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Funcin Inversa.
1 : () ()
1 () = , () =
( ) = (), ( ) = () .
Propiedades.
a) ( )1 () = 1 () 1 ().
c) ( 1 )() = ( 1 ()) = , ( 1 ).
( )() = ( )() = ()
Grfica de .
(, )
Por lo tanto si una funcin tiene inversa, entonces las grficas de las funciones son
() es inyectiva si cumple (1 ) = (2 ) 1 = 2 .
(1 ) = (2 ) 21 5 = 22 5 21 = 22 1 = 2
() = 2 1 es inyectiva.
+5
= 2 5 =
2
+5 +
1 () = intercambiando por se tiene () =
2
2 + 3
. Hallar la funcin inversa de la funcin: () =
1
2 + 3
= .
1
2 + 3 +3
= = 2 + 3 ( 2) = + 3 =
1 2
Prof. Lucy Salazar Rojas Dr. Wilson Maco Vsquez
CALCULO diferencial UNT 2015
+3 +
1 () = intercambiando por se tiene () =
2
() es inyectiva si cumple (1 ) = (2 ) 1 = 2 .
(1 ) = (2 ) 12 + 1 = 22 + 1 12 = 22 12 22 = 0
(1 2 )(1 + 2 ) = 0 1 = 2 1 = 2 () no es inyectiva.
inversa 1 . Sea = 2 + 1
= 2 + 1 2 = 1 = 1 = + 1
inversa 1 . Sea = 2 + 1
= 2 + 1 2 = 1 = 1 = 1
2 2 + 3
. Sea () = , 1.
1
Solucin:
2 2 + 3 2 2 + 3
() = () =
1 1
0 3 2 7
0,25 3,5 1,75 6,5
0,5 4 1,5 6
0,75 4,5 1,25 5,5
0,9 4,8 1,1 5,2
0,99 4,98 1,01 5,02
0,999 4,998 1,001 5,002
0,9999 4,9998 1,0001 5,0002
0,99999 4,99998 1,00001 5,00002
acerca ms y ms a 5.
Prof. Lucy Salazar Rojas Dr. Wilson Maco Vsquez
CALCULO diferencial UNT 2015
Es posible hacer que los valores de () estn tan cercanos a 5 como se desee, si
Ms precisamente:
Es decir = () .
Definicin 18. Sea una funcin definida en algn intervalo que contenga al
() = , si cumple:
Interpretacin geomtrica.
|(4 5) 3| = |4 8| = 4| 2| < | 2| <
4
Tomando = . Si
0 < | 2| < |(4 5) 3| = 4| 2| < 4 ( ) = .
4
(4 5) = 3.
2
0 < | 2| < y 1 1
| + 2| < 5.
| 2| <
Como { , se tiene: | 2 4| = | + 2|| 2| < 5 < 2 <
| + 2| < 5 5
Existen dos restricciones sobre : 1 1 , 2 < , si
5
= { , } = {; } entonces se verifica que | 2 4| < .
( 2 ) = 4.
2
8
. Demostrar que ( ) = 2.
7 3
8
> 0, > 0 si 0 < | 7| < , entonces | 2| < .
3
8 8 2 + 6 14 2 7 2
| 2| = | | =| | = 2| |=| | | 7| < .
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
| 7| < 1 1 < 7 < 1 3 < 3 < 5 < <
5 3 3
2 2 2 2 2
< < | |< .
5 3 3 3 3
Pero:
| 7| <
8 2 2 3
{ 2 2 se tiene: | 2| = | | | 7| < < 2 < .
| |< 3 3 3 2
3 3
3
Existen dos restricciones sobre : 1 1 , 2 < , si
2
8
= { , } = {; } entonces se verifica que | 2| < .
3
8
( ) = 2.
7 3
5 3
. Demostrar que ( ) = 4.
1 5 + 7
5 3
> 0, > 0 si 0 < | + 1| < , entonces | 4| < .
5 + 7
5 3 23 23 23( + 1) 23( + 1)
| 4| = | |=| |=| |=
5 + 7 5 + 7 5 + 7 5 + 7
5 3 23
| 4| = | | | + 1| <
5 + 7 5 + 7
1
Restringir : Si 1 entonces:
5
1 1 1 6 4
| + 1| < < + 1 < < < 6 < 5 < 4
5 5 5 5 5
1 1 23 23 23
1 < 5 + 7 < 3 < <1 < < 23 | | < 23
3 5 + 7 3 5 + 7 5 + 7
Pero:
| + 1| <
{ 23 entonces se tiene:
| | < 23
5 + 7
5 3 23
| 4| = | | | + 1| < 23 < 2 <
5 + 7 5 + 7 23
1
Existen dos restricciones sobre : 1 , 2 < , si
5 23
= { , } = { ; }
5 3
entonces se verifica que | 4| < .
5 + 7
Propiedades de lmite.
. = , , . () = .
. [()] = (), .
. ( + ) = + , , .
6. Generalizando:
[1 () 2 () ()] = 1 () 2 () ().
8. Generalizando:
() ()
. [ ]= , si () 0.
( ) ()
. [()] = [ ()] , .
()
. [ ()() ] = [()] , si () > 0.
si es impar
. () = (), { .
si es par, () 0
. () = [() ] = 0.
. () = [() + ] = .
0
() = () = , donde . Entonces () = .
1 1
Suponga que: 0 || > 0. Tomando = || se tiene que:
2 2
1 1
|| || || || 0, lo cual es una contradiccin.
2 2
= 0.
. Si () = 1 , () = 2 entonces = .
4 + 2
. Calcular: .
1 3 1
4 + 2 0
: () = no existe en = 1. Porque ( 1 ) =
3 1 0
4 + 2 ( 1)( 3 + 2 + + 2) 3 + 2 + + 2
= =
1 3 1 1 ( 1)( 2 + + 1) 1 2 + + 1
( 3 + 2 + + 2) (1)3 + (1)2 + 1 + 2 5
1
= = =
( 2 + + 1) (1)2 + 1 + 1 3
1
3 2 2 2 3
. Calcular: .
1 4 2 3 27
3 2 2 2 3 0
: () = no existe en = 3. Porque (3 ) =
4 2 3 27 0
3 2 2 2 3 ( 3)( 2 + + 1)
= =
3 4 2 3 27 3 ( 3)( 3 + 2 + 3 + 9)
2 + + 1 ( 2 + + 1) (3)2 + 3 + 1
3
= 3 = =
3 + 2 + 3 + 9 ( 3 + 2 + 3 + 9) (3)3 + (3)2 + 3(3) + 9
3
3 2 2 2 3 13
=
3 4 2 3 27 54
4 2 3 7 2 + 20 12
. Calcular: 5 .
2 2 4 4 3 + 9 2 4 + 4
Solucin
4 2 3 7 2 + 20 12 0
() = 5 no existe en = 2. Porque (2 ) =
2 4 4 3 + 9 2 4 + 4 0
4 2 3 7 2 + 20 12 ( 2)( 3 7 + 6)
5 = =
2 2 4 4 3 + 9 2 4 + 4 2 ( 2)( 4 4 2 + 2)
3 7 + 6 ( 2)( 2 + 2 3) 2 + 2 3
= 4 = = 3 =
2 4 2 + 2 2 ( 2)( 3 + 2 2 + 1) 2 + 2 2 + 1
( 2 + 2 3) (2)2 + 2(2) 3 5
2
= = =
( 3 + 2 2 + 1) (2)3 + 2(2)2 + 1 17
2
2 + 5 3
. Calcular: .
2 2
2 + 5 3 0
: () = no existe en = 2. Porque (2) =
2 0
2 + 5 3 2 + 5 3 2 + 5 + 3
= ( )( )=
2 2 2 2 2 + 5 + 3
2
( 2 + 5) (3)2 2 + 5 9
= = =
2 ( 2)( 2 + 5 + 3) 2 ( 2)( 2 + 5 + 3)
2 4 ( 2)( + 2) +2
= = =
2 ( 2)( 2 + 5 + 3) 2 ( 2)( 2 + 5 + 3) 2 2 + 5 + 3
( + 2) 4 2
2
= = =
( 2 + 5 + 3) 6 3
2
2 + 3 2
. Calcular:
1 10 3
2 + 3 2 0
: () = no existe en = 1. Porque (1) =
10 3 0
2 + 3 2 2 + 3 2 2 + 3 + 2 10 + 3
= ( ).( ).( )
1 10 3 1 10 3 2 + 3 + 2 10 + 3
( 2 + 3) 4 10 + 3 2 1 10 + 3
= [ ].( ) = ( ).( )
1 (10 ) 9 2 + 3 + 2 1 1 2 + 3 + 2
( 1)( + 1) 10 + 3 10 + 3
= [ ].( ) = ( + 1). ( )
1 ( 1) 2 + 3 + 2 1 2 + 3 + 2
10 + 3 12
= ( + 1). ( )= = 3.
1 1 2 + 3 + 2 4
3
+ 7 2
. Calcular:
1 3 1
3
+ 7 2 0
: () = no existe en = 1. Porque (1 ) =
3 1 0
3
( ) (2 + + 2 ) = 3 3 ; en este caso: = + 7, = 2.
3 2 3
2 + + 2 = ( + 7) + 2 + 7 + 4.
3 3 3 2 3
+ 7 2 + 7 2 ( + 7 ) + 2 + 7 + 4
= ( )( 2 )=
1 3 1 1 3 1 3 3
( + 7 ) + 2 + 7 + 4
3 3
( + 7) (2)3
= 2 =
1 3 3
( 1)( 2 + + 1) [( + 7) + 2 + 7 + 4]
+78
= 2 =
1 ( 1)( 2 + + 1) [( 3 + 7) + 2 3 + 7 + 4]
1
= 2 =
1 ( 1)( 2 + + 1) [( 3 + 7) + 2 3 + 7 + 4]
1
= 3 2 3
=
1 ( 2
+ + 1) [( + 7) + 2 + 7 + 4]
(1) 1
1
= 2 =
3 3
( 2 + + 1). [( + 7) + 2 + 7 + 4] 36
1 1
2 2
1 ( ) 1 + , 0. Calcular: ().
4 2 0
2 2
(1 ) = 1, (1 + ) = 1.
0 4 0 2
Calcular:
0
(0) 0
() = no est definida en = 0. Porque (0) = =
0 0
Sea : el ngulo central , donde 0 < <
2
Segn la figura:
1 1 1
( ) < (
). ( ) < (
)2 . ( ). (
).
2 2 2
1
Dividiendo entre : 1< < .
cos
Tomando recprocos: cos < < 1.
cos < < 1.
0 0 0
1 < < 1 ( )
0
Teorema 2.
= .
()
1 < < 1 1 < < 1.
0 0
5
. Calcular
0
= = , si 0 entonces 0.
5
5
= = 5 ( ) = 5 = 5(1) = 5.
0 0 0
0
5 =1
. = , .
7
. Calcular
0 9
7 7 7 (
7
)
7 0 0 7
= = =
0 9 0 9 9 9
9 ( 9 )
0 0
=1
7
7 7 ( 7 ) 7
= 70 =
0 9 9
9 ( 9 ) 9
90
=1
. = , ,
1
. Calcular
0
1 1 1 + 1 2
= ( ).( ) =
0 0 1 + 0 (1 + )
2
= = ( ).( )
0 (1 + ) 0 1 +
0
= ( ) . ( ) = (1) ( ) = 0.
0 0 1 + 1+1
. Calcular
0
Solucin:
1
= = = ( ).( )
0 0 0 ( ) 0
1
= ( ) . ( ) = (1) (1) = 1.
0 0 0
= 1.
0
1
. Calcular
0 2
1 1 1 + 1 2
= ( ).( ) = 2 =
0 2 0 2 1 + 0 (1 + )
2 2 1
= 2 = ( 2 ) . ( )
0 (1 + ) 0 1 +
2 1 1 1
= ( ) ( ) = (1)2 ( )=
0 0 1 + 1+1 2
Prof. Lucy Salazar Rojas Dr. Wilson Maco Vsquez
CALCULO diferencial UNT 2015
( + )
. Calcular
0
Solucin:
( + ) ( )( ) + ( )( )
=
0 0
( )( ) (1 )
= =
0
1
= [( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] =
0
1
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
=1 =0
( + )
= .
0
( + )
. Calcular
0
Solucin:
+
( )
+
1 ( )( )
=
0 0
+ ( )[1 ( )( )]
= =
0 [1 ( )( )]
+ + (2 )( )
=
0 [1 ( )( )]
( )(1 + 2 ) 2
= = ( ).( )
0 [1 ( )( )] 0 1 ( )( )
2 2
= ( ) . ( ) = (1) ( ) = 2 .
0 0 1 ( )( ) 1 ( )(0)
=1
El Nmero .
Teorema 3. La variable:
1
(1 + ) , tiene su lmite entre los nmeros 2 y 3, cuando +; es decir:
1
2 (1 + ) 3, + .
Definicin 19.
1
= (1 + ) , es decir: 2 3; = 2,71828182
+
1
. (1 + ) = , . Adems: =.
1 +5
. Calcular (1 + )
+
Solucin:
1 +5 1 1 5 1 1 5
(1 + ) = (1 + ) (1 + ) = (1 + ) (1 + )
+ +
+ +
5
5
1 1
= [ (1 + )] = [( 1) + ( )] = (1)5 = .
+ +
+
=0
1
(1 + ) = , se cambia
1
= cuando tenemos 0 y se tiene:
( + ) =
1 3
. Calcular (1 + )
+
Solucin:
3
3
1 1
(1 + ) = [ (1 + ) ] = 3 . :
+
+
=
1 3 1 1 1
(1 + ) = (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + )
+ +
1 1 1
= (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + ) = ( )( )() = 3 .
+ + +
2
. Calcular (1 + )
+
2
() (1 + ) . Sea = = 2.
+
Si + entonces +. Entonces:
2 1 2 1
(1 + ) = (1 + ) = [ (1 + ) ] = 2 .
+ +
+
=
2 2
() (1 + ) . Sea = = .
+
Si + entonces 0. Luego:
2
2 1
2
(1 + ) = (1 + ) = [ (1 + ) ] = 2.
+ 0
0
=
+ 3 +3
. Calcular ( )
+ 1
Solucin:
+ 3 +3 1 + 4 +3 4 +3
( ) = ( ) = (1 + )
+ 1 + 1 + 1
4 (1)+4
= (1 + ) .
+ 1
= si + entonces +. Entonces:
+ 3 +3 4 (1)+4 4 +4
( ) = (1 + ) = (1 + )
+ 1 + 1 +
4 4 4 4 4 4
= (1 + ) . (1 + ) = (1 + ) . (1 + )
+ + +
= ( 4 )(1) = 4 .
1
. Como: (1 + ) = .
0
Entonces para 0 fijo, se tiene: ( + ) =.
Lmites Laterales.
() =
+
() =
. () = () = + () = .
1, si < 0
() = { 0, si = 0 . Hallar sus lmites laterales cuando 0.
1, si > 0
Solucin:
() = (1) = 1, () = (1) = 1.
0 0 0+ 0
<0 >0
Como: () + () () no existe.
0 0 0
, si < 1
() = { 2 . Hallar () si es que existe.
+ 3, si 1 1
Solucin:
() = () = 1, + () = ( 2 + 3) = 2.
1 1 1 1
<1 >1
Como: () + () () no existe.
1 1 1
( 1)2 , si < 2
( )
={ . Hallar () si es que existe.
3 , si 2 2
() = ( 1)2 = 1, () = (3 ) = 1.
2 2 2+ 2
<2 >2
Como () = + () el existe: () = 1.
2 2 2
| 3|
() = . Hallar () si es que existe.
3 3
3, si 3 0 3, si 3
| 3| = { = { . Entonces:
( 3), si 3 < 0 ( 3), si < 3
3
| 3| , si 3
3 1, si 3
( ) = ={ () = {
3 ( 3) 1, si < 3
, si < 3
3
() = (1) = 1, () = (1) = 1.
3 3 3+ 3
<3 >3
Como: () + () () no existe
3 3 3
Lmites Infinitos.
Definicin 22. Sea una funcin definida para todo nmero de algn intervalo
() = +
Definicin 23. Sea una funcin definida para todo nmero de algn intervalo
() =
Teorema 6.
() ()
= = = .
( ) () 0
) () = , 0 y () = 0, entonces:
+
()
= +.
()
+
()
= .
()
()
= .
()
+
()
= +.
()
1
. Calcular ( ).
0 2
1 1 1 1
( ) = ( ) = +, + ( ) = ( ) = +.
0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
<0 >0
+ +
1
( ) = +.
0 2
1
. Calcular ( ).
0
Solucin:
1 1 1 1
( ) = ( ) = , + ( ) = ( ) = +.
0 0 0 0
<0 >0
+
1
( ) = .
0
2
. Calcular
1 1
4
. Calcular
2 ( 2)2
Solucin:
2 + 4
. Calcular
3 3
Teorema 7.
a) Si
b) Si
c) Si
() = + y () = , , 0 entonces:
Si > 0 entonces:
Si < 0 entonces:
[(). ()] = (). () = +. (
) = .
d) Si
() = y () = , , 0 entonces:
Si > 0 entonces:
Si < 0 entonces:
[(). ()] = (). () = . (
) = +.
1 1
() = y ( ) = , hallar [() + ()].
2 +2 2+
Solucin: Como
1 1 1
+ () = = +, + () = =
2 2 2
2 2 +2 4
>2 >2
+
1 1 1 1 1
+ ( + ) = ( ) + = + = +.
2 2 +2 2 2 2 + 2 4
>2 >2
5 +4
() = y ( ) = , hallar [(). ()].
( 3)2 4 3
Solucin: Como
5 +4
() = = +, () = = 7
3 3 ( 3)2 3 3 4
+
5 +4 5 +4
[ ] ( ) = [ ] ( ) = (+)(7) = .
3 ( 3)2 4 3 ( 3)2 3 4
4 2 3
() = y () = , hallar [()()].
2 +2 2
Solucin: Como
+
4 2 3 1
() = = , () = =
2 2 2 2 2 +2 4
<2 <2
4 2 3 4 2 3 1
( )( ) = ( ) ( ) = () ( ) = +.
2 2 +2 2 2 2 + 2 4
<2 <2
1
() = . Hallar ().
1 1
() = () =
1 1 1 1
10 0,1 10 0,1
100 0,01 100 0,01
1000 0,001 1000 0,001
10000 0,0001 10000 0,0001
[es decir: () 0]. Entonces: =, , = 0.
denota:
() =
+
denota:
() =
1 1
. Demostrar que: ) = 0, ) = 0.
+
Solucin:
a) Probar que:
1
> 0 > 0 se tiene > | 0| < .
1
| 0| = | | < . Pero > < . Comparando:
1 1 1
= = . Luego para = se tiene que: = 0.
+
b) Probar que:
1
> 0 < 0 se tiene < | 0| < .
1 1
| 0| = | | = | | < .
Prof. Lucy Salazar Rojas Dr. Wilson Maco Vsquez
CALCULO diferencial UNT 2015
Pero
< > < . Comparando:
1 1 1
= = . Luego para = se tiene que: = 0.
Teorema 8.
1 1
) = 0, + , ) = 0, + .
+
Demostracin:
1 1 1
| 0| = | | < || > || > ( ) . Comparando se tiene:
1
= ( ) . Por lo tanto = 0.
+
1
. Calcular: (5 + ).
+ 2
Solucin:
2
1 1 1
(5 + ) = (5 ) + ( ) = 5 + ( ) = 5 + 0 = 5.
+ 2 + + 2
+
=0