PROJECT REPORT ON

GARMENT FACTORY
AT KIRTI NAGAR, NEW DELHI
PREPARED BY

VIKAS

SUBMIITTED TO

THE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT
FARRUKHNAGAR,GURGAON
(Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India
Affiliated to MDU,haryana)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

As per our university syllabus we have to take industrial training at

an
industry. We take training at Space Consulting Engineers,
Dwarka, New
Delhi. It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who
directly or
indirectly contributed in the development of this work and who
influenced my thinking, behavior, and acts during the training. I
express
my sincere gratitude to Mr. Ramesh Kumar Singh (engineer) for
providing me an opportunity to undergo summer training at Space
Consulting Engineers who helps me from time to time during the
Project.

I also extend my sincere appreciation to my faculty members

(Civil Engineering Department), who provided there valuable
suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project report.
Besides, this training program makes me realized the value of
working
together as a team and as a new experience in working
environment,
which challenges us every minute. Lastly, I would like to thank the
almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends
with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of
suggestions that improved my quality of work.

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SC Sharma(H.O.D) Vikas(117043)

Certificate

This is to certify that project report on construction of garment

factory was submitted to GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT (GITM) as a major project in practical fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the Bachelor Of Technology, is an
original work carried out by Mr. VIKAS (117043) under the
supervision of Mr. Rikshit . Civil Engg. Dept.

The matter presented in this project report has not been submitted
for the award of any other degree elsewhere.

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is

correct to the best of my knowledge.

Mr. Rikshit Mr. SC

Sharma
Lecturer H.O.D (CIVIL
DEPT.)
Project Guide

Date:

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DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY OF WORK

I hereby declare that this thesis and the work reported here in was

composed by and originated entirely from me. This thesis contains

no material that has been accepted for any other degree in any

university.

To the best of my knowledge and brief this contains no material

previously or written by any other person.

Signature

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 ABSTRACT

Delhi is the capital city in our country. As it is rapidly developing the

construction in the city is very costly. The building is constructed at
industrial area separate from residential buildings. Having a peaceful
surroundings the main point of view of most of the people in today
Lifestyle.

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 CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Introduction and site plan

Chapter 2 - Introduction to the project

1. General
2. Location of Land
3. Brief Specification
4. Other Specification
5. Estimated Cost
6. Plot Area
7. Description of Project

Chapter 3 Development of Project

1. Site Selection
2. Soil Investigation
3. Foundation Design
4. Superstructure
5. Project Planning and Management
6. Construction

Chapter 4 Building Materials Used In Construction

1. Cement
2. Sand
3. Building Stone
4. Aggregate
5. Reinforced Steel
6. Reinforced Cement Concrete

Chapter 5 Various Concrete Tests on Site

1. Slump Test
2. Concrete Cube Test
Chapter 6 Structural Description of the Project
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 1. Foundation
2. Column
3. Beam
4. Slab
5. Staircase
6. Lift
7. Basement
8. Formwork

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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For the practical training, I reported at Space Consulting Engineers,
At construction of Garment Factory located at Kirti Nagar, New Delhi in
Response to Mr. Ramesh Kumar Singh dated In connection with same,
furthers
ordered me to join project site. The site in charge meet me at the site and
gives
me brief introduction of this project as under.

We have been assigned to Space Consulting Engineers

construction
site for field study by the company, an 80,000 sq.ft. area of
GARMENT
FACTORY project located at Kirti Nagar, Industrial Area, New Delhi.

The factory has been designed by Architect: - Amit Khanna Design

Associates, Delhi.

Structural Consultant are: - Space Consulting Engineers, Dwarka,

New Delhi.

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SITE LOCATION

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 CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

Location: Kirti Nagar, Industrial Area, New Delhi.

Structure: RCC Framed Structure.

Name of work: Garment Factory.

Total Plot Area: 80,000 Sq. Ft.

Estimated Cost: approx. 10 crore.

1. GENERAL
Name of work: Construction of Garment Factory
Name of zone: Delhi
Name of division: New Delhi

2. LOCATION OF THE LAND

Location : Kirti Nagar Industria Area

3. BRIEF SPECIFICATION

a) Foundation concrete: Design mix concrete M-30

b) Foundation: R.C.C. Isolated foundation is used

c) Wall:

Basement outer wall of R.C.C. Retaining type in cement concrete M-

30.

Ground floor & first floor other wall of R.C.C. in cement

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 concrete M-30 &Brick masonry in cement mortar.

d) Structure: The complete structure is of RCC frame structure in M-30

concrete.

4. Other specifications
Expansion &Contraction joint are provided.

Bitumen treatment are provided at the roof.

Water proofing is done by using chemical water proofing materials

5. Estimated Cost
The estimated cost of above Building comes to approx. 10 crore.
`

6. Plot Area
The area is = 80,000 sq. ft.

7. Description Of Project

There are 2 wings (Block) of the factory 6/6 and 6/7.

The approx. height of the Factory is 70 ft.

Total 5 Floors

a. Basement: 15&1/2 ft.

b. Stilt parking: 9&1/2 ft.
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 c. Ground floor: 15ft.
d. First floor: 15ft.
e. Second floor: 15 ft.

Total 6 lift and 4 stair case in both wings. Each wing contain 3
lifts and 2 stair case.

Slab thickness is 6 inches.

All reinforced steel bars uses are H.Y.S.D bars Fe: 500
conforming to I.S codes 1786.

M 30 grade is used in all R.C.C work.

Minimum lap length of bars should be used are = 50XD.

Clear cover to main reinforcement

a. Foundation: 2 = 50mm.
b. Column : 1.5 = 40 mm.
c. Beam : 1 = 25mm.

CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT

1. Site selection

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The following are the few factors which are generally taken into
account while selecting a site.

Location
Climate of region
Availability of raw material
Population of the region

2. Soil Investigation
Soil Investigation is carried out for designing a right type of
foundation
safely and economically, a designer must possess sufficient
information
about the physical properties and the arrangement of underlying
materials. The field and laboratory investigations required to get this
essential information is known as soil exploration.

A standard soil test report contains the following features

a) Introduction
b) Location & level.
c) General notes on sub-soil investigation.
d) Scope of the work.
e) Field investigation.
Drilling & recording.
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Disturbed sample collection.
Undisturbed sample collection.
Ground water table.

f) Laboratory test
Grain size analysis.
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 Moisture content.
Direct shear test.
Specific gravity test.
Atterburg limit test.
Density test.
Consolidation test

Recommendation is made basing on the test result. From SPT test

we
can find the hard soil strata. If the depth of the hard strata is low,
then
shallow foundation can be used. Otherwise pile foundation is used.

3. Foundation Design
Design of foundations with variable conditions and variable types of
foundation structures will be different, but there are steps that are
typical to every design, Including:

Calculate loads from structure, surcharge, active &

passive pressures.
Characterize soil hire a firm to conduct soil tests and produce a
report that includes soil material properties.
Determine footing location and depths hallow footings are less
expensive, but the variability of the soil from the geotechnical
report will drive choices.
Evaluate soil bearing capacity the factor of safety is considered
here.

Determine footing size these calculations are based on working

loads and the allowable soil pressure.

Calculate contact pressure and check stability.

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 Estimate settlements

Design the footing structure design for the material based on

applicable structural design codes which may use allowable
stress
design

4. Superstructure
Designing superstructures requires considering the pressure and
force
they will exert on the finished construction and balancing this to
address concerns about safety and stability. The size of the
superstructure is an important factor in base design, as the base of
the
structure must be able to support the entire laden weight.

The superstructure is also the highly visible part of a structure. For

the
purpose of determining the maximum stresses in any structure
or member of a structure, the various loads have to be taken into
account such as:

Dead load of the structure.

Live Load of the structure.

Wind Load.
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 Seismic Load.

Temperature effects.

Loads during construction period Once the required calculations for

the structure are done, certain checks are performed to make sure
that
the structure remains durable, sound and stiff. Periodic inspections
are
conducted to make sure the structure is still sound, checking for
issues
like the development of rust, holes, and other issues. In Genetic
Limited
They mainly rely on outsourcing for the structural design.

5. Project Planning and Management

Excellence in Project Management is achieved through a structured
process that includes multiple phases:

Initiating

Planning

Executing

Monitoring and Controlling.

There is a great deal involved in managing a Construction. The main
task includes:

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 Dealing with suppliers and making sure materials are ordered
and delivered on time.

Monitoring progress once work starts to make sure everything

complies with the contract and consent documentation
(including plans and specifications).

Arranging for inspections by your own professionals, for

example, the designer or architect.

Arranging for inspections by the building inspectors at the end

of each stage.

Knowing when progress payments are due and checking claims

for payment.

Negotiating with the builder and subcontractors to come back

and fix any work not completed or done properly

Arranging amendments to the building consent where

necessary.

Arranging the final inspection for the code compliance

certificate.

6. Construction

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When a project is executed on the site it has to cover up a
sequential
order from its initial stage to final stage. This generally includes:

Site mobilization

Drawing collection

Proposed area check

Pilling /Earth cutting

Pile cap /Footing

Column

Grade beam

Column

Slab & beam

Brick Layout

Lintel & false slab

Grill fitting & door floor fitting

Grove cutting for electrical wire

Inside & outside plaster

Sanitary work

Electrical wearing

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CHAPTER 4: BUILDING MATERIALS USED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these

materials are either called as building material. The material use in the
building
on basis of the availability and cost. For construct a building the essential
building material are as follow:

1. Cement

The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material
consisting of

compound of lime , silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms
a

paste which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand, gravel,crushed rock,

etc.) together to form a durable mass called the concrete.

Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is
why it

play the most critical role in giving strength and durability to your building .

Cement uses for domestic building such as home are basically of three types

Portland Slag Cement: conforming to IS: 455 A combination of

good quality blast furnace slag (from the iron steel industry)
with clinker (which makes the OPC) and gypsum.

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 Portland Pozzolana Cement: Portland pozzolana cement (PCC)
conforming to IS: 1489 A combination of fly ash (from thermal power
plant) with clinker and gypsum pozzolana cement is prepared by
grinding Portland cement clinker with pozzolana. This type of cement is
largely used in marine structure.

Good quality cement has the following features:

o Reduced water requirement

o prove Workability

o Less permissible to moisture Improved

o resistance to acid and chlorides

o Reduced heat of hydration

o Easier to finish

o Reduced shrinkage.

o Reduced leaching problems because it is low as

o Free lime

2. Sand

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded,

angular, Sub angular or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock
of minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm
and less than 2 mm. Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion
less particles of silica derived from the disintegration of rock.

These are of three types:

Coarse sand:
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It contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6mm and less than 2 mm.
Medium sand:

It is one, which contains 90 & of particles of particles size greater than 0.2
mm
and less than 0.6 mm.

Fine sand:

It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and
less
than 0.2 mm. Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and
performance of concrete mixture.

It should be:

o Clear, angular and hard.

o Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material.
o Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and
coarse sand.
o Free from contaminates like sea salt.
o Consistent in moisture (water) content which should not
exceed 7%.
o When mixing concrete the moisture Content must be taken in to
consideration.

3. Building Stones

Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The
stones
are used into construct the foundation, super structure and many of
the
building components. The various stones derived from these types of
rocks
are as follows:
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 Principal stones from igneous rocks: Granite, Basalt and
Trap.
Principal stones from sedimentary rocks : Sand stone, Shale,
Lime stone.
Principal stones from metamorphic rocks: Quartzite, slate and
marble.

Properties or requirement of good building stone:

A good building stone should possess several characteristics such as :

o High strength (crushing strength >1000kg/cm).

o High durability.
o Sufficient hardness (coefficient of hardness >14).
o High resistance to wear.
o Good fire resistances
o Specific gravity more than 2.7.
o Crystalline structure.
o High impact value (toughness index > 13).
o Low water absorption (percentage absorption after
24hour less than 0.6).
o Weather resistance and better appearance.

4. Aggregate

Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically

inactive) material, which when bounded together by cement, form
concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are naturally occurring
aggregates such as Sand , crushed rock and gravel. Aggregates for
concrete are divided into three categories:
Fine Aggregates:

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Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150
micron.

Coarse Aggregates:

Most of which passes through 63 mm I .S. Sieve and retained on 4.75

micron.

All in Aggregate:

Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or river bed. It is sometimes used
for un important work without separating into different sizes

Properties of Natural Aggregates:

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in IS: 38-1970
Specification for C.A. and F.A. from natural sources for concrete. Aggregates
should be chemically inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity (water
absorption when immersed in water for 24 hours should not be more than
10%.),free from adherent coating, clay lumps, coal and coal residues and
should contain no organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of
the
reinforcement or impair the strength or durability of the concrete. The shape
(rounded, irregular, angular and flaky) and sizes of the aggregates should
conform to the strength and workability requirements.

Uses of the Aggregates:

Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates canbe used for produci

ng
any type of good concrete or R.C.C. for construction purpose.
Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain concrete but
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 not suitablefor R.C.C. which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.
5. Reinforced steel

RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load

carrying capacity of the concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of
different
diameters provided in an appropriate manner. Such concrete is called
reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement. These
bars are provided at various locations to resist the internal forces,
which
are developed due to the loads acting on the structure.

Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete.

Concrete has low tensile, but high compressive strength. The tensile
deficiency is compensated by reinforcing the concrete mass
through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both branded
and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the
names of which are marked on the steel. During construction make
sure
that steel reinforcement is provided exactly as the engineering design.

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 Fig 2 Reinforcement bars on the site

6. REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE

Plain concrete is very strong in compression but its tensile strength is

Only about 1/10 of the strength in the compression. So, the use of
the plain
concrete is limited to the structure in pure compression. Steel being
equally strong in compression and tension, is, therefore, used to
reinforce
the concrete in a suitable way so that it can be used to build
supporting

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structure where tension also develops . Concrete, thus reinforced is
known
as reinforced concrete.
This combination is made because long steel bars can develops
Its full-strength where it cannot carry equal amount of compressive
force
due to its buckling which is caused by the slenderness. Thus, the
combination of concrete and steel bars has proved to be ideal, as the
two material are used to resist the stresses for which they are most
suitable.

Fig 3 RCC structure on the site

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Properties of the reinforced cement concrete:

The concrete develops very good bond with the surface of the steel bars
and, therefore the stresses are transferred from one material to the other
which cannot resist individually.

The steel possesses a high tensile strength, a high modulus of elasticity

and same coefficients of expansion and contraction as concrete. Due to
equal linear coefficients, no internal stresses are set up within reinforced
concrete due to variation in temperature.

The coating of cement grout or paste on the surface of the

Reinforcement protects it from corrosion and at the same time it does not
chemically react with the reinforcement.

Advantages of the reinforcement cement concrete:

It is overall economical in ultimate cost.

Its monolithic character provides more rigidity to the structure.
It is highly durable and fire resisting. It is not affected by the vermins
termites fungus or such other insects.
Well-compacted R.C.C. structure is impermeable to moisture penetration.
Care and cost of maintenance of R.C.C. structure are almost negligible.
The fluidity of the concrete and flexibility of reinforcement make it to
possible to mould the R.C.C. members into variety of shapes desired.

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 CHAPTER 5: VARIOUS CONCRETE TESTS ON
SITE

1. Slump test

The slump test is the most well-known and widely used test
method to characterize the workability of fresh concrete. The
inexpensive test, which measures consistency, is used on job
sites
to determine rapidly whether a concrete batch should be
accepted or rejected. The test method is widely standardized
throughout the world.
The apparatus consists of a mold in the shape of a frustum of
a cone with a base diameter of 8 inches, a top diameter of 4
inches, and a height of 12 inches. The mold is filled with
concrete
in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is compacted with
25
strokes of a tamping rod. The slump cone mold is lifted
vertically
upward and the change in height of the concrete is measured.

Four types of slumps are commonly encountered.

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SLUMP TEST PROCEDURE:-

To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or

more regular intervals throughout the discharge of the mixer
or truck. DO NOT take samples at the beginning or the end of
the discharge.

Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-

absorbent, level surface large enough to accommodate both
the slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand or,
foot pieces throughout the test procedure to hold the cone
firmly in place.

Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with 5/8-
inchdiameter x 24-inch-longhemispherical tip steel tamping
rod. (This is a specification requirement which will produce
nonstandard results unless followed exactly.) Distribute rod
ding evenly over the entire cross section of the sample.

Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod
penetrating into, but not through first layer. Distribute rod ding
evenly over the entire cross section of the layer.

Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod

penetrating into but not through second layer. Distribute rod
ding evenly over the entire cross section of this layer.

Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using
tamping rod as a screed. Clean overflow from base of cone.

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 Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not
jar the concrete or tilt the cone during this process. Invert the
withdrawn cone, and place next to, but not touching the
slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds with no lateral
or torsional motion.)

Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure
the amount of slump in inches from the bottom of the straight
edge to the top of the slumped concrete at a point over the
original center of the base. The slump operation shall be
completed in a maximum elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes.
Discard concrete. DO NOT use in any other tests

Fig-4 slump test done on construction site

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 2. CONCRETE CUBE TEST

Making cubes:

Collect a composite sample to the standard method described

above. Concrete sampled using the alternative spot method
must not be used to make cubes.

Step :1

Check that the moulds are clean and lightly oiled with all bolts
tightened so that there will be no leakage.

Ensure that the correct halves of the moulds are used and that
the corner lifting pins are correctly located.

Thoroughly remix the sample as described for the slump test.

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Step 2 :

Fill the mould with concrete in 50mm layers using the tamping
bar, compact the concrete with no fewer than 25 tamps for
each of the two layers in a 100mm mould and no fewer than35
tamps for for each of the three layers in a 150mm mould.

For very high workability concrete you may not need the
minimum number of tamps

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Step 3:

After tamping of each layer, tap the sides of the mould with the
hide hammer until large bubbles of air cease to appear on the
surface and the holes left by the tamping bar are closed.

Step 4:

Remove surplus concrete and smooth over with a float.

Wipe clean the mould edges.

Number the moulds for identification and record details and

immediately place where they are to be stored overnight.

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Step 5:

Cover each mould with a damp cloth and plastic sheet.

Store inside at room temperature (15-250C) e.g. on top of the

curing tank.

Protect the cube moulds at all times from high and

low temperature (especially sub-zero temperatures) and drying
winds.

Complete the sampling and cube making certificates.

Fig- 5 : Moulds &Tested cubes with date and time on site

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CHAPTER 6: STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
PROJECT

1. Foundation
Raft fondation is used in the structure.
If the loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are so heavy
or the allowable soil pressure so small that individual footings would
cover more than about one-half of the area, it may be better to
provide a continuous footing under all columns and walls. Such a
footing is called a raft or mat foundation. Raft foundations are also
used to reduce the settlement of structures located above highly
compressible deposits. Since rafts are usually at some depth in the
ground, a large volume of excavation may be required. If weight of
the excavated soil is equal to the weight of the structure and that of
the raft, and the centers of gravity of excavation and structure
coincide, settlement would be negligible. Where complete
compensation is not feasible, a shallower raft may be accepted if the
net increase in loads in small enough to lead to tolerable settlement.
A raft foundation may be rectangular or circular and may be with or
without an open.

Raft or Mat foundation

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Fig-6 : Foundation detail of lift at section 9-9

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 Fig-7 : Foundation plan of 1-1 section

4 inch thick P.C.C (1:4:8)

Main reinforcement = 20 dia with 8 c/c spacing.
Extra reinforcement = 16 dia with 8 c/c spacing.
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2. Columns

Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a

structural element that transmits, through compression, the
weight of the structure above to other structural elements
below. In other words, a column is a compression member. The
term column applies especially to a large round support with a
capital and base and made of stone, or appearing to be so.

Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on

which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture,
"column" refers to such a structural element that also has
certain proportional and decorative features. A column might
also be a decorative element not needed for structural
purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say form
part of a wall.

As the axial load on a perfectly straight slender column with

elastic material properties is increased in magnitude, this ideal
column passes through three states: stable equilibrium, neutral
equilibrium, and instability.

The straight column under load is in stable equilibrium if a

lateral force, applied between the two ends of the column,
produces a small lateral deflection which disappears and the
column returns to its straight form when the lateral force is
removed. If the column load is gradually increased, a condition
is reached in which the straight form of equilibrium becomes

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 so-called neutral equilibrium, and a small lateral force will
produce a deflection that does not disappear and the column
remains in this slightly bent form when the lateral force is
removed.

The load at which neutral equilibrium of a column is reached is

called the critical or buckling load. The state of instability is
reached when a slight increase of the column load causes
uncontrollably growing lateral deflections leading to complete
collapse.

Details:-
Total no. of columns are used = 30 in each wing.

Main columns are of = 3X19.

M 30 grade concrete is used.

Fe 500 HYSD steel is used.

40 mm cover is used.

In one day approx. 3 columns was filled.

1 day is used for column shattering.

Curing is done for 10 days.

Circular and square cross section columns are used

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 Fig-8: Columns on ground floor being cured

Fig-9: Circular columns on stilt and square on the first floor

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Fig 10 : Column reinforcement .

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Fig 11: Typical details of column Ties / Lap

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3. Beams

A beam is a structural element that is capable of

withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The bending
force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to
these loads is called a bending moment. Beams are
characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section), their
length, and their material.

Internally, beams experience compressive, tensile and shear

stresses as a result of the loads applied to them. Typically,
under gravity loads, the original length of the beam is slightly
reduced to enclose a smaller radius arc at the top of the beam,
resulting in compression, while the same original beam length
at the bottom of the beam is slightly stretched to enclose a
larger radius arc, and so is under tension. The same original
length of the middle of the beam, generally halfway between
the top and bottom, is the same as the radial arc of bending,
and so it is under neither compression nor tension, and defines
the neutral axis . Above the supports, the beam is exposed to
shear stress. There are some reinforced concrete beams in
which the concrete is entirely in compression with tensile forces
taken by steel tendons. These beams are known as prestressed
concrete beams, and are fabricated to produce a compression
more than the expected tension under loading conditions. High
strength steel tendons are stretched while the beam is cast

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 over them. Then, when the concrete has cured, the tendons are
slowly released and the beam is immediately under eccentric
axial loads. This eccentric loading creates an internal moment,
and, in turn, increases the moment carrying capacity of the
beam. They are commonly used on highway bridges.

Detail :-

Total no of beams used = 25 beams in each wing

Cross beams are used for good architectural look and for good
strength.

Maximum size of beams = 18X27.

M 30 grade concrete is used.

Fe 500 HYSD steel is used.

Clear cover to main reinforcement = 25mm

Square cross section beams are used.

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Fig 12 : Reinforcement in Cross beams

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Fig 13 : Cross section of beam B24 and BB2

Fig 14 : cross junction beam reinforcement

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 Fig 15 : cross junction beam after completion

Fig 16 : column-beam junction reinforcement

4. Slab
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 A concrete slab is common structural element of modern
buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically
between 4 and 20 inches (10 and 50 centimeters) thick, are
most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner
slabs are also used for exterior paving. Sometimes these
thinner slabs, ranging from 2 inches (5.1 cm) to 6 inches
(15 cm) thick, are called mud slabs, particularly when used
under the main floor slabs or in crawl spaces.

In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab,

supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to
construct the ground floor of a building. These can either be
"ground-bearing" or "suspended" slabs. In high rise buildings
and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung
between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on
each level

Types of slab:
A one-way slab needs moment resisting reinforcement only in
its short-direction because the moment along long axes is so
small that it can be neglected. When the ratio of the length of
long direction to short direction of a slab is greater than 2 it can
be considered as a one way slab.

A two-way slab needs moment resisting reinforcement in both

directions. If the ratio of the lengths of long and short side is less

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than two then movement in both direction should be considered
in design.

Details:

Two way slab and one way slab is used.

All reinforcement steel bars are H.Y.S.D bars of grade Fe

500.
Slab thickness is 6 all over.
10 mm dia. reinforcement is used
Max spacing between the bars = 8.
M30 grade of concrete is used.
ACC cement is used.
Shuttering on basement slab was opened in 15 days.
Stilt floor slab was open in 15 days.
Oil or plastic is placed between shattering and concrete

placed for smooth appearance of slab.

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 Fig 17 : Placement of reinforcemet

RCC Slab Design Guidelines:

a) Effective span of slab:

Effective span of slab shall be lesser of the two

L = clear span + d (effective depth )

L = Center to center distance between the support

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b) Depth of slab:

The depth of slab depends on bending moment and

deflection criterion. The trail depth can be obtained using:

Effective depth d= Span /((L/d)Basic x modification factor)

For obtaining modification factor, the percentage of steel
for slab can be assumed from 0.2 to 0.5%.
The effective depth d of two way slabs can also be
assumed using cl.24.1,IS 456 provided short span is ?3.5m
and loading class is <3.5KN/m2

Type of Fe- Fe-

support 250 415
Simply L/35 L/28
supported
Continuous L/40 L/32
support

Or, the following thumb rules can be used:

One way slab d=(L/22) to (L/28).

Two way simply supported slab d=(L/20) to (L/30)

Two way restrained slab d=(L/30) to (L/32)

c) Load on slab:

The load on slab comprises of Dead load, floor finish and live load.
The loads are calculated per unit area (load/m 2).

Dead load = D x 25 kN/m2 ( Where D is thickness of slab in m)

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Floor finish (Assumed as)= 1 to 2 kN/m2

Live load (Assumed as) = 3 to 5 kN/m2 (depending on the occupancy

of the building)

d) Nominal Cover:

For Mild exposure 20 mm

For Moderate exposure 30 mm

However, if the diameter of bar do not exceed 12 mm, or cover may

be reduced by 5 mm. Thus for main reinforcement up to 12 mm
diameter bar and for mild exposure, the nominal cover is 15 mm.

e) Minimum reinforcement:

The reinforcement in either direction in slab shall not be less than

0.15% of the total cross sectional area for Fe-250 steel

0.12% of the total cross-sectional area for Fe-415 & Fe-500

steel.

f) Spacing of bars: The maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed

Main Steel 3d or 300 mm whichever is smaller

Distribution steel 5d or 450 mm whichever is smaller whered

is the effective depth of slab. Note: The minimum clear spacing of
bars is not kept less than 75 mm (Preferably 100 mm) though
code do not recommend any value.

g) Maximum diameter of bar: The maximum diameter of bar in slab,

shall not exceed D/8, where D is the total thickness of slab.

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 Fig 18 : Typical drawing of steel reinforcement on slab

10 mm dia in long span with spacing 6 C/C spacing

10 mm dia in short span with 8 C/C spacing

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Fig 19(a)

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 Fig 19(b) : electrical fitting between the laid reinforcement

5. Stair case

RCC staircase is given

Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving

access to different floors of a building. Since a stair is often the only
means of communication between the various floors of a building,
the location of the stair requires good and careful consideration.

In a residential house, the staircase may be provided near the main

entrance.

In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself
and located centrally, to provide quick accessibility to the principal
apartments.

All staircases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated.

RCC Dog-legged Staircase design

In this type of staircase, the succeeding flights rise in opposite

directions. The two flights in plan are not separated by a well. A
landing is provided corresponding to the level at which the direction
of the flight changes.

Procedure for Dog-legged Staircase design

Based on the direction along which a stair slab span,

the stairs maybe classified into the following two types.

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1. Stairs spanning horizontally
2. Stairs spanning vertically

Stairs spanning horizontally

These stairs are supported at each side by walls. Stringer beams or

at one side by wall or at the other side by a beam.

Loads

Dead load of a step = x T x R x 25

Dead load of waist slab = b x t x 25
Live load = LL (KN/m2)
Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m

Stairs spanning Longitudinally

In this, stairs spanning longitudinally, the beam is supported by top

and at the bottom of flights.

Loads

Self weight of a step = 1 x R/2 x 25

Self weight of waist slab = 1 x t x 25
Self weight of plan = 1 x t x 25[(R2 + T2)/T]
Live load = LL (KN/m2)
Floor finish = assume 0.5 KN/m

For the efficient design of an RCC stair, we have to first analyse the
various loads that are going to be imposed on the stair. The load
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calculations will help us determine, how much strength is required to
carry the load. The strength bearing capacity of a staircase is
determined on the amount of steel and concrete used.

The ratio of steel to concrete has to be as per standards. Steel in the

staircase will take the tension imposed on it and the concrete takes
up the compression.These are the essential steps that are to be
followed for the RCC Stair Design.

Fig 20 : Stair case

Details :-
o Total 4 stair case in both wings
o 2 stair case in each wing
o Quarter turn stair case and dog legged sair case are used
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o M30 grade mix is used
o HYSD steel reinforcement is used

Fig 21 : Quarter turn staircase design

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 Fig 22 : dog legged staircase design

6. Lifts

A lift or elevator is a type of vertical transport equipment that

efficiently moves people or goods between floors
(levels, decks) of a building, vessel, or other structure.
Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either
drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or
pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

Details :-

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 Total 6 lifts are there in both wings
3 lifts in one block
2 on right side one on left side
Lift size is 6X6 ft
Basement height is 15&1/2 ft
M30 grade is used for construction

Fig 22 : Plan of lift

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 7. Basement
A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that
are either completely or partially below the ground floor.
Basements are generally used as a utility space for a building
where such items as the boiler, water heater, breaker panel or
fuse, car park, and air-conditioning system are located; so also
are amenities such as the electrical distribution system,
and cable television distribution point. However in cities with
high property prices such as London, basements are often
fitted out to a high standard and used as living space.

Fig 23:basement with shuttering Fig 24: after shuttering

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8. Formwork

Formwork is an ancillary construction, used as a mould for a

structure. Into this mould, fresh concrete is placed only to
harden subsequently. The construction of formwork takes time
and involves expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the cost of the
structure or even more. Design of these temporary structures
are made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing
the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be
reused. Reusable forms are known as panel forms and non-
usable are called stationary forms.

Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The

disadvantage with timber formwork is that it will warp, swell
and shrink. Application of water impermeable cost to the
surface of wood mitigates these defects.
Steel Formwork

This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates

stiffened along the edges by small steel angles. The panel units
can be held together through the use of suitable clamps or
bolts and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in
any desired modular shape or size. Steel forms are largely used
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 in large projects or in situation where large number reuses of
the shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered
most suitable for circular or curved structures.

Steel forms compared with timber formwork:

Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than
timber formwork and their reuses are more in number.

Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease

and speed.

The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is

good and such surfaces need no further treatment.

Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.

Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.

Construction of formwork:

This normally involves the following operations:

Propping and centring

Shuttering

Provision of camber

Cleaning and surface treatment

Order and method of removing formwork:

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The sequence of orders and method of removal of formwork are as
follows:

Shuttering forming the vertical faces of walls, beams and

column sides should be removed first as they bear no load but
only retain the concrete.

Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next.

Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily

loaded shuttering should be removed in the end.

Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions

allow early removal of formwork. The formwork should under no
circumstances be allowed to be removed until all the concrete
reaches strength of atleast twice the stresses to which the concrete
may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork. All formworks
should be eased gradually and carefully in order to prevent the load
being suddenly transferred to concrete.

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Fig 25: steel and timber shuttering is used for construction

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