Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Directores
Marco Idelfonso Alvarez Bastos
Universidad Industrial de Santander
Magda Cogollo, Marco lvarez y Jos Ignacio Martnez por los comentarios
de la tesis.
Pg.
INTRODUCCIN 1
1. OBJETIVOS 3
2. PROBLEMA 4
3. HIPTESIS 11
4. PALEONTOLOGIA Y ESTRATIGRAFIA 12
4.1 Formacin Cerrejn 12
5. METODOS 15
6. RESULTADOS 19
6.1 Morfotipos 19
6.2 Paleotemperatura 19
6.3 Paleoprecipitacin 20
7. DISCUSIONES 21
8. CONCLUSIONES 28
9. BIBLIOGRAFA 29
LISTA DE APENDICES
Pg.
Pg.
Pg.
Varios mecanismos han sido propuestos para explicar el calentamiento global del
Palegeno: altas concentraciones de CO2, un aumento en el transporte de calor ocenico y
nubes de metano en zonas polares. Cada uno de estos modelos genera una serie de
predicciones que son radicalmente diferentes en latitudes bajas. Si el calentamiento global
del Palegeno fue producto de gases de invernadero, esto implicara que los trpicos
efectivamente se calentaron.
*
Trabajo de Grado modalidad investigacin
**
Facultad de Ingenieras Fisicoqumicas, Escuela de Geologa, Universidad Industrial de
Santander. Directores Marco lvarez y Carlos Jaramillo
ABSTRACT
During the late Paleocene (50-60 Ma.) the Earth experienced a global warming whose
intensity has been well recorded in mid and high latitudes. However in tropical zones these
events remain practically unknown. The scarce tropical proxy data obtained from ocean
suggest that tropics did not warming during the late Paleocene, consequently was developed
a low latitudinal temperature gradient.
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the global warming of the Paleogene:
high levels of CO2, high ocean heat transport and methane clouds in polar zones. The
predictions for each model are radically different in low latitudes. If the global warming during
the Paleogene was caused by greenhouse gases imply that the tropics would also has been
warmer than they are today.
In this study we used two paleobotany methods: leaf margin and leaf area analysis to
estimate mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation. These methods were
applied to fossil megaflora deposited during the late Paleocene in the Cerrejn Formation,
coal-mine of the Cerrejn, northern Colombia.
*
Undergraduate thesis
**
Faculty of Physicochemical Engineering, Geology Department, Universidad Industrial de
Santander. Advisors: Marco lvarez & Carlos Jaramillo
INTRODUCCIN
Hiptesis 1.
Hiptesis 2.
6.1 Morfotipos
6.2 Paleotemperatura
6.3 Paleoprecipitacin
Estos resultados son inconsistentes con el GCM propuesto por Shellito et al,
(2003) los cuales proponen al CO2 como factor primario para el
Figura 7. Predicciones y MAT obtenida por este estudio. Modificada de
Shellito et al, (2003)
Dos modelos recientes los cuales fueron discutidos en el captulo 2.2 y 2.3,
intentan explicar el fenmeno del bajo gradiente. Hotinski y Toggweiler
(2003) plantean una mayor transferencia de calor debido al mar del Tethys y
Peters y Sloan (2000) proponen nubes polares de metano. Los dos modelos
generan un extremo calentamiento en latitudes medias a altas sin sobre
calentar las zonas tropicales, luego son consistentes con el bajo gradiente de
temperatura hallado. Es an incierto cual de los dos modelos es ms
acertado.
Ninguno de los modelos propuestos por Hotinski y Toggweiler (2003) y
Peters y Sloan (2000) predice o plantea un patrn en las precipitaciones
tropicales durante el Palegeno temprano. La alta precipitacin hallada es
consistente con las altas concentraciones de CO2 propuesto por Shellito et al
(2003) pero falla en predecir un aumento en la temperatura global,
sobreestimando la temperatura tropical significativamente.
Berner, R.A., and Kothavala, Z., 2001, GEOCARB III: A revised model of
atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time: American Journal of Science, v.
301, p. 182204.
Burnham, R.J., Pitman, N., Johnson, K., Wilf, P., 2001. Habitat related error
in estimating temperatures from leaf margins in a humid tropical forest. Am. J.
Bot, V 88(6), pages 1096-1102.
Crowley, T.J., and Berner, R.A., 2001, CO2 and climate change: Science, v.
292, p. 870872.
DHondt, S., Arthur, M.A.,1996, Late Cretaceous oceans and the cool tropical
paradox, Science Vol. 27, pages 1838-1841.
Ekart, D.D., Berling, T.E., Montaez, I.P., and Tabor, N.J., 1999, A 400
million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for
paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide: American Journal of Science, v. 299, p.
805827.
Greenwood, D.R., and Wing, S.L., 1995, Eocene continental climates and
latitudinal temperature gradients: Geology, v. 23, p. 10441048.
Huber, M., Sloan, L.C. and Shellito, C., 2003, Early Paleogene oceans and
climate: a fully coupled modelling approach using NCAR CCSM. in Wing,
S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Causes and
Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Paleogene: Boulder,
Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, p. 2547.
Geological Society of America.
Hudson, T.L., Magoon, L.B., 2002, Tectonic controls on greenhouse gas flux
to the Paleogene atmosphere from the Gulf of Alaska accretionary prism,
Geology V 30, No. 6, 547-550.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), 2001. Houghton, J.T.,
Ding, V., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Xiaosu, D. (Eds.).
The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment
Report of the, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 944 pages.
Johnson K.R., Ellis B., 2002. A Tropical Rainforest in Colorado 1.4 Million
Years After the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary, Science, Vol 296, Issue 5577,
2379-2383 , 28 June.
Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F., 1999, Plant
Systematics, a phylogenetic approach, 464 pages.
Kobashi, T., Grossman, E.L., Yancey, T.E., Dockery, D.T., III, 2001.
Reevaluation of conflicting Eocene tropical temperature estimates: Molluskan
oxygen isotope evidence for warm low latitudes. Geology V 29, No. 11, 983-
986.
Levitus S., Antonov J.I., Wang J., Delworth T.L., Dixon K.W., Broccoli A.J,
2001. Anthropogenic Warming of Earths Climate System, Science Vol 292
13 April 2001.
Morley R.J, 2003, Interplate dispersal paths for megathermal angiosperms.
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Vol. 6/1-2, pages
5-20.
Royer, D.L., Wing, S.L., Beerling, D.J., Jolley, D.W., Koch, P.L., Hickey, L.J.,
and Berner, R.A., 2001, Paleobotanical evidence for near present-day levels
of atmospheric CO2 during part of the Tertiary: Science, v. 292, p. 2310
2313.
Royer, D.L., Berner, R.A., Montaez, I.P., Tabor, N.J., Beerling, D.J., 2004,
CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate, GSA Today; v. 14; no. 3,
1052-5173.
Shellito C.J., Sloan L.C., Huber M., 2003, Climate model sensitivity to
atmospheric CO2 levels in the Early-Middle Paleogene. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193, pages 113-123.
Sloan, L.C., and Barron, E.J., 1992, A comparison of Eocene climate model
results to quantified paleoclimatic interpretations: Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 93, p. 183202.
Sloan, L.C., and Pollard, D., 1998, Polar stratospheric clouds: A high-latitude
warming mechanism in an ancient greenhouse world: Geophysical Research
Letters, v. 25, p. 35173520.
Sloan, L.C., and Rea, D.K., 1995, Atmospheric carbon dioxide and early
Eocene climate: A general circulation modeling sensitivity study:
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 119, p. 275292.
Thomas, D.J., Bralower, T.J., Zachos, J.C, 1999, New evidence for
subtropical warming during the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Stable
isotopes from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 527, Walvis Ridge,
Paleoceanography, Vol. 14 No. 5, pages 561-570.
Tripati, A., Zachos, J., Marincovich, L., Bice, K., 2001. Late Paleocene Arctic
coastal climate inferred from molluscan stable and radiogenic isotope ratios.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 170, pages 101-
113.
Uhl, D., Mosbrugger, V., Bruch, A., Utescher, T., 2003, Reconstructing
palaeotemperatures using leaf floras case studies for a comparison of leaf
margin analysis and the coexistence approach, Review of Palaeobotany and
Palynology 126, pages 49-64.
Valdes, P.J., 2000, Warm climate forcing mechanisms, in Huber, B.T.,
MacLeod, K.G., and Wing, S.L., editors, 2000, Warm climates in earth history:
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pages 3-20.
Van der Kaars, 1983., A palynological paleoecological study of the lower
tertiary coal-beats in the sequence from El Cerrejn. Geologa Norandina,
No.8.
Veizer, J., Godderis, Y., and Francois, L.M., 2000, Evidence for decoupling of
atmospheric CO2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon: Nature, v.
408, p. 698701.
Wilf, P., 1997. When are leaves good thermometers? A New Case for Leaf
Margin Analysis. Paleobiology 23, pages 373-390.
Wilf, P., Wing, S.L., Greenwood, D.R., Greenwood, C.L.,1998. Using fossil
leaves as paleoprecipitation indicators: An Eocene example. Geology 26,
pages 203-206.
Wilf, P., N. Cuno R., Johnson, K.R., Hicks, J.F., Wing, S.L., Obradovich J.D,
2003, High Plant Diversity in Eocene South America: Evidence from
Patagonia, Science, Vol. 300, pages 122-125.
Wing, S.L., Bao, H., and Koch, P.L., 2000, An early Eocene cool period?
Evidence for continental cooling during the warmest part of the Cenozoic, in
Huber, B.T., et al., eds., Warm climates in Earth history: Cambridge, UK,
Cambridge University Press, p. 197237.
Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D., and Lohmann, K.C., 1994, Evolution of early
Cenozoic marine temperatures: Paleoceanography, v. 9, p. 353387.
Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends,
rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present: Science, v.
292, p. 686693.
Zachos J.C., Wara M., Bohaty S., Delaney M.L., Petrizzo M.R., Brill A.,
Bralower T.J., Premoli-Silva I, 2003, A Transient Rise in Tropical Sea Surface
Temperature During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science
express 23, October.
APENDICE 1. FORMATO DE DESCRIPCION MORFOLOGICA
TOMADO DE LAWG (1999)
APENDICE 2: ILUSTRACIONES DE ALGUNOS MORFOTIPOS DE LA
MEGAFLORA DEL CERREJON
PLACA 1
PLACA 1
PLACA 2
4
3
PLACA 2
PLACA 3
4
3
PLACA 3
APENDICE 3: CARACTERES DIAGNOSTICO DE LA MEGAFLORA DEL CERREJON
MAJOR
CJ MARGIN DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
VENATION
DICOTS
Long petiole. One pair of strictly agrophic lateral primaries, sometimes may be difficult
Basal
CJ24 Toothed to distinguish from costal secondaries. Brochidodromous looping arches close to
Actinodromous
margin. Teeth are low, mostly developed in agrophic veins, closely spaced crenations.
Mucronate or rounded apex, base shape highly variable (concavo-convex, cordate,
Basal truncate). Lateral primaries sometimes is almost makes a lobe. 3 and 4 order veins
CJ25 Toothed
Actinodromous are opposite percurrent. Teeth distantly spaced, and formed by simple extension of
the vein beyond the margin of the lamina, teeth sometimes retuse.
Medial lateral primaries is almost makes a lobe, primaries branching near margin.
Basal
CJ26 Toothed Fourth and fifth order veins (orthogonal reticulate) gauge on major veins. Teeth
Actinodromous
closely spaced and convex/convex and almost symmetrical.
Basal Naked basal lateral primaries. 7-8 pairs of semicraspedodromous. Teeth closely
CJ27 Toothed
Actinodromous spaced and convex/convex with elongate basal sides.
Basal
CJ48 Toothed Closely spaced nipple-shaped teeth with darkened apices
Actinodromous
APENDICE 3.1
Deeply cordate or truncate base. Brochidodromous that loop just inside the margin,
Basal both costals and minors secondaries. Opposite percurrent tertiaries concentric. Fifth
CJ6 Entire
Actinodromous and sixth order veins are regular polygonal reticulate. Tiny, square areoles. Thick
fimbrial vein.
Basal Distinctly lobate, thick primary veins. Brochidodromous closely forming loops at
CJ11 Entire
Actinodromous margin.
Basal Like CJ6, but higher order veins are more irregular polygonal reticulate and tiny,
CJ40 Entire
Actinodromous rounded areoles and there is not fimbrial vein. Secondary costals
Dicot fragment, missing margin. Strongly covered with small laminar resin dots. Fifth
Basal entire/toot
CJ53 vein category are irregular polygonals and moderately and well developed areoles
Actinodromous hed
than CJ6 or CJ52. Probably 1-branched F.E.V.s.
Decurrent base. Semicraspedodromous, secondaries become more acute basally.
Tertiaries percurrent and about 90 degrees to primary, epimedial tertiaries forming
CJ4 Pinnate Toothed
intersecondaries. Fourth order veins mostly irregular polygonal. Teeth closely spaced
and have long basal sides.
Teeth similar to CJ4. Semicraspedodromous decurrent on primary. Tertiaries opposite
CJ32 Pinnate Toothed percurrent but don't form intersecondaries. Fourth order vein mostly opposite
percurrent. Fimbrial vein.
Craspedodromous with secondaries almost 90 degrees to primary and space
CJ34 Pinnate Toothed drecreasing toward base. Perpendicular and thin tertiaries at midvein. Teeth have
long basal sides.
Asymmetrical blade. Craspedodromous with agrophic branches on mid-leaf
CJ43 Pinnate Toothed secondaries, secondaries become more obtuse basally. Teeth broad convex/convex
and almost symmetrical. Fimbrial vein.
APNDICE 3.2
Petiole transversely striated and short. Secondary angle to primary increases basally
CJ1 Pinnate Entire and secondary veins fork at low angles near margin. Tertiaries closely spaced mostly
opposite percurrent.
Primary and petiole very thick. Secondaries become more obtuse basally (almost
CJ8 Pinnate Entire 90), 3-4 pairs crowded, secondary veins spacing decreases toward base but apically
increases. Tertiaries thin in mid-course.
Primary vein is very thick at base and thining markedly with zig-zag course and
being deflected at each secondary juncture. Brochidodromous forming prominent
CJ10 Pinnate Entire
arches almost like festooned brochidodromous. Poorly organized tertiaries. Fimbrial
vein.
Thick primary vein. Tertiaries are alternate percurrent and forming composite
CJ12 Pinnate Entire
intersecondaries, neither secondaries nor base are decurrent.
Petiole with base swollen and shorter than CJ8 or CJ15. 13-14 pairs of weak
brochidodromous, secondaries diverge from one another exmedially.Tertiaries are
CJ13 Pinnate Entire
opposite percurrent, more thicker than 4 veins (different to CJ8 or CJ15), convex or
sinuous and more widely spaced than CJ1.
Similar to CJ8 but secondaries not perpendicular near base of primary, secondary
CJ15 Pinnate Entire veins spacing increases toward (2/3) of blade and then decreases apically, different to
CJ8.
APNDICE 3.3
Cordate base. Secondary veins angle at base is more obtuse than CJ 28. Very closely
CJ16 Pinnate Entire spaced opposite percurrent tertiaries
( 1mm on midvein and 1-1.7 mm exmedially).
Slightly cordate base with 5 basal veins. Compound agrophic veins. Tertiaries mixed
CJ17 Pinnate Entire
opp/alt percurrent. Areolation very small and squarish.
Like CJ8 or CJ15 but about half as many secondaries ( 8-10 pairs), widely spaced
CJ18 Pinnate Entire secondaries and the angle smoothly increasing toward base, one pair acute basal
secondaries. Percurrent tertiaries, exemplar has narrow primary.
Petiole short and wide. Very large number of closely spaced secondaries that are
CJ19 Pinnate Entire decurrent on the primary and arise from it at about 90 degrees. Tertiaries are random
reticulate and also decurrent on primary.
Like CJ22 in major venation, but fourth and fifth order veins less distinct than in CJ22.
CJ20 Pinnate Entire Secondary spacing mostly irregular. Tertiaries with mimely irregular course. Lacking
laminar resin dots. 2r leaf rank.
Decurrent base. Very closely spaced (~1 mm) opposite percurrent sinuous tertiaries,
CJ21 Pinnate Entire
angle to primary strongly perpendicular and increases exmedially.
Crowded basal secondaries are decurrent and more acute than apical secondaries.
CJ22 Pinnate Entire Fourth and fifth order veins are alternate percurrent and regular polygonal reticulate
different to CJ20. Most specimens covered with small laminar resin dots. 3r leaf rank.
Cordate or rounded base. Secondary veins angle at the base is more acute than
CJ16. Tertiary veins are opposite percurent and is not very closely spaced than CJ 16
CJ28 Pinnate Entire
( 1-2 mm on midvein and 2-3.5 mm exmedially). Alternate percurrent 4 vein category.
Areolation well developed and very small.
APNDICE 3.4
Secondary spacing and angles irregular, however the angle abruptly increasing
CJ30 Pinnate Entire toward base. Tertiaries opposite percurrent and very sinuous and widely space,
epimedial tertiaries form intersecondaries.
Like CJ20 and CJ22 but with fewer secondaries (probably 5 or 6 pairs), secondary
CJ37 Pinnate Entire spacing decreasing toward base but is not crowded basal like CJ22 and secondary
angles is more acute than CJ20 and CJ22. Lacking laminar resin dots.
Like CJ8 but thin and short petiole and thin primary vein. Intersecondary veins are
CJ38 Pinnate Entire common. Tertiaries alternate percurrent and wider spaced than CJ8. Tertiaries angle
increases basally on midvein.
6 or 7 pairs of costals, crowded basal secondaries with relative long space between
basal 2-3 and more apical secondaries, secondaries curved up smoothly.
CJ41 Pinnate Entire
Secondaries and tertiaries are decurrent on midvein, opposite percurrent tertiaries
perpendicular to primary and the angle increases basally.
Closely cordate base, basal extension length: approximately 3mm (in the exemplar).
CJ50 Pinnate Entire Eucamptodromous are decurrent on midvein. Percurrent tertiaries, mostly convex and
widely spaced. Areolation is not squarish than CJ17.
Lacking base. Intramarginal vein and secondaries decurrent on primary vein.
CJ51 Pinnate Entire Tertiaries mostly opposite percurrent and very sinuous. Forming big loops at the
margin.
Suprabasal or basal acrodromous, two primaries running in convergent arches toward
Suprabasal or
the leaf apex. Eucamptodromous secondaries. One vein running just inside the
CJ5 basal Entire
fimbrial vein at the margin. Two specimens covered with small laminar resin dots.
Acrodromous
APNDICE 3.5
MONOCOTS
Primary and secondaries thick and multistranded. Tertiaries very thin and highly
CJ3 Entire decurrent on primary or secondaries, closely spaced and oblique to secondaries or
primary. Higher order veins random reticulate or freely branching. 1r leaf rank.
Sagittate base. Primary and secondaries multistranded. Tertiaries and higher order
CJ23 Campylodromous Entire veins forming irregular polygons. One vein running just inside the fimbrial vein at the
margin.
Monocot fragment, multistranded midvein. Numerous parallelodromous secondaries,
CJ47 Entire closely spaced and decurrent on midvein. Thick and darkened multi-fimbrial vein.
Specimen covered with small laminar resin dots.
GYMNOSPERMS
Rachis stout. Leaflets non-articulate, decurrent at the base, opposite, leaflets more
CJ46 Entire
than 22 mm wide, midrib absent. Secondaries thin and parallels. Entire margin.
APNDICE 3.6
APNDICE 4. NMERO TOTAL DE ESPECMENES Y ABUNDANCIA DE
CADA MORFOTIPO EN CADA LOCALIDAD