sidereal solar year.
Taking the modern value of the sidereal sun's daily motion as 5)A/ = 3548". 1928098
the duration of a sidereal solar year becomes 365.2563627378105 days. However,
allowing a maximum error of 5 in the eighth digit in the value of SDM, correspondingly,
the duration of a sidereal solar year lies between 365.2563627429576 days and
365.2563627326635 days.
Accordingly, the number of civil days in a Mahayuga of 432 x 10"^ years turns out
to be 1577907487 days (ignoring the decimal part). However, if the longer period of a
Kalpa of 432 x i o ' years is considered, we can have a more accurate figure for the
number of civil days as 1577907487027.
Now, the numbers of civil days in a Mahayuga according to some of important

traditional texts and our proposed value are compared in Table 14.1.
Table 14.1: Civil days in a Mahayuga
Texts No. of civil days
1. Aryabhata I (Aryabhatiyam) 1,57,79,17,500
2. Brahamagupta's Khandakhadyaka 1,57,79,17,800
3. Suryasiddhdnta (SS) 1,57,79,17,828
4. Aryabhata II (Mahdsiddhdnta) 1,57,79,17,542
5. Bhaskara II (Siddhanta siromani) 1,57,79,16,450
6. Proposed modern value 1,57,79,07,487
Our proposed bija to the SS value is - 10,341. It may be noted that Bhaskara II
(1114 A . D . ) suggested a bija of - 1,378 to the SS value.
Suggested Bijas (Corrections) for Planets' Positions 173
14.2.2 Revolutions of bodies in a Mahayuga

The mean motion of a heavenly body is determined from its number of revolutions
in a Mahayuga of 432 x 10'* years.
In our proposed values for the revolutions of the sun, the moon and other bodies,
we have considered the rate of daily change in the sidereal longitude of these bodies. In
Table 14.2, the numbers of revolutions of the bodies according to the traditional texts
are compared with our suggested modern values.
Table 14.2: Revolutions of bodies in a Mahayuga
Bodies Surya siddhanta Bhaskara II Proposed

Aryabhata I Brahmagupta
Modern
1. Ravi 43,20,000 43,20,000 43,20,000 43,20,000 43,20,000
2. Candra 5,77,53,336 5,77,53,336 5,77,53,336 5,77,53,300 5,77,52,986
3. Candra's 4,88,219 4,88,219 4,88,203 4,88,206 4,88,125
Mandocca
4. Rahu 2.32,226 2,32,226 2,32,238 2,32,311 2,32,269
5. Kuja 22,96,824 22,96,824 22,96,832 22,96,828 22,96,876

6. Budha's 1,79,37,020 1,79,37,000 1,79,37,060 1,79,36,999 1,79,37,034
sighrocca
7. Guru 3,64,224 3,64,220 3,64,220 3,64,226 3,64,195
8. Sukra's 70,22,388 70,22,388 70,22,376 70,22,389 70,22,260
sighrocca
9. Sani 1,46,564 1,46,564 1,46,568 1,46,567 1,46,656
Note : The traditional siddhantas have given the revolutions of the bodies in a Kalpa of
432 X 10^ years. However, in Table 14.2, we have reduced them for a Mahayuga of
A
432 x 10 years (by dividing thefiguresby 1000) rounding off to the nearest integer.
14.2.3 Peripheries of manda epicycles
We explained, in earlier chapters, the procedure of the manda equation (i.e. the
equation of centre) to be applied to the mean sun and the moon as also to the mean
planets. The expression for the manda equation is given by
= -=; sin m ...(1)

A
where a is the periphery (in degrees) of the manda epicycle, R = 360 and m is the manda
anomaly of the body.
The corresponding modern formula for the equation of centre, considering the first
two terms, is
5 2 11 4
E = sm m + sin 2m ...(2)
4^
where e is the eccentricity of the body's elHptical orbit. Generally, since e is small,
ignoring the higher powers of e, the equation of centre is approximated as
: = (2e)sinm ...(3)
However, in proposing bija to the peripheries of the manda epicycles of the heavenly
bodies, we now consider even the higher powers of e viz. e^, e and e'^.
T . o 1 3 .J 11
Let C| = 2 - e-^ and ^2 = 24
Then (2) can be written as
= sin m + ^2 sin 2m
= e, sin m + 2^2 sin m cos m
or E = {ei + 2^2 cos m) sin m
Here, it is interesting to note that the co-efficient of sin m is a variable and that most
of the traditional texts indeed have taken the coefficient of sin m viz. a/R as a variable.
In Table 14.3, the proposed peripheries (in degree) for the different celestial bodies
based on (4) above, are given using the current values of the eccentricities of the orbits
of the bodies.
Table 14.3: Peripheries of manda epicycles
Planet Periphery (Deg) Coefft. of Equation of Centre

Min. Max. Min. Max.
D M S D M S
Ravi 11.80781 12.31284 1 52 45 1 57 34
Candra 36.8085 42.22932 5 51 29 6 43 15
Budha 109.8002 184.7195 17 28 30 29 23 56
Sukra 4.869 4.952738 0 46 29 0 47 17
Kuja 59.30061 74.92371 9 26 16 11 55 28
Guru 32.69004 36.89168 5 12 10 5 52 17
Sani 37.41842 43.03509 5 57 19 6 50 57
Uranus 31.42751 35.29051 5 0 6 5 36 59

Neptune 6.404953 6.550653 1 1 9 1 2 33
Pluto 123.0071 230.9876 19 34 37 36 45 46
The second and third columns give respectively the minimum and the maximum values
of the peripheries (in degrees) of the manda epicycles.
Correspondingly, the third and the fourth columns provide respectively the minimum
and the maximum values of the coefficients (in deg., min and sec.) of sin m of the manda
equation (1). We have included Uranus, Neptune and Pluto also in the list of planets.
The eccentricity e of the earth's orbit is given by
Suggested Bijas (Corrections) Jor Planets' Positions 175
e = 0.01675104 - (0.0000418) T - (1.26 x 10" ^) 7^

where 7" is the number of Julian centuries (of 36525 days each) completed since the
epoch 1900.0 A . D . Accordingly, over centuries, the eccentricity e and hence the periphery
of the manda epicycle change.
In Table 14.4, the eccentricity of the earth's orbit and the corresponding minimum
and maximum co-efficients of sin m in the equation of the centre, are given for the
beginnings of the centuries.
Table 14.4: Earths' eccentricity and coefft. of sun's manda equation
Year Eccentricity Coefft. of sun's equation of centre

e Min. Max.
A.D. D M S D M S
1900 .01675104 1 52 45 1 57 34
1800 .016792714 1 53 1 1 57 52
1700 .016834136 1 53 18 1 58 10
1600 .016875306 1 53 34 1 58 28
1500 .016916224 1 53 50 1 58 45
1400 .01695689 1 54 6 1 59 3
1300 .016997304 1 54 22 1 59 20
1200 .017037466 1 54 38 1 59 37
1100 .017077376 1 54 54 1 59 55
1000 .017117034 1 55 9 2 0 12
900 .01715644 1 55 25 2 0 29
800 .017195594 1 55 40 2 0 45
700 .017234496 1 55 56 2 1 2
600 .017273146 1 56 11 2 1 19
500 .017311544 1 56 26 2 1 35
400 .01734969 1 56 41 2 1 52
In Table 14.4, the earth's eccentricity for the beginning of century years from 1900
A . D . backwards to 400 A . D . is evaluated on the basis of the expression for the same
with respect to 1900.0 A . D . as the epoch.
However, in the currently published ephemerides, the eccentricities of the
orbits as also other elements, of the planets are computed with respect to J2000
(corresponding to 2451545.0 Julian Ephemeris Days). Based on these formulae,
the eccentricities, the minimum and the maximum values of the peripheries of the
manda epicycles are given for the planets and the sun in Table 14.5 to 14.13 at
intervals of 300 years. By using these tables, the accurate manda equation of a
planet can be computed for a date in any century between - 3400 (i.e. 3401 B . C . )
and 2000 A . D .
Table 14.5: Earths eccentricity and periphery of the Sun's manda epicycle
Year Eccentricity Min. Max.

D M S D M S
2000 1.667218E-02 11 45 12 12 15 13
1700 .0167863 11 49 55 12 20 21
1400 1.690042E-02 11 54 39 12 25 29
1100 1.701454E-02 11 59 22 12 30 38
800 1.712866E-02 12 4 5 12 35 46
500 1.724278E-02 12 8 48 12 40 54
200 .0173569 12 13 31 12 46 3
-100 1.747102E-02 12 18 14 12 51 12
-400 1.758514E-02 12 22 57 12 56 20
-700 1.769926E-02 12 27 39 13 1 29
- 1000 1.781338E-02 12 32 22 13 6 38
-1300 .0179275 12 37 5 13 11 47
- 1600 1.804162E-02 12 41 47 13 16 56
- 1900 1.815574E-02 12 46 29 13 22 5
-2200 1.826986E-02 12 51 12 13 27 14
-2500 1.838398E-02 12 55 54 13 32 24
-2800 .0184981 13 0 36 13 37 33
-3100 1.861222E-02 13 5 18 13 42 43
-3400 1.872634E-02 13 10 0 13 47 52
Table 14.6: Budha's eccentricity and periphery of manda epicycle

D M S D M S
2000 .205656 109 50 46 184 47 43
1700 .2055802 109 49 10 184 42 52
1400 .2055043 109 47 34 184 38 0
1100 .2054285 109 45 59 184 33 9
800 .2053527 109 44 23 184 28 18
500 .2052769 109 42 47 184 23 26
200 .2052011 109 41 11 184 18 35
- 100 .2051253 109 39 35 184 13 44
-400 .2050495 109 38 0 184 8 53
-700 .2049737 109 36 24 184 4 2
- 1 0 0 0 .2048979 109 34 48 183 59 11
- 1300 .2048221 109 33 12 183 54 19
- 1600 .2047463 109 31 36 183 49 28
- 1900 .2046704 109 30 0 183 44 37
(Conld...)
iy

D M S D M S
-2200 .2045946 109 28 24 183 39 46
-2500 .2045188 109 26 47 183 34 55
-2800 .204443 109 25 11 183 30 5
-3100 .2043672 109 23 35 183 25 14
-3400 .2042914 109 21 59 183 20 23
Table 14.7: Sukra's eccentricity and periphery of manda epicycle

D M S D M S
2000 6.72385E-03 4 48 1 4 52 54
1700 6.87199E-03 4 54 19 4 59 25
1400 7.02013 lE-03 5 0 36 5 5 55
1100 7.16827E-03 5 6 53 5 12 26
800 7.31641E-03 5 13 10 5 18 57
500 7.46455E-03 5 19 27 5 25 28
200 7.612619E-03 5 25 44 5 31 59
-100 7.76083E-03 5 32 0 5 38 31
-400 7.90897E-03 5 38 17 5 45 2
-700 8.0571 lE-03 5 44 33 5 51 34
- 1000 8.20525E-03 5 50 49 5 58 5
- 1300 8.35339E-03 5 57 5 6 4 37
-1600 8.50153E-03 6 3 21 6 11 9
- 1900 8.64967 lE-03 6 9 37 6 17 42
-2200 8.79781 lE-03 6 15 52 6 24 14
-2500 8.94595E-03 6 22 8 6 30 46
-2800 9.09409E-03 6 28 23 6 37 19
-3100 9.24223E-03 6 34 38 6 43 52
-3400 9.39037E-03 6 40 53 6 50 25
Table 14.8 : Kuja's eccentricity and periphery of manda epicycle

D M S D M S
2000 9.353136E-02 59 25 25 75 7 11
1700 9.317429E-02 59 13 37 74 48 14
1400 9.281723E-02 59 1 48 74 29 18
1100 9.246017E-02 58 49 59 74 10 22
800 9.210311E-02 58 38 8 73 51 27
(Contd...)

D M S D M S
500 9.174605E-02 58 26 17 73 32 33
200 9.138899E-02 58 14 25 73 13 40
- 100 9.103193E-02 58 2 32 72 54 47
-400 9.067487E-02 57 50 38 72 35 56
-700 9.03178 lE-02 57 38 43 72 17 5
- 1000 8.996076E-02 57 26 48 71 58 15
- 1300 8.960369E-02 57 14 52 71 39 25
- 1600 8.924663E-02 57 2 55 71 20 37
- 1900 8.888957E-02 56 50 57 71 1 49
-2200 8.85325 lE-02 56 38 58 70 43 2
-2500 8.817546E-02 56 26 58 70 24 16
-2800 8.781839E-02 56 14 58 70 5 31
-3100 8.746133E-02 56 2 56 69 46 46
-3400 8.710428E-02 55 50 54 69 28 2
Table 14.9: Guru's eccentricity and periphery of manda epicycle

D M S D M S
2000 4.826387E-02 32 38 44 36 50 5
1700 4.865026E-02 32 53 23 37 8 47
1400 4.903666E-02 33 8 2 37 27 30
1100 4.942306E-02 33 22 39 37 46 14
800 4.980946E-02 33 37 16 38 4 58
500 5.019586E-02 33 51 52 38 23 44
200 5.058226E-02 34 6 26 38 42 30
- 100 5.096866E-02 34 21 0 39 1 18
-400 5.135506E-02 34 35 33 39 20 6
-700 5.174146E-02 34 50 33 39 38 56
- 1000 5.212786E-02 35 4 36 39 57 46
- 1300 5.251426E-02 35 19 5 40 16 37
- 1600 5.290066E-02 35 33 34 40 35 30
- 1900 5.328706E-02 35 48 2 40 54 23
-2200 5.367346E-02 36 2 29 41 13 17
-2500 5.405987E-02 36 . 16 55 41 32 12
-2800 5.444626E-02 36 31 20 41 51 8
-3100 5.483266E-02 36 45 44 42 10 5
-3400 5.521906E-02 37 0 7 42 29 3
Table 14.10: Sani's eccentricity and periphery of manda epicycle

D M S D M S
2000 5.378298E-02 36 6 34 41 18 39
1700 5.488584E-02 36 47 43 42 12 42
1400 .0559887 37 28 43 43 6 52
1100 5.709156E-02 38 9 35 44 1 11
800 5.819442E-02 38 50 19 44 55 37
500 5.929728E-02 39 30 56 45 50 11
200 6.040014E-02 40 11 24 46 44 52
-100 .061503 40 51 44 47 39 42
-400 6.260586E-02 41 31 57 48 34 38
-700 6.370873E-02 42 12 1 49 29 43
- 1000 6.481158E-02 42 51 58 50 24 55
- 1300 6.591444E-02 43 31 46 51 20 15
- 1600 .0670173 44 11 27 52 15 43
- 1900 6.812016E-02 44 50 59 53 11 18
-2200 6.922302E-02 45 30 24 54 7 1
-2500 7.032588E-02 46 9 41 55 2 51
-2800 7J42874E-02 46 48 50 55 58 49
-3100 .0725316 47 27 50 56 54 55
-3400 7.363446E-02 48 6 43 57 51 8
Table 14.11: Uranus' eccentricity and periphery oi manda epicycle

D M S D M S
2000 4.697621E-02 31 49 45 35 47 54
1700 4.75507 lE-02 32 11 38 36 15 37
1400 4.81252 lE-02 32 33 28 36 43 23
1100 4.86997 lE-02 32 55 16 37 11 11
800 4.92742 lE-02 33 17 1 37 39 1
500 4.984872E-02 33 38 45 38 6 53
200 5.04232 lE-02 34 0 27 38 34 47
- 100 5.09977 lE-02 34 22 6 39 2 43
-400 5.15722 lE-02 34 43 43 39 30 41
-700 5.2I4671E-02 35 5 18 39 58 41
-1000 5.27212 lE-02 35 26 51 40 26 44
- 1300 5.32957 lE-02 35 48 21 40 54 48
- 1600 5.38702 lE-02 36 9 50 41 22 55
- 1900 5.44447 lE-02 36 31 16 41 51 4
-2200 5.50192 lE-02 36 52 41 42 19 14
-2500 5.55937 lE-02 37 14 3 42 47 27
-2800 5.61682 lE-02 37 35 22 43 15 42
-3100 5.674272E-02 37 56 40 43 43 59
-3400 5.73172 lE-02 38 17 56 44 12 19
Table 14.12: Neptune's eccentricity and periphery of manda epicycle

D M S D M S
2000 8.61101 lE-03 6 7 59 .6 15 59
1700 8.53559E-03 6 4 48 6 12 40
1400 8.460169E-03 6 1 36 6 9 20
1100 8.38475E-03 5 58 25 6 6 0
800 8.30933E-03 5 55 13 6 2 41
500 8.23391 lE-03 5 52 2 5 59 21
200 8.15849E-03 5 48 50 5 56 2
-100 8.08307 lE-03 5 45 39 5 52 42
-400 8.00765E-03 5 42 27 5 49 23
-700 7.93223E-03 5 39 16 5 46 4
-1000 7.8568 l l E - 0 3 5 36 4 5 42 44
- 1300 7.78139E-03 5 32 53 5 39 25
- 1600 7.70597E-03 5 29 41 5 36 6
-1900 7.63055 lE-03 5 26 29 5 32 46
-2200 7.555131E-03 5 23 17 5 29 27
-2500 7.47971 lE-03 5 20 6 5 26 8
-2800 7.40429E-03 5 16 54 5 22 49
-3100 7.32887E-03 5 13 42 5 19 30
-3400 7.25345 lE-03 5 10 30 5 16 11
Table 14.13: Pluto's eccentricity and periphery of manda epicycle

D M S D M S
2000 .2488723 123 22 42 232 20 2
1700 .2486784 123 19 29 232 6 52
1400 .2484844 123 16 16 231 53 42
1100 .2482905 123 13 2 231 40 32
800 .2480965 123 9 49 231 27 23
500 .2479026 123 6 35 231 14 14
200 .2477086 123 3 20 231 1 5
- 100 .2475147 123 0 6 230 47 56
-400 .2473207 122 56 51 230 34 47
-700 .2471268 122 53 37 230 21 39
- 1000 .2469328 122 50 21 230 8 31
-1300 .2467389 122 47 6 229 55 23
- 1600 .2465449 122 43 51 229 42 15
- 1900 .246351 122 40 35 229 29 7
-2200 .246157 122 37 19 229 16 0
-2500 .2459631 122 34 2 229 2 52
-2800 .2457691 122 30 46 228 49 45
-3100 .2455752 122 27 29 228 36 38
-3400 .2453812 122 24 12 . 228 23 32
Suggested Byas (Corrections) for Planets' Positions 181
14J.4 MandoccoM of planets

In the siddhdndc texts, except in the Surya siddhanta, the mandoccas (apogees) of
planets have been taken as fixed. To a great extent they were not off the mark since the
rates of motion of apogees are very small. The mandoccas of the various bodies as taken
by the traditional texti are listed in Table 14.14.
Table 14.14: Mandoceas of planeti
Planeu Aryabhatiyam Khaitda Suryasiddhanta Modem
Khadyaka (499 A.D.) (500 A.D.)
Ravi 78 i(f 77 14' 74 15' 14"
Budha 210 22(f 220 26' 231 12'09"
Sukra 90 80 79 49' 187 16' 55"
Kuja 118 110 130 125 30' 04"
Guru 180 160 171 16' 167 25' 12"
Sani 236 240 236 37' 240 51'51"
The moon's mandocca changes rapidly and hence not included in the above table.
Ravi's mandocca values according to the various texts are comparable to the one obtained
using the modem formula (for sidereal apogee). In fact, the mandocca (modem) for the
beginnings of 1400 A.D. and 1700 A.D. arc respectively 77 8'46" and 78 6'46". The
famous Kerala astronomers of that period, like Madhava, Parames'vara and Nilakantha
Somayaji, were significantly right in taking the mandocca of the sun around 77 to S0.
The (sidereal) mandocca of the sun for the beginning of 2000 A.D. is 79 4' 55".
Table 14.15 gives the {nirayana) mandoccas of the planets (except the moon) at the
century beginnings from 2000 A.D. back to - 3100 (i.c. 3101 B.C.). For evaluating the
coirect mandocca of any planet for any date during these centuries, the tables can be used.
For intermediate dates proportional changes can be introduced by linear interpolation.
In Table 14.15, the trans-saturnine planets viz.. Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are also
included.
Table 14.15: Mandoccas of planets (in Deg., Min., Sec.)

Year RAVI BUDHA SUKRA KUJA
2000 79 4 55 233 35 49 187 42 44 132 12 2
1900 78 45 31 233 26 15 187 42 6 131 45 '22
1800 78 26 8 233 16 41 187 41 18 131 18 40
1700 78 6 46 233 7 7 187 40 21 130 51 58
1600 77 47 26 232 57 33 187 39 15 130 25 13
1500 77 28 5 232 47 58 187 37 59 129 58 28
1400 77 8 46 232 38 24 187 36 34 129 31 42
1300 76 49 27 232 28 49 187 35 0 129 4 55
1200 76 30 9 232 19 14 187 33 17 128 38 6
1100 76 10 52 232 9 40 187 31 24 128 11 17
(Contd...)
182 Ancient Indian Astronon^y
Year RAVI BUDHA SUKRA KUJA

1000 75 51 35 232 0 5 187 29 23 127 44 27
900 75 32 18 231 50 30 187 27 11 127 17 36
800 75 13 2 231 40 55 187 24 51. 126 50 44
700 74 53 46 231 31 20 187 22 22 126 23 51
600 74 34 30 231 21 44 187 19 43 125 56 58
500 74 15 14 231 12 9 187 16 55 125 30 4
400 73 55 58 231 2 33 187 13 57 125 3 9
300 73 36 43 230 52 58 187 10 51 124 36 14
200 73 17 27 230 43 22 187 7 35 124 . 9 19
100 72 58 10 230 33 46 187 4 10 123 42 22
0 72 38 54 230 24 10 187 0 35 123 15 26
- 100 72 19 37 230 14 34 186 56 52 122 48 29
-200 72 0 20 230 4 58 186 52 59 122 21 31
-300 71 41 3 229 55 22 186 48 57 121 54 34
-400 71 21 45 229 45 46 186 44 45 121 27 36
-500 71 2 26 229 36 9 186 40 25 121 0 38
-600 70 43 7 229 26 33 186 35 55 120 33 40
-700 70 23 46 229 16 56 186 31 16 120 6 42
-800 70 4 25 229 7 20 186 26 27 119 39 44
-900 69 45 3 228 57 43 186 21 30 119 12 45
-1000 69 25 41 228 48 6 186 16 23 118 45 47
-1100 69 6 17 228 38 29 186 11 7 118 18 49
- 1200 68 46 52 228 28 52 186 5 41 117 51 51
- 1300 68 27 25 228 19 14 186 0 7 117 24 53
- 1400 68 7 58 228 9 37 185 54 23 116 57 56
- 1500 67 48 29 228 0 0 185 48 30 116 30 59
- 1600 67 28 59 227 50 22 185 42 27 116 4 2
- 1700 67 9 27 227 40 45 185 36 16 115 37 5
- 1800 66 49 54 227 31 7 185 29 55 115 10 9
-1900 66 30 19 227 21 29 185 23 24 114 43 14
-2000 66 10 42 227 11 51 185 16 45 114 16 19
-2100 65 51 4 227 2 13 185 9 56 113 49 24
-2200 65 31 24 226 52 35 185 2 58 113 22 31
-2300 65 11 42 226 42 57 184 55 51 112 55 38
-2400 64 51 57 226 33 18 184 48 35 112 28 45
-2500 64 32 11 226 23 40 184 41 9 112 1 54
-2600 64 12 23 226 14 1 184 33 34 111 35 3
-2700 63 52 33 226 4 23 184 25 50 111 8 13
-2800 63 32 40 225 54 44 184 17 56 110 41 24
-2900 63 12 45 225 45 5 184 9 54 no 14 36
-3000 62 52 47 225 35 26 184 1 42 109 47 49
-3100 62 32 47 225 25 47 183 53 21 109 21 3
(Contd...)
Year GURU SANI URANUS NEPTUNE PLUTO

2000 170 28 25 249 11 56 229 10 30 204 17 38
1900 170 15 32 248 38 10 229 5 12 204 15 55 20 0 50
1800 170 2 44 248 4 27 228 59 53 204 14 12 20 0 44
1700 169 50 2 247 30 48 228 54 34 204 12 31 20 0 37
1600 169 37 26 246 57 13 228 49 15 204 10 49 20 0 31
1500 169 24 55 246 23 41 228 43 55 204 9 9 20 0 24
1400 169 12 30 245 50 14 228 38 34 204 7 29 20 0 18
1300 169 0 11 245 16 50 228 33 14 204 5 50 20 0 11
1200 168 47 57 244 43 29 228 27 52 204 4 11 20 0 4
1100 168 35 49 244 10 13 228 22 31 204 2 33 19 59 58
1000 168 23 48 243 37 0 228 17 9 204 0 56 19 59 51
900 168 11 52 243 3 51 228 11 46 203 59, 19 19 59 44
800 168 0 3 242 30 45 228 6 23 203 57 44 19 59 37
700 167 48 19 241 57 44 228 1 0 203 56 9 19 59 30
600 167 36 42 241 24 46 227 55 36 203 54 34 19 59 23
500 167 25 12 240 51 51 227 50 12 203 53 1 19 59 16
400 167 13 47 240 19 1 227 44 48 203 51 28 19 59 9
300 167 2 30 239 46 14 227 39 24 203 49 56 19 59 2
200 166 51 18 239 13 31 227 33 59 203 48 25 19 58 55
100 166 40 14 238 40 52 227
28 34 203 46 55 19 58 48
0 166 29 16 238 8 16 227 23 8 203 45 25 19 58 41
-100 166 18 25 237 35 44 227 17 43 203 43 57 19 58 34
-200 166 7 41 237 3 16 227 12 17 203 42 29 19 58 27
-300 165 57 4 236 30 52 227 6 51 203 41 2 !9 58 19
-400 165 46 33 235 58 31 227 1 24 203 39 36 19 58 12
-500 165 36 10 235 26 14 226 55 58 203 38 11 19 58 5
-600 165 25 54 234 54 1 226 50 31 203 36 47 19 57 57
-700 165 15 45 234 21 51 226 45 4 203 35 24 19 57 50
-800 165 5 44 233 49 45 226 39 37 203 34 2 19 57 42
-900 164 55 50 233 17 43 226 34 10 203 32 40 19 57 35
- 1000 164 46 3 232 45 45 226 28 43 203 31 20 19 57 27
-1100 164 36 24 232 13 51 226 23 15 203 30 1 19 57 20
- 1200 164 26 53 231 42 0 226 17 48 203 28 42 19 57 12
- 1300 164 17 29 231 10 12 226 12 20 203 27 25 19 57 4
- 1400 164 8 13 230 38 29 226 6 52 203 26 9 19 56 57

- 1500 163 59 5 230 6 49 226 1 24 203 24 53 19 56 49
- 1600 163 50 5 229 35 13 225 55 57 203 23 39 19 41
- 1700 163 41 13 229 3 41 225 50 29 203 22 26 19 56 33

(Contd...)
184 Ancient Indicui Astronomy
Year GURU SANI URANUS NEPTUNE PLUTO

-1800 163 32 28 228 32 13 225 45 1 203 21 14 19 56 26
- 1900 163 23 52 228 0 48 225 39 33 203 20 3 19 56 18
-2000 163 15 24 227 29 27 225 34 5 203 18 53 19 56 10
-2100 163 7 5 226 58 9 225 28 37 203 17 44 19 56 2
-2200 162 58 53 226 26 56 225 23 9 203 16 37 19 55 54
-2300 162 50 51 225 55 46 225 17 41 203 15 30 19 55 46
-2400 162 42 56 225 24 40 225 12 14 203 14 25 19 55 38
-2500 162 35 11 224 53 37 225 6 46 203 13 21 19 55 29
-2600 162 27 33 224 22 39 225 1 18 203 12 18 19 55 21
-2700 162 20 5 223 51 44 224 55 51 203 11 16 19 55 13
-2800 162 12 45 223 20 52 224 50 23 203 10 16 19 55 5
-2900 162 5 35 222 50 5 224 44 56 203 9 17 19 54 57
-3000 161 58 33 222 19 21 224 39 29 203 8 19 19 54 48
-3100 161 51 40 221 48 41 224 34 2 203 7 22 19 54 40
14.2.5 Peripheries of Sighra epicycles of planets
The peripheries of the sighra epicycles of the different planets taken by the various
siddhantic texts are presented in Table 14.16.
In fact, it is found that'the periphery of the sighra epicycle of a planet is elated to

its mean heliocentric distance a. For the inferior planets viz.. Budha and Sukra. the
periphery of the sighra epicycle is given by p = (360 a) where a is in astronomical units.
One astronomical unit (a.u.) is defined as the mean distance of the earth from the sun.
In Table 14.16, the peripheries of the sighra epicycles of the planets according to
the traditional texts are compared with the modem values (considering the mean
heliocentric distances of the planets). In the case of the superior planets viz., Kuja, Guru,
Sani and the trans-saturnine planets, the periphery is given hy p = (360/a).
Table 14.16: Peripheries of Sighra epicycles
Planets Mean heliocentric Aryabhatiyam Khatida Suryasiddhanta Modern

distance a Khadyaka
Budha 0.3870986 130.5 - 139.5 132 132 - 133 139.3555
Sukra 0.7233316 256.5 - 265.5 260 260 - 262 260.3994
Kuja 1.523692 229.5 - 239.5 234 232 - 235 236.2682
Guru 5.202561 67.5 - 72 72 70 - 72 69.1967
Sani 9.554747 36.5 - 40 40 39-40 37.6776
Note : The peripheries are in degrees.
Suggested Bijas (Corrections) for Plcaiets' Positions 185
According to modem astronomy, the mean heliocentric distance a i.e., the semi-major
axis of the elliptical orbit as well as its eccentricity e of a planet gradually and slowly
change with time. The semi-minor axis b of the orbit is given by b = a V l -e^ at any
given time.
The actual distance (radius-vector) of a planet from the sun varies between the
semi-minor axis b and the semi-major axis a. Accordingly, it is conjectured that the
periphery of the sighra epicycle varies (i) from (360Va) to {360/b) for a superior planet
and (ii) from (360 b) to (360 a)" for an inferior planet.
The eccentricities, the semi-major and the semi-minor axes of the orbits of the
planets, from Budha to Pluto, are considered as they vary over the centuries and the
corresponding minimum and maximum values of the peripheries of the sighra
epicycles are computed. The results are provided in Tables 14.17 to 14.24 at the
beginnings of the century years from 2000 A.D. backwards to - 3400 (i.e. 3401 B.C.) at
intervals of 300 years.
TaUc 14.17: Budha's mean heliocentric distance and Sighra periphery
Year Helio. Dist. (A.U.) Minimum Maximum

D M S D M S
2000 .38709893 136 22 39 139 21 20
1700 .38709695 136 22 44 139 21 17
1400 .38709497 136 22 50 139 21 15
1100 .38709299 136 22 55 139 21 12
800 .38709101 136 23 1 139 21 9
500 .38708903 136 23 6 139 21 7
200 .38708705 136 23 11 139 21 4
-100 .38708507 136 23 17 139 21 2
-400 .38708309 136 23 22 139 20 59
-700 .38708111 136 23 28 139 20 57
- 1000 .38707913 136 23 33 139 20 54
- 1300 .38707715 136 23 39 139 20 52
-1600 .38707517 136 23 44 139 20 49
-1900 .38707319 136 23 50 139 20 46
-2200 .38707121 136 23 55 139 20 44
-2500 .38706923 136 24 0 139 20 41
-2800 .38706725 136 24 6 139 20 39
-3100 .38706527 136 24 11 139 20 36
-3400 .38706329 136 24 17 139 20 34
Table 14.18: Siikra'i mean heiiocentrk dkteiKc and Sighra pcripiicry

D M S D M S
2000 .72333199 260 23 36 260 23 58
1700 .72332923 260 23 32 260 23 54
1400 .72332647 260 23 27 260 23 51
1100 .72332371 260 23 23 260 23 47
800 .72332095 260 23 18 260 23 43
500 .72331819 260 23 13 260 23 40
200 .72331543 260 23 9 260 23 36
- 100 .72331267 260 23 4 260 23 33
-400 .72330991 260 22 59 260 23 29
-700 .72330715 260 22 55 260 23 26
-1000 .72330439 260 22 50 260 23 22
- 1300 .72330163 260 22 45 260 23 18
- 1600 .72329887 260 22 40 260 23 15
- 1900 .72329611 260 22 36 260 23 11
-2200 .72329335 260 22 31 260 23 8
-2500 .72329059 260 22 26 260 23 4
-2800 .72328783 260 22 21 260 23 0
-3100 .72328507 260 22 17 260 22 57
-3400 .72328231 260 22 12 260 22 53
Table 14.19: Kuja's mean heliocentric distance and Sighra periphery
D M S D M S
2000 1.52366231 236 16 22 237 18 37
1700 1.52387894 236 14 21 237 16 7
1400 1.52409557 236 12 20 237 13 37
1100 1.5243122 236 10 19 237 11 7
800 1.52452883 236 8 18 237 8 38
500 1.52474546 236 6 17 237 6 8
200 1.52496209 236 4 17 237 3 39
- 100 1.52517872 236 2 16 237 1 9
-400 1.52539535 236 0 15 236 58 40
-700 1.52561198 235 58 15 236 56 12
- 1000 1.52582861 235 56 14 236 53 43
- 1300 1.52604524 235 54 13 236 51 14
- 1600 1.52626187 235 52 13 236 48 46
- 1900 1.5264785 235 50 12 236 46 18
-2200 1.52669513 235 48 12 236 43 49
-2500 1.52691176 235 46 12 236 41 21
-2800 1.52712839 235 44 11 236 38 54
-3100 1.52734502 235 42 11 236 36 26
-3400 1.52756165 235 40 10 236 33 59
Suggested Bijas (Corrections) for Hanets' Positions 187
Table 14.20: Guru's mean heliocentric distance and Sighra periphery

D M S D M S
2000 5.20336301 69 11 9 69 16 1
1700 5.2015409 69 12 36 69 17 33
1400 5.19971879 69 14 4 69 19 6
1100 5.19789668 69 15 31 69 20 38
800 5.1%07457 69 16 59 69 22 10
500 5.19425246 69 18 26 69 23 43
200 5.19243035 69 19 54 69 25 15
- 100 5.19060824 69 21 21 69 26 48
-400 5.18878613 69 22 49 69 28 .21
-700 5.18696402 69 24 17 69 29 53
-1000 5.18514191 69 25 44 69 31 26
- 1300 5.1833198 69 27 12 69 32 59
-1600 5.18149769 69 28 40 69 34 33
- 1900 5.17967558 69 30 8 69 36 6
-2200 5.17785347 69 31 36 69 37 39
-2500 5.17603136 69 33 4 69 39 13
-2800 5.17420925 69 34 33 69 40 46
-3100 5.17238714 69 36 1 69 42 20
-3400 5.17056503 69 37 29 69 43 54
Table 14.21: Sani's mean heliocentric distance and Sighra periphery
D M S D M S
2000 9.53707032 37 44 50 >7 48 10
1700 9.54611622 37 42 42 37 46 9
1400 9.55516212 37 40 33 37 44 9
1100 9.56420802 37 38 25 37 42 9
800 9.57325392 37 36 17 37 40 9
500 9.58229982 37 34 9 37 38 10
200 9.59134572 37 32 1 37 36 11
-100 9.60039162 37 29 54 37 34 13
-400 9.60943752 37 27 47 37 32 15
-700 9.61848342 37 25 40 37 30 18
- 1000 9.62752932 37 23 33 37 28 20
- 1300 9.63657522 37 21 27 37 26 24
- 1600 9.64562112 37 19 21 37 24 27
- 1900 9.65466702 37 17 15 37 22 31
-2200 9.66371292 37 15 9 37 20 35
-2500 9.67275882 37 13 4 37 18 40
-2800 9.68180472 37 10 59 37 16 45
-3100 9.69085062 37 8 54 37 14 51
-3400 9.69989652 37 6 49 37 12 57
Table 14.22: Uranus* mean heliocentric distance and Sighra periphery

D M S D M S
2000 19.19126393 18 45 30 18 46 45
1700 19.18670318 18 45 46 18 47 3
1400 19.18214243 18 46 2 18 47 21
1100 19.17758168 18 46 18 18 47 39
800 19.17302093 18 46 34 18 47 57
500 19.16846018 18 46 51 18 48 15
200 19.16389943 18 47 7 18 48 33
- 100 19.15933868 18 47 23 18 4' 52
-400 19.15477793 18 47 39 18 49 10
-700 19.15021718 18 47 55 18 49 28
- 1000 19.14565643 18 48 11 18 49 46
- 1300 19.14109568 18 48 27 18 50 4
- 1600 19.13653493 18 48 43 18 50 23
-1900 19.13197418 18 49 0 18 50 41
-2200 19.12741343 18 49 16 18 50 59
-2500 19.12285268 18 49 32 18 51 18
-2800 19.11829193 18 49 48 18 51 56
-3100 19.11373118 18 50 4 18 51 54
-3400 19.10917043 18 50 20 18 52 13
Table 14.23: Neptune's mean heliocentric distance and Sighra periphery
Year Helio. Dist. (A.U.) M mimum Maximum
D M S D M S
2000 30.06896348 11 58 20 11 58 22
1700 30.07271936 11 58 15 11 58 17
1400 30.07647524 11 58 10 11 58 11
1100 30.08023112 11 58 4 11 58 6
800 30.083987 11 57 59 11 58 0
500 30.08774288 11 57 54 11 57 55
200 30.09149876 11 57 48 11 57 50
- 100 30.09525464 11 57 43 11 57 44
-400 30.09901052 11 57 37 11 57 39
-700 30.1027664 11 57 32 11 57 33
- 1000 30.10652228 11 57 27 11 57 28
- 1300 30.11027816 11 57 21 11 57 23
- 1600 30.11403404 11 57 16 11 57 17
- 1900 30.11778992 11 57 11 11 57 12
-2200 30.1215458 11 57 5 11 57 6
-2500 30.12530168 11 57 0 11 57 1
-2800 30.12905756 11 56 54 11 56 56
-3100 30.13281344 11 56 49 11 56 50
-3400 30.13656932 11 56 44 11 56 45
Table 14.24: Plato's mean heliocentric distance and Sighra periphery

D M S D M S
2000 39.48168677 9 7 5 9 24 51
1700 39.48399413 9 7 3 9 24 47
1400 39.48630149 9 7 1 9 24 43
1100 39.48860885 9 6 59 9 24 39
800 39.49091621 9 6 57 9 24 36
500 39.49322357 9 6 55 9 24 32
200 39.49553093 9 6 53 9 24 28
-100 39.49783829 9 6 51 9 24 25
-400 39.50014565 9 6 50 9 24 21
-700 39.50245301 9 6 48 9 24 17
-1000 39.50476037 9 6 46 9 24 13
-1300 39.50706773 9 6 44 9 24 10
-1600 39.50937509 9 6 42 9 24 6
-1900 39.51168245 9 6 40 9 24 2
-2200 39.51398981 9 6 38 9 23 59
-2500 39.51629717 9 6 36 9 23 55
-2800 39.51860453 9 6 34 9 23 51
-3100 39.52091189 9 6 32 9 23 48
-3400 39.52321925 9 6 30 9 23 44
143 Moon's equations
In computing the position of the moon, according to the siddhantic texts, there has
always been a noticeable deviation. The ancient Indian astronomers suggested the well
known corrections, besides the manda equation, which we call evection and variation.
TTie equation of centre (manda connection) was known in India even before Aryabhata I
(476 A.D.). In fact, Aryabhata himself gives the coefficient in the manda equation as
300'. 25 for the Moon. Brahmagupta in his Uttara Khanda Khadyaka gives the same as
301'. 7. However, it must be pointed out that out of the actual equation of centre, a part
of it is combine'd with the second correction ("evection") and the combined equation is
given in later siddhantic texts.
In fact, this combined equation for the moon was first given, among the Indian
astronomers, by Mai^jula (or Mufijala, 932 A.D.) in his Laghumdnasam. P C . Sengupta
points out, "In form the equation is most perfect, it is far superior to Ptolemy's; it is
above all praise." While the credit of discovering the moon's second equation, among
the Hindu astronomers, undoubtedly goes to Mafijula, it was Bhaskara II (1114 A.D.)
who introduced it into his siddhanta.
The third equation for the moon's position, "variation" was introduced in Indian
astronomy by Bhaskara II in 1152 A.D., four centuries before Tycho Brahe discovered
it in the west.
The honour of introducing the fourth equation, to the moon's position, now called "annual
equation" goes to the highly dedicated astute asronomer from Orissa, Mm. Samanta
Chandrashekhara Simha of the last century. He called it "Digarnsa" samskdra and
incorporated it in his remarkable text, Siddhanta darparia. The constant coefficient in
Chandrashekhara's equation is \\'21".6. It is important to note that Tycho Brahe had
given the coefficient as 4'30". The modem value is 11'10". Thus, Chandrashekhara
Samanta's value is far closer to the modem value. This accuracy of his value is truly
remarkable in the light of the fact that the Samanta was trained exclusively in the orthodox
Sanskrit tradition and totally ignorant of the English education or the western development
of astronomy.
The modem expressions for the three above-said equations of the moon are as follows:
1. Evection = 4586" sin (2D - g)
where D = M-S, the mean elongation of the moon (from the sun),
M and S being the mean longitudes of the moon and the sun respectively and
g is the mean anomaly of the moon (from its perigee).
In the context of Indian astronomy, the mean anomaly (manda kendra) is measured
from the apogee (mandocca). If the perigee and the apogee of the moon are denoted
respectively by P and A, then we have
Mean anomaly, g = M-P = M-(A + l80)
= (M-A)-180
so that the evection equation becomes
Evection = 4586" sin [2D-{M-(A + \ 80)) ]
= -4586" sin [2D-(M-A)]
However, as defined in the SHrya siddhanta,
Manda anomaly = Mandocca - Mean longitude = A- M
in which case
Evection = - 4586" sin [2D + MA]
where MA=A-M, the manda anomaly of the moon. In terms of the mean longitudes
of the sun (5) and the moon (M) and the mandocca A, we have
Evection = - 4586" sin (M -2S + A) ...(1)
2. Variation = 2370" sin (2D) ...(2) |
where D = M-S, the moon's elongation from the sun. Chandrashekhara Simha in his
Siddhanta Darparia has taken this equation as
[R sin 2(M- S)]/90 or 38' 12" sin 2D
i.e. 2292" sin (2D) where R = 3438'.
3. Annual equation = - 668" sin (g') where g' is the sun's mean anomaly 't
i.e. g' = S-P'[P' : Sun's perigee]
Here also, considering the sun's anomaly measured from his apogee (mandocca) A', as
is the case in the siddhdntas, we have
Annual equation = - 668" sin [S -(A'+\ 80)]
= 668" sin (S-A')

i.e. Annual equation = - 668" sin (A' - S) ...(3)
where (A' - S) is the sun's manda kendra (as defined in the Surya siddhanta).
Remark : In fact, the moon's annual equation happens to be a fraction of the sun's
mandaphala (equation of centre). According to the modern values of the concerned
coefficients, we have
Sun's equation of centre = 6910" sin (g')

Annual equation of the moon = - 668" sin (g')
"*" 668 ~" 1
The ratio of the latter to the former = - r r r r = T T T T
6910 10.34
Chandrashekhara Samanta has approximated this ratio to - 1/10 and taken
Moon's annua! equation = Sun's manda equation.

As a respectful tribute to Mm. Samanta Candras'ekhara Simha, we shall continue to
use the names Turigdntara, Paksika and Digamsa, given by him, respectively for eveclion,
variation and the annual equation.
Thus, from (1), (2) and (3), we have the three equations of the moon, besides the
usual mandaphala, given by
(i) Turigdntara Samskdra (Evection) = - 4586" sin (M - 2S + A)

(ii) Paksika Samskdra (Variation) = 2370" sin 2 (M - 5)
(iii) Digamsa Samskdra (Annual equation) = - 668' sin {MK) = (sun's

equation)
where MK is the sun's manda kendra (anomaly of apsis) defined by
MK = A' -S {A' : Sun's mandocca)
Note : In the Tuhgantara equation, given by Candras'ekhara Simha, a part of the (modern) equation
of centre is combined with the evection equation. In the earlier siddhantic texts also, the
mdnda equation included only a major part of the (modem) equation. However, in the
proposed equations we are suggesting in this work, the three equations (i) to (iii) above
correspond to the three equations adopted in modem astronomy.
14.4 The case of Budha and Sukra

The traditional Indian astronomical texts have always treated Budha and Sukra
differently from the remaining taragrahas viz., Kuja, Guru and Sani in the context of
determining their true positions.
(i) While the mean positions of the superior planets are taken as they are, in the
case of Budha and Sukra (the inferior planets) two special points called Budha
sighrocca and Sukra sighrocca are considered.
The position of the mean Ravi is itself taken asthe positions of both mean Budha
and mean Sukra. Again, while working out the sighra equation, the argument of the
relevant sine function is taken, for example in the case of Budha, as {B - ^) as per the
SUrya siddhanta convention, where B and R are respectively the Budha sighrocca and
the mean Ravi. In the case of the superior planets, the order of the terms in the argument
is reversed. For example, for Guru, the argument in the sine term of the sighra equation
is (R - G) where G is the mean position of Guru. For the superior planets the mean Sun
(Ravi) is considered as their sighrocca.
Nilakantha Somayaji (1444 - 1550 A.D.) points out in his Tantra sahgraha that it is
incorrect to have a differential treatment to the inferior and superior planets and that the
sun is the common centre for the sighra equation to all the planets. This is truly a
remarkable breakthrough in the history of mathematical astronomy in general and in
Indian astronomy in particular (see Ramasubramanian et al.. Current Science, May 1994).
In fact, Nilakantha's innovation, prompted by his paramaguru Parames'vara (1380 - 1460
A.D.), is highly suggestive of a heliocentric model of planetary motion, much before
Copernicus.
Following the innovation introduced by the celebrated Kerala astronomer Nilakantha,

we propose the consideration of the sighra anomaly in the same way for all the planets,
namely
Sighra Kendra = Sighrocca - Mean planet
(in the SUrya siddhanta style) where the sighrocca is the mean sun for all the planets.
(ii) In the case of Budha (Mercury), the major reason why its calculated true
position, according to siddhdntas, goes generally off the mark is that the
manda periphery taken for Budha sighrocca by the siddhdntas is far below
its actual modem value.
The manda periphery, as prescribed in the SUrya siddhanta, varies from 28 to

30 for Budha. But, actually, as pointed out in Table 14.3, the periphery of Budha's
manda epicycle should vary from about 109.8 to about 184.7. The coefficient of
the manda equation depends on the eccentricity e of the planet's orbit. In fact, the
coefficient, to a first approximation is given by 2e. In the case of Budha,
e = 0.205656 currently and hence the co-efficient of the manda equation turns out to
be about 23.566. In our proposed improved values for the parameters (vide Table
14.3 and 14.6) we have considered even higher powers of e upto and the first two
terms in the expansion for the equation of centre. Accordingly, for the beginning of
2000 A . D . , the variation of the periphery of the manda epicycle is from
109 50'46" to 184 47'43" (dependihg on the varying manda anomaly).
Correspondingly, the coefficient of the manda equation varies from about 17.48 to
29.41. In fact, our ancient Indian astronomers had not taken note of the fact that
among the planets known to them, Budha's orbit has the largest eccentricity. This
lapse explains why Budha's true position always remained an enigma to them
despite all the bija samskdras introduced by them. Of course, now after the discovery
of the three trans-saturnine planets, we know that Pluto's orbit has the largest
eccentricity (0.2488723) while the immediately next is Mercury's orbit (0.205656).
14.5 Mean positions of bodies at the Kali epoch

The mean positions of the sun, the moon (with its mandocca, anomaly from the
apogee and the ascending node, Rahu), and all the planets, upto Pluto, at the Kali epoch
(mean midnight between 17/18 February 3102 B.C. at Ujjayini) are computed according
to modern formulae. The sdyana (tropical) as well as the nirayana (sidereal) longitudes
are listed in Table 14.25. The mean ayanamsa adopted for the Kali epoch is
- 4 6 34' 52" based on the recommendations of the Calendar Reform Committee-of the
Govt, of India.
Table 14.25: Mean positions of bodies at the Kali epoch
Date (Julian) : 18/2/-3101

Time (1ST) : 0 Hours 27 Minutes
(local midnight)
Place Ujjayini
Longitude 7546'E
Latitude 2311'N
Julian Days : 588466 Week day : FRIDAY
Mean longitudes of Planets* Ayanamsa : - 46 34' 52'
Body Sayana Nirayana

D M S D M S
Candra 297 41 10 344 16 2
Apogee 66 31 36 113 6 28
Rahu 142 12 36 188 47 28
Ravi 301 37 54 348 12 46
Apogee 15 59 32 62 34 24
Sukra 333 52 43 20 27 35
Budha 267 27 27 314 2 19
Kuja 289 2 33 335 37 25
Guru 26 41 57 73 16 49
Sani 349 49 59 36 24 51
Uranus 344 50 57 31 25 49
Neptune 250 1 11 296 36 3
Pluto 317 21 11 3 56 3
Table 14.26: Mandoccas of planets at the KiUi epoch.

*Mean Mandoccas (ApogM9> of Pbnets* Ayanamsa : 46 34' 52"
Mandocca of Tropical Sidereal
D M S D M S
Candra 66 31 36 113 6 28
Ravi 15 59 32 62 34 24
Kuja 109 2 33 155 37 25
Budha 178 5 2 224 39 54
Guru 191 54 28 238 29 20
Sukra 293 54 36 340 29 28
Sani 325 46 24 12 21 16
Uranus 349 2 35 35 37 27
Neptune 70 1 11 116 36 3
Pluto 333 0 18 19 35 10
Note : In Tables 14.25 and 14.26, (i) Apogee is the mandocca and the anomaly,(Anom.) is the
manda kendra measured from the apogee; (ii) in the case of Budha and Sukra, the mean
positions of the planets themselves are considered and not as their sighrocca. As pointed
out earlier, the mean sun is now the sighrocca for all the planets; (iii) the Surya siddhanta
has taken the moon's mandocca at the Kali beginning as 9 0 while our modem computation
for the (nirayana) mandocca brings it to 113 6' 28".
Table 14.26 provides the mandoccas (nirayana apogees/aphelions) at the epoch, the
beginning of the Kaliyuga.
14.6 Revolutions of bodies in a Kalpa
In Table 14.2, we have provided the numbers of revolutions (rounded off to the
nearest integer) executed by the heavenly bodies and the special points in the course of
a Mahayuga of 432 x 10 years. However, to get more accurate values for the mean
positions of the bodies we have listed the numbers of revolutions in a Kalpa (432 x 10^
years) based on the modem known rates of (sidereal) motion of these bodies in Table
14.27. In this table the revolutions of the (sidereal) mandoccas of all the planets, including
Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, are also provided.
Table 14.27: Revolutions of bodies in a Kalpa
Grahas Revolutions of Grahas Revolutions of Mandoccas
Candra 57.75,29,85,910 48,81,25,074
Ravi 4,32,00,00,000 38,777
Budha 17,93,70,33,867 19,134
Sukra 7,02,22,60,402 1,439
Kuja 2,29,68,76,453 53,367
Guru 36,41,95,066 25,671
Sani 14,66,56,219 67,486
Uranus 5,14,16,997 10,607
Neptune 2,62,19,242 3,424
Pluto 1,73,90,083 214
Rahu 23,22,68,618
Suggested Bijas (Corrections) for Ranets' Positions 195
14.7 Conclusion
In the preceding pages we have presented our work on a comparative study of the
three traditional Indian astronomical texts with special reference to
(i) computations of mean and true positions of the sun, the moon and the
taragrahas and
(ii) computations of lunar and solar eclipses.
The results are compared with the corresponding modern values. The relevant
algorithms are computerized and their source codes Clistings') are provided at the end
of the present chapter.
We propose to pursue the follow-up work in refining the proposed bija (corrections)
to the parameters and improve further the procedures for eclipses by incorporating the
latest available astronomical data. For this task we propose to take up many other Kararia
texts and investigate the extents of the accuracy of their results. Particularly it will be
relevant to use our improved algorithms to verify the correctness of the epochal positions
of planets given in these texts for their comtemporary periods.
AH the algorithms, provided in the ancient and medieval Indian astronomical texts
as well as our suggested improvements (with bijas) will be computerised. Our results,
as and when ready, will be presented in our future works for the benefit of students and
researchers of siddhantic astronomy.
COMPUTER PROGRAMS
10 C L S : K E Y OFF : R E M * P R O G A M 7.1 :"SSRAMOON"*

20 PRINT TAB (23); "**************************"
30 PRINT TAB (23); "* SURYA SIDDHANTA *"
40 PRINT TAB (23); "* POSITIONS OF SUN, MOON A N D R A H U *"
50 PRINT TAB (23); "**************************"
60 PI = 3.141592653589793#
70 LOCATE 5,16:PRINT "(CHRISTIAN) DATE :":LOCATE 5,40:LINE INPUT
'YEAR:";YE$:LOCATE 5.53:LINE INPUT "MONTH:";MO$: LOCAIE 5,65:LINE
INPUT 'DAIE:"a)A$:Y=VAL(YE$)MM=VAL(MO$)-Dl=VAL(DA$)
80 LOCATE 6,16:PRINT "TIME (AFTER MIDNIGHT):";:LOCATE 6,40:LINE
INPUT "HOURS:" ;HR$:LOCATE 6,55:LINE INPUT "MINUTES:";
MIN$:H1=VAL(HR$):MI=VAL(MIN$)
90 LOCATE 7,16:PRINT " N A M E OF THE P L A C E : " ;:LOCATE 7,40:LINE INPUT
PLACES
100 LOCATE 8,16:PRINT "LONGITUDE (- ve for West): ";:LOCATE 8,45:LINE
INPUT "DEG:";LD$:LOCATE 8,60:LINE INPUT "MIN: ";LM$
110 LOCATE 9,16:PRINT "LATITUDE (- ve for South): ";:LOCATE 9,45:LINE
INPUT "DEG:";PD$:LOCATE 9,60:LINE INPUT "MIN: ";PM$
120 LD=VAL(LD$):LM=VAL(LM$):PD=VAL(PD$):PM=VAL(PM$)
130 IF LD<0 THEN LAM=LD-LM/60:GOTO 150
140 LAM=LD-i-LM/60
150 IF PD<0 THEN PHI=PD-PM/60:GOTO 180
160 PHI=PD+PM/60
170 R E M ***UJJAYINI:LONG.75.75E, LAT23.18N ***
180 ULAM=75.75-LAM: R E M ***LONG w.r.t. UJJAYINI***
190 TC = INT((Y - 1900)/100)
200 T = Y-100*INT(Y/100)
210 IF TC<-4 THEN E=13
220 IF T C = ^ A N D Y < 1582 THEN E=13
230 IF TC=-4 AND Y > 1582 THEN E=3
240 IF TC>-4 AND TC<=0 THEN E=-TC
250 IF T O O THEN E=-(TC-1)
Computer Programs 197
260 Q=-(T MOD 4)

270 DD=0
280 DATA 0,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31.30
290 RESTORE 280:FOR 1=1 TO M M
300 READ X
310 DD=DD+X
320 NEXT I
330 IF (Y>1600) AND (Y/100=INT(Y/100)) A N D (Y/400<>INT(Y/400)) THEN
GOTO 350
340 IF Y/4=INT(Y/4) A N D (MM=1 OR MM=2) THEN DD=DD-1
350 JJ=(TC* 100+T)*365.25+DD+D1 fE+(Q/4)+2415020!
360 LET K A L I = JJ-588466!
370 WD=JJ-7*INT(JJ/7)
380 RESTORE 410
390 FORF=0TOWD
400 READ X$
410 DATA MONDAY,TUESDAY,WEDNESDAY,THURSDAY,FRIDAY,SATURDAY,
SUNDAY
420 NEXTF
430 PRINT TAB(22);"********WEEK D A Y : " ; X $ ; " * * * * * * * * "
440 PRINT"KALI Y U G A DAYS ELAPSED (EPOCH:Feb.l7/18,3102 B.C.): " ; K A L I
450
460 R E M **4 320 000 REVOLNS IN 1 577 917 828 CIVIL DAYS **
470 DAILY=2.737785151635919D-03:REM ** R E V O L N
480 MRAVI#=KALI*DAILY:REM ** REVOLNS SINCE K A L I EPOCH
490 REV=INT(MRAVI#):PRINT TAB( 15) "REVOLNS SINCE K A L I EPOCH: ";REV
500 MRAVI = 360*(MRAVI#-REV) :REM ** DEGREES
510 PRINT " M E A N RAVI AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT";
520 L=MRAVLGOSUB 1550
530 R E M ** DESHANTARA COR. **
540 DAILY= .9856026545889309#:REM * DEG *
550 GOSUB 1460
560 KAALA=(Hl+MI/60)*DAILY/24
570 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";H1; "HRS ";MI; "MIN:";
580 L=KAALA:GOSUB 1550
590 PRINT " M E A N RAVI AT THE GIVEN L O C A L TIME";
600 MRAVI=MRAVI+DESH+KAALA:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1550
610 R E M ****** SUN'S M A N D O C C A *******************
620 CIVIL=1577917828#:REM * 387 REVNS IN 1577917828*1000 GIVE. DAYS *

630 SMA=77.13+(KALI*387*360/(CIVIL* 1000))
640 PMA1=SMA-MRAVI:REM *** RAVI'S M A N D A K E N D R A ********
650 IF P M A U O THEN PMA1=PMA 1+360
660 K1=14/(2*PI):K2=20/(60*2*PI)
670 PMA=SMA : SMK=PMA1 :REM *SUN'S A N O M A L Y *
680 GOSUB 1610
690 SEQ=PEQ
700 TRAVI=MRAVI+SEQ
710 IF TRAVI<0 THEN TRAVI=TRAVI+360
720 IF TRAVI>360 THEN TRAVI=TRAVI-360
730 PRINT" "
740 PRINT "TRUE R A V L " ;
750 L=TRAVI:GOSUB 1550
760 PRINT" "
770 LOCATE 23,60:PRINT "PRESS A N Y K E Y TWICE"
780 A$=INPUT$(2)
790 PRINT :PRINT
800 PRINT "******************* C H A N D R A SPHUTA ********************"
810 R E M ** NO. OF REVNS:57 753 336 for 1 577 917 828 CIVIL DAYS **
820 R E M *** DAILY M E A N MOTION:790'34"52"'3.8"" ***
830 DAILY= 3.660097818477782D-02:REM ** R E V O L N
840 MOON#=KALI*DAILY
850 REV=INT(MOON#):PRINT TAB(15)"REV0LNS SINCE K A L I EPOCH: ";REV
860 M O O N = 360*(MOON#-REV).
870 PRINT " M E A N M O O N AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT:";
880 L=MOON:GOSUB 1550
890 DAILY=360*DAILY:GOSUB 1480
910 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";H1;"HRS ";MI;" MIN:";
930 PRINT " M E A N MOON AT GIVEN TIME AT";PLACE$;
940 MOON=MOON+DESH+KAALA:L=MOON:GOSUB 1550
950 MMA=.25+(KALI*488203!/CIVIL):REM ** MOON'S M A N D O C C A **
960 MMA= 360*(MMA-INT(MMA))
970 PMA1= M M A-MOON
980 IF PMA1 <0 THEN PMA1 =PMA1 +360
990 K1=32/(2*PI):K2=20/(60*2*PI)
1000 P M A = M M A :MMK=PMA1 :REM * M M K : M O O N ' S A N O M A L Y *

1010 GOSUB 1610
1020 TMOON=MOON+PEQ
1030 R E M *** BHUJANTARA CORRECTION ***
1040 BHUJ=SEQ/27
1050 PRINT "BHUJANTARA CORRECTION: ";
1060 IF BHUJ>0 THEN PRINT TAB(39); "-";
1070 IF BHUJ<0 THEN PRINT TAB(39); "+";
1080 L=BHUJ:GOSUB 1550
1090 TMOON=TMOON+BHUJ
1100 IF TMOON<0 THEN TMOON=TMOON+360
1110 IF TMOON>360 THEN TMOON=TMOON-360
1120 PRINT" "
1130 PRINT "TRUE MOON :";
1140 L=TMOON:GOSUB 1550
1150 PRINT" _ "
1160 PRINT "******************** R A H U SPHUTA **********************"
1170 R E M ** NO. OF REVNS. -232 238 REVOLNS IN 1 577 917 828 CIVIL
DAYS**
1180 DAILY=-1.4718003426982D-04 :REM ** R E V O L N
1190 MRAHU=.5+KALI*DAILY:REM ** REVOLNS* 180 DEG AT EPOCH**
1200 REV=INT(MRAHU)+1 :PRINT TAB( 15) "REVLNS SINCE KALI EPOCH: ";REV
1210 MRAHU=360*(MRAHU-REV)
1220 MRAHU=360+MRAHU
1230 PRINT" "
1240 PRINT " M E A N RAHU AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT: ";
1250 L=MRAHU:GOSUB 1550
1260 R E M *** DAILY MOTION: 3' 10.745" =0.05298481616778111 DEG ***
1270 DAILY=-1.4718003426982D-04 *360:GOSUB 1480:REM ** DEG
1290 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";H1; "HRS ";MI; "MIN:"';
1300 IF KAALA<0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "-";
1310 K=KAALA;GOSUB 1550
1320 PRINT " "
1330 PRINT " M E A N R A H U AT GIVEN TIME AT";PLACES;
1340 MRAHU=MRAHU+DESH+KAALA:L=MRAHU:GOSUB 1550
1350 PRINT" "
1360 VRK=TMOON-TRAVI:IF VRK<0 THEN VRK=VRK+360
1370 IF VRK<12 OR VRK>348 THEN PRINT TAB(34); "NEW M O O N DAY":ZZ=2

1380 IF VRK>168 AND VRK<192 THEN PRINT TAB(28);" FULL MOON DAY":ZZ^1
1390 IF VRK>12 A N D VRK<168 THEN PRINT TAB(28); "NOT NEW OR F U L L
MOON D A Y "
1400 LOCATE 24,10:INPUT "DO Y O U WANT ECLIPSE OR PLANETS
COMPUTATlONS(E / P)";A$
1410 IF Z Z o l A N D ZZ<>2 A N D (A$="E" OR A$="e") THEN PRINT TAB(30)
"ECLIPSE NOT POSSIBLE":END
1420 IF ZZ=1 A N D (A$="E" OR A$="e") THEN T0=H1+MI/60:CHAIN
"SSLEC"ALL
1430 IF ZZ=2 A N D (A$="E" OR A$="e") THEN TO=H1+MI/60:CHAIN
"SSSEC"..ALL
1440 IF A$="P" OR A$="p" THEN CHAIN "SSPLA"ALL
1450 IF A$<>"E" A N D A$<>"e" A N D A$<>"P" A N D A$<>"P" THEN END
1460 R E M ***DESHANTARA COR.***
1470 DESH=ULAM*DAILY/360
1480 PRINT "DESHANTARA CORRECTION: ";
1490 IF DAILY<0 A N D ULAM>0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "-";:GOTO 1530
1500 IF DAILY<0 A N D ULAM<0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "+";:GOTO 1530
1510 IF ULAM>0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "+";
1520 IF ULAM<0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "-";
1530 L=DESH:GOSUB 1550
1540 RETURN
1550 IF L<0 THEN L=ABS(L)
1560 DEG=INT(L):MIN=(L-DEG)*60:SEC=INT((MIN-INT(MIN))*60+.5)
1570 IF DEG>=360 THEN DEG=DEG-360
1580 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1 :IF MIN=60 THEN MIN=0:DEG
=DEG+1:IF DEG>=360 THEN DEG=DEG-360
1590 PRINT TAB(40);DEG;"";INT(MIN);"'";SEC;"""
1600 RETURN
1610 R E M *** EQUATION OF CENTRE ***
1620 IF Z=0 THEN PRINT "MANDOCCA:";:L=PMA:GOSUB 1550
1630 PRINT " M A N D A ANOMALY:";
1640 L=PMA1:G0SUB 1550
1650 PRINT " M A N D A EQUATION :";
1660 PMA1=PMA1*PI/180 :REM ** RADIANS **
1670 SN=SIN(PMA1)
1680 PEQ = (K1-K2*ABS(SN))*SN : R E M / * PLANET'S EQN. OF CENTRE **
1690 IF PMA1<PI THEN PRINT TAB(39) "+";

1700 IF PMA1>PI THEN PRINT TAB(39)
1710 L=PEQ :GOSUB 1550
1720 RETURN
10 CLSrKEY OFF:REM * PROGRAM 7.2 : " K K R A M O O N "

20
30
40
50 PRINT TAB(23); "* POSITIONS OF SUN, MOON AND R A H U *"
>l< * >l< III >t< 4< * sk ><
60 PRINT TAB(23);'. > t * * 4c * I k >|t i<< * Ik * >l<-It * lie >l< s|< <! ik >l< >l< >l< * * !< H< >l< >k >l<' >
70 PI=3.141592653589793#
80 LOCATE 6,18:PRINT "(CHRISTIAN) DATE ;":LOCATE 6,40:LINE INPUT
"YEAR:":YE$:LOCATE 6,53:LINE INPUT "MONTH:";Mp$:LOCATE 6,65:
LINE INPUT "DATE:";DA$:Y=VAL(YE$):MM=VAL(M0$):6l=VAL(DA$)
90 LOCATE 7,18:PRINT "TIME (IST):";:LOCATE 7,33:LINE INPUT "HOURS:";
HO$:LOCATE 7,47:LINE INPUT "MINS:";MIN$:H1=VAL(H0$):MI=VAL(MIN$)
100 LOCATE 8,18:PRINT " N A M E OF THE PLACE: ";:LOCATE 8,45:LINE INPUT
PLACES
110 LOCATE 9,18:PRINT "LONGITUDE (- ve for West): ";:LOCATE 9,45:LINE
INPUT "DEG:";LD$:LOCATE 9,60:LINE INPUT "MIN:";LM$
120 LOCATE 10,18:PRINT "LATITUDE (- ve for South): ";:LOCATE 10,45:LINE
150 LD=VAL(LD$):LM=VAL(LM$):PD=VAL(PD$):PM=VAL(PM$)
150 LAM=LD+LM/60
170 PHI=PD+PM/60
180 R E M *** UJJAYINI:LONG.75.75E, LAT.23.18N ***
190 ULAM=75.75-LAM :REM ** LONG, w.r.t. UJJAYINI ***
200 TC = INT((Y-1900)7100)
210 T = Y-100*INT(Y/100)
230 IF TC=-4 A N D Y<1582 THEN E=13
240 IF TC=-4 A N D Y>1582 THEN E=3
250 IF TC>-4 A N D TC<=0 THEN E=-TC
260 IF TC>0 THEN E=-(TC-1)
270 Q=-(TM0D4)
280 DD=0
290 DATA 0,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30
310 READ X
320 DD=DD+X
330 NEXT I
340 IF (Y>1600) A N D (Y/100=INT(Y/100)) A N D (Y/400<>INT(Y/400)) THEN

GOTO 360
350 IF Y/4=INT(Y/4) A N D (MM=1 OR MM=2) THEN DD=DD-1
360 JJ=(TC* 100+T)*365.25+DD+DI +E+(Q/4)+2415020!
380 RESTORE 410
390 FOR F=0 TO WD
400 READ X$
410 DATA MONDAY,TUESDAY,WEDNESDAY,THURSDAY.FRIDAY,SATURDAY,
SUNDAY
420 NEXTF
430 PRINT TAB(32);"WEEK DAY: ";X$
440 PRINT "JULIAN DAYS (EIapsed):";JJ;"(GREENWICH NOON)"
450 LET K A L I = JJ-588466!
460 PRINT " K A L I Y U G A DAYS Elapsed(Epoch:Feb 17/18,3102 B.C.):";KALI
470 AHG=JJ-1964031!
480 PRINT " A H A R G A N A (Khandakhaadyaka Epoch: March 23,665 A.D.): ";AHG;
"(Preceding Midnight)"
490 PRINT "******************** RAVI SPHUTA ************************"
500 MRAVI#=((AHG*800)+438)/292207!
510 MRAVI = 360*(MRAVI#-INT(MRAVI#))
520 R E M *** DESHANTARA COR. ** SUN'S DAILY MOTION:59'8"
=0.985555555 DEG ***
530 PRINT *'MEAN RAVI AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT: ";
540 L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1640
550 DAILY=.985555555#:GOSUB 1570
560 PRINT " M E A N RAVI AT L O C A L M I D N I ' G H T : ";
570 MRAVI=MRAVI+DESH:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1640
580 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";H1 ; "HRS.";MI; "MIN.:";
590 PRINT TAB(34) "+";
600 K A A L A = (H1+MI/60)*DAILY/24:L=KAALA:GOSUB 1640
610 PRINT " M E A N RAVI AT GIVEN TIME: ";
620 MRAVI=MRAVI+KAALA:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1640
630 SMA=80: R E M ***** SUN'S M A N D O C C A *****************
640 SMK=MRAVI-80:REM *** RAVI'S M A N D A KENDRA ********
650 IF SMK<0 THEN SMK=SMK+360
660 PRINT " M E A N ANOMALY: ";
670 L=SMK:GOSUB 1640
680 R E M *** RAVI'S M A N D A P H A L A (EQN. OF CENTRE):(-SEQ) ***

690 SEQ = 134*(SIN(SMK*PI/180))/60 :REM ** SUN'S EQN. OF CENTRE **
700 PRINT "EQN. OF CENTRE : ";
710 IF SMK< 180 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "-";
720 IF SMK>180 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";
730 L=SEQ:GOSUB 1640
740 TRAVI=MRAVI-SEQ
770 PRINT" "
780 PRINT "TRUE RAVI: ";
810 A$=INPUT$(2)
820 CLS
830 PRINT "***************** CHANDRA SPHUTA *********************"
840 MOON#=((AHG-*600)+417.2)/16393:REM ** REVNS. **
850 COR#=-AHG/4929:REM ** MINUTES **
860 M O O N = 360*(MOON#-INT(MOON#))+COR#/60
870 PRINT
880 PRINT " M E A N MOON AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT: ";
900 R E M *** DAILY M E A N MOTION: 790'31" = 13.175278DEG ***
910 DAILY=13.175278#:GOSUB 1570
920 PRINT " M E A N MOON AT L O C A L MIDNIGHT: ";
930 MOON=MOON+DESH:L=MOON:GOSUB 1640
940 PRINT "MOTION F0R";H1; "HRS.";MI; "MIN.:";
950 K A A L A = (HI+MI/60)*DAILY/24:L=KAALA:GOSUB 1640
960 PRINT " M E A N MOON AT GIVEN TIME: ";TAB(34) "+";
970 MOON=MOON+KAALA:L=MOON:GOSUB 1640
980 MMA=(AHG^53.75)/3232+AHG/(39298!*60*360):REM**MOON'S APOGEE **
990 M M A = 360*(MMA-INT(MMA))
1000 PRINT "MOON'S APOGEE: ";
1010 L=MMA:GOSUB 1640
1020 M M K = MOON-MMA
1030 IF MMK<0 THEN MMK=MMK+360
1040 PRINT "MOON'S ANOMALY: ";
1050 L=MMK:GOSUB 1640
1060 MEQ=296*SIN(MMK*PI/180)/60
1070 PRINT "EQN. OF CENTRE:";
1080 IF MMK<180 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "-";
1090 IF MMK>180 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";
1100 L=MEQ:GOSUB 1640
1110 TMOON=MOON-MEQ
1120 R E M ** BHUJANTARA CORRECTION ***
1130 BHUJ=SEQ/27
1140 PRINT "BHUJANTARA CORRECTION:";
1150 IF BHUJ>0 THEN PRINT TAB(34); "-";
1170 TMOON=TMOON-BHUJ
1200 PRINT" "
1210 PRINT "TRUE MOON :";
1230 PRINT" "
1240 PRINT "****************** R A H U SPHUTA ************************"
1250 MRAHU=(AHG-372)/6795 + AHG/(514656!*360)
1260 MRAHU=360*(MRAHU-INT(MRAHU))
1270 MRAHU=360-MRAHU
1280 PRINT " M E A N R A H U AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT ";
1300 R E M *** DAILY MOTION: 3'10" = 0.052777777 DEG ***
1310 DAILY=-0.0527777777#:GOSUB 1570
1320 PRINT " M E A N R A H U AT L O C A L MIDNIGHT: ";
1330 MRAHU=MRAHU+DESH:IF MRAHU>360 THEN MRAHU=MRAHU-360
1340 IF M R A H U < 0 THEN MRAHU=MRAHU+360
1360 PRINT "MOTION F0R";H1;"HRS.";MI;"MIN.:";TAB(34)"-";
1370 K A A L A = (HI+MI/60)*DAILY/24:L=KAALA:GOSUB 1640
1380 PRINT " M E A N R A H U AT GIVEN TIME: ";
1390 MRAHU=MRAHU+KAALA:IF MRAHU>360 THEN MRAHU=MRAHU-360
1420 R E M *** L A L L A ' S CORRECTION ***
1430 LC=-(Y-499)*96/(250*60)
1440 PRINT " L A L L A ' S CORRECTION: ";TAB(34)"-";

1450 L=LC:GOSUB 1640
1460 PRINT " R A H U WITH L A L L A ' S CORRECTION: ";
1470 MRAHU=MRAHU+LC:IF M R A H U > 360 THEN MRAHU=MRAHU-360
1500 LOCATE, 19:INPUT "DO Y O U WANT ECLIPSE / PLANETS' COMPUTATION
(E/P)";Y$
1510 IF Y$="P" OR Y$="p" THEN CHAIN " K K P L A " , , A L L
1520 IF Y$="E" OR Y$="e" THEN VRK=TMOON-TRAVI:IF VRK<0 THEN
VRK=VRK+360
1530 IF VRK<12 OR VRK>348 THEN PRINT TAB(25)"NEWMOON D A Y :TRY
SOLAR ECLIPSE":TO=H1+MI/60:CHAIN "KKSEC"ALL
1540 IF VRK>168 A N D VRK<192 THEN PRINT TAB(25);"FULLMOON
DAY":CHAIN " K K L E C " , , A L L
1550 IF VRK> 12 A N D VRK< 168 THEN PRINT "NOT F U L L OR NEW MOON DAY
":END
1560 IF VRK>192 A N D VRK<348 THEN PRINT "NOT F U L L OR NEW MOON
DAY ":END
1570 R E M *** DESHANTARA CORRECTION ***
1600 IF DESH<0 THEN PRINT TAB{34) "-";
1610 IF DESH>0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";
1630 RETURN
1640 L=ABS(L)
1650 DEG=INT(L):MIN=(L-DEG)*60:SEC=INT((MIN-INT(MIN))'*60+.5)
1670 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1:IF MIN=60 THEN MIN=0:DEG
1680 PRINT TAB(35);DEG;" ";TAB(42);INT(MIN);""';TAB(47);SEC;"""
1690 RETURN
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 LOCATE 6,18:PRINT "(CHRISTIAN) DATE : ":LOCATE 6,40:LINE INPUT
" Y E A R : ";YE$:LOCATE 6,53:LINE INPUT "MONTH: ";MO$:LOCATE 6,
65:LINE INPUT "DATE: ";DA$:Y=VAL(YE$):MM=VAL(MO$):Dl=VAL(DA$)
90 LOCATE 7,18:PRINT "TIME (AFTER SUNRISE):";:LOCATE 7,40:LINE
INPUT "HOURS:";HO$:LOCATE 7,53:LINE INPUT "MINS:";MIN$:
Hl=VAL(HO$):MI=VAL(MIN$)
100 LOCATE 8,18:PRINT " N A M E OF THE PLACE: ";:LOCATE 8,45:LINE INPUT
PLACES
110 LOCATE 9.18:PRINT "LONGITUDE (-ve for West): ";:LOCATE 9,45:LINE
INPUT "DEG:";LD$:LOCATE 9,60:LINE INPUT "MIN: ";:LM$
120 LOCATE 10,18:PRINT "LATITUDE (-ve for South): ";:LOCATE 10,45:LINE
i 30 LD=VAL(LD$):LM=VAL(LM$):PD=VAL(PD$):PM=VAL(PM$)
150 LAM=LD+LM/60
170 PHI=PD+PM/60
180 R E M *** UJJAYINI:LONG.75.75E, LAT.23.18N ***
190 ULAM=75.75-LAM :REM ** LONG, w.r.t. UJJAYINI ****
200 TC = INT((Y-1900)/100)
210 T = Y-100*INT(Y/100)
230 IF TC=-4 A N D Y<1582 THEN E=13
240 IF TC=-4 A N D Y>1582 THEN E=3
250 IF TC>-4 A N D TC<=0 THEN E=-TC
260 IFTC>0 THEN E=-(TC-1)
270 Q=-(T MOD 4)
280 DD=0
290 DATA 0,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30
310 READ X
320 DD=DD+X
330 NEXT I
340 IF (Y>1600) A N D (Y/100=INT(Y/100)) A N D (Y/400oINT(Y/400)) THEN
GOTO 360
350 IF Y/4=INT(Y/4) AND (MM=1 OR MM=2) THEN DD=DD-1
360 JJ=(TC* 100+T)*365.25+DD+D 1 +E+(Q/4)+2415020!
380 RESTORE 410
390 FORF=0TOWD
400 READXS
410 DATA MONDAY,TUESDAY,WEDNESDAY,THURSDAy.FRIDAY,S ATURD AY.
SUNDAY
420 NEXTF
430 PRINT TAB(32); "WEEK DAY: ";X$
440 LET K A L I = JJ-588466!
450 AHG1=KALI-1687850!
460 CHAKRA=INT(AHG1/4016):AHG = AHGI - (4016*CHAKRA)
470 PRINT TAB(18) " C H A K R A S : " ; C H A K R A ; " A H A R G A N A : " A H G ; "[EPOCH:
19-3-1520(1)]"
480 PRINT :PRINT
490 PRINT "******************** RAVI SPHUTA ***********************"
500 R E M **** D H R U V A K A : 1-49-11 DEG * * KSHEPAKA: 349-41 DEG ****
510 MRAVI = AHG-AHG/70-AHG/(150*60)-CHAKRA * 1.8197222# +349.6833333333#
520 PRINT " M E A N RAVI AT UJJAYINI SUNRISE: ";
530 L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1780
540 MRAVI=L
550 REM *** DESHANTARA COR. ** SUN'S DAILY MOTION:
59'8"=0.985555555 DEG ***
560 DAILY=.985555555#:GOSUB 1710
570 PRINT " M E A N RAVI AT L O C A L SUNRISE: ";
580 MRAVI=MRAyi+DESH:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1780
590 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";H1; "HRS.";MI; "MIN.:";
600 KAALA=(Hl+MI/60)*DAILY/24 :IF KAALA<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34); "-";
620 PRINT " M E A N RAVI AT GIVEN TIME: ";
630 MRAVI=MRAVI+KAALA:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1780
640 R E M ***** RAVI'S M A N D A P H A L A (EQN OF CENTRE) *******
650 S M A = 78 : R E M ** RAVI'S M A N D O C C A **
660 S M K = S M A - MRAVI: R E M ** RAVI'S M A N D A K E N D R A (ANOMALY)**
670 IF S M K < 0 THEN S M K = S M K + 360

680 IF S M K ^ 90 THEN BHUJA = S M K
690 IF S M K > 90 A N D S M K < 180 THEN BHUJA = 180 - S M K
700 IF S M K > 180 A N D S M K < 270 THEN BHUJA = S M K - 180
710 IF S M K > 270 A N D S M K < 360 THEN BHUJA = 360 - S M K
720 X X = BHUJA / 9
730 N U M = X X * (20 - X X )
740 D E N = 57 - (1/9)*(XX*(20 - XX))
750 SMP = N U M / D E N
760 PRINT " M E A N ANOMALY: ";
770 L=SMK:GOSUB 1780
780 PRINT " M A N D A P H A L A : ";
790 IF SMK<180 THEN PRINT TAB(34)"+";
800 IF SMK>180 THEN SMP = - SMP:PRINT TAB(34)"-";
810 L=SMP:GOSUB 1800
820 TRAVI=MRAVI+SMP
850 P R I N T " "
860 PRINT TRUE RAVI: ";
880 P R I N T " "
900 A$=INPUT$(2)
910 CLS:PRINT "****************** CHANDRA SPHUTA *****************"
920 M00N=AHG*14 - 14*AHG/17 - (AHG/140)/60 - (CHAKRA * 3.769722#) +
349.1
930 R E M ** DHRUVAKA:3-46-ll : KSHEPAKA: 11-19-6 **
940 PRINT
950 PRINT " M E A N MOON AT UJJAYINI SUNRISE: ";
970 R E M *** DAILY M E A N MOTION: 790' 35" = 13.17638888888883 DEG***
980 DAILY = 13.17638888888883#:GOSUB 1710
990 PRINT " M E A N MOON AT L O C A L SUNRISE: ';
1000 MOON=MOON+DESH:L=MOON:GOSUB 1780
1010 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";H1;"HRS.";MI;"MIN.:";
1020 K A A L A = (H1+MI/60)*DAILY/24:IF KAALA<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34); "-";
210 Ancient Indian Astrononuj
1040 PRINT " M E A N M O O N AT GIVEN TIME:";

1050 MOON=MOON+KAALA:L=MOON:GOSUB 1780
1060 MOON=L
1070 R E M **MOON'S M A N D O C C A **
1080 MMA=AHG/9 -(AHG/70)/60 - (272.75*CHAKRA) + 167.55
1090 R E M ** DHRUVAKA:9-2-45 * *KSHEPAKA:5-17-33 **
1100 PRINT "MOON'S MANDOCCA:";:L = MMA:GOSUB 1780
1110 MMA=L
1120 MMK= MMA-MOON
1130 IF MMK<0 THEN M M K = M M K + 360
1140 PRINT "MOON'S M A N D A K E N D R A (ANOMALY:)"; '
1150 L=MMK:GOSUB 1780
1160 ! F M M K < 90 THEN BHUJA = M M K
1170 IF M M K > 90 A N D M M K S 180 THEN BHUJA = 180 - M M K
1180 IF M M K > 180 A N D M M K <. 270 THEN BHUJA = M M K - 180
1190 IF M M K > 270 A N D M M K < 360 THEN BHUJA = 360 - M M K
1200 YY=BHUJA/6
1210 N U M = (30-YY)*YY
1220 D E N = 56 - (1/20) N U M
1230 MMP = N U M / D E N
1240 PRINT " M A N D A P H A L A (EQN OF CENTRE):";
1250 IF M M K > 180 THEN M M P = - M M P : PRINT TAB(34) "-";
12flO IF M M K < 180 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";
1270 U M M P : G O S U B 1800
12S0 TMOON = M O O N + M M P
1290 REM BHUJANTARA CORRECTION ***
1300 BHUJ=SMP/27
1310 PRINT "BHUJANTARA CORRECTION: ";
1320 IF BHUJ<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34); "-";
1340 TMOON-TMOON+BHUJ
1370 PRINT" "
1380 PRINT "TRUE M O O N :";
1400 TMOON=L
1410 PRINT" - "
1420 PRINT
1430 PRINT "************* RAHU.SPHUTA *******************"
1440 M R A H U = 360 -((AHG/19 + (AHG/45)/60))-(212.83333#*CHAKRA) + 27.633333#
1450 PRINT " M E A N R A H U AT UJJAYINI SUNRISE: ";
1470 MRAHU = L
1480 R E M *** DAILY MOTION: 3'10" = 0.0527777777 DEG ***
1490 DAILY = -.0527777777#:GOSUB 1710
1500 PRINT " M E A N R A H U AT L O C A L SUNRISE: ";
1510 MRAHU=MRAHU+DESH:IF M R A H U > 360 THEN MRAHU=MRAHU-360
1540 K A A L A = (Hl+MI/60)*DAILY/24
1550 PRINT "MOTION F0R";H1;"HRS.";MI;"MIN.:";
1560 IF KAALA<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "-";
1570 L = K A A L A . G O S U B 1800
1580 MRAHU=MRAHU+KAALA:IF M R A H U > 360 THEN MRAHU=MRAHU-360
1590 PRINT" "
1600 PRINT " M E A N R A H U AT GIVEN TIME: ";
1620 MRAHU=L
1630 PRINT "_, ; "
1640 LOCAHe, 15:INPUT "DO Y O U WANT ECUPSE / PLANETS' COMPUTATION?
(E/P)";Y$
1650 IF Y$="E" OR Y$="e" THEN T0=6+Hl+MI/60 : VRK=TMOON-TRAVI:IF
VRK<0 THEN VRK=VRK+360
1660 IF Y$="P" OR Y$="p" THEN CHAIN "GLPLA"ALL
1670 IF VRK>168' A N D VRK<192 THEN PRINT TAB(35)"FULLMOON
DAY":CHAIN "GLLEC"ALL
1680 IF VRK<12 OR VRK>348 THEN PRINT TAB(35)"NEWMOON DAY ":CHAIN
"GLSEC",. A L L
1690 IF VRK>I2 A N D VRK<168 THEN PRINT TAB(30)"NOT N E W / F U L L MOON
DAY":END
1700 IF VRK>192 A N D VRK<348 THEN PRINT TAB(30)"NOT NEW/FULL MOON
DAY":END
1720 DESH=ULAM'*DAILY/360
1740 IF DESH<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "-";
1750 IF DESH>0 TOEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";

1770 RETURN
1780 IF L>360 THEN L=L-360*INT(L/360)
1790 IF L<0 THEN L=L+360*ABS(INT(L/360))
=DEG+1 :IF DEG>=360 THEN DEG=DEG-360
1840 PRINT TAB(35);DEG;"' ";TAB(42)INT(MIN);""';TAB(47)SEC;"""
1850 RETURN
1860 IF M<0 THEN M=ABS(M)
1870 MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-NDN)*60+.5)
1880 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1
1890 PRINT TAB(35);MIN;"' ";SEC;"""
1900 RETURN
10 C L S : K E Y OFF : R E M * PROGRAM 9.1 : "SSLEC" *

20 PRINT TAB(18)"***************************************************"
30 PRINT TAB(18) "* LUNAR ECUPSE ACCORDING TO SURYA SIDDHANTA *"
40 PRINT TAB(18)"***************************************************"
50 PI=3.41592653589793#
60 R E M * TRUE RAVI,MOON,RAHU AT ISHTAKAALA TO IN GHATIS *
80 PRINT " A T ' ;GH ;"GH";VIG;"VIG. F R O M MIDNIGHT 0N";D1;"/";MM;"/";Y
90 PRINT "TRUE RAVI:";TRAVI;" TRUE MOON";TMOON;"RAHU:";MRAHU
100 R E M * SMK:SUN'S ANOMALY; M M K : M O O N ' S A N O M A L Y *
110 R E M * SUN'S M E A N DAILY MOTION: 59'8.17" ; MOON'S 790' 34.866" *
120 SDM=59.136*(1-(14/360)'*COS(PI*SMK/180)):REM * SUN'S TRUE DAILY
MOTION *
130 MDM=790.581#-(31/360)*783.898*COS(PI*MMK/180):REM'*MOON'S TRUE
DAILY MOTION *
140 NDM=191/60 : R E M * R A H U ' S M E A N DAILY MOTION (MIN) *
150 R E M * 783.898 = M E A N DAILY MOTION OF (MOON - MOON'S APOGEE) *
160 SOPP=(TRAVI-TMOON)+180
170 IF SOPP>360 THEN SOPP=SOPP-360
180 IF SOPP<0 THEN SOPP=SOPP+360
190 PRINT "MOON'S DISTANCE FROM OPPN:";:L=SOPP:GOSUB 990
200 OPPT=SOPP*60/((MDM-SDM)/60)
220 PRINT "INSTANT OF OPPN. AFTER MIDNIGHT: ";:H=(T0+OPPT)*2/5:
GOSUB 1040
230 PRINT TAB(23) "*** AT THE INSTANT OF OPPOSITION ***"
240 OPSUN=TRAVI+OPPT*SDM/(60*60)
250 PRINT "TRUE RAVI AT OPPN.:";:L=OPSUN:GOSUB 990
260 OPMOON=TMOON+OPPT*MDM/(60*60)
270 PRINT "TRUE CHANDRA AT OPPN.:";:L=OPMOON:GOSUB 990
280 OPNODE=MRAHU-190.745*OPPT/(3600*60)
290 PRINT " R A H U AT OPPN.:";:L=OPNODE:GOSUB 990
300 SCDIA=SDM*6500/59.136 . R E M * SUN'S COR.DIAMETER (YOJANAS) *
310 SDIAY=SCDIA*4320000!/57753336# : R E M * SUN'S DIAMETER IN
YOJANAS *
320 SDIA=SDIAY/15 : R E M * SUN'S DIAMETER IN A R C (MIN)*
330 PRINT "SUN'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER:";:M=SDIA:GOSUB 1090
340 MDIAY=MDM*480/790.581 : R E M * MOON'S DIAMETER IN YOJANAS *
350 MDIA=MDIAY/15 : R E M * MOON'S D L \ M E T E R IN A R C (MIN) *
360 PRINT "MOON'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER:";:M=MDIA:GOSUB 1090
370 E C D I A = M D M * 1600/790.581 : R E M * E A R T H ' S C O R - D I A M E T E R ( Y O J A N A S ) *

380 S C D E D I A = S C D I A - 1600:REM * S U N ' S C O R . D I A - E A R T H ' S M E A N D I A *
390 SHDIAY=ECDIA-SCDEDIA*480/6500:REM*SHADOW'S D I A M E T E R (YOJANAS)*
400 S H D I A = SHDIAY/15 : R E M* S H A D O W D I A M E T E R I N A R C (MIN)*
410 PRINT "SHADOW'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER:";:M=SHDIA:GOSUB1090
420 MLAT=270*SIN(PI*(OPMOON-OPNODE)/180):MLATI=MLAT
430 PRINT "MOON'S LATITUDE A T OPPN.:";:IF MLAT<0 THEN PRINT
TAB(34): "-";
440 M = M L A T : ( J O S U B 1090
450 GRASA=.5*(MDIA+SHDIA)-MLAT
460 PRINT "MOON'S OBSCURED PORTION (GRASA):";:M=GRASA:GOSUB
1090
470 IF G R A S A > 0 A N D G R A S A < M D I A T H E N P R I N T TAB(29) " L U N A R E C L I P S E
IS P A R T I A L " : Z Z = 1
480 IF GRASA<0 THEN PRINT TAB(29) "LUNAR ECLIPSE NOT
POSSIBLE":END
490 I F G R A S A > = M D I A T H E N P R I N T TAB(29) " L U N A R E C L I P S E IS T O T A L "
500 P R I N T T A B ( 6 0 ) " P R E S S A N Y K E Y " : A $ = I N P U T $ ( 1)
510 CLS:REM * HALF-DURATIONS OF ECLIPSE A N DTOTALITY *
520 HDUR=60*SQR(((SHDIA+MDIA)/2)^2 -MLAT'^2)/(MDM-SDM)
530 PRINT " H A L F - D U R A T I O N O F T H EECLIPSE:";TAB(35);HDUR; " N A A D I S "
540 I F Z Z = 1 T H E N G O T O 570
550 HDURT=60*SQR(((SHDIA-MDIA)/2)'^2 -MLAT'^2)/(MDM-SDM)
560 PRINT "HALF-DURATION OF THE T O T A L I T Y : ";TAB(35); HDURT;
"NAADIS"
570 R E M * ATT H EE N D OF T H E ECLIPSE *
580 TMOON=OPMOON+HDUR*MDM/3600:
MRAHU=OPNODE-HDUR*NDM/3600 :REM *DEG*
590 MLAT=270*SIN(PI*(TMOON-MRAHU)/180):IF MLAT<0 THEN PRINT
TAB(34) "-";
600 P R I N T " M O O N ' S L A T I T U D E A T T H E E N D : " ; : M = M L A T : G O S U B 1090
610 HDUR2=60*SQR(((SHDIA+MDIA)/2)^2 -MLAT'^2)/(MDM-SDM)
620 PRINT "COR.SECOND HALF-DURN. OF ECLIPSE:";TAB(35);HDUR2;
"NAADIS"
630 R E M * AT T H E BEGINNING O F T H E ECLIPSE *
640 TMOON=OPMOON-HDUR*MDM/3600 : MRAHU=OPNODE+HDUR*NDM/
3600 : R E M * D E G *
TAB(34) "-";
Computer Programs
660 PRINT "MOON'S L A T AT BEGIN OF ECLIPSE:";:M=MLAT:GOSUB 1090

670 HDURl=60*SQR(((SHDIA+MDIA)/2)^2 -MLAT'^2)/(MDM-SDM)
680 PRINT "COR. H R S T HALF-DURN. OF ECLIPSE:";TAB(35);HDUR1;
"NAADIS"
690 IF ZZ=1 THEN GOTO 820
700 R E M * AT THE END OF THE TOTALITY *
710 TMOONOPMOON+HDURT'*MDM/3600:
MRAHU=OPNODE-HDURT*NDM/3600 :REM *DEG*
TAB(34) "-";
730 PRINT "MOON'S L A X AT END OF TOTALITY:";:M=MLAT:GOSUB 1090
740 HDURT2s60*SQR({{SHDIA-MDIA)/2)^2 -MLAT'^2)/(MDM-SDM)
750 PRINT "COR.SECOND HALF-DURN.OF TOTALm':";TAB(35)JUR2; "NAADIS"
760 R E M * AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TOTALITY *
770 TMOON=OPMOON-HDURT*MDM/3600 : MRAHU=OPNODE+HDURT*
NDM/3600 : R E M *DEG*
780 MLAT=270*SIN(PI*(TMOON-MRAHU)/180):IF MLAT<0 T H E N PRINT
TAB(34) "-";
790 PRINT "MOON'S L A T AT BEGIN OF TOTALITY:";:M=MLAT:GOSUB 1090
800 HDURTl=60*SQR(((SHDIA-MDIA)/2r2-MLAT^2)/(MDM-SDM)
810 PRINT "COR.FIRST HALF-DURN.OF T0TALITY:";TAB(35);HDURT1; "NAADIS"
820
830
840
850 BEG=(T0+OPPT-HDURl)*2/5 :REM * BEGINNING OF ECLIPSE IN HRS *
860 PRINT "BEGINNING OF THE ECLIPSE:";:H=BEG:GOSUB 1040
870 IF ZZ=1 T H E N GOTO 900
880 BEGT=(T04OPPT-HDURTl)*275 :REM * BEGINNING OF TOTALITY IN HRS *
890 PRINT "BEGINNING OF THE TOTALITY:";:H=BEGT:GOSUB 1040
900 MID=(T0+OPPT)*2/5 :REM * MIDDLE OF THE ECLIPSE IN HRS *
910 PRINT "MIDDLE OF THE ECLIPSE:";:H=MID:GOSUB 1040
920 IF ZZ=1 T H E N GOTO 950
930 ENDT=(TO+OPPT+HDURT2)*2/5 :REM * END OF TOTALITY IN HRS *
940 PRINT "END OF THE TOTALITY:";:H=ENDT:GOSUB 1040
950 ENDE=(T0+OPPT+HDUR2)*2/5 :REM * END OF ECLIPSE IN HRS *
960 PRINT "END OF THE ECLIPSE:";:H=ENDE:GOSUB 1040
970 END
980 R E M * CONVERSION INTO DEG.MIN.SEC OF A R C *
1000 DEG=INT(L):MINT=(L-DEG)*60:MIN=INT(MINT):SEC=INT((MINT-MIN)*
60+.5)
1010 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1:IF MIN=60 THEN MIN=0:
DEG=DEG+1
1020 PRINT TAB(35);DEG;""';MIN;""';SEC;"""
1030 RETURN
1040 R E M * CONVERSION TO HRS,MIN,SEC OF TIME *
1050 HRS=INT(H):MNT=(H-HRS)*60:MIN=INT(MNT):SEC=INT((MNT-MIN)*60+.5)
1060 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1:IF MIN=60 THEN MIN=0:
HRS=HRS+1
1070 PRINT TAB(35)HRS;"H-";MIN;"M-";SEC;"S"
1080 RETURN
1090 R E M * CONVERSION TO M I N A N D SEC OF A R C *
1100 MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-MIN)*60+.5):IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=
MIN+1
1110 PRINT T A B ( 3 5 ) ; M I N ; " ' " ; S E C : '
1120 RETURN
10 CLS: R E M * PROGRAM 9.2 : " K K L E C "

20 PRINT TAB(23);"*********************************************"
30 PRINT TAB(23);"* L U N A R ECLIPSE *"
40 PRINT TAB(23):"* ACCORDING TO *"
50 PRINT TAB(23)"'* KHANDA-KHAADYAKA *"
60 PRINT TAB(23);"**********************************************"
70 R E M ** True Sun (TRAVI), True Moon (TMOON), Node (MRAHU) at midnight **
80 PRINT "AT MIDNIGHT ** TRUE SUN: ";TRAVI;" TRUE MOON: ";TMOON:
"NODE: " ; M R A H U
90 R E M ** S M K :Sun's anomaly; M M K :Moon's anomaly **
100 SDM=59.1333*(1-14*COS(SMK*PI/180)/360):REM * SUN'S TRUE DAILY
MOTION *
110 PRINT "SUN'S TRUE DAILY MOTION: ";:M=SDM:GOSUB 480
120 MDM=790.5016-31*783.9*COS(MMK*Pyi80)/360:REM * MOON'S TRUE
DAILY MOTION *
130 R E M **** 783.9 = M E A N DAILY MOTION OF (MOON - MOON'S APOGEE)
140 PRINT "MOON'S TRUE DAILY MOTION: ";:M=MDM:GOSUB 480
150 SOPP= 180+(TRAVI-TMOON):IF SOPP<0 THEN SOPP=SOPP+360
170 PRINT "MOON'S DISTANCE FROM OPPN.: ";:L=SOPP:GOSUB 420
180 OPPT=SOPP'^24/(MDM-SDM)/60)
190 PRINT "INSTANT OF OPPN. AFTER MIDNIGHT: ";:H=OPPT:GOSUB 570
200 R E M ** AT THE OPPOSITION **
220 PRINT "TRUE SUN AT OPPN.:";:L=OPSUN:GOSUB 420
230 OPMOON=TMOON+OPPT*MDM/(60"24)
240 PRINT "TRUE MOON AT OPPN.:";:L=OPMOON:GOSUB 420
260 PRINT "NODE AT OPPN.:";:L=OPNODE:GOSUB 420
270 MLAT=270*SIN(PI*(OPMOON-OPNODE)/180)
280 PRINT "MOON'S LATITUDE AT OPPN.:";:IF MLAT<0 THEN PRINT TAB(33)"-";
290 M=MLAT:GOSUB 530
300 MDIA=10*MDM/247:REM * MOON'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER *
310 PRINT "MOON'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER: ";:M=MDIA:GOSUB 480
320 SHDIA=(8*MDM-25"*SDM)/60:REM * SHADOW'S A N G . DIAMETER *
330 PRINT "SHADOW'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER: ";:M=SHDIA:GOSUB 480
340 0BS=.5*(MDIA+SHDIA)-ABS (MLAT)
350 PRINT "MOON'S OBSCURED PORTION (GRAASA):";:M=OBS:GOSUB 480
360 IF OBS<0 THEN PRINT:PRINT TAB(20) "* ECLIPSE NOT POSSIBLE *"
370 IF OBS>MDIA THEN PRINT:PRINT TAB(20) "*LUNAR ECUPSE IS TOTAL*"
380 IF OBS<MDIA THEN PRINT.PRINT TAB(20) " * L U N A R ECLIPSE IS
PARTIAL "
390 LOCATE 23,60:PRINT "<PRESS A N Y KEY>":A$=INPUT$( 1)
400 GOSUB 610
410 END
420 L=ABS(L)
440 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1:IF INT(MIN)=60 THEN
INT(MIN)=0:DEG=DEG+1
460 PRINT TAB(35);DEG;TAB(42);INT(MIN); " ' ";TAB(47);SEC;
470 RETURN
480 M=ABS(M)
490 MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT(M-MIN)*60+.5)
510 PRINT TAB(35);MIN; " ' ";SEC; " " "
520 RETURN
530 PRINT
540 FOR N=l TO 10
550 HDUR(N)=24*SQR(.25*(SHDIA+MDIAr2-MLAT'^2)/(MDM-SDM)
560 MOON 1 =OPMOON-HDUR(N)*MDM/(24*60)
570 R E M * CONVERSION INTO HRS,MIN,SEC *
580 HRS=INT(H):M=60*(H-HRS):MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-MIN)*60+.5)
590 PRINT TAB(35);HRS; "H-";MIN; "M-";SEC; "S"
600 RETURN
610 DBET=SIN(4.5*PI/180)*COS((OPMOON-OPNODE)*PI/180)*829.91833#
620 A=(MDM-SDMr2+DBET'^2
630 B=2*MLAT*DBET
640 DEL 1 =(SHDIA+MDIA)/2 :DEL2=(SHDIA-MDIA)/2
650 C1=MLAT^2-DEL1^2
660 C2=MLAT^2-DEL2^2
670 DISCR1=B'^2-4*A*C1
680 DISCR2=B'^2-4*A*C2
690 PRINT
700 R E M *** HRST-HALF DURATION OF THE ECLIPSE ***
710 T1=24*ABS((-B-SQR(DISCR1))/(2*A))
720 PRINT "HRST-HALF DURATION OF ECLIPSE: ";:H=Tl:GOSUB 570

730 R E M *** SECOND-HALF DURATION.OF THE ECLIPSE ***
740 T4=24*(-B+SQR(DISCR1))/(2*A)
750 PRINT
760 PRINT "SECOND-HALF DURATION OF ECLIPSE: ";:H=T4:G0SUB 570
770 IF OBS<MDIA THEN GOTO 870
780 R E M *** HRST-HALF DURATION OF M A X . OBSCURITY ***
790 T2=24*ABS((-B-SQR(DISCR2))/(2*A))
800 PRINT
810 PRINT "FIRST-HALF DURATION OF TOTALITY: ";:H=T2:GOSUB 570
820 R E M *** SECOND-HALF DURATION OF MAX.OBSCURITY ***
830 T3=24*(-B+SQR(DISCR2))/(2*A)
840 PRINT
850 PRINT "SECOND-HALF OF M A X . 0BSCURITY";:H=T3:G0SUB 570
860 PRINT
870 PRINT TAB(5) "******************************************"
880 PRINT TAB(5) "** S U M M A R Y OF THE ECLIPSE **"
890 PRINT TAB(5) "******************************************"
900 PRINT
910 PRINT TAB(35) " L O C A L M E A N TIME "
920 PRINT TAB(5) "BEGINNING OF THE ECLIPSE: ";:H=0PPT-T1 :GOSUB 570
940 PRINT TAB(5) "BEGINNING OF M A X OBSCURITY: ";:H=0PPT-T2:G0SUB
570
950 PRINT TAB(5) "CENTRE OF THE ECLIPSE: ";:H=OPPT:GOSUB 570
970 PRINT TAB(5) "END OF M A X . OBSCURITY: ";:H=OPPT+T3:GOSUB 570
980 PRINT TAB(5) "END OF THE ECLIPSE: ";:H=OPPT+T4:GOSUB 570
990 PRINT TAB(5)"******************************************"
1000 RETURN
10
20
30 PRINT TAB(23);"* L U N A R ECLIPSE
40 PRINT TAB(23):"* ACCORDING TO
50 PRINT TAB(23)' "* GRAHA LAGHAVAM
60
70 PRINT
80 R E M * True Sun (TRAVI), True Moon (TMOON), Node (MRAHU) at TO
HRS.FROM MIDNIGHT *
90 PRINT "AT";TO; "HRS*** TRUE SUN: 'TTRAVI;" TRUE MOON: ";TMOON:"
NODE: " ; M R A H U
100 PRINT
120 SDM=59.1333*(1-14*COS(SMK*PI/180)/360):REM * SUN'S TRUE DAILY
MOTION *
140 MDM=790.5666-31*783.9*COS(MMK*PI/180)/360:REM * MOON'S TRUE
DAILY MOTION *
150 R E M **** 783.9 = M E A N DAILY MOTION OF (MOON - MOON'S APOGEE)
170 SOPP=180+(TRAVI-TMOON):IF SOPP<0 THEN SOPP=SOPP+360
190 PRINT "MOON'S DISTANCE FROM OPPN.: ";:L=SOPP:GOSUB 1010
200 OPPT=SOPP*24/((MDM-SDM)/60)
210 OPPTG=OPPT*5/2
220 PRINT "TIME OF OPPN. AFTER MIDNIGHT(LMT): ";:H=T0+OPPT:GOSUB
970
230 PRINT
240 R E M ** AT THE OPPOSITION **
260 PRINT "TRUE SUN AT OPPN.:";:L=OPSUN:GOSUB 1010
270 OPMOON=TMOON+OPPT*MDM/(60*24)
280 PRINT "TRUE MOON AT OPPN.:";:L=OPMOON:GOSUB 1010
300 PRINT "NODE AT OPPN.:";:L=OPNODE:GOSUB 1010
310 MLAT=270*SIN(PI*(OPMOON-OPNODE)/180)
320 MLAT1=MLAT
330 PRINT "MOON'S LATITUDE AT OPPN.:";:IF MLAT<0 THEN PRINT TAB(33)"-";
350 PRINT
360 MDIA = M D M / 74 : R E M * MOON'S A N G . DIAMETER *
370 PRINT "MOON'S DIAMETER (in Angulas): ";TAB(35);MDIA
380 SHDIAKS-^MDIA/l 1) + (3*MDIA) - 8 : REM * SHADOW'S ANG. DIAMETER *
390 PRINT "SHADOW'S DIAMETER (in Angulas): ";TAB(35);SHDIA
400 R E M ** POSSIBILITY OF L U N A R ECLIPSE **
410 V R A = OPSUN - OPNODE :REM * V I R A H V A R K A
420 IF V R A < 0 THEN V R A = V R A + 360
430 R E M ** V Y A G U = BHUJA OF (RAVI - RAHU) **
440 IF V R A < 90 THEN V Y A G U = V R A
450 IF V R A > 90 A N D V R A < 180 THEN V Y A G U = 180 - V R A
460 IF V R A > 180 AND V R A < 270 THEN V Y A G U = V R A - 180
470 IF V R A > 270 A N D V R A < 360 THEN V Y A G U = 360 - V R A
480 IF V Y A G U < 14 THEN PRINT TAB(30) "ECLIPE IS POSSIBLE"
490 IF V Y A G U > 14 THEN PRINT TAB(30) "ECLIPE IS NOT POSSIBLE":END
500 SHARA = 11 ^ V Y A G U / 7
510 IF V R A > 180 THEN PRINT "(SOUTHERN) ";
520 IF V R A < 180 THEN PRINT "(NORTHERN) ";
530 PRINT "SHARA (In Angulas):";TAB(35)SHARA
540 M K D = .5 * (SHDIA + MDIA) : R E M * M A N A I K Y A K H A N D A R D H A *
550 GRASA = M K D - SHARA
560 PRINT "GRASA (in Angulas) : ";TAB(35) GRASA
570 IF GRASA < 0 THEN PRINT TAB(27) "THERE WILL B E NO ECLIPSE" :END
580 IF GRASA < MDIA THEN PRINT TAB(20) "* LUNAR ECLIPSE IS PARTIAL *"
590 IF GRASA > MDIA THEN PRINT:PRINT TAB(20) "* L U N A R ECLIPSE IS
TOTAL *"
600 LOCATE 23,60:PRINT "<PRESS A N Y KEY>":A$=INPUT$(1)
610 SQRT= SQR(GRASA * (MKD t SHARA) * 10)
620 MSTH = (SQRT - SQRT/6) / MDIA :REM * M A D H Y A STHITI (Gh.)*
630 PRINT " M A D H Y A STHITI (in Ghatis):";TAB(35) M S T H
640 PALAS = 2 * V Y A G U
650 IF V R A > 90 A N D V R A < 180 THEN SPSTH = MSTH-PALAS/60 :MKSTH =
MSTH + PALAS/60
660 IF V R A > 270 A N D VAR < 360 THEN SPSTH = MSTH-PALAS/60 :MKSTH
= MSTH + PALAS/60
670 IF V R A < 90 THEN SPSTH = MSTH+PALAS/60 :MKSTH = MSTH - PALAS/60
680 IF V R A > 180 A N D V R A ^ 270 THEN SPSTH = MSTH+PALAS/60 :MKSTH
= MSTH - PALAS/60
690 PRINT "SPARSHA STHITI (in Gh.):";TAB(35)SPSTH

700 PRINT "MOKSHA STHITI (in Gh.):";TAB(35)MKSTH
710 IF GRASA < MDIA THEN GOTO 840
720 K H G R A S A = GRASA - MDIA
730 SQRT = SQR(KHGRASA * ((.5*(SHDIA-MDIA)+SHARA) * 10))
740 PRINT " K H A G R A S A (in Angulas):";TAB(35) K H G R A S A
750 M A R D A = (SQRT - SQRT/6) / MDIA :REM * H A L F DURN. OF TOTALITY *
760 PRINT " M A R D A (in Ghatis):";TAB(35) M A R D A
770 IF V R A > 90 A N D VRA<180 THEN SMAR = MARDA-PALAS/60 :UMAR =
MARDA+PALAS/60
780 IF VRA>270 A N D VRA<360 THEN SMAR = MARDA-PALAS/60 :UMAR =
MARDA+PALAS/60
790 IF V R A < 90 THEN SMAR = MARDA+PALAS/60 .UMAR =
MARDA-PALAS/60
800 IF VRA>180 A N D VRA<270 THEN SMAR = MARDA+PALAS/60 :UMAR =
MARDA-PALAS/60
810 SAMMIT = OPPTG - SMAR : UNMIT = OPPTG + U M A R
820 PRINT " S A M M I L A N A M A R D A (in Gh.):";TAB(35)SMAR
830 PRINT " U N M I L A N A M A R D A (in Gh.):";TAB(35)UMAR
840 SPART = OPPTG - SPSTH : MOKST = OPPTG + M K S T H
850 PRINT
860 PRINT "***********************************************"
870 PRINT"*** S U M M A R Y OF THE L U N A R ECLIPSE ; ***"
880 PRINT "***********************************************"
890 PRINT TAB(3) "AFTER MIDNIGHT PRECEDING ";D 1;"/" ;MM;"/";Y;TAB(50)
" L O C A L M E A N TIME"
900 PRINT "SPARSHA (BEGINNING) TIME:";:H=TO+2*SPART/5:GOSUB 970
910 IF GRASA > MDIA THEN PRINT "SAMMILANA(START OF TOTALITY):;:
H=T0+2*SAMMIT/5:GOSUB 970
920 PRINT " M A D H Y A (MIDDLE) OF ECL.:";:H=T0+OPPT:GOSUB 970
930 IF GRASA>MDL\ THEN PRINT " U N M I L A N A (END OF TOTALITY):";:
H=T0+2*UNMIT/5:GOSUB 970
940 PRINT "MOKSHA (ENDING) TIME:";:H=T0+2*MOKST/5:GOSUB 970
950 PRINT "********************************************************"
960 END
970 R E M ** CONVERSION INTO HRS,MIN,SEC **
980 HRS=INT(H):M=60*(H-HRS):MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-MIN)*60)
990 PRINT TAB(48) HRS;"H-";MIN;"M-";SEC;"S"
1000 RETURN
Computer Progrcuns 223

1030 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1:IF MIN=60 THEN MIN=0:DEG=DEG+1
1050 PRINT T A B ( 3 5 ) ; D E G ; ; I N T ( M I N ) ; " ' ";SEC;" " "
1060 RETURN
1070 MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT({M-MIN)*60+.5):IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN= MIN+1
1080 PRINT TAB(35);MIN;"'";SEC;"""
1090 RETURN
10
20
30 PRINT TAB(23); " SOLAR ECLIPSE
40 PRINT TAB(23); "* ACCORDING TO
50 PRINT TAB(23); "* SURYA SIDDHANTA
60
70 PRINT :PI=3.14159256#:DTR=PI/180 : RTD=1/DTR :REM * DEG TO RAD &
R A D TO DEG *
140 R E M ** Tnie Sun (TRAVI), True Moon (TMOON), Node (MRAHU) at TO HRS **
150 PRINT :PRINT TAB(25) "Ar';TO;"HRS ON ";D1;"/";MM;"/";Y
160 T=(Y-1900+(MM-l)/12+Dl/365)/100 :REM '* JULIAN CENTURIES SINCE
1/1/1900 *
170 AYA=22.14604222#+( 1.39604*T*T6#*T)+(1.111/3600*T*T)+(.00011 *T*T/3600)
180 PRINT :PRINT TAB(25);"AYANAMSA: ";:L=AYA:GOSUB 2130
190 PRINT :PRINT " * * TRUE SUN: ";TRAVI;" TRUE MOON: ";TMOON;
"NODE: " ; M R A H U
200 PRINT
220 SDM=59.13333*(1-14*COS(SMK*PI/180)/360) :REM * SUN'S TRUE DAILY
MOTION *
240 MDM=790.5666-31*783.9*COS(MMK*PI/180)/360:REM * MOON'S TRUE
DAILY MOTION *
250 R E M ***"*783.9 = M E A N DAILY MOTION OF (MOON - MOON'S APOGEE)****
260 PRINT :PRINT "MOON'S TRUE DAILY MOTION: ";:M=MDM:GOSUB 2080
270 SCON=(TRAVI-TMOON):IF SCON<0 THEN SCON=SCON+360
280 PRINT :PRINT "MOON'S DISTANCE FROM CONJN.: ";:L=SCON:GOSUB
2130
290 TCON=SCON*24/((MDM-SDM)/60)
300 Hl=T0+TCON:H(0)=Hl
310 PRINT :PRINT "TIME OF CONJ. AFTER MIDNIGHT";:N=H1*5/2:G0SUB
2200
320 H=H1:G0SUB 1120
330 PRINT :PRINT TAB(60) "PRESS A N Y KEY":A$=INPUT$(1)
350 FOR 1=1 TO 20
360 CLS:PRINT TAB(15) "* AT THE TIME OF CONJUNCTION (APPROXN";I;")*"
370 IF l o l O THEN GOTO 390
380 CLS:PRINT TAB(12) "* AT THE TIME OF APPARENT CONJN. (AFTER";I;
"ITERATIONS *"
Canputer Pro^xuns 225
390 CSUN1=TRAVI+TCON*SDM/(60*24)
400 PRINT "TRUE LONG. OF SUN :";:L=CSUN1:G0SUB 2130
410 CMOON1=TMOON+TCON*MDM/(60*24)
420 PRINT "TRUE LONG. p F MOON .";:L=CMOONl:GOSUB 2130
430 CNODE1=MRAHU=-190.7*TCON/(3600*24)
440 PRINT "LONG. OF NODE .";:L=CN0DE1 :GOSUB 2130
450 TSUN1=CSUN1+AYA:IF TSUN1>360 THEN TSUN1=TSUN1- 360
460 IF T S U N K O THEN TSUN1=TSUN 1+360
470 PRINT :PRINT "SAYANA RAVI (TROFSUN):";:L=TSUNl-.GOSUB 2130
480 IF 1=10 THEN GOTO 840
490 PRINT "ORIENT ECLIPTIC PT.(LAGNA):";:T=H(I-1):G0SUB 1660
500 OREC=TLAG : L=OREC:GOSUB 2130
510 ORSIN = 3438*SIN(24*DTR)*SIN(OREC*DTR)/COS(PHI*DTR) : REM *
ORIENT SINE : UDAYA JYA *
520 PRINT "ORIENT SINE (UDAYA JYA):";TAB(35);ORSIN;"'"
530 PRINT :PRINT " M E R I D L \ N ECLIPTIC POINT (M.C.):";:L=MC:GOSUB 2130
540 MERSIN=3438*SIN(24*DTR)*SIN(MC*DTR): R E M * MERIDIAN SINE *
550 PRINT "MERIDIAN SINE (MADHYA JYA):";:M=MERSIN:GOSUB 2080
560 X=MERSIN /3438:GOSUB 880:REM * DECLINATION OF M C (in Deg) *
570 PRINT "DECLINATION OF THE MERIDIAN:";
580 IF DEC<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34); "-";
590 L=DEC:GOSUB 2130
600 M E R Z E N = DEC - PHI : R E M PHI=PD+PM/60 : LAT OF THE P L A C E *
610 PRINT "MERIDIAN ZENITH DISTANCE:";:IF MERZEN<0 THEN PRINT
TAB(34); "-";
620 L=MERZEN:GOSUB 2130
630 SNMERZ=3438*SIN(MERZEN*DTR)
640 OSMZ = ORSIN * SNMERZ/3438
650 DRKSHEPA = SQR(SNMERZ'^2 - 0SMZ''2)
660 PRINT "SINE OF ECL.ZEN.DIST.(DRKKSHEPA):";:M=DRKSHEPA:GOSUB
2080
670 SNECALTi=SQR(3438'^2-DRKSHEPA'^2)
680 PRINT "SINE OF ECL.ALTITUDE (DRGGATI):";:M=SNECALT:GOSUB 2080
690 CHEDA=1719^2/SNECALT : R E M RSIN (30 Deg)=1719 *
700 PRINT "DIVISOR (CHEDA):";:M=CHEDA:GOSUB 2080
710 LAMBANA=3438*(SIN((MC-TSUN1 )*DTR))/CHEDA
720 PRINT " ( P A R A L L A X IN LONG.)LAMBANA:";
730 IF LAMBANA<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34); "-";
740 N=LAMBANA:GOSUB 2200

750 H=LAMBANA*2/5:IF H<0 THEN PRINT
760 GOSUB 1120
770 H(I)=Hl+LAMBANA*2/5
780 PRINT :PRINT "COR.TIME OF APPARENT CONJN.:";:N=H(I)*5/2:GOSUB
2200
790 H=H(I):GOSUB 1120
795 PRINT "H(";I;")";H(I)
800 TCON=TCON+2*LAMBANA/5
810 PRINT :PRINT TAB(60);"PRESS A N Y K^Y":A$=INPUT$(1)
820 IF 1=20 OR ABS(H(I)-H(I-1))<.1 THEN 10=1: GOTO 380
830 NEXT I
840 NATI=(731.45/15)*DRKSHEPA/3438
850 PRINT " P A R A L L A X IN LATITUDE (NATI):";:IF NATI<0 THEN TAB(34);"-";
860 M=NATI:GOSUB 2080
870 GOTO 900
880 DEC=RTD*ATN(X/SQR(1-X*X))
890 RETURN
900 MLAT1=270*SIN(DTR*(CMOON1-CNODE1))
910 PRINT "MOON'S LATITUDE AT APPNT CONJN.:";:IF M L A T R O THEN
PRINT TAB(34);"-";
920 M=MLAT1:G0SUB 3080
930 APLAT=MLAT1+NATI
940 PRINT "MOON'S APPARENT L A T AT CONJN.:";:IF APLAT<0 THEN PRINT
TAB(34)"-";
950 M=APLAT:GOSUB 2080
960 SCDIA=SDM*6500/59.136 : R E M * SUN'S COR.DIAMETER (YOJANAS) *
970 SDIAY=SCDIA*4320000!/57753336# : R E M * SUN'S DIAMETER IN
YOJANAS *
980 SDIA=SDIAY/15 : R E M SUN'S D L \ M E T E R IN A R C (MIN) *
990 PRINT : PRINT "SUN'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER:";:M=SDIA:GOSUB 2080
1000 MDIAY=MDM*480/790.581 : R E M * MOON'S DIAMETER IN YOJANAS *
1010 MDIA=MDIAY/15 : R E M * MOON'S DIAMETER IN A R C (MIN) *
1030 0BS=.5*(SDIA+MDIA)-ABS(APLAT)
1040 PRINT :PRINT "OBSCURN.AT APPRNT CONJN (GRAASA):";: M=OBS:
GOSUB 2080
1050 PRINT
1060 IF OBS<0 THEN PRINT TAB(30)"ECLIPSE NOT VISIBLE":END
1070 IF OBS<SDIA THEN PRINT TAB(31)"ECLIPSE IS PARTIAL":ZZ=1
1080 IF OBS>=SDIA THEN PRINT TAB(31)"ECLIPSE IS TOTAL"

1090 PRINT rPRINT TAB(20)"MAGNITUDE OF THE ECLIPSE:";OBS/SDIA
1100 LOCATE 22.60:PRINT "<PRESS A N Y KEY>":A$=INTPUT$(1)
1110 PRINT:IF ZZ=1 THEN GOTO 1170
1120 R E M * CONVERSION INTO HRS,MIN,SEC **
1130 H=ABS(H):HRS=INT(H):M=60*(H-HRS):MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-MIN)*60)
1140 PRINT TAB(54) HRS;"H-";MIN;"M-";SEC;"S"
1150 RETURN
1160 R E M * HALF-DURATIONS *
1170 DBET=SIN(4.5*DTR)*COS((CMOONl-CNODEl)*DTR)*829.91833#
1180 A=(MDM-SDMr2+DBET'^2
1190 B=2*APLAT*DBET
1200 DELl=(SDIA+MDIA)/2 :DEL2=(SDIA-MDIA)/2
1210 C1=APLAT'^2-DEL1'^2
1220 C2=^PLAT'^2-DEL2'^2
1230 DISCR1=B'^2-4*A*CI
1240 DISCR2=B'^2-4*A*C2
1250 CLS
1270 T1=60*ABS(-B-SQR(DISCR1))/(2*A)
1280 PRINT "HRST-HALF DURATION OF ECLIPSE: ";:N=Tl:GOSUB 2200
1290 H=T1*2/5:G0SUB 1120
1300 R E M *** SECOND-HALF DURATION OF THE ECLIPSE ***
1310 T4=60*(-B+SQR(DISCR1))/(2*A)
1320 PRINT
1330 PRINT "SECOND-HALF DURATION OF ECLIPSE: ";:N=T4:GOSUB 2200
1340 H=T4*2/5:GOSUB 1120
1350 IF ZZ=1 THEN GOTO 1460 *
1360 R E M *** HRST-HALF DURATION OF TOTALITY ***
1370 T2=60*ABS(-B-SQR(DISCR2))/(2*A)
1380 PRINT
1390 PRINT "HRST-HALF OF TOTALITY: ";:N=T2:G0SUB 2200
1400 H=T2*2/5:GOSUB 1120
1410 R E M *** SECOND-HALF DURATION OF TOTALITY ***
1420 T3=60*(-B+SQR(DISCR2))/(2*A)
1430 PRINT
1440 PRINT "SECOND-HALF OF TOTALITY: ";:N=T3:G0SUB 2200
1450 H=T3*2/5:GOSUB 1120
228 Ancient Indicun Astronomy
1460
1470
1480 PRINT TAB(5) "** S U M M A R Y OF THE SOLAR ECLISPE **"
1490 PRINT TAB(5)"************************************************'
1500 PRINT TAB(25);" ON";Dl"/";MM;"r;Y;" AT';PLACE$
1510 PRINT TAB(35)"LOCAL M E A N TIME"
1520 PRINT TAB(5) "BEGINNING OF T H E E C U P S E : ";:N=5*H(I)/2-Tl :GOSUB
2200
1530 H=:N*2/5:GOSUB 1120
1550 PRINT TAB(5) "BEGINNING OF TOTALITY: ";:N=5*H(I)/2-T2:GOSUB 2200
1560 H=N*2/5: GOSUB 1120
1570 PRINT TAB(5) "MIDDLE OF THE ECUPSE:";:N=5*H(I)/2:GOSUB 2200
1580 H=H(I):GOSUB 1120
1600 PRINT TAB(5) "END OF TOTALITY: ";:N=5*H(I)/2+T3:GOSUB 2200
1610 H=N*2/5:GOSUB 1120
1620 PRINT TAB(5) "END OF THE ECLIPSE: ";:N=5*H(I)/2+T4:GOSUB 2200
1630 H=N*2/5: GOSUB 1120
1640
1645 LOCATE ,24:INPUT "DO Y O U WANT ANOTHER TRIAL (Y/N)";Y$
1650 IF Y$=" Y " OR Y$="y" THEN CHAIN "SSRAMOON" ELSE END
1660 R E M *** ORIENT ECLIPTIG POINT ( SAYANA L A G N A ) ***
1670 R E M * T : TIME IN 1ST FOR WHICH L A G N A & M C A R E REQUIRED
1675 PRINT "T=";T
1680 G1 =6.63627+6.570982*.01 *(JJ-2443144!)
1690 TS=Gl-INT(Gl/24)*24
1700 IF LD>=0 THEN L=LD+(LM/60)
1710 IF LD<0 THEN L=LD-(LM/60)
1720 S=I715+TS+(T-5.5)/1436*4
1730 IF S>24 THEN S=S-24
1740 IF S<0 THEN S=S+24
1750 ST=S
1760 T=T-5.5
1770 H=ST+T:IF PD<0 THEN H=H+12
1780 IF H>24 THEN H=H-24
1790 IF H<0 THEN H=H+24
1800 GOSUB 1810:GOTO 1830
Cennputer Programs 229
1810 MIN={H-INT(H))*60:TrY=INT((MIN-INT(MIN))*60)
1820 RETURN
1830 IF PD+PM/60>0 THEN PHI=PD+PM/60
1840 IF PD+PM/60<0 THEN PHI=PD-PM/60
1850 S=H:S=S*15
1860 A=S+90:A=A*DTR:W=23.45*DTR
1870 GOSUB 1970
1880 S=H:S=S*15
1890 B=ATN(TAN(A)*COS(W))
1900 T=ATN(COS(A)*TAN(W))
1910 E1=ATN(SIN(A)*SIN(W)*TAN(ABS(PHI*DTR+T)))
1920 L=(B+E1)*RTD
1930 IF PD<0 THEN L=180+L
1940 IF L<0 THEN L=L+360
1950 IF S<180 THEN L=L+180
1960 TLAG=L
1970 IF PD<0 THEN S=S-180:IF S<0 THEN S=S+360
1980 TRS=S*DTR
1990 IF S=90 THEN MC=90 -.GOTO 2030
2000 IF S=180 THEN MC=180:GOTO 2030
2010 IF S=270 THEN MC=270 :GOTO 2030
2020 A2=RTD*ATN(TAN(TRS)/C0S(W))
2030 IF S>90 A N D S<180 THEN MC=180+A2
2040 IF S>180 A N D S<270 THEN MC=180 +A2
2050 IF S<90 OR S>270 THEN MC=A2
2060 IF MC<0 THEN MC=MC+360
2070 RETURN
2080 M=ABS(M)
2090 MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-MIN)*60+.5)
2110 PRINT TAB(35);MIN;"' ";SEC;'
2120 RETURN
2170 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1 :IF MIN=60 THEN MIN=0:DEG=DEG+1:
IF DEG>=360 THEN DEG=DEG-360
2180 PRINT TAB(35);DEG;"' ";INT(MIN);"'";SEC;"""
2190 RETURN
2200 N=ABS(N)
2210 NADI=INT(N):VIN=INT((N-NADI)*60+.5):IF VIN=60 THEN VIN=0:IMADI=
NADI+1
2220 PRINT TAB(35);NADI;TAB(39);"na. ";TAB(43);VIN;"vin.";
2230 RETURN
10 CLS:REM * P R O G R A M 10.2 : "GLSEC"

20 PRINT TAB(23); "*********************************************"
30 PRINT TAB(23); "* SOLAR ECLIPSE *"
40 PRINT TAB(23); "* ACCORDING TO *'
50 PRINT TAB(23); " GRAHA LAGHAVAM *"
60 PRINT TAB(23);"**********************************************"
70 PRINT :PI=3.1415926#:DTR=PI/180 : RTD=1/DTR :REM * DEG TO RAD &
R A D TO D E G
80 PRINT TAB(10);"AT ";6+Hl ;"HRS ";MI;"MIN. O N ";D1;"/";MM;"/";Y;"AT"
+PLACE$
90 PRINT "** TRUE SUN:";TRAVI; "TRUE MOON:";TMOON; "NODE:";
M R A H U ; "**"
100 Al=(Y-522)/60: R E M * A Y A N A M S A *
110 PRINT "AYANAMSA:";:L=A 1 :GOSUB 1810
120 R E M * INSTANT OF N E W M O O N
130 CONJ=TRAVI-TMOON
140 SDM=59.9*(1-14*COS(SMK*DTR)/360):REM * SUN'S TRUE DAILY MOTION*
160 MDM=790.5666-31*783.9*COS(MMK*DTR)/360:REM * MOON'S TRUE
DAILY MOTION *
180 CONJT=24*CONJ/((MDM-SDM)/60):REM * INTERVAL FOR CONJN.(HRS) *
190 PRINT "INTERVAL TO NEWMOON:;TAB(35):H=CONJT:GOSUB 1940
200 PRINT "INTERVAL OF NEWMOON:'';TAB(35):H=6+CONJT:GOSUB 1940:NMH=H
210 R E M * AT THE INSTANT OF NEWMOON *
220 NMSUN=TRAVI+CONJT*SDM/(60*24)
230 PRINT "TRUE RAVI AT NEWMOON:";:L=NMSUN:GOSUB 1810
240 NMMOON=TMOON+CONJT*MDM/(60*24)
250 PRINT "TRUE CHANDRA AT NEWMOON:";:L=NMMOON:GOSUB 1810
260 NMNODE=MRAHU-190.7*CONJT/(3600*24)
270 PRINT "NODE AT NEWMOON:":L=NMNODE:GOSUB 1810
280 MLAT=270*SIN((NMMOON-NMNODE)*DTR)
290 VRHK=NMSUN-NMNODE:IF VRHK<0 THEN VRHK=VRHK+360
300 PRINT " V I R A A H V A R K A (RAVI-RAHU)";:L=VRHK:GOSUB 1810
310 IF VRHK<90 A N D VRBHUJA=VRHK
3.20 IF VRHK>90 A N D VRHK<180 THEN VRBHUJA=180-VRHK
330 IF VRHK>180 A N D VRHK<270 THEN VRBHUJA=VRHK-180
340 IF VRHK>270 A N D VRHK<360 THEN VRBHUJA=360-VRHK
350 SHARA=VRBHUJA*17/7:IF VRHK>180 THEN SHARA =-SHARA

360 PRINT "SHARA:";:ANG=SHARA:GOSUB 1780
370 IF VRBHUJA < 14 THEN PRINT TAB(25) "*SOLAR ECUPSE IS POSSIBLE *"
380 IF VRBHUJA > 14 THEN PRINT "SOLAR ECLIPSE NOT POSSIBLE *":END
390 GOSUB 1400:REM L A G N A AND TOIBHONA LAGNA *
400 GOSUB 410:GOTO 590
410 R E M ** KRAANTI (DECLINATION) OF TRIBHONALAGNA *
420 R E M * BHUJA OF SAYANA TRIBHONA L A G N A
430 IF TBL<90 THEN BHUJA=TBL
440 IF TBL>90 A N D TBLÎSO THEN BHUJA = 180-TBL
450 IF TBL>180 A N D TBL<270 THEN BHUJA =TBL-180
460 IF TBL>270 A N D TBL<360 THEN BHUJA = 360-TBL
470 PRINT "BHUJA OF SAYANA TRIBHONA LAGNA:";:L=BHUJA:GOSUB 1810
480 KRNK=INT(BHUJA/10)
490 RESTORE 1980
500 FOR K=0 TO KRNK+1
510 READ KRN.IF K=KRNK THEN KRN1=KRN
520 N E X T K:KRN2=KRN
530 PRINT " A N K A = ";KRNK;"KRN1=";KRN1;" KRN2=";KRN2
540 KRANTI=(KRN 1 +(KRN2-KRN 1 )*(BHUJA-10*KRNK)/10)/l 0
550 IF TBL>180 THEN KRANTI=-KRANTI
560 PRINT "KRANTI OF SAYANA TRIBHONA LAGNA:";:IF KRANTI<0 THEN
PRINT TAB(34)"-";
570 L=KRANTI:GOSUB 1830
580 RETURN
590 LOCATE 23,65:PRINT "PRESS A N Y K E Y "
600 A$=INPUT$(1)
610 R E M ** NATAAMSA **
620 CLS:PRINT
630 NATAMSA=KRANTI-P*180/PI
640 PRINT "NATAAMSA=";TAB(34);NATAMSA
650 SQ=(NATAMSA/22)^2
660 IF SQ>2 THEN HARA=SQ+(SQ-2)^+12:GOTO 680
670 HARA=SQ+12
680 PRINT " H A A R A (DEN.)=";TAB(34);HARA
690 VRKTBL=ABS(NMSUN-NTBL)
700 NUM=(14-VRKTBU10)*VRKTBL/10:PRINT "NUM. FOR LAMBANA:";
.TAB(34);NUM
710 LMBN=NUM/HARA : R E M * L A M B A N A IN GHATIKAS *

720 IF NTBL<NMSUN THEN LMBN=-LMBN
730 PRINT " L A M B A N A : ";LMBN;"Gh.=";:IF LMBN<0 THEN PRINT
TAB(34);"-";
740 H=2*LMBN/5:GOSUB 1940
750 MIDDLE=NMH+2*LMBN/5 : R E M * MIDDLE OF ECLIPSE IN HOURS *
760 PRINT "MIDDLE OF THE ECUPSE:";:H=MIDDLE:GOSUB 1940
770 R E M ** STHITI S A D H A N A M **
780 SDIA=SDM*2/11 :MDIA=MDM/74: R E M * DIAMETERS OF SUN & MOON
(ANGULAS) *
790 GRASA=.5*(SDIA+MDIA) - SHARA :REM * IN A N G U L A S *
800 PRINT " G R A A S A : ";:ANG=GRASA:GOSUB 1780
810 PRINT " P R A M A N A M (MAGNITUDE:";TAB(35):GRASA/SDIA
820 NUM1=(NATAMSA/10)*(18 - (NATAMSA/10)):REM * IN MINUTES *
830 PRINT " N U M . FOR NATI:";TAB(34);NUM1
840 DENl=6.3-NUMl/60
850 PRINT "DEN. FOR NATL";TAB(34);DEN1
860 NATI=NUM1/DEN1 :REM * N U M l IS CONSIDERED AS DEGREES *
870 IF NATAMSA<0 THEN NATI=-NATI
880 PRINT " NATI:";TAB(34);NATI
890 SPSHARA=SHARA + NATI:REM * SPASHTA SHARA *
900 PRINT "SPASTHA SHARA:";:ANG=SPSHARA:GOSUB 1780
920 SDIA=2*SDM/11 : R E M * SURYABIMBA (SUN'S DIAMETER)
930 PRINT "SURYA BIMBA:";:ANG=SDIA:GOSUB 1780
940 MDIA=MDM/74 : R E M * CHANDRABIMBA (MOON'S DIAMETER)
950 PRINT "CHANDRA BIMBA:";:ANG=MDIA:GOSUB 1780
960 MKDRD=(SDIA+MDIA)/2 : REM * MAANAIKYA KHANDAARDHA *
970 PRINT " M A A N A I K Y A KHANDAARDHA:";:ANG=MKDRD:GOSUB 1780
980 SGR=MKDRD - SPSHARA : R E M * SURYAGRAASA *
990 PRINT "SURYA GRAASA:";:ANG=SGR:GOSUB 1780
1000 STHITI=SQR(10*(MKDRD+SPSHARA)*SGR)"^(5/6)/MDIA
1010 PRINT "STHITI:";STHITI;"GH. =";:H=STHITI*2/5:GOSUB 1940
1020 R E M * SPARSHAKAALA L A M B A N A *
1030 SKTL=TBL - 6'^STHm
1040 PRINT "SPARSHAKAALA TRIBHONALAGNA:";:L=SKTL:GOSUB 1810
1050 TBL=SKTL:GOSUB 410
1060 N A T A M S A = K R A N n - P * l 80/PI
1070 SKSUN=NMSUN-SDM*STHITI/60
1080 PRINT "SPARSHAKALA RAVI:";:L=SKSUN:GOSUB 1810
1090 NUM=(SKSUN-SKTL)/10 * (14-(SKSUN-SKTL)/10)
1100 HAARA=(NATAMSA/22r2 - 2y2 + (NATAMSA/22)^2 +12 :REM * DENOMINArOR*
1110 SKLAMB = N U M / HAARA
1120 PRINT "SPARSHAKAALA L A M B A N A : " ; SKLAMB;"GH";:IF SKLAMB<0
THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
1130 H=SKLAMB*2/5 :GOSUB 1940 .
1140 PRINT TAB(60);"PRESS A N Y KEY":A$=INPUT$( 1)
1150 CLS:REM * M O K S H A K A A L A LAMB/VNA *
1160 MOKTL=TBL + 6*STHrri
1170 PRINT "MOKSHA K A A L A TRIBHONALAGNA:";:L=MOKTL:GOSUB 1810
1180 TBL=MOKTL:GOSUB 410
1200 MOKSUN=NMSUN+SDM*STHITI/60
1210 PRINT " M O K S H A K A A L A RAVI:";:L=MOKSUN:GOSUB 1810
1220 NUM=(MOKSUN-MOKTL)/10 * (14-(MOKSUN-MOKTL)/10)
1230 HAARA=((NAT\MSA/22r2 - 2y2+(NAT\MSA/22r2 +12 :REM * DENOMINAIOR*
1240 MOKLAMB = N U M / HAARA
1250 PRINT " M O K S H A K A A L A LAMBANA:";MOKLAMB;"GH.";:IF MOKLAMB<0
THEN PRINT TAB(34):"-";
1260 H=MOKLAMB*2/5 :GOSUB 1940
1270 B E C L = MIDDLE - STHITI + SPLAMB
1280 EECL = MIDDLE + STHITI + M O K L A M B
1290 PRINT
1300
1310
1320
1330 PRINT :PRINT "BEGINNING OF ECLIPSE";TAB(21);BECL;"GH.";
1340 H=6+BECL*2/5:GOSUB 1940
1350 PRINT :PRINT "MIDDLE OF ECLIPSE:";TAB(21);MIDDLE:"GH.";
1360 H=6+MIDDLE*2/5:GOSUB 1940
1370 PRINT :PRINT "END OF ECLIPSE:";TAB(21);EECL:"GH.";
1380 H=6+EECL*2/5:GOSUB 1940
1390 END
1400 R E M ********** L A G N A & TRIBHONA L A G N A **********
1420 T=NMH:REM * INSTANT OF NEWMOON *
1430 G1 =6.63627+6.570982*.01 *(JJ-2443144!)

1440 TS=Gl-INT(Gl/24)*24
1450 IF LD>=;0 THEN L=LD+(LM/60)
1460 IF LD<0 THEN L=LD-(LM/60)
1470 S=I715+TS+(T-5.5)/1436*4
1480 IF S>24 THEN S=S-24
1490 IF S<0 THEN S=S+24
1500 ST=S:T=T-5.5
1510 H=S+TIF PD<0 THEN H=H+12
1520 IF H>24 THEN H=H-24
1530 IF H<24 THEN H=H+24
1540 IF PD>0 THEN P=PD+FM/60
1550 IF PD<0 THEN P=PD-PM/60
1560 P=P*PI/180
1570 S=H:S=S*15
1580 A=S+90:A=A*Pyi80:W=23.45*PI/180
1610 E1=ATN(SIN(A)*SIN(W)*TAN(P+T))
1620 L=(B+E1)*180/PI
1630 IF PD<0 THEN D=180+((B+E1)*RTD)
1640 IF L<0 THEN L=L+360
1650 IF S<180 THEN L=L+180
1660 IF L>360 THEN L=L-360
1670 SLAGNA=L :REM * SAYANA L A G N A *
1680 PRINT "SAYANA LAGNA:";:L=SLAGNA:GOSUB 1810
1690 TBL=SLAGNA-90 :REM * SAYANA TRIBHONA L A G N A *
1700 IF TBL<0 THEN TBL=TBL+360
1710 PRINT "SAYANA TRIBHONA LAGNA:";:t=TBL:GOSUB 1810
1720 R E M * A Y A N A M S A : A l *
1730 NTBL=TBL-A1 : R E M * NIRAYANA TRIBHONA L A G N A *
1740 IF NTBL<0 THEN NTBL=NTBL+360
1750 IF NTBL>360 THEN NTBL=NTBL-360
1760 PRINT "NIRAYANA TRIBHONA LAGNA:";:L=NTBL:GOSUB 1810
1770 RETURN
1780 AN=INT(ANG): PRA=INT((ANG-AN)*60+i) :IF PRA=60 THEN PRA=0:AN=AN+1
1790 PRINT TAB(35);AN;"Ang.";PRA;"Prat."
1800 RETURN
1810 I F L>=360 T H E N L=L-360*INT(L/360)

1820 IF L<0 T H E N L=L+360*ABS(INT(I7360))
1830 IF L<0 T H E N L=ABS(L)
1850 I F DEG>=360 T H E N D E G = D E G . 3 6 0
1860 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1:IF MIN60 THEN MIN=0:DEG
=DEG+I:IF DEG>=360 T H E N DEG=DEG-360
1870 P R I N T TAB(35);DEG;" ";TAB(42)INT(MIN);"'";TAB(47)SEC;"""
1880 RETURN
1890 M=ABS{M)
1910 I F SEC=60 T H E N SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1
1920 PRINT TAB(35):MIN;"' ";SEC;
1930 RETURN
1940 R E M ** C O N V E R S I O N I N T O H R S , M I N , S E C **
1950 H=ABS(H):HRS=INT(H):M=60*(H-HRS):MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-MIN)*60)
1960 P R I N T TAB(35);HRS;TAB(39);"H-";MIN;TAB(45);"M-";SEC;"S"
1970 RETURN
1980 D A T A 0,40,80,117,151,181,206,224,236,240
1990 R E M * K R A A N T I (DECLINATION) T A B L E *
10 C L S : R E M * P R O G R A M 10.3 : " K K S E C "

20 PRINT TAB(23); " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * > i < > i ' * * * * * # * * "
30 PRINT TAB(23); "* SOLAR ECLIPSE *"

40 PRINT TAB(23); ACCORDING TO
50 PRINT TAB(23): "* KHANDA - KHAADYAKA *"
60 PRINT TAB(23);"****************************'*''''''''''*''''''''i''<''<'''''*''*<'*''<''*''''**'''''
70 PRINT :PI=3.14159256#
110 R E M ** Tiue Sun (TOAVI), True Moon (TMOON). Node (MRAHU) at TO HRS **
120 PRINT TAB(25) "Ar';TO;"HRS O N ";D1;"/";MM;"/";Y
130 PRINT " * TRUE SUN: ";TRAVI;" TRUE MOON: ";TMOON;" NODE:
";MRAHU
140 PRINT
150 R E M ** S M K rSun's anonialy; M M K :Moon's anomaly **
160 SDM=59.13333*(1.14*COS(SMK*PI/180)/360) :REM * SUN'S TRUE DAILY
MOTION *
180 MDM=790.5666-31*783.9*COS(MMK*PI/I80)/360:REM * MOON'S TRUE
DAILY MOTION *
190 R E M ****783.9 = M E A N DAILY MOTION OF (MOON - MOON'S APOGEE) ****
210 SCON=(TRAVI-TMOON):IF SCON<0 THEN SCON=SCON+360
220 PRINT "MOON'S DISTANCE F R O M CONJN.: ";:L=SCON:GOSUB 2020
230 TCON=SCON*24/((MDM-SDM)/60)
240 PRINT "INSTANT OF CONJUNCTION (LMT)"";:H=T0+TCON;GOSUB 1080
250 DIMTdO)
260 PRINT
270 R E M ** AT THE CONJUNCTION **
280 CSUN1=TRAVI+TCON*SDM/(60*24)
290 PRINT ' T R U E SUN AT CONJN.:";:L=CSUNl:GOSUB 2020
300 CMOON1=TMOON+TCON-MDM/(60'*24)
310 PRINT "TRUE MOON AT C0NJN.:";:L=CM00N1:G0SUB 2020
320 CNODE1=MRAHU-190.7*TCON/(3600*24)
330 PRINT "NODE AT C0NJN.:";:L=CN0DE1:G0SUB 2020
340 AYA = 22.4604222 # + (1.3960416#*TC) + (3.0875E-04*TC*TC) +
(.0006175*TC'*T/10O)+(0.139604 *T)+(9.44E-06 *Q)+(.0003086*T*T/10000)
+(3.80555E-05*E)+(3.82215E-05*(DD+D))
350 PRINT " A Y A N A M S A : ";:L=AYA:GOSUB 2020
360 TSUN1=CSUN1+AYA:IFTSUN1>360 THEN TSUN1=TSUN 1-360
370 IF TSUN1 <0 THEN TSUN1 =TSUN 1 +360
380 PRINT "SAYANA RAVI (TRORSUN):";:L=TSUNI:GOSUB 2020

390 X=SIN(24*PI/180)*SIN(TSUN1*PI/180)
400 SDEL=180*ATN(X/SQR(1-X*X))/PI
410 PRINT "SUN'S DECLINATION:";:IF SDEL<0 THEN PRINT TAB(33)"-";
420 L=SDEL:GOSUB 2020
430 M L A T l =270*SIN(PI*(CMOON 1-CNODEl)/180)
440 PRINT "MOON'S LATITUDE AT CONJN.: ";:IF M L A T l <0 THEN PRINT
TAB(33) "-";
450 M=MLAT1:G0SUB 1960
460 PRINT
470 MDIA=10*MDM/247:REM * MOON'S A N G . DIAMETER *
480 PRINT "MOON'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER: ";:M=MDIA:GOSUB 1960
490 SDIA=11*SDM/20:REM * SUN'S ANG.DIAMETER
500 PRINT "SUN'S A N G U L A R DIAMETER: ";:M=SDIA:GOSUB 1960
510 LOCATE 23, 55:PRINT "PRESS A N Y K E Y TWICE"
520 A$=INPUT$(2)
530 T(I)=T0+TCON
540 FOR 1=1 TO 10
550 IF 1=4 THEN LOCATE 23.55:PRINT "PRESS A N Y K E Y TWICE": A$=INPUT$(2)
560 PRINT TAB(32) "APPROXIMATON (";I;")"
570 T=T(I):PRINT "T(I)=";T(I)
580 GOSUB 1520
590 PRINT "SAYANA L A G N A (ORIENT ECLIPTIC PT):";:L=TLAG:GOSUB 2020
600 NONA=TLAG-90:IF NONA<0 THEN NONA=NONA+360
610 PRINT "NONAGESIMAL ( TRIBHONA ):";:L=NONA:GOSUB 2020
620 Y=SIN(24*Pyi80)*SIN(NONA*PI/180)
630 NDEL=180*ATN(Y/SQR(1-Y*Y))/PI
640 PRINT "DECL.OF NONAGESIMAL:";:IF NDEL<0 THEN PRINT TAB(33)"-";
650 L=NDEL:GOSUB 2020
660 R E M ** ZENITH DIST. OF NONAGESIMAL **
670 CSUN=CSUNl+(HEQAC*SDM/(60*24))
680 CMOON=CMOON 1 +(HEQAC*MDM/(60*24))
690 CNODE=CNODEl-(HEQAC*.05277/24)
700 MLAT=270*SIN(PI*(CMOON-CNODE)/180)
710 PRINT "MOON'S LATITUDE:";:IF MLAT<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34)"-";
730 ZEN=NDEL+MLAT/60-PHI
740 PRINT "ZENITH DIST OF NONAGESIMAL:";:IF ZEN<0 THEN PRINT

TAB(34)"-";
750 L=ZEN:GOSUB 2020
760 R E M ** EQN OF APPARENT CONJN. **
770 TSUN=CSUN+AYA:IF TSUN>360 THEN TSUN=TSUN-360
780 IFTSUN<OTHEN TSUN=TSUN+360
790 EQAC=-4*COS(PI*ZEN/180)*SIN(PI*(TSUN-NONA)/180):REM * GHATIKAS *
800 PRINT "EQN OF APP CONJN.:";:EQAC;"Gh.";
810 HEQAC=2*EQAC/5:IF HEQAC<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34)"-";
820 H=ABS(HEQAC):GOSUB 1080
830 (I+1)=TO+TCON+HEQAC
840 IF I>6 OR ABS(T(I)-T(I-1))<.01 THEN PRINT TAB(5)"INSTANT OF
APPCONJN.:";:H=T(I):GOSUB 1080:GOTO 860
850 NEXT I
860 0BS=.5*(SDIA+MDIA)-ABS(MLAT)
870 PRINT " M A X . OBSCURATION:";:M=OBS:GOSUB 1960
880 IF OBS<0 THEN PRINT TAB(30)"ECLIPSE NOT VISIBLE":END
890 IF OBS<SDIA THEN PRINT TAB(31)"ECLIPSE IS PARTIAL":ZZ=1
900 IF OBS>=SDIA THEN PRINT TAB(31)"ECLIPSE IS TOTAL"
910 PRINT TAB(20)"MAGNITUDE OF THE ECLIPSE: ";OBS/SDIA
920 LOCATE 23.60:PRINT "<PRESS A N Y KEY>":A$=INPUT$(1)
930 GOTO 1120
940 NEXTN
950 LOCATE 24,60:PRINT "<PRESS A N Y KEY>":A$=INPUT$(l)
960 PRINT
970 PRINT "********** SECOND H A L F OF THE ECLIPSE ********"
980 PRINT
990 N=1:PRINT "SECOND HALF-DURATION (APPR0XN.1):";:H=HDUR1:
GOSUB 1080
1000 PRINT
10)0 IF N=l THEN GOTO 1300
1020 FOR N=2 TO 10
1030 HDUR(N)=24*SQR(.25*(SDIA+MDIA)'^2-APLAT'^2)/(MDM-SDM)
1040 IF N>1 A N D ABS(HDUR(N)-HDUR(N-1 ))<.0002 THEN PRINT :PRINT
"SECOND HALF-DURATION OF THE ECL.: ";:H=HDUR(N):GOSUB
1080:GOTO 1400
1050 PRINT
1060 PRINT "SECOND HALF-DURATION (APPROXN.";N; ")";:H=HDUR(N):
GOSUB 1080
1070 PRINT
1080 R E M ** CONVERSION INTO HRS. MIN. SEC **
1090 HRS=INT(H):M=60*(H-HRS):MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-MIN)*60)
1100 PRINT TAB(35) HRS; "H-";MIN; "M-";SEC; "S"
1110 RETURN
1120 DBET=SIN(4.5*PI/810)*COS((OPMOON-OPNODE)*PI/180)*829.91833#
1130 A=(MDM-SDM)^2+DBET'^2
1140 B=2*MLAT*DBET
1150 D E L l=(SDIA+MDIA)/2 :DEL2=(SDIA-MDIA)/2
1160 C l = M L A T ^ 2 - D E L r 2
1170 C2=MLAT'^2-DEL2'^2
1180 DESCR1=B'^2-4*A*C1
1190 DESCR2=B'^2-4*A*C2
1200 PRINT
1220 T1=24*ABS((-B-SQR(DESCR1 ))/(2*A))
1230 PRINT "FIRST-HALF DURATION OF THE ECLISPE: ";:H=T1:G0SUB 1080
1240 R E M *** SECOND-HALF DURATION OF THE ECLIPSE ***
1250 T4=24*(-B+SQR(DISCR1 ))/(2*A)
1260 PRINT
1270 PRINT "SECOND-HALF DURATION OF THE ECLISPE: ";:H=T4:GOSUB
1080
1290 PRINT "HRST-HALF DURATION OF TOTALITY: **"
1300 T2=24*ABS((-B-SQR(DISCR2))/(2*A))
1310 PRINT
n20 PRINT "HRST-HALF OF TOTALITY: ";:H=T2:G0SUB 1080
1330 R E M *** SECOND-HALF DURATION OF TOTALITY ***
1340 T3=24*(-B+SQR(DISCR2))/(2*A)
1350 PRINT
1360 PRINT "SECOND-HALF OF TOTALITY: ";:H=T3:GOSUB 1080
1370 PRINT
1380 PRINT TAB(5) "***********************************************"
1390 PRINT TAB(5) "** S U M M A R Y OF THE ECLIPSE**"
1400 PRINT TAB(5) "***********************************************"
1410 PRINT
1420 PRINT TAB(32)" INDIAN STANDARD TIME"
1430 PRINT TAB(5)"BEGINNING OF THE ECLISPE: ";:H=T(I)-Tl:GOSUB 1080

1450 PRINT TAB(5)"BEGINNING OF M A X OBSCURITY: ";:H=T(I)-T2:G0SUB
1080
1460 PRINT TAB(5)"MIDDLE OF THE ECLIPSE:";:H=T(I):GOSUB 1080
1480 PRINT TAB(5)"END OF M A X 0BSCURITY:";:H=T(I)+T3:G0SUB 1080
1490 PRINT TAB(5)"END OF THE ECLIPSE: ";:H=T(I)+T4:G0SUB 1080
1500 PRINT TAB(5)"************************************************"
1510 END
1520 R E M *** ORIENT ECLIPTIC POINT ( SAYANA L A G N A ) ***
1530 PRINT "T(I)=";T(I)
1540 T=T(I)-(LAM-82.5)/15:REM * CONVERSION F R O M L M T TO 1ST *
1550 G1 =6.63627+6.570982*.01 *(JJ-2443144!)
1560 TS=Gl-INT(Gl/24)*24
1570 IF LD>=0 THEN L=LD+(LM/60)
1580 IF LD<0 THEN L=LD.(LM/60)
1590 S=L/15+TS+(T-5.5)/1436*4
1600 IF S>24 THEN S=S-24
1610 IF S<0 THEN S=S+24
1620 ST=INT(S*100)/100
1630 T=T-5.5
1640 H=ST+T:IF PD<0 THEN H=H+12
1650 IF H>24 THEN H=H-24
1660 IF H<0 THEN H=H+24
1670 GOSUB 1680:GOTO 1700
1680 MIN=(H-lNT(H))*60:TrY=INT((MIN-INT(MIN))*60)
1690 RETURN
1700 IF PD+PM/60>0 THEN P=PD+PM/60
1710 IF PD+PM/60<0 THEN P=PD-PM/60
1720 P=P*PI/180
1730 S=H:S=S*15
1740 A=S+90:A=A*PI/180:W=23.45*PI/180
1750 GOSUB 1850
1760 S=H:S=S*15
1790 E1=ATN(SIN(A)*SIN(W)*TAN(ABS(P+T)))
1800 L=(B+E1)*180/PI
1810 IF PD<0 THEN L=180+L

1820 IF L<0 THEN L=L+360
1830 IF S<180 THEN l^L+180
1840 TLAG=L
1850 IF PD<0 THEN S=S-180:IF S<0 THEN S=S+360
1860 TRS=S*PI/180
1870 IF S=90 THEN MC=90 :GOTO 1910
1880 IF S=180 THEN MC=180 :GOTO 1910
1890 IF S=270 THEN MC=270 :GOTO 1910
1900 A2=(l 80/PI)*ATN(TAN(TRS)/COS(W))
1910 IF S>90 A N D S<180 THEN MC=180+A2
1920 IF S>180 A N D S<270 THEN MC=l80+S2
1930 IF S<90 OR S>270 THEN MC=A2
1940 IF MC<0 THEN MC=MC+360
1950 RETURN
2000 PRINT TAB(35);MIN;""';SEC;"""
2010 RETURN
2070 PRINT TAB(35);DEG;"* ";INT(MIN);""';SEC;"""
2080 RETURN
10 CLS:REM ** PROGRAM 12.1 : "SSPLA"

20 PRINT TAB(23)"***********************************************"
30 PRINT TAB(23)"* PLANETS'POSITIONS ACCORDING TO *"
40 PRINT TAB(23)"'^ SURYASIDDHANTA
50 PRINT TAB(23) "*********************************************"
60 PI=3.141592653589793#
70 PRINT " "
80 PRINT "********************** KUJA SPHUTA*******""****'****'''*"
90 REM ** NO. OF REVNS. 2 296 832 REVOLNS IN 1 577 917 828 CIVIL DAYS **
100 DAILY = 1.455609385509776D-03:REM ** R E V O L N
110 MKUJA=KALI*DAILY.REM ** R E V O L N
120 REV=INT(MKUJA):PRINT TAB( 15)"REV0LNS SINCE K A L I EPOCH: ";REV
130 MKUJA=360*(MKUJA-REV)
140 PRINT " M E A N KUJA AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT: ";
150 L=MKUJA:GOSUB 1380
160 R E M *** DAILY MOTION: 3r26" = 0.523888888 D E G ***
180 KAALA=(GH+VIG/60)*DAILY/60
190 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";GH;" G H ";VIG;" VIG:";
210 PRINT " M E A N KUJA AT GIVEN TIME AT ";PLACE$
220 MKUJA=MKUJA+DESH+KAALA:L=MKUJA:GOSUB 1380
230 K3=235/(2*PI):K4=3/(2*PI):MPLANET=MKUJA:SHIGHROCCA=MRAVI
240 PMA=(129.96/360)+(KALI*204/(CIVIL*1000)):REM ** KUJA'S MANDOCCA **
250 PMA=360*(PMA-INT(PMA))
260 P M A 1 =PMA-MKUJA:IF P M A 1 <0 THEN P M A 1 =PMA 1+360
270 P$="KUJA";K1=75/(2*PI):K2=3/(2*PI)
280 GOSUB 1600
300 A$=INPUT$(2)
310 PRINT "********************BUDHA SPHUTA*********************"
320 R E M ** 17 937 060 REVNS IN 1 577 917 828 CIVIL DAYS **
330 DAILY=1.136755012314874D-02:REM * R E V N *
340 MBUDHA=KALI*DAILY :REM * R E V N *
350 REV=INT(MBUDHA):PRINT TAB(15)"REV0LNS SINCE K A L I EPOCH:
";REV
360 MBUDHA=360*(MBDUHA-REV)
370 PRINT "BUDHASHIGHRA AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT : ";
244 Ancient Indian Astrononxy
380 L=MBUDHA:GOSUB 1380

390 R E M *** BUDHA'S DAILY MOTION: 245'32" = 4.092222222 DEC ***
400 DAILY=360'*DAILY:GOSUB 1290:REM * DEG *
420 PRINT "MOTION FOR" ;GH;" G H ";VIG;" VIG:";
440 PRINT "SHIGHROCCA AT GIVEN TIME A r ' ; P L A C E $ ;
450 MBUDHA=MBUDHA+DESH+KAALA:L=MBUDHA:GOSUB 1380
460 PRINT " M E A N B U D H A (i.e. RAVI):";:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1380
470 K3=133/(2*PI):K4=1/*2*PI)
480 SHIGHROCCA=MBUDHA:MPLANET=MRAVI
490 PMA=(220.32/360)+(KAU*368/(CIVIL*1000)):REM ** B U D l U ' S MANDOCCA **
500 P M A = 360*(PMA-INT(PMA))
510 P M A 1 =PMA-MPLANET:IF P M A 1 <0 THEN P M A 1 =PMA 1 +360
520 P$="BUDHA":K1=30/(2*PI):K2=2/(2*PI)
530 GOSUB 1600
550 A$=INPUT$(2)
560 PRINT " "
570 PRINT "**********************GURU SPHUTA*""*"'****''"'"'"'"'"''*''"''**"
580 R E M ** 364 220 REVOLNS IN I 577 917 828 CIVIL DAYS **
590 DAILY=2.308231731316746D-04:REM * R E V N *
600 MGURU=KALI*DAILY:REM * REVNS *
610 REV=INT(MGURU):PRINT TAB( 15)"REVOLNS SINCE K A L I EPOCH ";REV
620 MGURU=360*(MGURU-REV)
630 PRINT " M E A N G U R U AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT : ";
640 L=MGURU:GOSUB 1380
650 R E M *** GURU'S DAILY MOTION: 4'59" = 0.083055555 DEG ***
680 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";GH;" ;GH ";VIG;" VIG:";
700 PRINT " M E A N G U R U AT GIVEN TIME AT ";PLACE$;
710 MGURU=MGURU+DESH+KAALA:L=MGURU:GOSUB 1380
720 K3=70/(2*PI):K4=-2/(2*PI):MPLANET=MGURU:SHIGHROCCA=MRAVI
730 PMA=(171/360)+(KALI*900/(CIVIL*1000)):REM ** GURU'S MANDOCCA **
740 P M A = 360*(PMA-INT(PMA))
750 PMA1=PMA-MGURU:IF P M A K O THEN PMAl=PMAl+360
760 P$="GURU":K1=33/(2*PI):K2=1/(2*PI)
770 GOSUB 1600
790 A$=INPUT$(2)
800 PRINT" "
810 PRINT "**********************SHUKRA SPHUTA*******************"
820 R E M ** 7 022 376 REVNS IN 1 577 917 828 CIVIL DAYS **
830 DAILY=4.450406653241768D-03:REM * R E V N *
840 MSHUKRA=KALI*DAILY:REM * REVNS *
850 REV=INT(MSHUKRA):PRINT TAB(15)"REV0LNS SINCE KALI EPOCH ";REV
860 MSHUKRA=360*(MSHUKRA-REV)
870 PRINT " M S H U K R A SHIGHRA AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT : ";
880 L=MSHUKRA:GOSUB 1380
890 R E M *** SHUKRA'S DAILY MOTION: 96'7"43'" 37.3"" ***
900 DAILY=360*DAILY:GOSUB 1290:REM * DEG *
920 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";GH;" ;GH ";VIG:" VIG:";
940 PRINT "SHIGHROCCA AT GIVEN TIME AT ";PLACE$;
950 MSHUKRA=MSHUKRA+DESH+KAALA:L=MSHURA:GOSUB 1380
960 PRINT " M E A N S H U K R A (i.e.RAVI):";:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1380
970 K3=262/(2*PI):K4=2/(2*PI)
980 SHIGHROCCA=MSHUKRA:MPLANET=MRAVI
990 PMA=(79.65/360)+{KAU*535/(CIVIL*1000)):REM ** SHUKRA'S MANDOCCA **
1000 PMA = 360*(PMA-INT(PMA))
1010 PMA1=PMA-MPLANET:IF PMA1<0 THEN PMAl=PMAl+360
1020 P$="SHUKRA":K1=12/(2*PI):K2=1/(2*PI)
1030 GOSUB 1600
1050 A$=INPUT$(2)
1060 PRINT "**********************SHANI SPHUTA ******************"
1070 R E M ** 146 568 REVNS IN 1577197828 CIVIL DAYS **
1080 DAILY=9.28869662280031D-05:REM * R E V N *
1090 MSHANI=KALI*DAILY:REM * REVNS *
1100 REV=INT(MSHANI):PRINT TAB( 15)"REV0LNS SINCE K A L I EPOCH ";REV
1110 MSHANI=360*(MSHANI-REV)
1120 PRINT " M E A N SHANI AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT : ";
1130 L=MSHANI:GOSUB 1380
1140 R E M ** S H A M ' S DAILY MOTION: 2'0"22"' 53.4""**

1150 DAILY=360*DAILY:GOSUB 1290:REM * DEG *
1170 PRINT "MOTION FOR ";GH;" ;GH ";VIG;" VIG:";
1190 PRINT " M E A N SHANI AT GIVEN TIME AT ";PLACE$;
1200 MSHANI=MSHANI+DESH+KAALA:L=MSHANI:GOSUB 1380
1210 K3=40/(2*PI):K4=1/(2*PI):MPLANET=MSHANI:SHIGHROCCA=MRAVI
1220 PMA=(236.61/360)+{KALI*39/(CIVIL* 1000)):REM ** SHANI'S MANDOCCA **
1230 P M A = 360*(PMA-INT(PMA))
1240 PMA1=PMA-MSHANI:IF P M A K O THEN PMAl=PMA-l+360
1250 P$="SHANI":K 1 =49/(2*PI):K2= 1/(2*PI)
1260 GOSUB 1600
1270 LOCATE 23,60:PRINT " END OF THE PROGRAM "
1280 END
1320 IF DAILY<0 A N D ULAM>0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "-";:GOTO 1360
1330 IF DAILY<0 A N D ULAM<0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "+";:GOTO 1360
1340 IF ULAM>0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "+";
1350 IF ULAM<0 THEN PRINT TAB(39) "-";
1370 RETURN
1410 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0;MIN=MIN+1:IF MIN=60 THEN MIN=0:DEG=DEG
+1:IF DEG>=360 THEN DEG=DEG-360
1420 PRINT TAB(40);DEG;" ";INT(MIN);""';SEC;"""
1430 RETURN
1440 R E M *** SHIGHRA EQNS. ***
1450 IF P$<>"BUDHA" A N D P $ o " S H U K R A " AND Z=0 THEN PRINT
"SHIGHROCCA: ";:L=SHIGHROCCA:GOSUB 1380
1460 PRINT "SHIGHRA ANOMALY: ";
1470 L=PMK:GOSUB 1380
1480 PI=3.14159256#
1490 PMK=PMK*PI/180:REM * RADIAN *
1500 SN=SIN(PMK):CS=COS(PMK)
1510 K=(PI/180)*(K3-K4*ABS(SN)):REM ** COS.SHIGHRA RADIUS IN RADIANS **
1520 DPL=K*SN:REM ** DOHPHALA **
1530 SKR=SQR(K*K+2*K*CS+1):REM ** SHIGHRAKARNA **
1540 SE=(180/PI)*ATN(ABS(DPUSQR(SKR*SKR-DPL*DPL))):REM ** SHIGHRA
EQN **
1550 IF PMK>PI THEN SE=-SE
1560 PRINT "SHIGHRA EQN: ";:IF PMK<PI THEN PRINT TAB(39) "+";
1570 IF PMK>PI THEN PRINT TAB(39) "-";
1580 L=SE :GOSUB 1380
1590 RETURN
1600 R E M *** M A N D A and SHIGHRA CORRECTIONS ***
1610 P M K = SHIGHROGCA-MPLANETIF PMK<0 THEN PMK=PMK+360:REM **
SHIGHRA A N O M A L Y **
1620 Z=0:GOSUB 1440
1630 PI = MPLANET+SE/2 :REM *** PLANETS LONG. AFTER 1st OPERATION *** ^
1640 PRINT "LONG, after 1st COR.( SE/2)";
1650 L=P1:G0SUB 1380
1660 PMA1=PMA-P1 : R E M ** PLANET'S M A N D A A N O M A L Y AFTER 1st
OPERN. **
1670 IF PMA1<0 THEN PMAl=PMAl+360
1680 GOSUB 1900
1690 PRINT "LONG.after 2nd C0R.(ME/2):";
1700 P2 = PI + PEQ/2 : R E M ** PLANET'S LONG. AFTER 2nd OPERATION **
1710 L=P2:G0SUB 1380
1720 PMA2=PMA-P2 :IF PMA2<0 THEN PMA2=PMA2+360
1730 PRINT " COR. ";:Z=Z+1
1740 PMA1=PMA2:G0SUB 1900:REM ** PALNET'S EQN.OF CENTRE ** ,
1750 PRINT "LONCafter 3rd COR.(ME):"; ,
1760 P3=MPLANET+PEQ:IF P3>360 THEN P3=P3-360 '
1770 IF P3 <OTHEN P3=P3+360 |
1780 L=P3:G0SUB 1380
1790 P M K = SHIGHROCCA - P3 :IF PMK<0 THEN PMK=PMK+360 [
1800 PRINT "COR."; f
1810 GOSUB 1440
1820 PRINT "LONG.after 4th COR.(SE):";
1830 PTL=P3+SE
1840 L=PTL:GOSUB 1380
1850 PRINT" "

1860 PRINT P$; "'S TRUE LONGITUDE:";
1870 L=PTL.GOSUB 1380
1880 PRINT" , "
1890 RETURN
1900 R E M **** EQUATION OF CENTRE **
1910 IF Z=0 THEN PRINT "MANDOCCA:";:L=PMA:GOSUB 1380
1920 PRINT " M A N D A ANOMALY:";
1930 L=PMA1:G0SUB 1380
1940 PRINT " M A N D A EQUATION :";
1950 PMA1=PMA1*PI/180 :REM ** RADIANS **
1960 SN=SIN(PMA1)
1970 PEQ = (K1-K2*ABS(SN))*SN :REM ** PLANETS'S EQN.OF CENTRE **
1980 IF P M A K P I THEN PRINT TAB(39) "+";
1990 IF PMA1>PI THEN PRINT TAB(39) "-";
2000 L=PEQ :GOSUB 1380
2010 RETURN
10 C L S . K E Y OFF: R E M ** PROGRAM 12.2 : " K K P L A "

20 PRINT TAB(23);"*************************************************"
30 PRINT TAB(23);"* PLANETS'POSITIONS ACCORDING TO *"
40 PRINT TAB(23);"* KHANDA - KHAANDYAKA
50 PRINT TAB(23); "*************************************************"
60 PRINT
70 PRINT "**********************KUJA SPHUTA *******************"
80 MKUJA=(AHG-496+.25)/687+AHG/(174259!*60*360)
90 MKUJA=360"*(MKUJA-INT(MKUJA))
100 PRINT
110 PRINT " M E A N KUJA AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT ";
120 L=MKUJA:GOSUB 1180
130 R E M *** DAILY MOTION: 31'26" = 0.523888888 D E G ***
140 DAILY= 0.523888888#:GOSUB 1110
150 PRINT " M E A N KUJA AT L O C A L MIDNIGHT: ";
160 MKUJA=MKUJA+DESH:L=MKUJA:GOSUB 1180
170 PRINT "MOTION F0R;H1;"HRS.";MI;"MIN.:";TAB(34);"+";
180 K A A L A = (HI +MI/60)*DAILY/24
200 PRINT " M E A N KUJA AT GIVEN TIME: ";
210 MKUJA=MKUJA+KAALA:L=MKUJA:GOSUB 1180
220 EM=360:MP=234:MPLANET=MKUJA:SHIGHROCCA=MRAVI
230 M A N D O C C A = 110 :P$="KUJA";K=5:REM ** K:MULTIPLIER OF SUN'S
EQN.OF CENTRE
240 GOSUB 1420
250 IF PMK>164 A N D PMK<196 THEN PRINT TAB(60) "RETROGRADE"
270 A$=INPUT$(2)
280 CLS:PRINT "****************** B U D H A SPHUTA *****************"
290 MBUDHA=(AHG* 100-2181 )/8797+AHG/(71404!*60*360)
300 MBUDHA=360*(MBUDHA-INT(MBUDHA))
310 PRINT
320 PRINT " B U D H A SIGHROCCA (UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT):";
340 R E M *** BUDHA'S DAILY MOTION: 245'32" = 4.092222222 DEG ***
350 DAILY=4.092222222#:GOSUB 1110
360 PRINT "BUDHA SIGHROCCA (LOCAL MIDNIGHT):";
370 MBUDHA=MBUDHA+DESH:L=MBUDHA:GOSUB 1180
380 PRINT "MOTION F0R";H1;"HRS"MI; "MIN.:";TAB(34);"+";

390 K A A L A = (Hl+MI/60)*DAILY/24 : L = K A A L A : GOSUB 1180
400 M B U D H A = M B U D H A + K A A L A
410 PRINT " B U D H A SIGHRA AT GIVEN TIME:";
430 PRINT " M E A N RAVI:";:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1180
440 ES=360:SM=132
450 EM=ES:MP=SM:SHIGHROCCA=MBUDHA:MPLANET=MRAVI
460 MANDOCCA = 220 J^"BUDHA":K=2:REM ** K M U L U P L E R OF SUN'S EQN. **
470 GOSUB 1420
500 A$=INPUT$(2)
510 CLS:PRINT "*************** G U R U SPHUTA *****************"
520 MGURU=(AHG-2113+.2)/4332-AHG/( 162621 !*360)
530 MGURU=360*(MGURU-INT(MGURU))
540 PRINT " M E A N G U R U AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT :";
560 R E M *** GURU'S DAILY MOTION: 4'59" = 0.083055555 DEG ***
570 DAILY=0.083055555#:GOSUB 1110
580 PRINT " M E A N G U R U AT L O C A L MIDNIGHT: ";
590 MGURU=MGURU+DESH:L=MGURU:GOSUB 1180
600 PRINT "MOTION F0R";H1;"HRS";MI; "MIN.:";TAB(34);"+";
610 K A A L A = (H1 +MI/60)*DAILY/24:L=KAALA:GOSUB 1180
620 PRINT " M E A N G U R U AT GIVEN TIME:";
630 MGURU=MGURU+KAALA:L=MGURU:GOSUB 1180
640 EM=360:MP=72.5:MPLANET=MGURU:SHIGHROCCA=MRAVI
650 M A N D O C C A = 160 :P$="GURU":K=2*(1+1/7):REM ** K:MULTIPLIER OF
SUN'S EQN. **
660 GOSUB 1420
690 A$=INPUT$(2)
700 CLS:PRINT "****************** S H U K R A SPHUTA ****************"
710 MSHUKRA=(AHG-37.25)* 10/2247+(AHG-712)/(77043!*360)
720 MSHUKRA=360*(MSHUKRA-INT(MSHUKRA))
730 PRINT
740 PRINT "SHUKRA SIGHRA (UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT):";
Corrq>uter Programs 251
750 L=MSHUKRA:GOSUB 1180

760 R E M *** SHUKRA'S DAILY MOTION: 96'7"= 1.601944444 DEG ***
770 DAILY=1.601944444#:GOSUB 1110
780 PRINT "SHUKRASIGHRA (LOCAL MIDNIGHT):";
790 MSHUKRA=MSHUKRA+DESH:L=MSHUKRA:GOSUB 1180
800 PRINT " M E A N RAVI:";:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 1180
810 PRINT "MOTION F0R";H1;"HRS.";MI;"MIN.:";TAB(34);"+";
820 K A A L A = (Hl+My60)*DAILY/24:L = K A A L A : G O S U B 1180
830 PRINT "SHUKRA SIGHROCCA AT GIVEN TIME:";
840 MSHUKRA=MSHUKRA+KAALA:L=MSHUKRA:GOSUB 1180
850 ES=360:SM=260
860 EM=ES :MP=SM:SHIGHROCCA=MSHUKRA:MPLANET=MRAVI
870 MANDOCCA = 80 :P$="SHUKRA":K=1 .REM ** R M U L U P U E R OF SUN'S EQN. **
880 GOSUB 1420
910 A$=INPUT$(2)
920 CLS:PRINT "****************** SHANI SPHUTA ****************"
930 MSHANI=(AHG-2491.5)/l0766-AHG/80450!*60*360)
940 MSHANI=360*(MSHANI-INT(MSHANI))
950 PRINT
960 PRINT " M E A N SHANI AT UJJAYINI MIDNIGHT:";
970 L=MSHANI:GOSUB 1180
980 R E M *** SHANI'S DAILY MOTION: 2'00" = 0.033333333 DEG ***
990 DAILY=0.033333333#:GOSUB 1110
1000 PRINT " M E A N SHANI AT L O C A L MIDNIGHT: ";
1010 MSHANI=MSHANI+DESH:L=MSHANI:GOSUB 1180
1020 PRINT "MOTION F0R";H1;"HRS.";MI;"MIN.:";TAB(34);"+";
1030 K A A L A = (H1+MI/60)*DAILY/24:L = K A A L A : G O S U B 1180
1040 PRINT " M E A N SHANI AT GIVEN TIME:";
1050 MSHANI=MSHANI+KAALA:L=MSHANI:GOSUB 1180
1060 EM=360:MP=40:MPLANET=MSHANI:SHIGHROCCA=MRAVI
1070 M A N D O C C A = 240:P$="SHANI":K=4*( 1+1/4)
1080 GOSUB 1420
1100 END

1140 IF DESH<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "-"';
1150 IF DESH>0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";
1170 RETURN
1200 IF DEG>=360 THEN DEG=DEG.360
1210 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1:IF MIN=60 T H E N MIN=0:DEG=DEG
+1:IF DEG>=360 THEN DEG=DEG-360
1220 PRINT TAB(35);DEG;" ";TAB(42);INT(MIN);""';TAB(47);SEC;"""
1230 RETURN
1280 PRINT TAB(35);MIN;"' ";SEC; " " "
1290 RETURN
1300 R E M *** SHIGHRA EQNS. ***
1310 PI=3.14159256#
1320 BHUJ=PMK
1330 IF P M K > 180 THEN BHUJ = 360-PMK
1340 BHUJ = BHUJ * PV.m
1350 E = BHUJ/2 - ATN (MULT * TAN(BHUJ/2))
1360 E=E*180/PI
1370 IFPMK>180THENE=-E
1380 PRINT "SHIGHRA EQN.: ;:IF E<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "-";
1390 IF E>0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";
1400 L=E :GOSUB 1180
1410 RETURN
1420 R E M *** M A N D A and SHIGHRA CORRECTIONS ***
1430 P M K = SHIGHROCCA - M P L A N E T :IF PMK<0 THEN PMK=PMK+360
1440 MULT=(EM-MP)/(EM+MP):GOSUB 1300
1450 M P L A N E T l = MPLANET+E/2 : R E M *** M E A N PLANET AFTER 1st
OPERATION ***
1460 PRINT " M E A N L O N G . A F I E R 1st OPERN.(Pl):";
1470 L=MPLANET1:G0SUB 1180
1480 PMA1=MPLANET1-MANDOCCA: R E M ** PLANET'S M E A N A N O M A L Y
AFTER 1st OPERN.**
1490 PRINT "EQUATION OF CENTRE:";

1500 PEQ= -K*134*(SIN(PMAl*PI/180)y60 :REM ** PALNET'S EQN.OF CENTRE **
1510 IF PEQ < 0 THEN PRINT TAB(34)
1520 IF PEQ > 0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";
1530 L=PEQ :GOUSB 1180
1540 PRINT " M E A N LONG.AFTER 2nd 0PERN.(P2):";
1550 MPLANET2 = M P L A N E T l + PEQ/2 : R E M ** M E A N P L A N E T AFTER 2nd
OPERATION **
1560 L=MPLANET2:G0SUB 1180
1570 PMA2=MPLANET2-MANDOCCA
1580 PRINT "EQN.OF CENTRE AFTER 2nd OPERN:";
1590 PEQ = - K*I34*(SIN(PMA2-*Pyi80))/60 :REM ** PLANET'S EQN. OF
CENTRE **
1600 IF PEQ < 0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "-";
1610 IF PEQ > 0 THEN PRINT TAB(34) "+";
1620 L=PEQ:GOSUB 1180
1630 PRINT "HELIOCENTRIC LONGITUDE (P3): ";
1640 PHL=MPLANET+PEQ:IF PHL>360 THEN PHL=PHL-360
1650 IF PHL <0 THEN PHL=PHL+360
1660 L=PHL:GOSUB 1180
1670 P M K = SHIGHROCCA - PHL :IF PMK<0 THEN PMK=PMK+360
1680 GOSUB 1300
1690 P R I N T " : "
1700 PRINT P$;"'S GEOCENTRIC L O N G (P4):";
1710 PGL=PHL+E
1720 L=PGL:GOSUB 1180
1730 P R I N T " "
1740 RETURN
10 C L S : K E Y O F F : R E M * P R O G R A M 12.3 : " G L P L A "

20 PI=3.141592653589793#
30 PRINT XAB(23);"*************************************************"
40 P R I N T TAB(23);"** P L A N E T S ' POSITIONS A C C O R D I N G T O *"
50 P R I N T TAB(23);"* GRAHA LAGHAVAM *"
60 PRINT XAB(23);"***'*'***'******'****'*'**'*'**'*'*'*'*'*'*'**'*'*'**'**'*'*'**'*'**'**'''*
70 G O T O 280
80 R E M D E S H A N T A R A C O R R E C T I O N ***
90 DESH=ULAM'*DAILY/360
100 P R I N T " D E S H A N T A R A C O R R E C T I O N : ";
110 I F D E S H < 0 T H E N P R I N T TAB(34) "-";
120 IF DESH>0 T H E N P R I N T TAB(34) "+";
130 L = D E S H : G O S U B 170
140 RETURN
150 I F L>=360 T H E N L=L-360'*INT(U360)
160 IF L<0 T H E N L=L+360*ABS(INT(U360))
170 IF L<0 T H E N L=ABS(L)
180 DEG=INT(L):MIN=(L-DEG)"*60:SEC=INT((MIN-INT(MIN))*60+.5)
190 IF DEG>=360 T H E N DEG=DEG-360
200 IF SEC=60 THEN SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1:IF MIN=60 THEN MIN=0:DEG=
DEG+1:IF DEG>=360 T H E N DEG=DEG-360
210 P R I N T TAB(35);DEG;" ";TAB(42)INT(MIN);""';TAB(47)SEC;"""
220 RETURN
230 IF M<0 T H E N M=ABS(M)
240 MIN=INT(M):SEC=INT((M-MIN)'*60+.5)
250 IF SEC=60 T H E N SEC=0:MIN=MIN+1
260 P R I N T TAB(35);MIN; "' ";SEC;"""
270 RETURN
280 PRINT :PRINT "*************IKUJA SPHUTA ******************"
290 D H R = 5 5 . 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 # : K S P = 307.133333333333#
300 MKUJA= 10*AHG/19-10*AHG/(73*60)-CHAKRA*DHR+KSP
310 PRINT " M E A N K U J A A T UJJAYINI SUNRISE:";

320 L = M K U J A : G O S U B 150:MKUJA=L
330 D A I L Y = . 5 2 3 8 8 8 9 : R E M * * D A I L Y = 3 1 ' 2 6 " **
340 G O S U B 80 : R E M * D E S H A N T A R A *
350 PRINT " M E A N K U J A A T L O C A L SUNRISE:";
360 M K U J A = M K U J A + D E S H : L = M K U J A : G O S U B 150
370 PRINT " M O T I O N F0R";H1;"HRS.";MI;"MIN.:";
380 K A A L A = (H1 +My60)*DAILY/24:IF KAALA<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";

400 PRINT TAB(34);" "
410 PRINT " M E A N KUJA AT GIVEN TIME:";
420 MKUJA=MKUJA+KAALA:L=MKUJA: GOSUB 150
430 PRINT TAB(34);" "
440 R E M * TRUE KUJA ***
450 PRINT :PRINT "SIGHROCCA (MEAN RAVI) ;";:L=MRAVI:GOSUB 150
460 SK=MRAVI-MKUJA:IF SK<0 THEN SK=SK+360
470 L=SK:PRINT "SIGHRA KENDRA:";:GOSUB 150
480 IF SK<180 THEN SK1=360-SK ELSE SE1=SK
490 L=SK1:PRINT "SIGHRA K E N D R A BHUJA:";:GOSUB 150
500 IF SK > 180 THEN SK1=360-SK ELSE SK1=SK
510 SKN=INT(SK1/15):REM ** SIGHRAANKA **
520 RESTORE 1120:FOR K=0 TO SNK+1
530 READ SPH:IF K=SNK THEN SPH1=SPH
540 N E X T K:SPH2=SPH
550 PRINT "SNK=";SNK; "SPH1=";SPH1; "SPH2=;SPH2
560 SGP=(SPH2-SPH1)*(SK1-15*SNK)/15
570 SGRPH=(SPH1+SGP)/10:IFSK>180 THEN SGRPH=-SGRPH:PRINT TAB(34)"-";
580 PRINT "SIGHRAPHALA:";
590 IF SGRPH<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
600 L=SGRPH:GOSUB 170
610 SGRPHl=SGRPH/2
620 PRINT "SIGHRAPHALAARDHA;";
630 IF SGRPH1<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
640 L=SGRPH1:G0SUB 170
650 S1KUJA=MKUJA+SGRPH1
660 PRINT :PRINT TAB(34);" "
670 PRINT "1st SIGHRA C0R.KUJA:";:L=S1KUJA:G0SUB 150
680 PRINT TAB(34);" "
700 A$=INPUT$(1)
710 R E M ** M A N D A SPASHTA KUJA **
720 CLSrPRINT "**** M A N D A SPASHTA KUJA ****"
730 MK=120 - S1KUJA:IF MK<0 THEN MK=MK+360
740 L=MK:PRINT .PRINT " M A N D A KENDRA:";:GOSUB 150
750 IF MK<90 THEN M K B = M K : R E M ** BHUJA OF M A N D A K E N D R A **
760 IF MK>90 A N D MK<180 THEN MKB=180-MK

770 IF MK>180 A N D MK<270 THEN MKB=MK-180
790 L=MKB:PRINT " M A N D A KENDRA BHUJA:";:GOSUB 150
800 MNK=INT(MKB/15)
810 RESTORE 1130
820 FOR K=0 TO MNK+1
830 READ M P H : IF K=MNK THEN MPH1=MPH
840 N E X T K: MPH2=MPH
850 PRINT "MNK=";MNK;" MPH1=";MPH1;" MPH2=";MPH2
860 MNP=(MPH2-MPH 1 )*(MKB-15*MNK)/15
870 MNDP=(MPH1+MNP)/10:IF MK>180 THEN MNDP=-MNDP
880 PRINT "MANDAPHALA:";:IF MNDP<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
890 L=MNDP.GOSUB 170
900 PRINT TAB(34);" "
910 PRINT " M A N D A CORRECTED KUJA:";
920 MNKUJA=MKUJA+MNDP:L=MNKUJA:GOSUB 150
930 PRINT TAB(34);" "
940 R E M * SECOND SIGHRA CORRECTION **
950 PRINT " **** SECOND SIGHRA CORRECTION ****"
960 SK2=SK-MNDP
970 PRINT "2nd SIGHRA KENDRA:";:L=SK2:GOSUB 150
980 PRINT " SIGHRA KENDRA BHUJA:";:L=SKB:GOSUB 150
990 IF SK2>180 THEN SKB=360-SK2 ELSE SKB=SK2:REM * SIGHRA KENDRA
BHUJA *
1000 SNK2=INT(SKB/15):REM * SIGHRAANKA *
1010 RESTORE 1120 :FOR K=0 TO SNK2+1
1020 READ SPH:IF K=SNK2 THEN SPH1=SPH
1030 NEXT K: SPH2=SPH
1040 PRINT "SNK=";SNK;" SPH1=";SPH1;" SPH2="SPH2
1050 SGP=(SPH2-SPH 1 )*(SKB-15 *SNK2)/15
1060 SGRPH=(SPH1+SGP)/10:IF SK2>180 THEN SGRPH=-SGRPH
1070 PRINT "2nd SIGHRAPHALA:";:IF SGRPH<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
1090 PRINT TAB(34);" "
1100 PRINT "TRUE KUJA:";:L=MNKUJA+SGRPH:GOSUB 150
1110 PRINT TAB(34);" "
1120 DATA 0,58,117,174,228,279.325,365,393,400,368,209,0
1130 DATA 0,29,57,85,109,124,130

1150 A$=INPUT$(1)
1160 CLS:PRINT "********************* BUDHA SPHUTA **************-
1170 DHR=123.45:KSP=269.55
1180 SK=3*AHG+3*AHG/28-AHG/(38*60)-CHAKRA*DHR+KSP
1190 PRINT :PRINT "SIGHRA KENDRA AT UJJAYINI SUNRISE:";
1200 L=SK:GOSUB 150
1210 DAILY=3.106667:REM * DAILY MOTION 186*24" *
1220 GOSUB 80:REM * DESHAANTARA *
1230 PRINT "SIGHRA KENDRA AT GIVEN TIME:";
1240 SK = SK + DESH : L = SK : GOSUB 150
1250 PRINT "MOTION F0R",H1;"HRS.",MI;"MIN.:";
1260 K A A L A = (Hl+My60)*DAILY/24:IF KAALA<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
1280 PRINT TAB(34);" "
1290 PRINT "SIGHRA KENDRA AT GIVEN TIME:";
1300 SK = SK + K A A L A : L = SK : GOSUB 150:SK=L
1310 PRINT TAB(34);" ;"
1320 R E M ** BUDHA'S 1st SIGHRA CORRECTION **
1330 IF SK > 180 THEN SK1=360-SK ELSE SK1=SK:PRINT "SK1=";SK1
1340 L=SK1:PRINT "SIGHRA KENDRA BHUJA:";:GOSUB 170
1350 SNK=INT(SK1/15):REM ** SIGHRAANKA **
1390 PRINT "SNK=";SNK;" SPH1=";SPH1;" SPH2=";SPH2
1400 SGP=(SPH2-SPH1)*(SKM5*SNK)/15
1420 SGRPH=(SPH1+SGP)/10:IF SK>180 THEN SGRPH=-SGRPH:PRlNT TAB(34)"-";
1440 SGRPHl=SGRPH/2
1450 PRINT "SIGHRAPHALAARDHA:";
1460 IF SGRPHUO THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
1470 L= SGRPHLGOSUB 170
1480 S1BUDHA=MRAVI+SGRPH1
1490 PRINT TAB(34);" "
1500 PRINT "1st SIGHRA COR.BUDHA:";:L=SlBUDHA:GOSUB 150
1510 PRINT TAB(34);" "

1530 A$=INPUT$(1)
1540 R E M ** M A N D A SPASHTA B U D H A **
1550 CLS:PRINT " **** M A N D A SPASHTA BUDHA ****"
1560 MK=210 - SlBUDHArlF MK<0 THEN MK=MK+360
1570 L=MK:PRINT :PRINT " M A N D A KENDRA:";:GOSUB 150
1630 MNK=INT(MKB/15)
1640 RESTORE 1960
1680 PRINT "MNK=";MNK;" M P H 1 =";MPH 1;" MPH2=";MPH2
1690 MNP=(MPH2-MPH 1 )*(MKB-15 *MNK)/15
1720 L=MNDP:GOSUB 170
1730 PRINT TAB(34);" "
1740 PRINT " M A N D A COR. BUDHA:";
1750 MNBUDHA=MRAVI+MNDP;L=MNBUDHA:GOSUB 150
1760 PRINT TAB( 34);" "
1770 R E M ** SECOND SIGHRA CORRECTION **
1780 PRINT:PRINT " **** SECOND SIGHRA CORRECTION ****"
1790 SK2=SK-MNDP
1800 PRINT:PRINT "2nd SIGHRA KENDRA:";:L=SK2:G0SUB 150
1810 IF SK2>i 80 THEN SKB=360-SK2 ELSE SKB=SK2:REM * SIGHRA KENDRA
BHUJA t
1820 PRINT " S I G H R A KENDRA BHUJA:";:L=SKB:GOSUB 150
1840 RESTORE 1950 :FOR K=0 TO SNK2+1
1860 N E X T K: SPH2=SPH
1870 PRINT "SNK=";SNK; "SPH1=";SPH1; "SPH2="SPH2
Conûter Programs 259
1880 SGP=(SPH2-SPH 1 )*(SKB-15 *SNK2)/15

1920 PRINT TAB(34);" "
1930 PRINT "TRUE BUDHA:";:L=MNBUDHA+SGRPH:GOSUB 150
1940 PRINT TAB(34);" "
1950 DATA 0,41,81,117,150,178,199,212,212,195,155,89,0
1960 DATA 0,12,21,28,33,35,36
1980 A$=INPUT$(1)
1990 CLS:PRINT "******************* GURU SPHUTA ******************"
2000 DHR=26.3: KSP = 212.26667*
2010 M G U R U = AHG/12-AHG/(70*60)-CHAKRA*DHR+KSP
2020 PRINT :PRINT " M E A N G U R U AT UJJAIN SUNRISE:''?.
2040 DAILY = 8.333335E-02 : R E M ** DAILY = 5'0" **
2050 GOSUB 80 :REM * DESHANTARA *
2060 PRINT " M E A N G U R U AT L O C A L SUNRISE:";
2070 M G U R U = M G U R U + DESH : L = M G U R U : GOSUB 150
2080 K A A L A = (HI+My60)*DAILY/24
2110 P R I N T " "
2120 PRINT " M E A N G U R U AT GIVEN TIME:";
2130 M G U R U = M G U R U + K A A L A : L = M G U R U : GOSUB 150
2140 R E M ** 1st SIGHRA CORRECTION *
2150 PRINT :PRINr'*** 1st SIGHRA CORRECTION ***"
2160 L=MRAVI:PRINT :PRINT " M E A N RAVI:";:GOSUB 150
2170 L=MGURU:PRINT " M E A N GURU:";:GOSUB 150
2180 SK=MRAVI-MGURU:IF SK<0 THEN SK=SK+360
2190 L=SK:PRINT "SIGHRA KENDRA:";:GOSUB 150:SK=L
2200 IF SK >180 THEN SK1=360-SK ELSE SK1=SK
2210 PRINT "SIGHRA K E N D R A BHUJA:";.L=SK1:G0SUB 150
2260 PRINT "SNK=";SNK;" SPHl=";SPHr;"SPH2=";SPH2

2270 SGP=(SPH2-SPH1)*(SK1-15*SNK)/15
2280 SGRPH=(SPH1+SGP)/10:IF SK>180 THEN SGRPH=-SGRPH
2290 L=SGRPH:PRINT "SIGRAPHALA:";:IF SGRPH<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
2300 GOSUB 170
2310 SGRPHl=SGRPH/2
2330 IF SGRPHUO THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
2350 S1GURU=MGURU+SGRPH1
2360 PRINT TAB(34);" "
2370 PRINT "1st SIGHRA C0R.GURU:";:L=S1GURU:G0SUB 150?
2375 S1GURU=L
2380 PRINT T A B ( 3 4 ) ; " _ "
2400 A$=INPUT$(i)
2410 R E M ** M A N D A SPASHTA G U R U **
2420 CLS:PRINT "**** M A N D A SPASHTA GURU ***"
2430 MK=180 - Si.<}URU:IF MK<0 THEN MK=MK+360
2450 IF MK<90 THEN M K B = M K
2510 RESTORE 2830
2550 PRINT "MNK=";MNK;" M P H 1=";MPH1;"MPH2=";MPH2
2590 I =MNDP:GOSUB 170
2600 PRINT TAB(34) " "
2610 PRINT " M A N D A COR.GURU:";
2620- MNGURU=MGURU+MNDP:L=MNGURU:GOSUB 150
2630 PRINT TAB(34) " "

2640 R E M ** 2nd SIGHRA CORRECTION **
2650 PRINT :PRINT "**** 2nd SIGHRA CORRECTION ****"
2660 SK2=SK-MNDP
2670 L=SK2:PRINT :PRINT "2nd SIGHRA KENDRA:";:GOSUB 150
2680 IF SK2>180 THEN SKB=360-SK2 ELSE SKB=SK2:REM *BHUJA *
2690 PRINT "SIGHRA K E N D R A BHUJA:";:L=SKB:GOSUB 150
2700 SNK2=INT(SKB/15):REM ** SIGHRAANKA **
2710 RESTORE 2820:FOR K=0 TO SNK2+1
2720 R E A D SPH.IF K=SNK2 THEN SPH1=SPH
2740 PRINT "SNK=";SNK2;" SPH1=";SPH1;" SPH2="SPH2
2750 SGP=(SPH2-SPH1 )*(SKB-15*SNK2)/15
2790 PRINT TAB(34);" "
2800 PRINT "TURE GURU:";:L=MNGURU+SGRPH:GOSUB 150
2810 PRINT TAB(34);" "
2820 DATA 0,25,47,68,85,98,106,108,102,89,66,36,0
2830 DATA 0,14,27,39,48,55,57
2850 A$=INPUT$(1)
2860 CLS:PRINT "******************SUKRA SPHUTA ******************"
2870 DHR=44.03333: KSP = 230.15
2880 SK = 3*AHG/5+3*AHG/181-CHAKRA*DHR+KSP
2890 PRINT :PRINT "SIGHRA K E N D R A AT UJJAIN SUNRISE:";
2900 L=SK:GOSUB 150
2910 DAILY = .6166667 : R E M ** DAILY = 37' ** ^
2930 PRINT "SIGHRA K E N D R A AT L O C A L SUNRISE:";
2940 SK = SK + DESH : L = SK : GOSUB 150
2950 K A A L A = (Hl+MI/60)*DAILY/24
2980 PRINT "SIGHRA K E N D R A AT GIVEN TIME:";
2990 SK = SK + K A A L A : L = SK : GOSUB 150:SK=L
3000 PRINT: PRINT "**** SUKRA'S 1st SIGHRA CORRECTION ***"

3020 L=SK1:PRINT :PRINT "SIGHRA K E N D R A BHUJA:";:GOSUB 170
3050 R E A D SPH:IF K=SNK THEN SPH1=SPH
3070 PRINT "SNK=";SNK;" SPH1=";SPH1;"SPH2=";SPH2
3080 SGP=(SPH2-SPH1)*(SK1-15*SNK)/15
3100 SGRPH=(SPH1+SGP)/10:IFSK>180THEN SGRPH=-SGRPH:PRINTTAB(34)"-";
3120 SGRPHl=SGRPH/2
3140 IF SGRPH1<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
3150 L=SGRPH1:G6$UB 170
3160 S1SUKRA=MRAVI+SGRPH1
3170 PRINT TAB(34);" "
3180 PRINT "1 St SIGHRA COR.SUKRA:";:L=S 1 SUKRA:GOSUB 150:S 1 SUKRA=L
3190 PRINT TAB(a4);" "
3210 A$=INPUT$(1)
3220 CLS:PRINT "*** M A N D A SPHASHTA SUKRA ***"
3230 MK=90 - S1SUKRA:IF MK<0 THEN MK=MK+360
3290 L = M K : 3 : P R I N T " M A N D A K E N D R A BHUJA:";:GOSUB 150
3310 RESTORE 3620
3320 FOR K i O TO MNK+1
3350 PRINT "MNK=";MNK;" MPH1=";MPH1;"MPH2=";MPH2
3360 MNP=(MPH2-MPH 1 )*(MKB-15 *MNK)/15

3400 PRINT TAB(34) " "
3410 PRINT " M A N D A CORRECTED SUKRA:";
3420 MNSUKRA=MRAVI+MNDP:L=MNSUKRA:GOSUB 150:MNSUKRA=L
3430 PRINT TAB(34) " "
3440 PRINT "**SECOND SIGHRA CORRECTION**"
3450 SK2=SK-MNDP
3460 PRINT :PRINT "2nd SIGHRA KENDRA:";:L=SK2:GOSUB 150: SK2=L
3470 IF SK2>180 THEN SKB=360-SK2 ELSE SKB=SK2:REM *SIGHRA K E N D R A
BHUJA *
3510 R E A D SPH:IF K=SNK2 THEN SPH1=SPH
3530 PRINT "SNK=";SNK;" SPH1=";SPH1;" SPH2="SPH2
3540 SGP=(SPH2-SPH1)*(SKB-15*SNK2)/15
3580 PRINT TAB(34);"__ "
3590 PRINT "TRUE SUKRA:";:L=MNSUKRA+SGRPH:GOSUB 150
3600 PRINT TAB(34);" _ "
3610 DATA 0,63,126,186,246,302,354,402,440,461,443,326,0
3620 DATA 0,6,11,13,14,15,15
3640 A$=INPUT$(1)
3650 CLS'PRINT "******************SANI SPHUTA ******************"
3660 DHR=225.7: KSP = 285.35
3670 MSANI = AHG/30+AHG/(156*60)-CHAKRA*DHR+KSP
3680 PRINT :PRINT " M E A N SANI AT UJJAIN SUNRISE:";
3690 L=MSANI:GOSUB 150
3700 DAILY = 3.333334E-02 : R E M ** DAILY = 2' **
3720 PRINT " M E A N SANI AT L O C A L SUNRISE:";
3730 MSANI = MSANI + DESH : L = MSANI : GOSUB 150
3740 K A A L A = (HI+MI/60)*DAILY/24

3770 PRINT" _"
3780 PRINT " M E A N SANI AT GIVEN TIME:";
3790 MSANI = M S A N I + K A A L A : L = MSANI : GOSUB 150:MSANI=L
3800 PRINT" "
3810 R E M ** 1st SIGHRA CORRECTION
3820 L=MRAVI:PRINT " M E A N RAVI:"::GOSUB 150
3830 L=MSANI:PRINT " M E A N SANI:";:GOSUB 150
3840 SK=MRAVI-MSANI:IF SK<0 THEN SK=SK--360
3850 L=SK:PRINT "SIGHRA KENDRA:";:GOSUB 150
3870 PRINT "SIGHRA KENDRA BHUJA:";:L=SKl:GOSUB 150
3920 PRINT "SNK=";SNK;" SPH1=";SPH1;"SPH2=";SPH2
3930 SGP=(SPH2-SPH1 )*(SK1 -15*SNK)/15
3940 SGRPH=(SPHls-SGP)/10:IF SK>180 THEN SGRPH=-SGRPH
3950 PRINT "SIGHRAPHALA:";:IF SGRPH<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
3970 SGRPHl=SGRPH/2
3980 PRINT "SIGHRAPHALAARDHA:";:IF SGRPHl<0 THEN PRINT TAB(34);"-";
4000 S1SA^^=MSANI+SGRPH1
4010 PRINT TAB(34);" "
4020 PRINT "1st SIGHRA COR.SANI:";:L=SlSANI:GOSUB 150:S1SANI=L
4030 PRINT TAB(34);" "
4040 LOCATE 21.67:PRINT "PRESS A N Y K E Y "
4050 A$=INPUT$(1)
4060 CLS:PRINT "*** M A N D A SPASHTA SANI ***"
4070 MK=24U- S1SANI:IF MK<0 THEN MK=MK+360
4090 IF MK<90 THEN M K B = M K
4100 IF MK>90 A N D MK< 180 THEN MKB= 180-MK
4110 IF MK> 180 A N D MK<270 THEN MKB=MK-180
4130 L=MKB:PRINT " M A N D A K E N D R A BHUJA:";:GOSUB 150
Computer Progrcuns 265
4150 RESTORE 4460
4170 R E A D M P H : IF K=MNK THEN MPH1=MPH
4190 PRINT "MNK=";MNK;" M P H 1 =";MPH 1 ;"MPH2=";MPH2
4240 PRINT TAB(34) " "
4250 PRINT " M A N D A CORRECTED SANI:";
4260 MNSANI=MSANI+MNDP:L=MNSANI:GOSUB 150:MNSANI=L
4270 PRINT TAB(34) " _ _ "
4280 PRINT ** 2iid SIGHRA CORRECTION **
4290 SK2=SK-MNDP
4300 L=SK2:PRINT :PRINT "2nd SIGHRA KENDRA:";:GOSUB 150
4310 IF SK2>180 THEN SKB=360-SK2 ELSE SKB=SK2:REM *BHUJA *
4330 SNK2=INT(SKB/15):REM SIGHRAANKA *
4370 PRINT "SNK=";SNK2;" SPH1=";SPH1;" SPH2="SPH2
4380 SGP=(SPH2-SPH1)*(SKB-15*SNK2)/15
4420 PRINT TAB(34);" "
4430 PRINT "TRUE SANI:";:L=MNSANI+SGRPH:GOSUB 150
4440 PRINT TAB(34);" "
4450 DATA 0,15,28,39,48,54,57,57,53,45,33,18,0
4460 DATA 0,19,40,60,77,89,93
4470 END
APPENDICES
APPENDIX - 1 : PRECESSION OF EQUINOXES
A - 1.1 Phenomenon of precession

We saw earlier in the text that the equinoctial points yand Q, the points of intersection
of the celestial equator and the ecliptic, are not fixed. If fact, these two points "precede"
i.e. move backwards along the ecliptic. This phenomenon is called "precession of the
equinoxes", and it is important to know this to appreciate the difference between the
frameworks of the western and the Indian astronomical systems.
In Fig A - 1.1 let S be the position of a

celestial body on the celestial sphere. Then 55|
is the celestial latitude of S measured along the
great circle KSSi passing through the pole K of
the ecliptic. The celestial longitude of S is Ecliptic
Cel. Equator
Y 5, measured from y along the ecliptic.
The ecliptic is a fixed great circle on the

celestial sphere with reference to the
background of the stars. The celestial equator
keeps on moving, though slowly, in such a way '"'9- ^-1.1: Precession of equinoxes
that the first point of Aries y moves backwards (precedes) along the ecliptic, say to a
position Yj at a future time at an average annual rate of about 50".2.
Further, if the change in the obliquity of the ecliptic is considered negligible, the
celestial north pole P of the celestial equator describes a small circle of which the pole
is K with the angular radius 6. It is clear from Fig.A-1.1 that yy, is equal to the angle
PkPi which gives the amount by which the equinoctial point y has moved, F] being the
pole of the changed position of the celestial equator (shown with a broken line arc in
Fig. A-1.1) which intersects the ecliptic at y^
A - 1.2 Ancient Indian reference to the precession

The phenomenon of the precession of the equinoxes appears to have been familiar
to Indian astronomers for thousands of years.
Next, comes the question of the so-called "zero-year" when the zero point of the
Indian zodiac, considered as fixed one, coincided with the zero point of the moving
Appendices 267
zodiac viz., the vernal equinox. In other words, when did the first point of Mesa coincide
with the first point of Aries last?
Indian astronomers have differed on the rates of precession during different periods
as also in respect of the "zero year". The SUrya siddhanta takes the rate of precession
as 54" per year. The accumulated amount of precession starting from the "zero-year"
upto any given time is called ayanamsa.
The zero-year according to different Indian astronomical texts is given below.
Siddhantic text year of zero ayanamsa

(i) SUryasiddhdnta 499 A. D.
(ii) Laghumdnasam (Munjala) 527 A. D.
(iii) Grahalaghavam (Ganesa Daivjna) 522 A. D.
(iv) Bhatatulyam (Damodara) 420 A. D.
A-1.3 Effects of precession on celestial longitude

The vernal equinox has precession rate of about 50".2 per year. Therefore, it takes
about 71.7 years for y to move by 1. The equinox completes one full revolution (i.e.
360), moving backwards, along the ecliptic in about 25,800 years.
Since the celestial longitudes of all the heavenly bodies are measured along the
ecliptic starting from the vernal equinox y as the reference point and this point of
reference itself precedes along the ecliptic, the celestial longitudes of all these bodies
increase by a constant amount of about 50".2 per year. However, the latitudes are
unaffected by the precession of the equinoxes since the plane of the ecliptic remains
fixed.
A-1.4 Tropical (Sdyana) and sidereal (Nirayana) longitudes

In modern astronomy, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs viz., Aries, Taurus
etc. Starting from the vernal equinoctial point called "the first point of Aries"as noted
eariier. The celestial longitudes of heavenly bodies measured along such a "moving
zodiac" are referred to as tropical (or sdyana) longitudes. In Sanskrit sdyana means
"with motion".
However, in Indian astronomy, the celestial longitudes are measured starting from a
fixed point of reference, the end of the Revati constellation (identified as Zeta Piscium).
Thus a "fixed zodiac" is used in this system where the celestial longitudes are measured
with reference to fixed stars. Hence the longitudes are referred to as sidereal (or nirayana);
the word nirayana means "without motion".
Now, due to precession, the first point of Aries moves backwards constantly as
compared to the first point of Mesa. Once in about 25,800 years, the period of
complete revolution of y, the first points of the moving and the fixed zodiacs coincide
when the longitudes of heavenly bodies according to the sdyana and the nirayana
systems will be the same.
However, there is a divergence of opinion as to when y coincided with the first point
of Mesa lastthe year of "zero precession". Different Indian astronomers have been
taking different years for this. On the recommendation of the Indian Calendar Reform
Committee, the Government of India has adopted 285 A.D. as the year of zero-precession.
The accumulated amount of precession of the equinox from the zero-precession year is
called ayanamsa. For example, according to the Indian Astronomical Ephemeris the true
Ayanamsa as on January 1, 1997 is 23 48'56".l.
APPENDIX - 2 : LAGNA (ASCENDANT)
A-2.1 Intervals of rising of rasis

According to tiie Khandakhddyaka, the durations of the rising of Mesa, Vrsabha and
Mithuna at Latika are respectively 278,299 and 323 vinadis. These diminished by the
vinadis of the local ascensional difference (cara) are the durations of the risings of these
three rasis at one's own place.
The figures written in the reverse order increased by the ascensional difference
(cara) are the durations of the risings of the next three signs at the observer's place.
We have
sin (cara) = tan (j> tan 8
where 0 is the latitude of the place and 5 the declination corresponding to the ending
of the Rasi viz. for longitudes = 30, >^ = 60 and X3 = 90. Also with latitude
P = 0 (for the points on the ecliptic) we have
sin 8 = sin X sin 6 (e = 24)
Now, for X,, = 30, X2 = 60 and = 90, with the obliquity of the ecliptic 6 being
taken as 24, we get the corresponding values of the declination :
8, = sin- ' (sin 30 sin 24) = 11.734
82 = s i n - ' (sin 60 sin 24) = 20.624646
83 = s i n - ' (sin 90 sin 24) = 24

The tabular differences of cara (ascensional difference) for a place of latitude $ are
given by the successive differences of
R tan (t) tan S,- (asus)
where R = 3438' and 6 asus = 1 vinddikd; 21,600 asus = 1 day
Therefore, corresponding to the declination 8; of the endings of the first 3 rasis, the
tabular differences of cara, are given by the successive differences of
(R tan <) tan 8,)/6 (vinddikds)
Thus, for example, for Bangalore (<t)=13), we have the tabular differences given
by the successive difference of
(i) tan 13 (tan ll.734) x 3438/6 = 27.5 vin.
(ii) tan 13 (tan 20.625) x 3438/6 = 49.79 vin.
(iii) tan 13 (tan 24) x 3438/6 = 58.90 vm.
Therefore, the tabular differences of the cara for the first three rasis at Bangalore
are respectively, 27.5, (49.79 - 27.5), (58.9 - 49.79)
i.e., 27.5,22.29 and 9.11 vinadis.
The durations of the risings of the twelve rasis at Bangalore calculated according to
the Khandakhddyaka, are given in Table A-2.1.
Table A-2.1: Durations of risings of rasis at Bangalore
Rasis Durations of risings Ascensional difference Durations of risings

(tabular diff). at Bangalore (vinadis)
at Lanka (vinadis)
Bangalore
Mesa 278 -27.5 250.5
Vrsabha 299 -22.29 276.71
Mithuna 323 - 9 . 11 313.89
Karkataka 323 + 9.11 332.11
Simha 299 + 22.29 321.29
Kanya 278 + 27.5 305.5
Tula 278 + 27.5 305.5
Vrscika 299 + 22.29 321.29
Dhanus 323 + 9. 11 332.11
Makara 323 - 9 . 11 313.89
Kumbha 299 - 22. 29 276.71
Mina 278 -27.5 250.5
Note : (1) The tabular differences are additive for the rasis from Karkataka (X, = 90) to the
end of Dlianus ( \ = 270) and negative otherwise.
(2) The total of the durations of risings of all the twelve rasis is 60 nadis.
A - 2.2 Determination of Lagna at a given time and place

The sun's longitude increased proportionately from the time in ghatikds (or nddikds)
elapsed since sunrise, at the given place on the given day. by means of local time durations
for the risings of the rasis becomes the lagna (or orient ecliptic point or the ascendant).
Again, conversely, by making the longitude of the sun equal to the orient ecliptic point
by the local time intervals for the risings of the rasis, we get the time elapsed since
sunrise.
Example : Find the Lagna of 5 ghatikds elapsed since sunrise at Bangalore given the
longitude of the sun as 11' 19 46' 36" at that instant.
Appendix-2 271
The sun is in Mina rasi with remainder

= 3 0 - (19 46'36")
= 10 13'24" = 613'.4
The duration of the rising of Mina is 250.5 vinadis (Table A-2.1) at Bangalore.
Therefore, the time taken for the rising of 613'.4 is
(613'.4) (250.5)/(30 x 60) = 85.365 vinadis
The given time elapsed since sunrise = 5gh. = 300 vinadis
Now, out of 300 vinadis subtract 85.365 vinadis for the residue of Mina; we get
(300-85.365) = 214.635 vin.
The duration of the rising of the next rasi (Mesa) is 250.5 vm.(see Table A-2.1).
Therefore, 214.635 vw. corresponds to
(214.635 / 250.5) x 30 = 25 42' 17"
of Mesa. Therefore, we have
Lagna = Mesa 25 42' 17"
= 0^25 42'17".
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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS IN INDIAN ASTRONOMY
I English to Sanskrit Equatorial horizon Niraksa ksitija

Altitude Unnata, Unnati Equinoctial shadow Aksabha, palabha
Anomaly {Manda) Kendra or Equinox Krdntipdta
{Sighra) Kendra Gnomon Sahku
Apogee or Mandocca
Hemisphere Kapdla
aphelion
Hypotenuse Karna, srava
Apse line 'Nicocca rekhd
Ascending node Rahu Meridian zenith
Avanati
of the moon distance
Celestial equator Visuvadvrtta Orbit
Kaksd
Visuvadvalaya, Parallax in latitude
Nati, avanad
r0divrtta Parallax in
longitude Lambana
Celestial latitude Ksepa, Viksepa, sara
Celestial meridian Yamyottara mandala Perigee Mandanica
Co-azimuth Digamsa Polar longitude Dhruvaka
Co-latitude Lamba Pole of the Dhruva
Declination Apakrama, Krdnti, cel. equator
apama Precession of the Ayanamsa,
Ecliptic Apama maridala, equinoxes ayanacalana,
Krdntivrtta krdntipdtagati
Epicycle Ni coccavrtta, anuvrtta Solstice Ayandnta
Equation of centre Mandaphala Zenith distance Natdmsa
Equation of Sighraphala Zodiac Bhacakra
conjunction
II Sanskrit to English Agra Amplitude i.e. the arc

along the cel. horizon
Abda Year lying between the east
Abhijit Alpha Lyrae point and the rising
Acala Successive approximation point of a heavenly body
Adhikamdsa Additional lunar Agrajyd {agrajivd) Rsine of the amplitude
(intercalary) month in a Ahargana Number of civil days
lunar year elapsed on a given day
A dyantakdla Duration of ah eclipse since a chosen epoch;
Agastya Star Canopus dinagana, dyugana
Agni Star Beta Taurii Ahordtra Diameter of the diumal-
viskambha circle
Glossary of Technical Terms in Indian Astronomy 277
Ahoratra Diurnal circle Asu l/6th of a Vighati (i.e..

vrtta
4 secortds)
Aja Mesa (Aries sign) Avanati Parallax in cel. latitude
{nati)
Aksa (fiksdmsa) terrestrial latitude Ayanacalana Precession of the
Aksabha (palabha) Equinoctial shadow equinoxes
Ayanamsa Amount of precession of
Aksakoti Corlatitude; Rsine of co-
equinoxes (in degrees)
latitude or Rcosine of Ayandnta Solstice
latitude
Bdhu Base of a right-angled
Aksavalana Angle subtended at a
triangle for an angle 9,
(valanamsa) heavenly body on the
ecliptic by the arc its bhuja is G, 180-0,
joining the north pole e-180, or 360-e
of the cel. equator and according as 0 is in
the north point of the I, II, III, IV quadrant;
cel. horizon bhuja
Amdvdsyd Newmoon day Bhacakra Zodiac (consisting of 27
Amsa (amsaka) Degree, fraction naksatras or 12 rasis)
Angula Approximately one inch; Bhagana Revolutions of a celestial
1/12 of the length of the body in a long period of
standard gnomon time (like mahayuga);
(sanku). parydya
Antyaphala Maximum equation of
centre {manda phala) or Bhagana kdla Sidereal period of a
of conjunction {sighra heavently body
phala) Bhagola Celestical (Starry) sphere
Bhaga One degree of arc; amsa
Anurddhd Delta Scorpionis
Bhoga Portion
Anuloma Direct motion of a planet Bhogya khanda Tabular difference of
(opp. of Vakra) Rsine etc. yet to be
Apakrama Declination covered
Apakrama mandala Ecliptic Portion of equation of
Bhogya
Apama Declination mandaphala centre yet to be covered
Apara West {pascima) BhUcchdyd Earth's shadow
Ardhakarna Semi-diameter BhUgola Terrestrial globe
(i.e. radius) Bhuja See bdhu
Ardharatra Midnight Bhujajyd Rsine of bhuja; dorjya
Ardhardtrika Calculations from the Bhujdntara Correction for the equa-
midnight tion of time due to the
Asanna Approximate; asphuta eccentricity of the orbit
Asitapaksa Dark half of the lunar BhUkarna Diameter of the earth;
month {Krsna paksa) bhuvyasa
Asphuta Approximate; asanna. Bhukta Covered (or traversed)
anityam already
Bhuktagati Increase in the last Chddaka Eclipser; Grdhaka

(-phaldmsa) sighrakendra covered in Chddya Eclipsed body; Grdhya
order to find the true Chandrakald l/16th of the moon's
sighra phala disc
Bhukti Daily motion of a Chdya Shadow
heavenly body; dinagati Chdydkarna Hypotenuse of the right
Bija Correction (to the para- angled triangle whose
meters for cel. longitude, other two sides are
cel. latitude etc.) gnomon {saiiku) and its
Bimba Disc or diameter of a shadow
body (particularly of the Cheda Division; denominator
moon, the sun or the Daksina South, Ydmya
earth's shadow cone in Daksiridyana Southern course of the
an eclipse) sun
Bimbdrdlia Semi-diameter (i.e. Conjunction of the sun
Darsa
radius) of the disc of a
and the moon
heavenly body Desa Place
Cakra Circle, cycle, 360 ' Desantara Difference in longitudes
Cakraliptd Minutes of arc in a of a given place and the
circle; prime meridian (usually
360x60'=21,600' Ujjayini)
Cakrdmsa Degrees in a circle, 360 Dhana Positive; excess
Cala Variable Dhanurbhdga Arc of 225' (j^)
Candra The Moon Dhruva Pole star; fixed
Candra (vydsa) Angular diameter of the
bimba Dhruvaka Polar logitude along the
moon
ecliptic at the foot of the
Candrakarna Distance of the moon circle from the pole
from the earth's cenffe
Digamsa Co-azimuth
Candramdsa Lunar month; candramdsa
Rsine of the zenith Dina Day
Candranatajyd
distance of the moon Dinagarm Civil days; Ahargana
Cara Arc on the cel. equator Dindrdha Half-day
between 6'0 clock circle Disd Direction
and the hour circle of a
heavenly body at rising Dorjyd Rsine of the base of a
right angled triangle;
Cara samskdra Correction to the mean bhujajyd
position of a heavenly
Drgguna Rsine of the zenith
body due to the diffe-
rence between instants distance
of midnight at Lanka Drglambana Parallax in zenith
and the given place distance
Caturyuga Great age of 43,20,000 Dvdparayuga Third of the four yugas
years; mahayuga of a mahayuga; duration:
8,64,000 years
Glossary of Technical Terrrxs in Indian Astronomy 279
Ekdyanagata Bodies having the same degree i.e. 1 minute of

declination arc; lipid, liptikd
Gati Motion; usually daily Kdla Time
motion Kaliyuga Last of the yugas of a
Ghana Cube Mahdyuga; duration:
Ghatikd A unit of time; l/60th 4,32,000 years
part of a day (24 Kapdla Hemisphere
minutes); nddi, nddikd; Karna Diameter; hypotenuse of
ghati a right angled triangle;
Ghata Multiplication, product srava
Gola Globe, sphere Kararia Half of a lunar day (tithi)
Graha Planet; a moving heav- Kendra Anomaly of a heavenly
enly body body, angular distance
Grahana Eclipse; upardga, from its mandocca
upapluti (apogee) or sighrocca
Grahana madhya Middle of an eclipse (apex point of conjun-
Graha (yoga) yuti Conjunction of planets ction)
Ketu Descending node of the
Grdhaka Eclipsing body, eclipser;
moon; 180- Rahu
chddaka
Khagola Celestial sphere
Grdhya Eclipsed body; chddya
Khamadhya Zenith
Grdsa Measure of obscuration
Koria Angle
(eclipse)
Grdsamdna Magnitude of eclipse Koti Perpendicular
Guna Multiple Kotijyd Rcosine of an angle
Harija Parallax in longitude; Krdnti Declination; apakrama
lambana
Krdntipdta Equinoxes, points of
Hard One hour; l/24th of a
intersection of the ecliptic
day
and the cel. equator;
Inducca Moon's apogee;
visuva, visuvat
mandocca of the moon Krsnapaksa Dark half of a lunar
Ista Desired or given
month
Isu Rversinc i.e., R-R cosine Krtayuga First of the four yugas
of an angle where R is constituting a mahdyuga;
the radius of the defe- Ksaria A unit of time; 2 ghatis
rant circle (/? = 3438' (according to SUrya
according to
siddhanta)
Aryabhatiyam)
Ksepa An additive quantity; cel.
Kadamba Pole of the ecliptic latitude; Viksepa, sara
Kadambaprota Secondary to the ecliptic Ksitija Horizon
Kaksd Orbit (or path) of a Lagna Ascendant; orient ecliptic
heavenly body point; point of inter-
Kald A unit of measurement section of the ecliptic
of angle; l/60th of one with the eastern horizon
Lamba Co-latitude of a place Madhydhna paridhiCircumference of the

Lambana Parallax in longitude epicycle at mid-day
Lambdmsa Co-latitude of a place in
Mahdsatiku Rsine of altitude
degrees
Mahdyuga Caturyuga : Great age
Lanka Place on the earth's
equator dirou^ which the consisting of 432 x lO'*
years; consists of four
prime meridian passes
Lipta (liptikd) parts (yugas) viz; Krta,
Minute of arc; kald
Madhyabha Meridian ecliptic point Tretd, Dvdpara and Kali
of durations in the ratio
Madhya bhukti Mean daily motion
4:3:2:1. According to the
Madhyacchdyd Midday shadow of the Aryabhatiyam, the four
gnomon
yugas are of equal
Madhya dina Mid-day
durations : 108 x 10"*
Madhyagati Mean (daily) motion
years each
Madhya graha Mean longitude of a
planet Manda Slow
Madhya grahana Middle of an eclipse The process of finding
Mandakarman out the equation of centre
Madhyajya Rsine of the zenith
distance of the meridian Angular distance of a
Mandakendra heavenly body from its
ecliptic point
Madhyakarna Radius; vydsdrdha, Mandocca; anomaly fixxn
kartidrdha apogee or aphelion
Mandala Circle; revolution; vrtta,
Madhya krdnti Declination of the meri-
cakra
dian ecliptic point
Madhya lagna Meridian ecliptic point Mandanica Perigee; 180 from
mandocca
Madhya lambana Parallax in longitude at
the middle of an eclipse Mandanicocca Manda epicycle;
Madhyama krdnti Declination obtained vrtta manddnu vrtta
from mean longitude Equation of centre (due
Madhya rdtra Midnight Mandaphala
to the eccentricity of an
Madhya rekhd Cenu-al meridian of the orbit)
earth passing through Mandocca Apex of the slowest
Lanka, Ujjayini motion; apogee or
Kuruksetra and Mount aphelion
Meru; madhyasQtra Manvantara Age of Manu :
Madhya sanku Gnomon formed with
308448000 solar years;
the sun crossing the
Mdsa Month
meridian
Melaka Conjunction of planets;
Madhya sthityardhaIntervals between the
yuti, yoga
middle of an eclipse and
the moments of contact Meru Earth's pole
and separation (end) Mesa caradala Ascensional difference
at the end of Mesa rasi
Madhydhna Mid-day (the first sign of the
Madhydhna cchdydMid-day shadow zodiac)
Mithuna caradala Ascensional difference at Oja Odd; usually w.r.t. 1st

the end of the Mithuna and 3rd quadrants
rdsi Pdda A quarter; quadrant
Moksa End i.e., the last contact Paksa Fortnight; half of a lunar
of an eclipse
month
Moksa lambana Parallax in longitude at Pala A unit of time; vinddi
the end of an eclipse Palabha Equinoctial shadow;
Mrgavyddha Alpha Canis Major; aksabha
Sinus; Lubdhaka; brigh-
Parama Krdnti Maximum declination
test visible star in the
Parama lambana Horizontal parallax;
sky
maximum parallax
Muhurta A unit of time;
30 muhHrfas = 1 day; Pdramdrthika Algebraic sum of
1 muMirta = 2 ghatikds valana aksavalana and ayana
valana (numerical
= 48 minutes
addition when both are
Mula Square-root north or both south and
Nddikd (Nddi) l/60th of a day; 24 difference when they are
of opposite directions)
minutes; ghatikd
Paridhi Circumference; /nJ
Ndksatra dina Sidereal day
Parilekhd Projection
Nata Hour angle; zenith
distance Parvamadhya Middle of an eclipse
Natakdlajyd Rsine of the hour angle Parvanddi Instant of conjunction or
(Natajyd) opposition of the sun
and the moon in nddis.
Rcosine of the hour
Natakdla kotijyd Parvdnta End of a pan>a
angle
Parydya Revolutions of a
Parallax in cel. latitude;
Nati heavenly body in a
avanati
given period (like
Circumference of a circle; mahdyuga); bhagana
Nemi
paridhi Pascima West
A unit of time; acconling
Nimesa Pdta Node of the moon (or a
to the Siddhanta
siromaiti, planet); point of inter-
section of the ecliptic
1 day= 9,72,000 nimesas
with the orbit (kaksd) of
Nimilana Total obscuration of the moon (or a planet)
eclipsed body Phala Result (like mandaphala
Niraksa Earth's ûator; zero and sighraphala)
latitude
Pragrdsa Beginning of an eclipse;
Niraksa ksitija Equatorial horizon first contact of an
Nisd Night eclipse
Nicoccarekhd Line of apse Prdhna Forenoon; pUrvdhna
Nicoccavrtta Epicycle; anuvrtta Praksepa Addition
Pram A unit of time, Sankrdnti Solar ingress into a sign

4 seconds of sidereal of the zodiac
time; asu Sauradina Solar day
Pratiloma Retrograde; vdcra Sauramdsa Solar month
Pratipada The first tithi (lunar day) Sauravarsa Solar year
of either bright or dark Sdvanadina Civil day; kudina.
half of a lunar month bhUdivasa
Purnimd Full moon; opposition of Sighra Fast motion (as opposed
the sun and the moon to numda)
Purnimdnta End of the full-moon day
Sighrakarrruin Finding out the equation
Purva East of 'conjunction'
Purvdhna Forenoon {sighraphala)
Rahu Ascending node of the Sighrakendra Angular distance of a
moon; pdta of the moon;
mean planet from its
tamas
sighrocca (apex of 'con-
Rdhumdna Angular diameter of the
junction')
earth's shadow
Sighra nicocca Epicycle of sighra
Rasi Zodiacal constellation;
vrtta
each of 30 extent Sighraphala Equation of conjunction
Rdsi kald Number of minutes of
Sighrocca Apex of fast {sighra)
arc in a zodiacal sign;
motion. In the case of
30'X 60'= 1800'
superior planets the mean
Ravikarria Distance of the sun from sun is the sighrocca
the earth's cenU'e while for Mercury and
Ravi parama- Horizontal parallax of Venus two special points
lambana the sun are defined as their
Rekhd Prime meridian sighrocca. However,
Rju igati) Direct (motion), as Nilakantha Somayaji
opposed to retrograde maintains that the sun
Rtu Season; a year consists must be the sighrocca
of six rtus.
for all the planets
Saka Era of King Salivahana Sparsakdla Time of the first contact
commencing in the year of an eclipse
78 A.D., Salivahana saka Sparsa lambana Parallax at the beginning
Satna Even of an eclipse
Samamatidala Prime vertical Spastagati True motion of a planet;
Samdsavrtta Circle of radius equal to sphutagati
the sum of the radii of
Spastagraha True planet; sphutagraha
the eclipsing and the
eclipsed bodies Sphutagati True motion of a planet;
Saiiku Gnomon; kilaka jpastagati
Sara Celestial latitude; ksepa Sphutagraha Tme planet; Spastagraha
Sphutaviksepa Celestial latitude Udvrtta Equinoctial colure; east

Srava Hypotenuse; karria and west hour circle;
Srdvistha Beta Delphini; Dhanisthd 6'0 clock circle
Suklapaksa Bright half of a lunar Unmilana End of totality of eclipse
month Unnati Altitude
Tamas Ascending node of the tJnnatakdla Distance from the
moon; Rahu horizon in time, unit;
Tantra Indian astronomical texts time elapsed after rising
which adopt the beginn- of a celestial body
ing of Kaliyuga as the Complement of zenith
Unnatdmsa
epoch distance
Taraka (Tdrd) Star; asterism Upapluti Eclipse, grahana,
Tdrdgraha Star-planet, referring to upardga
Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Urdhva yamyottara Celestial meridian
Venus, Saturn vrtta
Tisya Delta Cancri; Pusya
Uttara North
Tithi Lunar day; l/30th of a Uttaragola Northern hemiphere;
lunar month Uttara Kapdla
Trairdsika Rule of three Uttardyana Northern course of the
sun along the ecliptic
Tretdyuga Second of the four parts The "aspect" between
of a mahdyuga; duration : Vaidhrta the sun and the moon
12.96,000 years when the sum of their
friohona lagna Nonagesimal point: longitudes is 360 and
point of the ecliptic at their declinations {krdnti)
the shortest distance are equal in magnitude
from the zenith; 90 less but opposite in directions
less than Lagna. Vakragati ReUrogression
Ucca Apogee; mandocca Varsa Year; abda
Udaya Rising Vara Weekday; vdsara
Udayajyd Orient sine; Rsine of the Vikala Remainder; sesa
amplitude of lagna from
Vikald One second of arc;
the east 1/3600th of a degree;
Udayaprdna Duration of the rising of viliptd
Vikalagati Stationary motion
the signs {rdsis) in prdria
(or asu) unit of time; Vikrama samvat Era named after King
udaydsu Vikrama starting fr . i
57-56 B.C.
Udaydntara The correction to the
Viksepa Polar latitude; cel. lati-
samskdra cel. longitude on account
of the equation of time tude; ksepa, sara
due to obliquity of the Vilipta One second of arc; vikala
ecliptic; comfilementary Vilomagati Retrograde motion;
to the bhujdntara Vakragati
Yimarda Totality of an eclipse viskambha

Vinddi l/60th of a imdU; 24 Vydsdrt^ Radius of a circle
seconds; pala, vighati Vyatipdta The "aspect" of the sun
Vipala l/60th of a pala and the moon when the
Visama Odd sum of their longitudes
Viskambha Diameter of a circle; ^ is 180 and their
vydsa declinations (krdnti) are
Visuva (Visuvat) Equinox; Krdntipdta same both in magnitude
and direction
Vitasli A length of 12 angulas; Ydmya South; daksina
approximately one foot
Ydmyagola Southern hemisphere
Vitribha lagna Lagna - 90; tribhona
Yojana A unit of distance;
lagna; nonagesimal usually about 5 miles,
Vrsacaradala Ascensional difference but taken differendy by
at the end of Vrsabha different authors
(second sign of the
zodiac) Yoga tdrd Principal star in an
Vrtta Circle; maridala, cakra asterism
Vyaksa Terrestrial equator; zero Yoga (Yuti) Conjunction; melaka
latitude; niraksa Yuga An age (of long duration)
Vydsa Diameter of a circle; Yugma Even; couple
INDEX
I
Acuta Pisarati, 13 Brhat-tithi-cintamani, 171

Adhikamasa, 4. 6, 25-29, 33 Budha. 12, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 130-32,
147-48, 155-56, 191-92
Ahargana, 10, 11, 13, 25-41,42, 51,69,106,119,
Cakra, 29, 30-31, 51, 52, 106, 123, 124, 149
120, 122-24, 126, 143, 149
Calendar system, 25
Altitude, 20-21
Candra bimba, 93, 110, 160
Amaraja, 12 Candragrahanam, 79
Aiigira, 5 Candra-Grahanadhikara, 12
Annual equation, 63, 190-91 Cara. 269
Apamandala, 17 Ceasar, Julius. 35
Celestial longitude. 15. 19-20. 74, 141, 267
Ardha-ratri, 7
Chandas, 1
Aryabhata I, 5-9, 10, 22, 43, 73, 172, 189 Chaya bimba, 160
Aryabhatan system, 9, 170 Christian date, 31, 33
Citrabhanu, 13
Aryabhatiyam, 5,6,9, 10,12. 23, 50, 57,73,171,
Copernicus, 13, 192
172, Computer program for lunar eclipse, 213-23
Ascendant, 269-71 GLLEC-According to Graha laghavam, 220-23
Asus, 269 KKLEC-According to Khanda-Khaadyaka,
Atri, 5 217-19
Autumnal equinox, 17 SSLEC-According to Surya Siddhanta, 213-16
Ayanamsa, 103, 108, 115, 193-94, 267-68 Computer program for planets position, 243-65
Azimuth, 20-21 GLPLA-According to Graha Laghavam,
254-65
Bhaskara 1, 9, 10, 12
KKPLA-According to Khanda laghavam.
Bhaskara II, 9, JO, 12, 43,44, 56, 57, 61, 63, 172, 249-53
189 SSPLA-According to Surya Siddhanta, 243-48
Bhattotpala, 12 Computer program for position of Sun, Moon and
Bhrgu, 5 Rahu, 191-212
Bhucchaya, 79 GLRA MOON-According to Graha Laghavam,
Bhujaiitara, 61-62, 143 207-12
Bija, 50, 160, 195 KKRA MOON-According to Khanda
Bijas, 14, 170-95 Khaadyaka. 202-06
Bijasarnskaras, 13 SSRA MOON-According to Surya Siddhanta,
Bimba viyogardham, 161, 164 191-201
Computer program for Solar eclipse, 224-42
Bimba yogardham, 161
GLSEC-According to Graha Laghavam,
Brahma, 5
231-36
Brahmagupta, 7-10, 12-13, 28, 29, 36, 43, 62, 63.
KKSEC-According to Khanda Khaadyaka,
85. 113. 142, 172, 189
237-42
Braha, Tycho, 189-90
SSS EC-According to Surya Siddhanta, 224-30
Brahmasphutasiddhanta, 9, 142
Copernicus, 13. 192
Brhat samhita, 73, 74 Cyavana, 5
Daily motions, 61-63, 67-72, 80, 84, 101, 102, Kalpa. 1, 6, 9, 14, 22-23, 42, 43, 58, 119, 126,
110, 114, 119, 120, 121, 124, 163, 172 172, 194
Daivajiia, 64 Karatiakuthuhalam, 10
Daksinayana, 20 Kasyapa, 5
Damodara, 267 Ketu, 23, 74, 99
Declination, 21, 107, 115, 116 Khagola, 15
Desantara correction, 47-54, 59, 62, 120-22, 124, Khagrasa, 93, 94
133, 138
Khandakhadyaka, 7, 10, 12-13, 27-29, 36, 43, 49,
Dhniva, 15-16
51, 54, 57, 62-63, 69, 84-85, 113, 122,
Dhmvaka, 51, 52, 123, 124
142-45, 160, 172, 189, 269-70
Dhruvakas, 123
Kotiphala, 128, 131, 132, 136
Digamsa, 190-91
Digamsa samskara, 190-91 Kranti, 107, 110-112
Dohpala, 128, 131, 132, 136 Kranti vrtta, 17
Krta era, 24
Drgiya. 166-67
Ksepaka, 51-52, 123-24
Drggati, 103, 104-05
Drkkaraiia, 170 Kuppanna Sastri, T.S., 160
Drkksepa, 103-05 Laghumanasam, 170, 189
Lagna, 102-05, 166, 269i71
Earth's shadow, 73, 81, 92, 93, 160
Lalla, 22, 50, 54
Ecliptic, 6, 16-17, 61, 74, 160-69, 266
Lambana, 103-04, 107-09, 167
Ecliptic limits, 76-78
Lambert, 7
Ecliptic system, 19-20 Libra, 17
Epicyclic theory, 55-66 Lindemann, 7
Equation, 59-61, 115-16, 117-18, 189-91 Lomasa, 5
Equation of centre, 60-63 Lunar eclipses, 7, 13, 72-76, 160-63
Equatorial system, 19, 20 Lunar months, 25-27
Equinoxes, 16-17, 266-68 Madhava, 3, 181
Evection, 63, 189-91 Madhyamadhikara, 11
Ganesa Daivajna, 10, J3, 64, 65, 91, 97, 171 Mahabharata, 23
Gargya, 5 Mahasiddhanta, 172
Gatiphala, 71
Mahayuga, 9, 14, 22-23, 25-26, 42-46, 80, H9,
Ghatika, 61, 93, 94, 102, 107, 109, 270
172-73. 194
Graha laghavam, 10, 13, 29-35, 51, 53, 54, 70, Makara, 158
91, 97, 98, 106, 108, 123, 124, 149-55,
Manaikyakhandardha, 92, 93, 110
159-60
Grahana, 73, 93 Manasam, 171
Manda, 13-14, 125-27. 129, 133-34, 137-38,
Grasa, 79, 81, 87, 92-94
144- 50, 152, 154-56, 172-75, 192
Greenwich meredian, 47, 48, 51, 121
Gregory, Pope, XIII, 36 Mandakendrajya, 56, 60. 63, 64, 69-71, 190-91
Guru, 119-21, 124, 126-27, 145-46, 151-55 Mandanica, 55, 56, 149
Heliocentric distance, 185 Mandaparidhi, 57
Horizontal parallax, 75-77, 84-85, 100-01, 167 Mandaphala, 56, 57, 60. 63-66, 125, 127, 135,
Horizontal system, 19-21 145- 48, 151, 153-54, 156
Hour angle, 21 Mandashputagraha, 127-28
Jupiter, 119, 126 Mandoccas,' 14, 46. 49, 50, 52. 55, 67, 69-70,
Jyesthadeva, 10, 13, 170 125-26, 135, 138, 144-50, 152, 154-55, 157,
Jyotisa, 1 171-72, 181-84, 190, 193-94
Manvantara, 22. 23
Kaksavrtta, 55, 127
Mafijula, 10, 12, 63. 170-71, 189
Kali'epoch, 25-27. 43, 193-94
Manu, 5
Kali Era, 7, 23, 171
Marda, 94, 96
Index 287
Marici, 5 Ravi bimba. 160, 164

Mars. 119, 140 Retrograde motion, 139-41
Mean positions, 42-47, 149, 193 RevatT, 267
Mercury, 119, 192-93 Revolutions, 43-46, 58, 119, 171-73, 194, 267
Meridian system, 19, 21, 103 Rgveda, 1-3
Mesa, 18, 23, 45, 141, 267-69 Romaka, 5
Moksa, 95 Right ascension, 20
Moksa kala, 96, 111-13, 165 Rtus, 3
Moksa sthiti, 96 Salivahana saka era, 24, 108
Moon's diameter, 77, 80, 84-86, 87, 91, 93, 100, Samanta, Chandra Sekhara Simha, 63, 190-91
102, 105, 110, 115, 160, 163 Sammilanam, 96
Nadika, 4, 28 Sani, 119, 120, 122, 124, 130-32, 134-36, 138-39,
143, 146-47, 153-55
Naksatras, 2, 5, 166
Sankara Varman, 10
Narada, 5
Saiiku, 166
Natamsa, 105, 110-12
Sara, 91-93, 108, 110, 111
Natamsas, 107, 108
Saros, 2
Nati, 110
Saturn, 119
Nicoccarekha, 55
Saunaka, 5
Nicoccavrtta, 55, 127
Saura, 5
Nilakantha, 12, 13
Saurasiddhanta, 57
Nilakantha Somayaji, 7, 10, 12, 73, 171, 181, 192
Sayana, 14, 103-05, 107, 114-16, 267
Nirayana, 14, 104, 108, 123, 181, 194, 267
Sengupta, P C , 29, 189
Nirukta, I
Siddhanta darpana, 190
Nonagesimal, 107, 108, 114, 116
Siddhantas, 5, 9,' 11-12, 102, 171, 189
Obliquity, 61
Siddhanta siromani, 12, 43, 44, 172, 192
Paitamaha, 5
Sidereal, 4, 9, 26,' 102, 103, 166, 172, 181, 194.
Paksika, 191
267
Paiica Siddhantas, 73
Sidereal solar year, 4
Parahita, 171
Parallax, 84, 85, 101, 103; 104, 107, 163 sTghra correction, 123, 127-37, 139, 140, 142,
145-48, 150-54, 156-58, 192
Parama grasa, 168
Paramesvara, 10, 12, 73, 170, 181, 192 sTghra epicycles. 14, 127, 129, 130, 142, 172,
184-89.
Parasara, 5
Parvanta, 96 sTghrakarna, 128, 129, 132, 137, 139
Paulisa, 5 Sighrakendra, 123-24, 128. 140, 142, 144, 153.
Penumbra, 75, 99, 100 155-57
Peripheries, 57-58, 60, 68, 126, 130-32, 134, 136, Sighrankas, 149, 151-54, 156-58
173-75 Sighraphala, 128-29, 131, 132, 136, 150-52,
Pluto, 193 154-55, 157-58
Pole star, 16 Sighrocca, 119-23, 125, 127-29, 137, 140, 144,
Post-Aryabhatan astronomers, 9-10 147-48, 155, 191-92
Pramanam, 79,163, 169 Siksa, 1 _
Prthudakasvamin, 12, 28 Sisya-dhi-vrddhida, 50
Ptolemy, 189 Solar eclipse, 7, 13, 73, 99-118, 160, 163-69
Rahu, 23, 43, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54, 74, 79, 80, 86, Sparsa, 95, 96, 101, 165
Sparsa sthiti, 96
87,91,92, 95, 97,99, 101, 104, 106-08, 113,
Spastadhikara, 11
114, 193
Sphuta, 56, 128
Rahu Sphuta, 98
Ramasubramanian, 192 Sphutakoti, 128, 131, 132, 136
Sripati, 61
RasT, 17, 18, 269-70
Stationary point, 140, 141-43
286
288 Ancient Indian Astronon
Daily t
II Sthiti, 94, 95, 111, 113 Uttara khanda khadyaka, 189
Daivajii Sukra, 12. 119-24. 139. 148-49. 156. 191-92 Uttarayana, 3, 20
Daksini Sun's diameter. 80, 85,91,92,101,102,105.110. Vakragati, 140
Damodi 115.163 Vakrarambha, 143
Declina Vakratyaga, 143
SiJrya. 5
Desanta Varahamihira, 3, 5. 9, 10, 57, 73, 74
Surya bimba. 110
13: Variation, 63, 189-90
Suryadera yajvan. 170
Dhruva, Vasistha, 5
Dhnival Surya-Grahanadhkara, 12
Vateivara, 10. 22
Dhruva! Suryagrasa. 110, 111 Vedanga Jyotisa. 1. 3-5. 6. 22
Digamsi Surya siddhanta. 8, 9. 12. 13. 15. 25. 35. 43-45. Venketesa Ketkar, 10
Digamsi 48. 54. 57. 58. 61. 64. 67. 99. 101. 119. 126.
Venus, 119
Dohpala 127. 129. 133. 137, 140, 142, 160. 172. 181.
Vernal equinox, 18, 267
190-92. 267
Drgiya. Vikrama era, 23-24
Drggati, Taittiriya samhita. 2
Viksepa, 91
Drkkarai Tantrasahgraha. 10. 12. 171. 192
Viksepam, 167
Drkksep raragrahas, 13. 45. 119. 122. 123, 124, 125-59,
Viiihucandra, 161, 164
Earth's s 195
Visuvd vrtta, 15-16
Ecliptic, nthis, 25-26
Vyagu. 95, 108
Ecliptic Tribhona lagna. 107-09. 111-12
Vyakarana, 1
Ecliptic Triparsnadhikara. 11-12
Epicyclic Tme daily motion. 68-71. 72. 85-87. 101, 106, Vyarkendu. 161, 163, 167
Equation 110-11, 114, 137-39, 163 Vyasa, 5
Equation Tula. 23 Week days, 35-37
Equatorii Tungantara, 191 Yajurveda, 2, 3
Equinox( Udayintara. 61 Yavana, 5
Evection Yojana, 6, 48. 80. 102
Ujjayini. 28. 36. 42. 45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 120-22,
Ganesa I Yuga. 2. 4. 6. 22. 42
124, 193
Gargya, . Yuga system. 22-24
Umbra, 74, 75, 99
Gatiphah Zeta piscium. 267
Unnmilanam, 96 Zodiac, 5, 6, 13, 15-18, 45. 266-67
Ghatika,
Uparaga, 73
Graha la,
91,
159-
Grahana,
Grasa, 7S
Green wic
Gregory,
Guru, Hi
Heliocent
Horizonts
Horizonta
Hour ang
Jupiter, 1
Jyesthade
Jyotisa, I
Kaksavrtt;
Kali epoc
Kali Era,

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^NCIENT INDIAN ASTRONOMY

PLANETARY POSITIONS AND ECLIPSES

pQrvScSiyamatebhyo yadyat srestham laghu sphutam bljam

S. Balachandra Rao, M.SC.. Ph.o.

B.R. Publishing Corporation

2000 S. Balachandra Rao (b. 1944)

I acknowledge my sincere gratitude to the prestigious Indian National Science

The present book, Ancient Indian AstronomyPlanetary Positions and Eclipses, is

Short Vowels Long Vowels Visarga

Fig. 2.1: Celestial sphere 15

4. YUGA SYSTEM AND ERAS 22

4.3 yikrama Era 23

6. MOTIONS OF T H E SUN AND T H E MOON 42

8. TRUE DAILY MOTIONS OF T H E SUN AND T H E M O O N 67

12.1 Manda correction for the tdragrahas 125

12.8 Bhujantara correction for the tdrdgrahas 143

14. S U G G E S T E D BIJAS ( C O R R E C T I O N S ) F O R P L A N E T S ' P O S I T I O N S 170

COMPUTER PROGRAMS 196

APPENDICES - 1 PRECESSION OF EQUINOXES 266

Yathd sikha mayurdndm ndgdndm manayo yathd I

tadvad veddriga sdstrdndm jyotisam (ganitam) murdhani sthitam II

(2) Vydkarana (grammar)

(3) Chandas (metrics)

<6) Kalpa (rituals).

5. Hemanta rtu Saha and Sahasya

6. Sisira rtu Tapa and Tapasya

1.2 Vedariga Jyotisa

(i) the solstices

sin (ascensional difference) = tan <)| tan 5

The astronomical computations described in the Veddriga Jyotisa were in pracdcal

A very significant aspect of that period, in the history of Indian astronomy,

In the Gitikdpdda, we are introduced to :

(ii) circular units of arcdegrees and minutes ; and

(iii) linear units viz., yojana, hasta, and arigula.

The numbers of revolutions of planets in a (mahd-) yuga of 43,20,000 years are

The system of astronomy expounded in the Aryabhatiyam is generally referred to

The following are some of the innovative contributions of Aryabhata I :

1. A unique method of representing huge numbers using the alphabets for

Jyd (9) = ^ sine

Jyd (9) = 3438'sin 9

Brahmagupta takes R = 150'.

(ii) sin (180 + 9) = sin 90 - versine 90 - sin 9 = - sin 9

(iii) sin (270 + 9) = (sin 9 0 - versine 90) - (sin 90 - versine 0) = - cos 9

4. Earth's shape and rotation :

(i) The earth is spherical"circular in all directions" (see Golapdda, 6).

Aryabhata I (476 A . D . ) is regarded as the major expounder of systematic and

1.5 Post-Aryabhatan astronomers

As mentioned earlier, Varahamihira (505 A . D . ) brought together five systems of

Conventionally, siddhdntas choose the beginning of the Mahdyuga (43,20,000) years

different periods, even as late as in the nineteenth century.

3. Bhaskara I (c. 600 A.D.) Bhasya on Aryabhatiyam.

10. Nilakantha Somayaji (1465 A.D.) Tantrasarigraha. A ryabhatlyabhdsya

13. Candrasekhara Samanta (b. 1835 A.D.) Siddhdntadarpariah

14. Sarikara Varman (19th cent.) Sadratnaindld

15. Verikatesa Ketkar (1898 A.D.) Grahagariitam. Jyotirgariitam

1.6 Contents of Siddhantas

Kuja, Guru and Sani.

4. Candra - and Surya Grahanadhikdra

1.7 Continuity in astronomical tradition

orbits. It is a significant achievement before Copernicus came into picture. Nilakaritha's

1.8 Aim and scope of the present work

(a) The proposed number of civil days in a mahayuga (or a kalpa);

2.2 Equator and Poles (Visuvadvrtta and Dhruva)

2.3 Latitude of a place and altitude of Pole Star