New York State Senate

Democratic Policy Group

Unpoisoning the Well:

7 Ways New York Can Better
Protect Your Drinking Water

Senator Daniel Squadron, Chair

Senators George Latimer, Velmanette Montgomery, Kevin S. Parker,

and Jos M. Serrano, Policy Group Members

February 16, 2017

Senator Andrea Stewart-Cousins,

Democratic Conference Leader

Senator Michael Gianaris,

Deputy Democratic Conference Leader
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 In October 2015, Democratic Conference Leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins launched the
Democratic Policy Group to develop policy initiatives to serve all New Yorkers. The group,
chaired by Senator Daniel Squadron, with Senators George Latimer, Velmanette Montgomery,
Kevin S. Parker, and Jos M. Serrano, works with the entire Democratic Conference to identify
and advance practical solutions to the most pressing problems facing New Yorkers today.
As has been happening across the country, attention is increasing on the safety of New
Yorks water supplies.
In the last two years alone, drinking water supplies around the state have been found to
be contaminated with PFOA and PFOS persistent, toxic chemicals linked to cancer,1 including
in Hoosick Falls where numerous local residents, including children, have discovered high levels
of PFOA in their blood.2
Drinking water sources around the state have also tested positive for elevated levels of
other likely carcinogens, including 1,4 dioxane and the Erin Brockovich chemical chromium-
6.3 Long Islands water has shown particularly high levels of these chemicals4 which New York
does not specifically regulate in drinking water, as reported by Newsday and others, leading to
legal action by Long Island residents and threatened legal action by New York State.5
In addition to these toxic threats, concerns are also increasing about New Yorks aquifers,
like the Lloyd aquifer under Long Island, which have the potential to provide New Yorkers with
clean drinking water into the future but are vulnerable to salt water and other contaminants. As a
Long Island groundwater study now underway helps shed light on solutions, it is a critical time
to attend carefully to these important resources.
New York is also facing crumbling water infrastructure. The American Society of Civil
Engineers has graded New York a D for wastewater and a C for drinking water.6 These
infrastructure issues are threatening New Yorkers health, as outdated and crumbling systems
contribute to water contamination.7
Environmental Conservation Committee Ranking Member Senator Todd Kaminsky and
the Policy Group have identified 7 policy initiatives to address New Yorks water safety crisis,
strengthen our water safety system and ensure access to safe and clean water.

7 Ways New York Can Better Protect Your Drinking Water

1. There is No Limit on PFOA, the Hoosick Falls Chemical, in New Yorks Drinking
Water -- Establish a New York State Drinking Water Limit for PFOA/S
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are persistent,
toxic compounds linked to cancer8 that have been discovered in New York drinking water
supplies in Hoosick Falls, Petersburgh, Berlin, Newburgh, and Suffolk County.9 Steps New
York has taken to address these issues include supporting testing, filtration and cleanup in
impacted areas,10 and the addition of these chemicals to New Yorks list of hazardous
substances.11
However, at least seven states have established state-level drinking water guidelines for
PFOA.12 Although New York announced over a year ago that the state would perform a PFOA
health risk analysis,13 that study needs to be expedited. This is too long for New Yorkers to wait
while their health is in danger. New York should immediately set a state-level PFOA/S drinking

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water limit, following New Jerseys proposed rule which would provide its residents with the
strongest protection in the nation against PFOA.14
2. New York Needs to Aggressively Act On Other Likely Carcinogens That Are In Our
Drinking Water -- Protect New Yorkers from 1,4 Dioxane, Chromium-6 (the Erin
Brockovich chemical), and Other Likely Carcinogens Present in Drinking Water
Recent testing has shown high levels of likely carcinogen 1,4 dioxane15 in 71% of water
districts tested on Long Island compared to 7% nationally,16 and this chemical has been found in
elevated concentrations in the infamous Northrup Grumman plume.17 Other likely carcinogens
have also been detected in New York water supplies,18 and chromium-6, the chemical that
inspired the film Erin Brockovich,19 has been found in water supplies in the Hudson Valley,
Long Island, and New York City.20
While New York is supporting research into treatment methods that can remove toxins
like 1,4 dioxane from water,21 multiple states including California, Massachusetts, and New
Hampshire (for dioxane) and California (for chromium-6) have taken regulatory action to
protect their residents from these toxins.22 Governor Cuomo recently called on the federal
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set a 1,4 dioxane standard and said New York will
do so if the EPA does not act in three months.23 Rather than waiting for the EPA, New York
should set drinking water limits for these chemicals to ensure the strongest protection and spark
further development of practical treatment methods.
3. New Yorkers Need Greater Protection From Contaminants Flagged By Other States
and the EPA -- Proactively Protect New Yorkers from Known Toxins
Instead of waiting for evidence to pile up in other states, New York should immediately
review accepted lists of known, toxic contaminants and inform the public what action New York
is taking to protect residents from each toxin. Further, if four states have established state-level
guidance for a certain contaminant, New York should also be required to provide guidance. This
is especially important as new chemicals continue to be discovered around former industrial
facilities in Hoosick Falls, on Long Island, and elsewhere.24
4. One-Third of New Yorkers Are Drinking Water that Isnt Fully Tested -- Test All
Water Supplies; Not Just the Largest Ones and Make the Results Public
New York should expand testing of wells and water systems beyond the limited testing
required under federal rules that exempt small systems that serve one-third of New Yorkers,25 as
called for by the Senate Democratic Conference and Governor Cuomo.26 Expanded testing
should ensure review for known contaminants and newly covered systems should be provided
with financial and technical support.
New York also needs to do more to ensure all residents get accurate, timely information
about the safety of their drinking water. New York should strengthen the timetable and means
by which water safety information is provided to residents, including to ensure all impacted
residents receive test results and provide state support to small localities to make accurate and
timely notifications.
5. With the EPA Under Threat, Theres No Dedicated Water Safety Regulator or
Meaningful Public Role in New York -- Establish a State Agency with a Citizen Voice
for Water Safety

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 States including Washington, Virginia and New Jersey have Offices of Drinking Water
that focus on public water issues.27 Following its water contamination crisis, Flint, Michigan
established a Water Advisory Committee comprised of residents, business owners, and elected
officials to provide a framework for citizen involvement in water safety planning.28 New York
should create an Office of Water Safety that includes a structure for citizen involvement to
ensure the people drinking our water have a voice in how it is protected.
6. New Yorks Water Infrastructure is Crumbling and Localities Need Help -- Provide
Funding and Support for Localities Water Infrastructure Projects
As localities across the state face significant water infrastructure issues,29 substantially
increased funding for water infrastructure along with planning and state support is the best way
to ensure that infrastructure investments protect citizens. As New York Department of
Environmental Conservation Commissioner Basil Seggos testified earlier this week, a $2 billion
investment in water infrastructure is an important start, but New York will need to go further.30
To assist localities with local water infrastructure planning, Kentucky instituted a
statewide water planning initiative including regional Water Management Councils that prioritize
and coordinate local water infrastructure projects.31 A statewide geo-database provides further
support.32 Along with substantial new funding for water infrastructure, New York should
provide similar assistance to help localities deploy that funding.
7. More Tests Are Showing Lead in School Water, and Daycares Are Not Being Tested --
Lead the Way on Protecting Kids from Lead
While last years first-in-the-nation law provided for lead testing in school water
supplies, other states have highlighted that daycare facilities should also be tested.33 Expanding
New Yorks school lead testing law to cover daycares and ensuring that tests conducted under
these laws are performed properly34 will further protect New Yorks children.
In addition, as lead is discovered in more school facilities pursuant to newly required
tests,35 localities will need assistance identifying the appropriate steps to take to remediate health
threats and repair local water systems. Lansing, Michigan36 and Madison, Wisconsins37 system-
wide projects to replace all lead pipes and other successful projects nationwide provide lessons
that New York can follow in designing our response to water contamination. State experts are in
the best position to help schools and localities evaluate local threats and advise on successful
approaches and lessons learned in other states.

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1 See, e.g., United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Basic Information about Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl
Substances (PFASs): Health Effects. Available at https://www.epa.gov/pfas/basic-information-about-and-polyfluoroalkyl-
substances-pfass#tab-3; U.S. EPA. Hoosick Falls Water Contamination. Available at https://www.epa.gov/ny/hoosick-falls-
water-contamination; Waldman, Scott. High levels of PFOA found in dumps in Hoosick Falls, Petersburgh. PoliticoNewYork.
7 July 2016; Bernocco, Amanda. EPA Warns About Potential Contaminants In Drinking Water Wells South Of Gabreski
Airport In Westhampton. Southampton Press. 22 Jul. 2016; McKinley, Jesse. Military Base Near Newburgh is Made a
Superfund Site Over Tainted Water. N.Y. Times. 12 Aug. 2016.
2 See, e.g., Waldman, Scott. New Hoosick Falls blood test results show PFOA levels at 30 times the national average.

PoliticoNewYork. 4 Aug. 2016; Lyons, Brendan J. Top Stories 2016: PFOA water pollution in Hoosick Falls. Times Union. 30
Dec. 2016.
3 See, e.g., McLogan, Jennifer. Long Island Residents Worry About Carcinogenic Chemical In Water. CBELocal/CBS2New

York. 10 Jan. 2017. Available at http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/01/10/long-island-chemical-in-water/; Andrews, David and

Walker, Bill. Erin Brockovich Carcinogen in Tap Water of More than 200 Million Americans. Environmental Working Group.
Sept. 2016. Available at https://static.ewg.org/reports/2016/chromium6/EWG_Chrome6Report_C06.pdf; Woyton, Michael.
Hudson Valleys Drinking Water Includes Toxin Made Famous by Erin Brockovich: study. Tarrytown Patch. 22 Sept. 2016.
4 See, e.g., Long Island: Contaminants in Long Island water. Newsday. Available at

http://projects.newsday.com/databases/long-island/contaminants-water/; McLogan, Jennifer. Long Island Residents Worry

About Carcinogenic Chemical In Water. CBELocal/CBS2New York. 10 Jan. 2017. Available at
http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/01/10/long-island-chemical-in-water/; News 12/Newsday report: Possible carcinogen 1,4-
dioxane found in LI water spurs push for stronger standard. News12LongIsland. 9 Jan. 2017. Available at
http://longisland.news12.com/news/news-12-newsday-report-probable-carcinogen-1-4-dioxane-found-in-li-water-spurs-push-for-
stronger-st-1.12903291; Andrews, David and Walker, Bill. Erin Brockovich Carcinogen in Tap Water of More than 200 Million
Americans. Environmental Working Group. Sept. 2016 at 5; Bethpage, Massapequa, and Farmingdale Water Districts, Letter to
Doug Garbarini, Chief NY Remediation Branch, U.S. EPA. 5 Feb. 2015. Available at
http://www.massapequawater.com/February%205,%202015%20EPA%20Doug%20Garbarini.pdf.
5 See, e.g., Dooley, Emily C. Bethpage residents file $500M lawsuit against Northrop Grumman. Newsday. 15 Sept. 2016; New

York State, Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. Governor Cuomo Announces DEC to Hold Northrop Grumman and U.S.
Navy Liable for Groundwater Contamination on Long Island. 3 Aug. 2016.
6 American Society of Civil Engineers New York State Council. 2015 Report Card for New York States Infrastructure. Sept.

2015. Available at http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-

content/uploads/2015/09/NY_ReportCard_FullReport_9.29.15_FINAL.pdf; see also New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation. Wastewater Infrastructure Needs of New York State. Mar. 2008.
7 See, e.g., Metrofocus Thirteen. Safety of Long Islands Water. 12 Jan. 2016. Available at

http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2016/01/the-safety-of-long-islands-water/; Deriest, Keaton. County seeks to address issues

leading to waterline breaks. Amherst Bee. 27 July 2016.
8 See, e.g., U.S. EPA. Basic Information about Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Health Effects. Available at

https://www.epa.gov/pfas/basic-information-about-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfass#tab-3; U.S. EPA. Drinking Water

Health Advisory for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). May 2016. Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-
05/documents/pfoa_health_advisory_final-plain.pdf.
9 See, e.g., U.S. EPA. Hoosick Falls Water Contamination. Available at https://www.epa.gov/ny/hoosick-falls-water-

contamination; Waldman, Scott. High levels of PFOA found in dumps in Hoosick Falls, Petersburgh. PoliticoNewYork. 7 July
2016; Bernocco, Amanda. EPA Warns About Potential Contaminants In Drinking Water Wells South Of Gabreski Airport In
Westhampton. Southampton Press. 22 Jul. 2016; McKinley, Jesse. Military Base Near Newburgh is Made a Superfund Site
Over Tainted Water. N.Y. Times. 12 Aug. 2016.
10 See, e.g., New York State Department of Health. New York State Announces Hoosick Falls Full Capacity Water Filtration

System Is Fully Operational. 7 Feb. 2017. Available at https://www.health.ny.gov/press/releases/2017/2017-02-

07_hoosick_falls_water_filtration_system.htm; New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC).
DEC Requires Companies to Fully Investigate and Clean Up Hoosick Falls PFOA Contamination. 11 Feb. 2016. Available at
http://www.dec.ny.gov/press/105069.html; New York State, Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. Governor Cuomo
Announces Immediate State Action Plan to Address Contamination in Hoosick Falls. 27 Jan. 2016. Available at
https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-immediate-state-action-plan-address-contamination-hoosick-
falls; New York State, Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor Cuomo Announces New Actions to Protect Water
Quality on Long Island. 12 Sept. 2016. Available at https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-new-
actions-protect-water-quality-long-island; NYS DEC. DEC Declares Stewart Air National Guard Base a State Superfund Site.
12 Aug. 2016. Available at http://www.dec.ny.gov/press/107321.html.
11 See NYS DEC. Emergency Adoption and Proposed Rule: 6 NYCRR Part 597 & Regulatory Impact Statement. Available at

http://www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/104968.html. These substances were added via emergency regulation; the final rules will
become effective in March 2017. See NYS DEC. Adoption of Final Rule: 6 NYCRR Part 597. Available at
http://www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/104968.html.

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12 See, e.g., U.S. EPA. Drinking Water Health Advisory for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). May 2016 at 13. Available at
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/pfoa_health_advisory_final-plain.pdf; see also American Water
Works Association. Perflourinated Compounds: Treatment and Removal. Available at
http://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/files/legreg/documents/AWWAPFCFactSheetTreatmentandRemoval.pdf.
13 Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. Governor Cuomo Announces Immediate State Action Plan to Address Contamination

in Hoosick Falls. 27 Jan. 2016. https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-immediate-state-action-plan-

address-contamination-hoosick-falls
14 New Jersey is currently considering lowering its PFOA standard to 0.014 ppb and making it an enforceable limit. See O'Neill,

James M. N.J. agency aims to reduce cancer-causing chemical in drinking water. USA Today. 23 Sept 2016. Available at
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2016/09/22/nj-agency-aims-reduce-cancer-causing-chemical-drinking-
water/90881188/. The state recently accepted a proposal for a 0.013 ppb limit for PFNA, a related compound. See Hurdle, Jon.
DEP Accepts Plan to Curb Toxic Chemical in NJs Drinking Water. 11 Jan. 2017. Available at
http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/17/01/10/dep-accepts-plan-to-curb-toxic-chemical-in-nj-s-drinking-water/.
15 U.S. EPA. Technical Fact Sheet 1,4-Dioxane. Jan. 2014. Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-

03/documents/ffrro_factsheet_contaminant_14-dioxane_january2014_final.pdf; see also Girardin, Kenneth. EPAs double

standard at work in NY. Empire Center: NY Torch. 9 Sept. 2015. Available at http://www.empirecenter.org/publications/epas-
double-standard-at-work-in-ny/.
16 See, e.g., Dooley, Emily. Senators urge faster EPA study of chemical in LI water supply. Newsday 26 Jan. 2017; McLogan,

Jennifer. Long Island Residents Worry About Carcinogenic Chemical In Water. CBELocal/CBS2New York. 10 Jan. 2017.
Available at http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/01/10/long-island-chemical-in-water/; News 12/Newsday report: Possible
carcinogen 1,4-dioxane found in LI water spurs push for stronger standard. News12LongIsland. 9 Jan. 2017. Available at
http://longisland.news12.com/news/news-12-newsday-report-probable-carcinogen-1-4-dioxane-found-in-li-water-spurs-push-for-
stronger-st-1.12903291
17 See, e.g., Bethpage, Massapequa, and Farmingdale Water Districts, Letter to Doug Garbarini, Chief NY Remediation Branch,

U.S. EPA. 5 Feb. 2015. Available at

http://www.massapequawater.com/February%205,%202015%20EPA%20Doug%20Garbarini.pdf.
18 See, e.g., U.S. EPA. Technical Fact Sheet 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP). Jan. 2014 at 3. Available at

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrrofactsheet_contaminant_tcp_january2014_final.pdf;
Contaminants in Long Island Water (database). Newsday. 9 Jan. 2017 (Results for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane accessed on 10 Feb.
2017) Available at http://projects.newsday.com/databases/long-island/contaminants-water/;
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/mackenzie/health_consult_2013.pdf.
19
Andrews, David and Walker, Bill. Erin Brockovich Carcinogen in Tap Water of More than 200 Million Americans.
Environmental Working Group. Sept. 2016. Available at
https://static.ewg.org/reports/2016/chromium6/EWG_Chrome6Report_C06.pdf; Woyton, Michael. Hudson Valleys Drinking
Water Includes Toxin Made Famous by Erin Brockovich: study. Tarrytown Patch. 22 Sept. 2016.
20 See id.; Scutti, Susan. Should I worry about chromium-6 in my drinking water? CNN. 21 Sept. 2016.

http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/21/health/chromium-6-drinking-water-questions/; see also Environmental Working Groups

interactive map of chromium-6 contamination http://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/2016-chromium6-lower-48.php.
21 See, e.g., New York State, Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor Cuomo Announces New Actions to Protect

Water Quality on Long Island. 12 Sept. 2016. Available at https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-announces-

new-actions-protect-water-quality-long-island (announcing approval of pilot program to treat water for 1,4 dioxane and funding
for further research through SUNY on the removal of emerging contaminants from drinking water).
22 See, e.g., U.S. EPA. Technical Fact Sheet 1,4-Dioxane. Jan. 2014 at 4. Available at

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/ffrro_factsheet_contaminant_14-dioxane_january2014_final.pdf.
New York has not established a 1,4 dioxane standard, leaving the standard in New York at the default level of 50 micrograms per
liter that applies to all unregulated contaminants, far below other states standards for 1,4 dioxane. See, e.g., Water Resarch
Foundation. 1,4 Dioxane White Paper. 2014 at 2. Available at
http://www.waterrf.org/resources/StateOfTheScienceReports/1,4-dioxane.pdf; Andrews, David and Walker, Bill. Erin
Brockovich Carcinogen in Tap Water of More than 200 Million Americans. Environmental Working Group. Sept. 2016.
Available at https://static.ewg.org/reports/2016/chromium6/EWG_Chrome6Report_C06.pdf
23 See Dooley, Emily. State: EPA needs to set drinking water standard for 1,4-dioxane. Newsday. 11 Feb. 2017 (noting

comments by the State Health Department Commissioner that New York will give the EPA three months to act before moving to
set a New York State standard).
24 See, e.g, Redick, Geoff. New and Potentially Deadly Health Concern Arises in Hoosick Falls. TWCNews/Spectrum News. 10

Feb. 2017; News 12/Newsday report: Possible carcinogen 1,4-dioxane found in LI water spurs push for stronger standard.
News12LongIsland. 9 Jan. 2017.
25 See 2.5 million New Yorkers are provided with untested water. PostOnlineMedia. 7 Sept. 2016.
26 See S.7297 (Hoylman) (2016, on file April 13, 2016); New Bill S.119 (2017); New York State Office of Governor Andrew M.

Cuomo. Governor Cuomo Calls for Aggressive New Water Quality Protections. 7 Sept. 2016. Available at
https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-calls-aggressive-new-water-quality-protections.
27 Washington State Department of Health. Office of Drinking Water.

http://www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/DrinkingWater/TheOfficeofDrinkingWater; Delaware Health and Social

6
Services. Office of Drinking Water. http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/hsp/odw.html; Michigan Department of
Environmental Quality. Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance. http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-
3306_63144---,00.html; Rhode Island Department of Health. Center for Drinking Water Quality.
http://health.ri.gov/programs/detail.php?pgm_id=126/; Virginia Department of Health. Office of Drinking Water.
http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/drinking-water/.
28 Fonger, Ron. Flint water advisory committee formed by mayor, emergency manager. Michigan Live. 17 Feb. 2015.
29 See, e.g., American Society of Civil Engineers New York State Council. 2015 Report Card for New York States

Infrastructure. Sept. 2015. Available at http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-

content/uploads/2015/09/NY_ReportCard_FullReport_9.29.15_FINAL.pdf; see also New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation. Wastewater Infrastructure Needs of New York State. Mar. 2008; Metrofocus Thirteen. Safety of
Long Islands Water. 12 Jan. 2016. Available at http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2016/01/the-safety-of-long-islands-water/;
Deriest, Keaton. County seeks to address issues leading to waterline breaks. Amherst Bee. 27 July 2016.
30 See Testimony of New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Commissioner Basil Seggos Before the Feb. 13,

2017 Joint Legislative Public Hearing on 2017-2018 Executive Budget Proposal. Available at
https://www.nysenate.gov/calendar/public-hearings/february-13-2017/joint-legislative-public-hearing-2017-2018-executive;
Hamilton, Matthew. New Yorks water infrastructure needs estimated at $80B over 20 years. TimesUnion. 13 Feb. 2017.
31 See, e.g., Kentucky Infrastructure Authority. Kentucky Water Management Plan. Feb 2015. Available at

http://wris.ky.gov/downloads/wmp/2015_WMP_Executive_Summary_Final.pdf.
32 Id.
33 See, Hawthorne, Michael. Illinois poised to require lead testing in schools, day care centers. Chicago Tribune. 10 Jan. 2017;

Griffeth, Carleigh . NC bill would require testing for lead in water at schools. WNCN/North Carolina News. 29 June 2016.
34 Although water in New York City daycares is supposed to be tested for lead, a recent audit showed that these tests were often

not being performed. See New York City, Office of Comptroller Scott M. Stringer. Comptroller Stringer: City Department Of
Health Failed To Ensure Water Was Tested For Lead At Nearly 60% Of Group Daycare Centers Examined. 24 June 2016.
Questions have also been raised about the performance of school lead tests. Taylor, Kate. Lead Tests on New York City
Schools Water May Have Masked Scope of Risk. N.Y. Times. 31 Aug. 2016.
35 See, e.g., Algar, Sam. NYC schools water has Flint-like lead levels. N.Y. Post. 2 Feb. 2017; Small, Eddie and Kapp, Trevor.

Lead Levels in Bronx Schools Water 16 Times Higher Than in Flint, Michigan. DNAInfo. 6 Feb. 2017; Cox, Robert. Six
More New Rochelle Schools Test Positive for Elevated Levels of Lead. New Rochelle Talk. 2 Sept. 2016; Herbeck, Dan,
Radlich, Jane Kwiatkowski, and Pignataro, T.J. Tests show high lead levels in water in 11 WNY school districts. Buffalo News.
21 Oct. 2016; Bump, Bethany. School water tests find lead. Times Union. 25 Oct. 2016.
36
Clark, Anna. The city that unpoisoned its pipes. Next City. 8 Aug. 2016.
37 Fears, Darryl and Dennis, Brady. One citys solution to drinking water contamination? Get rid of every lead pipe.

Washington Post. 10 May 2016.