uAsmq&m

pmaya0zefa&;q&m
armifpGrf;&nf

touf 80 (17-2-2017) jynfh arG;ae@ trSwwf &

uAsm/ pmpkrsm;

1
 uAsmq&m
pmaya0zefa&;q&m
armifprG ;f &nf
touf 80 (17 -2-2017) jynfh arG;ae@ trSwfw&
uAsm/ pmpkrsm;

tk%fOD;pmay
7 azazmf0g&D/ 2017?
2
 rmwd u m

1? pDpOfol&J@ ed'gef;pum; 5
2? armifpGrf;&nf&J@ xkwfa0+yD; pmtkyfrsufESmzHk;tcsdK@ 8
3? trSwfw& uAsmrsm; 10
- armifpGr;f &nf pnfol+idrf; 11
- armifpGr;f &nf touf&mausmf &Snyf gap 0if;wifx h Gef; 12
- uEm& ausmufyef;cuf +idr;f csrf;ol 17
- q&mpGrf;okd@ arwWmpm atmif+idr;f 18
- a&$a'gif;awmif vufaqmif&Sio f @kd armifv0S if;(jrif;+cH) 20
- q&marmifpGr;f &nf (80) jynfharG;ae@od@k atmifEidk Of D; 22
- ESpf 80 a[rmefvif; 24
4? trSwfw& pmpkrsm; 26
- rdwfquf (pd=wuAsmrsm;pmtkyftrSm) trm(vlxkowif;pm) 27
- ed'ge;f (pd=wuAsmrsm; pmtkyt f rSm) wifrd;k 30
-pd=wuAsmrsm; pmtkyf a0zefo;kH oyfcsurf sm; '*kew
f m&m/qef;xGe;f /
OD;armifarmifwif/ vlxkO;D 35S
- ,ae@uAsmESifh teDESit fh jym armifo*Fg 38
- armifprG ;f &nfo@kd tdwzf Giafh y;pm '*kew f m&m 43
- jroef;wifhtrSm (ArmpmaybmvJ b,fv)J jroef;wifh 49
- rk;d acgi&f yfY &Gmaomrkd;oufa&puf Anm;oD[ 56
- a&S@ajy;pum; (tarhac:oHESihf pmtkyftrSm) =unfatmif 62
- armifprG f;&nf&@J avSmifprG f;&nf +idrf;armif}uD; 69
- uAsmq&marmifpGr;f &nf(0if;az) twGuf 0if;az 76
- vGr;f ol&J@aw; atmifa0; 79
3
-bmvJ[Jh armifpGr;f &nf pmtkyt f rSm xkwfa0olrsm; 85
-vlxEk iS fh Ekid if Ha&;pmtkyf trSm &Jabmfzkd;oHacsmif; 88
- i,fpOfu obm0uav;rsm; armifov D m (jyifOD;vGi)f 92
- tnmzHkawmukd vGrf;wJu h Asmq&m 'grSr[kwf armifaEGxuf 97
- armifprG ;f &nfESiafh wG@qjHk cif; 0if;+idrf; 110
- trSwfw& q&mpGr;f pkd;Ekdif(rEav;wuUokdvf) 120
- wpfae@awmh q&mpGr;f jyefvmr,f ausmfausmf 124
- tarh ac:oH tdrt f jyefc&D;ESifh pHy,f a&pD;woGifoiG f kd;&m 129
- q&mpGr;f ok@d r[kwf teDe@J tjym 0if;wifhxGe;f 133
-tarhac:oHa&;wJh uk0d if;azac: armifpGrf;&nf zkd;oH(vlx)k 146
- ol@trSmpm ol@pm/ ol@uAsm ol@kyfykv H m$ +idrf;csrf;ol 151
-ppfrke;f ol jynfcspfppfom;&,fqkw d hJ q&mpGr;f eJ@ vS ausmaf Zm 161
- pmayppfonf armifpGr;f &nfo@dk Ekid v
f if; 168
- armifprG f;&nf odk@r[kwf armifpk;d csdef 171
- tpfukd uk0d if;az (armifpGrf;&nf) ausmaf qG 188

4
 pD p Of o l & J @ ed ' gef ; pum;

'Dpmtkyu f dk tpfudk uAsmq&m/ a0zefa&;q&m armifprG ;f &nf(uk0d if;az) touf 80

jynfah rG;ae@ trSww f &twGuf pDpOfaqmif &Guv f u
dk w
f m jzpfygw,f? nDtpfu adk rmifES
rawGeJ@ tarh&ifciG fuxGufcmG +yD; jynfo@l 'rD u kd a&pDawmfvSefa&;xJ u|efawmf qif;
vmwm ,ckq&kd if ESpf 30 ausmf 40 eD;yg; &SdoGm;yg+yD? jyefrqHEk ikd fao;ygb;l ?
,ckawmh tpfuu dk vnf; touf 80/ u|eaf wmfu, dk w
f idk u
f vnf; 70 wGi;f
a&mufae+y?D tajctae ta=umif;tcsuaf wGu cGijhf yKwhJ atmufrmS tpfudk armifprG ;f
&nf rk;d rcrSm a&;aewJh ol@acwf oleJ@twljzwfchw J hJ ausmif;om;v_yf&mS ;r_ acgif;
aqmifawG&J@ kyfyHkv$mawGeJ@ olcspfcifav;pm;wJh pma&;q&m}uD;awGeJ@ EkdifiHa&;
orm;wcsKd &J@ kyyf v kH m$ awG/ u|eaf wmf}uKd ufwhJ wcsKd @aqmif;yg;awG pkpnf;+y;D armifprG ;f
&nf&@J pmaygi;f pk tjzpf pkpnf;r,f? u|eaf wmfe@J twl&daS ewJh tpfuadk rmifprG ;f &nfe@J
&if;ES;D u|r;f 0ifwhJ &JabmfwcsKd @xH arG;ae@trSww f & pmrlawmif;r,f? &or# pmrlrsm;eJ@
uAsmq&m/ pmaya0zefa&;q&m armifpGr;f &nf touf 80 jynfh txdrf;trSwf/
trSww f & uAsm/ pmpke@J armifpGr;f &nf&@J pmaygi;f pk tjzpf xkwaf 0r,fvkd@ pOf;pm;cJh
ygw,f?
'gayrJh vufawG@vyk v f u kd fwJhtcg rkd;rcrSm ola&;xm;wJh kyfyHkv$mawGeJ@
u|eaf wmf}uKd uw f ahJ qmif;yg;wcdsK@ pkpnf;vkud af wmh pmawGu trsm;}u;D jzpfaeygw,f?
'ga=umifh yxr tpDtpOf ukd y,fvu kd w
f ,f?
'gt h jyif u|eaf wmfv h ufxrJ mS 2013/ atmufwb dk m/ trSwf 52? yd awmuf
yGio
hf pf/ pmaytEkynmr*~Zif; - armifprG ;f &nftrSww f & pmtkyu f vnf; &Sad eawmh
tJ'DxJu armifprG f;&nftrSwfw& pmwrf;awGok;H r,f?(cGifhjyKcsufawmif;zdk@ tcGifh
romvkd@ cGifhjyKcsurf &bJ toH;k jyKwJhtay: em;vnfciG v fh $wfay;ygv@kd awmif; yefyg
w,f?) &JabmfawGa&;vmr,fh pm/ uAsmawGe@J aygi;f +y;D trSww f & pmtkyaf v;yJ oD;jcm;
pDpOfr,fqkw d hJ 'kw, d tpDtpOfopf ay:vmw,f?
5
 rdrrd mS tarhac:oH uAsmpmtkyrf S q&m=unfatmif&@J trSmpm&Sad evk@d /
tJ'w D kef;u tarh ac:oH uAsmpmtkyf a0zefcsufukd ra[oDeJ@ jrefrmh"erSm ygchzJ l;
wmukd owd&vk@d tJ'gawGudk vkcd siv f mw,f? &Smvku d af wmh ra[oDrmS azmfjy xm;wJh
a0zefpmwrf; &ygw,f? tJ'gukd &Sm&if;eJ@ pd=wuAsmrsm; pmtky&f @J trSmawGjzpfwhJ
tarvlxak ':trmeJ@ q&mwifr;dk &J@ trSmwk@d e@J twl q&m}u;D OD;qef;xGe;f (qef;
xGef;/ ref;wuUokdvf)/ q&mOD;armifarmifwifeJ@ vlxkOD;av;vSwkd@&J@ pd=w
uAsmrsm;tay: tuJjzwfcsufrsm;vnf; &&Sv d mygw,f? wqufwnf; tJ'w D ek f;u
aiGwm&DrmS azmfjycJw h hJ q&m'*kefwm&m&J@ pd=wuAsmrsm; pmtkyaf 0zefcsuf &&Sjd yef
w,f? 'gt h jyif r_id ;f rSonf rk;d xdatmif =unfnKd *% k jf yK uAsmpk qdw k hJ uAsmpmtky&f @J
trSmjzpfwhJ pG,pf q kH &m OD;0if;az&J@trSm pmuvnf; &Sad ew,f? 'Dvedk @J armifprG ;f &nf
&,fvd@k yDyDjyifjyifay:xGufvmwJh teDEiS t fh jymuAsmpmtky&f J@ trSmtjzpf q&m
armifomEkd;(armifo*Fg) &J@ trSm vkcd sifvd@k vku d f&Smawmhvnf; tcef@oifh &vmyg
w,f? 'Dvq kd adk wmh uAsmq&marmifpGrf;&nf&J@ uAsmc&D;ukd awG@Ekdif jrifEdik +f yDaygh?
'Daemuf rdrdab;&Sd pmtkyfyHkukd zGvkdufawmh Anm;oD[(q&mwm&m) &J@
pmayppfwrf;pmtkyu f adk wG@v@dk armifprG ;f &nf&@J Armpmay bmvJ/ b,fvJ pmay a0zef
a&;pmtkyu f dk a0zefxm;whJ a0zefpmwrf; &&Syd gw,f? 'ge@J Armpmay bmvJ b,fvJ
pmtkyfudk &Sm=unfhawmh q&mjroef;wif&h J@ trSmukd awG@&w,f? 'Dvkd qkjd yefawmh
pmaya0zefa&;q&m armifpGrf;&nftwGuf q&m}uD;ESpfOD;&J@ tuJjzwfcsufuae
pmaya0zefa&;q&m armifprG ;f &nf&@J pmaya0zefa&; c&D;udv k nf; awG@Eidk jf rifEidk f+yjD zpf
ygw,f?
'Dvekd J@ rdrda&mufaewJh ae&m tajctaeta=umif;tcsuft& wckvk;H ukd
=unfh vkdufwJhtcg pmtkyfuav;[m tpfukd armifpGrf;&nf&J@ uAsmq&m/
pmaya0zefa&; q&mtjzpf av#mufvrf;cJ&h wJh pmayc&D;vrf;a=umif;ukd xif[yfEidk w f hJ
pmtk y f a v; wtk y f u k d trS w f w & uAsmawG / trS w f w &aqmif ; yg;awG /
pmtkyaf 0zefcsuaf wG/ pmtkyf trSmawGe@J a0a0qmqm pDpOfvu dk Ef idk wf ,fv@dk qkyd g&ap
awmh? 'ga=umifh vk;H yef; tm;xkw&f usKd ;eyfw,f? wu,fyJ trSww f &tjzpf use&f pf
vdrrfh ,f vdk@ ,Hk=unfrdw,f?
q&mwifr;dk / q&m=unfatmife@J tpfuadk rmifprG ;f &nfw@dk [m ref;wuUov dk &f @J
0rf;=umwku d u f wacwfxJ arG;zGm;vmwJh xaemif; nDaemif 3 yg;vk@d qkpd rSwjf yK=uwJh
6
uAsmq&moHk;OD;yg? tckawmh armifpGrf;&nfwOD;om toufxif&Sm;usef&pf+yD;
pmaywm0efudk xrf;&Guaf eqJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dpmtkyaf v;rSm uG,v f eG o
f mG ;=u+yjD zpfwhJ
q&mwifrd;k eJ@ q&m=unfatmifw@kd &@J armifprG f;&nf&J@ uAsmpmtkyf 2 tkyt f wGuf
trSmpmrsm;ukd azmfjyay;Ekdifvdu k fwJhtwGufvnf; armifprG f;&nf&J@ touf 80 jynfh
trSwfw& pmtkyfav;[m yk+d yD;trSww f & pmtkyaf v; jzpfvmcJw h ,fvkd@ qdyk g&ap?
'gayrJh tpfukd armifpGrf;&nfeJ@ wacwfwnf;/ ref;wuUov kd fu arG;zGm;ay;vku d fwJh
'Dae@xufwikd f pmayavmurSm txifu&&Sad ewJh b}uD;rd;k (armifrd;k ol) eJ@ *k%fxl;
OD;ode;f Ekid fwd@k &@J trSww f &pmrsm;ukd azmfjyzkd@ tajctaeta=umif; tcsuf rjynfrh pHk
jzpf&wJt h wGuf pmzwforl sm;taeeJ@ cGiv hf w
$ ef m;vnfay;Ekid v f rd rhf ,fv@dk ,lqygw,f?
'Dpmtkyaf v;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pmayvuf&mrsm;ukd (use&f pfol rdom;pk/
aqGrsdK;rsm;xH cGirfh awmif;bJ)toH;k jyKcJh&wJh uG,fveG f oGm;+yD;jzpf=uwJh tarvlxk
a':trm/ q&m'*kew f &m/ q&mjroef;wif?h OD;av;vlxOk ;D vS/ OD;qef;xGe;f (qef;xGe;f /
ref;wuUokdvf)/ OD;armifarmifwif/ q&mwifrd;k / q&m=unfatmifwd@k &J use&f pfol
rdom;pk aqGrsKd ;rsm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ txufrmS azmfjycJw h (hJ cGirhf awmif;bJ toH;k jyKc&hJ wJ)h
ydawmufyiG hf opf/ pmaytEkynmr*~Zif; trSwf 52/ atmufwb dk m/ 2013 rSm azmfjy
xm;wJh armifpGrf;&nf trSwfw& aqmif;yg;&Sif pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mrsm;eJ@
ydawmufyiG o hf pf 0kid f;awmfom;rsm;ukv d nf;aumif;/ u|eaf wmfx h H pmrl ay;yk@d cw hJ hJ u|ef
awmf&h Jabmfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&; twGuf pmrla[mif;rsm;ukd
ulnD&SmazGay;wJh &Jabmfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; v_duv f pSJ Gm aus;Zl;wifa=umif; azmfjy
vku d yf g&ap?
txl;ojzifh azmfjyvkdwmuawmh pmtkyfrSm oHk;xm;wJh yef;csDyHkrsm;ukd
txufazmfjyyg ydawmufyiG o fh pfr*~Zif;eJ@ rkd;rc pmrsuEf SmrS ,loHk;jcif;jzpf+yD; cGifhjyK
csuaf wmif;cH&ef tcGirhf omvk@d cGijhf yKcsurf ,lbJ oH;k pGrJ u _ dk cGiv hf w $ ef m;vnfay;Edik f yg&ef
yef=um;tyfygw,f?
tpfudak rmifpGrf;&nf qufvuf+yD; jynfo@l pmaywm0efudk qxufxrf;ykd;
wk;d vk@d xrf;aqmifEidk yf gapvk@d qENjyK&if;/ armifprG ;f &nf trSww f & pmtkyaf v;eJ@ tpfu@dk
ukd uefawmhvdu k fygw,f?
ausmf a qG
azazmf0g&D/ 4/ 2017?
7
8
9
3? trSwfw& uAsmrsm;

10
 armifp Gr f; &nf

rEav;+rdK@&J@ reufcif;
tarhac:oH =um;&ovm;
ckawmh avv_id ;f oH?
pnfol+ idr f;
yda wmufy Gi fho pf/ trSw f (52)/ atmufw kdb m/ 2013 rS?

11
q&mpGrf; touf&mausmf Snfygap

jrif;+cH &JxGuu f kef[m

uGejf rLepf eJ@ aq;ayghvyd f wJh
odyrf a;vSao;wJh twdwf eJ@ rsuaf rSmufawGt=um;rSm
uAsmq&mwa,mufuawmh rSww f rf;wif
&ifcek fckeef @J uAsmzGJ
[kwfuJh - usaemf zwf&zl;ygw,f /
xdxd SS Sdygw,f ?
'gayrJh
jrif;+cH &JxGuu
f kef[m
uGefjrLepfe@J aq;aygv
h yd fomru
pl;SwhJ tvuFmeJ@
tm* uAsmq&mawGvJ xGufygw,f ?
12
'DxrJ mS
q&m*sr;f eJ@ q&mpGrf;uawmh
Edkiif HwSe;f vk;H tod
ordkif;&SdwJh uAsmq&m}uD;awG jzpfchw
J ,f?
q&m*srf;u
awmifom uef+rJ- Z*srf; u
q&mpGrf;u
jrif;+cH uefqifh awmif&Gm u
(2)
q&m*srf; eJ@q&mpGrf; wJh
*sr;f eJ@ pGrf; wdk@[m
tnmom;awG yDyD
txufArmjynf&J or*~
Auo ifawG jzpf=u+y;D
(aemufawmh- ) rwuo &JtvHukid f
wyfOD; rdKifawGvJ jzpfc=Jh ukrH u
txufArmEdik fiH pma&;q&mtoif;}u;D ay:vmawmh
acgif;warmfah rmfeh @J cGyv
f ufjyif
awmifpEkH Siv f @kd uavmifaoG;
vlxk &J i,farG; +caH ygufawGvJ jzpfcw
Jh ,f ?
*sr;f eJ@ pGrf; wdk@[m
aZmf eJ@ %f
wm eJ@ wif wdk@vdk
pmtkypf ifay:omru
Armhpmayordik ;f rSm
pHEid_ f;p&m ajcvSrf;nD
xrf;yd;k nDwJh acwfyif =u,fpifawGvJ jzpfcw
Jh ,f ?
13
q&m*sr;f &J zvfrD;tdrf [m
ckcsed ftxd vif;vufaeqJ jzpfovd k
q&mpGrf; &J teD eJ@tjym uvJ
ckcsdet f xd ta&mifjzmqJ jzpfygw,f ?
(3)
q&mpGr;f [m
q&m*srf; rSdawmhwt hJ wGuf
bufyo Jh mG ;cJh&wm rSefayrJh
Edik if HeJ@ jynfol ta&;awGrmS
raES;rzifh qufo,faqmif
jynfol uavmif yDcw Jh ,f?
q&mpGr;f [m
uAsmq&momru
pl;&Svw
S hJ uavmifrmefe@J
pmay azefa&;q&mwOD;vJ jzpfcw
hJ ,f?
jrefrmpmay b,fvJ bmvJ
b,fvJ bmvJ
b,fvJ bmvJ - wJh
&J&J&if&h ifh eJ@azmfxkwof H
wEdkifiHv;kH u =um;cJ&h
pl;pl;&S&S &Sdco
Jh vdk
azefa&;udk xyfwk;d csJ
bmvJ[Jh uGejf rLepf
bmvJ[Jh [D;dk;ag&Spf
bmvJ[Jh ta=umufw&m;
bmvJ[Jh wrwfom; wJh
jywfom;vSwhJ oltoH
14
pHxm;avmufatmif xufvw
S ,f?
q&mpGr;f &Juavmif[m
*k%fa&mifajymifajymif qufawmufy
oHr%dom;&& qufvufcsD
ESv;kH om;xJtxd wnfaeqJaomta&mif[m
teD eJ@tjym
teD eJ@tjymygy?J
teDqw dk mu awmfveS af &;
tjymqdkwmu +idr;f csr;f a&;
awmfveS af &;tay: opPm&Sd
+idr;f csr;f a&;tay: arwWmtjynfhe@J
pGrf;&nf&&Sd dS 'Duavmif[m
( 80 )jynfah wmif wdkicf +hJ yD?
'gayrJh
r,dik f reJ@prG ;f tm;rmefe@J
EdkifiHtusdK;- qufo,fqJ
bmvJ[Jh armifpGrf;&nf wJh
&mjynfhqDtxd [pfvu dk of H
ajrmufjyefaveJ@twl =um;vdku&f
tar&duefa&muf uAsmq&mxH
*E<mv&mZf wav#mufqDu
ta;a&mufnDi,frsm;&J *k%f yoH
ESvH;k om;tcH eJ@yJ em;qifyg
rfapGprfapG vdk@vJ ratmfcsif
uefayhuefayh vdk@vJ rac:csif
usaemfw@dk wawG[m
d;k &mqefqefeJ@yJ vGr;f vdu k frd
( q&mpGr;f a& ) use;f usef;rmrm - vef;vef;jzmjzm eJ@
15
 touf&mausmf Snyf gap
touf&mausmf Snfygap ? ?
if;wifx
h Gef;
30-12- 2016
acwW- *E<mv&mZf
( q&mpGrf; (q&marmifpGrf;&nf) &Jtouf(80)jynfhtwGuf txdrf;
trSwfyvdkuf ygw,f? )

ag[m&&Sif;vif;csuf

aZmf eJ@%f - q&maZmf*sD eJ@q&mrif;ok%f

wm eJ@wif - q&m'*kefwm&m eJ@ q&mAef;armfwifatmif
rfapGrfapG- wkwb
f mom pum;eJ@ wdkuf ku
d f t"dym` ,fuawmh toufwpf
aomif;-toufwpfaomif; vd@k jzpf? qdkvkw
d mu t"Ge@f n S yf gap
uefayhuefayh- wkwb f mompum;eJ@ cGufarSmuf-cGuaf rSmuf=upd@k jzpf?

16
 uE m &ausmuf y ef ; cuf
(uAsmq&mrS uAsmq&mtwGuf/ uAsmq&m armifpGrf;&nfokd@)
+rdK@}uD;w+rdK@[m
tusO;f axmif}uD;waxmif jzpfoGm;wJt
h cg
oif[m
"m;wvufvkd c|efxufae&r,f
*sKH aphwaphvdk k;d pif;ae&r,f
ukvm;tkyfwaumifvdk ZG&J daS e&r,fwJ?h
'g
oJuEm&}u;D rSm
}u;D jyif;&SifoefwhJ uAsmq&m}uD; wOD;u a&;cJhw,f?
[kwfy
pdwu f ;l tdyrf ufopf
tkad tppf
b,forl cspf &SdyghrvJ?
uJ
oJuEm&}u;D ukd
igwd@k ajymif;vJ rypfEikd v
f J
rdru
d , dk fudk
uEm& ausmufyef;cufvdk ESv;kH om;
&Sm;apmif;vuf0g;
jzpfapcJ+h yw D um;?
+idr f;csrf; ol
30 &uf 'DZifbm 2016?
17
 q&mpGr f;odk@ arwWmpm

vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd jzwfoef;&if;

ref;wuo eJ@vlxk &ifciG rf mS }u;D jyif;
tnmr_ jrefrmr_ urBmr_ tpkpu k kd
uAsmr_jyK&if;
wrmcg;uufwJh tnmom;uAsmq&m
jynfo@l &a_ xmifah 0zefa&; jrefrmpmaybmvJb,fvJ
avmu"mwfwacwfrmS ajymprSwfjzpfyg&Jh - uG,w f @kd v@dk
aZmf(ysOf;rem;) aveJ@ ajym&&if
typftcwf tnpftywf tnpt f owf&,fv@kd
pmaya0zefa&;rsuEf mS pmrSm wGif use&f pfcahJ tmif
uavmifxuf tjrifp;l wJh
awmfvSeaf &;tjrifoefw f Jh uAsmq&m
*E0ife@J acwfprf;udv k nf; tvSr;f ra0;bl;
pmayopfe@J jynfo@l pmayudkvnf; qufcHw,f
r_di;f tp wm&meJ@vif;,ket f v,f
armf'ef yd@k paf rmf'ef bm'efnm'ef
ppfat;vGef urBmr_veG f bmvGen f mvGef
eD,u kd eG ef @J e,
D kv
d pf bmjzpfnmjzpf
pnf;pepfa[mif;awGyysuf pnf;pepfopfvnf;
ray:xGuaf o;wJh
18
ra&r&m tajctaerSm
wjynfw&GmrSm tae=umayrJh
jynfjrefrmta&;udkawmh apwemaoG;ylqJ uAsmq&m
tarudv k nf;vGr;f jynfuv kd nf;vGr;f
ausmif;awmfuv kd nf;vGr;f taygi;f tazmfuv kd nf;vGr;f
nDuv kd nf;vGr;f teDuv kd nf;vGr;f
q&mrsm;udv k nf;vGr;f uAsmorm;udv k nf;vGr;f
vGr;f awmfrvl k@d pmudpk w
D ,f apmifzh wf&wJh pmrsm;csn;f ygyJ
touf 80 jynfh a&S@rsKd ;qufq&mtdkudk
uAsmwndK@pmwwd@k jzifh uefawmhvu
kd yf g&hJ
ouf&n
S u
f se;f rm uAsmawGvnf;oDEkid yf gapa=umif;
pmawGvnf;pDEikd yf gapa=umif;?
atmif+idrf;(24 Zefe0g&D 2017)

19
a$a'gif; awmif vufaqmif&S i fod k@

aetk%u f dk OD;!Gwf wfwmG ;zd@k

pdr;f !d@k awmifwef;awGqD wufvrS ;f r,fh
c&D;vrf; wmtxGurf mS
ol urf;vSmwJh vufaqmifreG [ f m
rifwaH v; wacsmif;yg?
'DDrifwaH v;rSm
jrm;uav;vnf; ygw,f?
tm;aq;vnf; ygw,f?
ESpaf wG=umanmif; Z&maxmif;cgrS
wcgu vufaqmif&iS ftm;
ta=umif;jyef=um;yg&ap?
(a$a'gif;awmif uavmifwrsKd ;&,fe@J
jynfaumif;atmif aqmif;rudk;&,fv@kd )qdw
k hJ
tzd;k r_id ;f pdw"f mwf &iftyfp+JG rJ
ocGwyf iG q fh J
tol&meJ@ ppfcif;qJ
a&Snfwku d fyJG EGJ&qJ
jrm;vnf; ypfqJ
tm;vnf; opfq?J
ESi;f qDw&m/ uAsm&Guaf vS avSmcf wfqJ?
rd;k ukwpf ufikd ;f jrif;dik ;f }u;D eJ@ pdik ;f wJt
h cgpkid ;f ?
20
oufwef@ay:rSm wdrv f $m!Ge@f z;l cl;wJt
h cgcl;?
&efolESv;Hk tdrf xd;k pdu
k wf hJ jrm;OD; pl;wJt
h cgp;l ?
a$a'gi;f awmif uavmifrifwaH v;
xufaeao;ord@k
qufa&;aeOD;r,f?

armifv S if; (jrif; +cH)

(26- 1- 2017)

21
q&marmifp Gr f; &nf (80) jynfha rG; ae@odk@ *g&0

wajyw&GmqDrmS
u|eaf wmfw@kd u q&mpGr;f eJ@
taevSr;f ae=uolawGrd@k vly*k Kd~ vfawmh rawG@b;l ao;yg
pmuAsmyef;&eH@ ar$;xHkjcif;awGe@J ta=umif;wcsdK@u &if;ES;D r_ukd
zefw;D w,f
u|eaf wmfe@J olaoG;om;xJu ol@nDeJ@ wtlwq kH if;awGvkd
nD&if;tpfuydk rm b0ESi;f tyf
&pfywfwkyfaESmif oHa,mZOfabmifcwf
ywfoufyHk ke;f uefykaH wGu
,Hk=unfcsuw f l r#cpH m;wJh b0awGav?
'Dvtkd a=umif; aygif;rdwt hJ jyif
t&ifuyif u|eaf wmfo h abm erlemjyK
twk,rl dwmu q&mpGrf;&J@
ar$;xHkoif;wJh pmuAsm&eH@ zefwD;jc,for_yg
q&mpGrf;[m pmaya0zefa&;eJ@ pmta&;om; jywfom;jcif;
tawG;&Si;f vkd@ ta&;&Si;f vSw,f
tJ'Dvakd wG; ta&;&Si;f vk@d jywfjcif;u
roifrjy qifjcif&wJh jrifq&mygyrJ d@k
uk,
d huf d,
k fud,
k f cH,lav;pm;
tav;xm;cJw h Jh uk,
d hq
f &morm;ygay?
22
 q&mpGr;f b0yif&if;
yGiv
hf if;wnfrh wfjcif;
cyf&iS f;&Sif;ukd rxderf csef
trSet f [kwf [efrxkwb f J b0'\eawG
taxGaxGrsm; jc,for_e;f jy rcif;rcsef
a&S;jzpfaemufjyef zGit fh jH ywwf
trSw&f &ef okyfreS fawG
^m%fpyGm;& tm;us&olr@dk
ESpf (80) arG;ae@ cgor,rSm
touf&mausmf &Snfapa=umif;
qkawmif;yxemr_ jyKvkdu&f yg.? ?
atmifEkdifO D;
3-1-201&?
&Jabmf atmifEdik Of ;D (ukdEkdifO;D ) rSm v#muifqma&m*g a0'em cHpm;ae&ol
wOD;jzpfygw,f? a&m*gcpH m;aewJht=um;u (1) xdcu dk ef musifr_rsm;aeonfh ajr,m
jy\em - armifpdeaf omf (2) ygwDped f&wk pmwrf;wcsdK@EiS fh awmfvSeaf &; kyfyHkv$m
pmuAsmrsm;-bwd;dk &Sed (f 3) jynfo@l 'rD udk a&pD awmfveS pf pftwGi;f ta&S@ajrmuf ppfa'o
wkduyf w
GJ csdK@(4) kyu
f rBmeJ@ vl&J@ rlvtp qdw k pJh mtkyfwd@k ukda&;om; xkwfa0cJhw,f?
'gayrJh 'DuAsma&;+yD;aemufawmh &JabmfEkdifOD;[m a&m*ga0'em jyif;xefoxuf
jyif;xefvmvk@d tdy&f mxufvJ oGm;cJyh g+y/D oltifrwef xufoefvw S hJ avhvma&;ukd
rvkyfEkdif&Smawmhygbl;? a&m*ga0'emeJ@ olaemufqHk;wkdufyGJ0ifae&wJh umvukd
qkud fa&mufaeyg+y?D

23
ESpf 80
uefqifhawmif eJ@ ajrmuf
ukd,&hf mG uk, d pf JG
ESpcf uk aJG eayr,fh
armifpGr;f &nfukad wmh
bHkydik f usKyfw@kd *k%+f ydKif,l=uw,f?
wpf0rf;uGJ
ESp0f rf;uGJ
oH;k av; ig;0rf;
b,favmufrsm;uGJvJ
ol@ajr; ol@wl
ol@&mG ol ol@&mG om;&,fvd@k
acgif;armh *k%af zmf
rsuEf mS yef;vSoaemf?
vSayr,faygh
&mZ0if=unfhav
ol@uAsm ol@pm
ol@uavmifomG ;eJ@
z,f&mS ;a0zef
pmayazmufjyefa&;ukd
awmfveS cf ?hJ
24
 tvSLa&puf
vufeuf ruGmolawG=um;
tawG;&J&J
ta&;&J&eJ @J
tm%m&Sipf epfq;dk
r}u;D pk;d zk@d ykeu
f ef
ykeu
f efwhJ pmayorm;uk;d ?
orkid ;f ay;wm0efvnf;
ol@ycH;k eJ@xrf;
vSr;f cJw h vhJ rf; rSm
ckid +f rJwhJ "dmefe@J
r,kid fe@J chJ
r,kid v f w J hJ
usKyfwd@k &Gm&J@
*k%faqmifvrf;jy
av;pm;tm;us&wJh
ESp&f Spq f ,f &wem[m
armifp Gr f;&nf yg? ?
a[rmef v if ;
30/ 1/ 2017?

(a[rmefv if; rSm armif p G r f; &nf & J @ ajr;wOD ; jzpfy gw,f? )

25
 4? trSwfw& pmpkrsm;

acwftqufqufu pmwrf;rsm;jzpfvkd@ owfyHkrsm;ukd

rl&if; twkdi f; xnfhoGi f; azmfj yxm;ygw,f?
26
 rdwfq uf

=unfatmifEiS fh armifpGrf;&nfwkd@. pd=w uAsmrsm;onf rEav;wuUov dk f/ u

avmif&Siftoif;. 'kw, d pmpOfjzpfayonf? yrpmpOfrSm wifr;kd . zvfr;D tdrf
uAsmrsm; jzpfonf? zvfrD;tdru f av; xGef;vkdufpOfu acwfqef;uAsmavmuY
v_yv
f _y&f &G G jzpfomG ;+y;D / &efuek wf uUov dk rf S pmqkad wmfwpfO;D u wifr;kd rSm yGit
hf mvm
rnfh pmqkid kw H zl;jzpfonf [k rSwfcsufcsoH =um;cJh&ayonf?
'kwd,pmpOf pd=wuAsmrsm;rSm tm&Spmqk}d uD; &mbifj'm ewfw*k;d .
&mjynf harG;ae@obifukd *k%fjyKaomtm;jzif h xkwfa0jcif;jzpfonf? w*kd;.
CHITRA ukd jrwfE;dk I TuAsmpkuydk if pd=w[laom trnfukd ay;onf[v k nf;
=unfatmifEiS fh armifpGrf;&nf wkd@u qkad yao;onf?
qkdao;Hkr#ru =unfatmif. y%mruAsm pmqkdawmf &mbifj'm
ewfw*kd;od@k [lI OD;wnfcsujf yKxm;&mY
oifv h uFm&dy/f wkd@arS;tdyI f
pd=wuAsm/ qef;=u,fygaom
vuFmyef;iHk
oHp&Hk ifu h sL;/ ykvzJ ;l jzifh
aus;Zl;t&Si/f pmqkdoiftm;
0dnmOfyal Zmfygownf; [lIpyfqx kd m;avao;onf?
w*kd;rSm u|efrwk@d rsuaf rSmufacwfY tm&SrS xGef;awmufvmaom =u,f
ajymif}u;D wpfyiG hf jzpfayonf? w*k;d . tEkynm&nfudk ,cktxd wdwu d sus cef@reS ;f &ef
rwwfEkid fao;aom t&nftaoG;&So d l yg&rD&iS v
f nf; jzpfonf?
w*kd;udk trsm;tm;jzifh od=uonfrmS vuFmuAsmq&m}uD;tjzpfEiS o fh m
jzpfonf? okd@aomf *DwwGif olrwlatmif yg&rDxl;ol jzpfonfuv kd nf; odrwS f=u&
onf? w*k;d . uAsmonf *DwESihf tvGet f rif; eD;pyfjcif;udk av;av;eufeuf vku d pf m;
olwidk ;f u od&=dS uI/ w*k;d uk,
d wf idk Ef u
d_ uf tawG;um&efEiS hf toHum&efudk zufpyfrrd S
tvSay:&onf[k ajymqkdchb J l;avonf?
27
 xkd@jyif w*kd;onf uAsmwGio f m yg&rDxl;onf r[kwf/ pum;ajywGiv f nf;
w*k;d . jyZmwfrsm;ESihf 0wKwdrk sm;/ w*k;d . aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd pk=uaygi;f =u pkaqmif;=u
onfhtcgY wu,fhajymifajrmufaom 0wKwkdorm;/ aqmif;yg;aumif;orm;/
jyZmwfa&;q&mwa,muf jzpfaejyef onfukd awG@ch=J u&ao;onf?
w*k;d onf ynma&;yg&*lvnf; jzpfao;onf qkjd cif;uku d m; pEed ad uwefukd
r=um;bl;ol r&So d avmuf jzpf=ujcif;u ay:vGiaf e+y?D w*k;d . ynmay;enf; qef;opf
yHrk mS vnf; ajymprSww f iG &f pf&onf?
w*k;d . tEkynm&nfonf aw;*Dw uAsmESifh pmaywGifomavm[lI
ar;vmv#if ,ckaemufq;Hk awG@oad e=u&jyefonfh yef;csDq&m w*kd;. ta=umif;ukd
xyfavmif;I azmfxkwf&ayOD;rnf? w*k;d onf tm&S. pmqk/d uAsmt&mY aomuf
SL;=u,fajymif/ 0wKaqmif;yg; jyZmwfponfh pmayavmuwGiv f nf; bmukrd qkd ar$
aESmuf acsmufcsm;Ekid o f /l ynmyg&*l/ tbd"rRmq&m}u;D / tm&SrS wa,mufwnf; aom
Ekdb,fpmayqk&Sif ponfhponfh *k%fyk'fwkd@jzifh wurBmvHk;Y ysH@ESH@ausmf=um;I
w*kd;vuFmpmaywkd@ukd bmom}uD;i,f toG,fo, G fwkd@u jyefqdak &;om; xkwaf 0
aecsed fY/ touf 68 ESpw f Gif w*k;d onf ol@&ifwGi;f rS ol@cpH m;&csurf sm;ukd aw;*Dw
uAsmpmaywk@d EiS hf azmfvpS &f jcif;ukd tm;r&Ekid b f J &Svd mojzifh wzHwk enf; jzifh azmfxw k f
vkd aom tmomqENjyif;jypGm jzpfvmonf[k qkdonf? xk@d a=umifh 1928 ckEpS u f pI
w*kd;u yef;csq D +GJ yD; azmfxkwfjyefonf? yef;csDqJo G nf qdo k nfhtcg pkwEf Sifh oHvuf
udo k ;kH I qGo J nfum; r[kwaf y? pma&;onfh uavmifwEH iS hf qGjJ cif;jzpfonf? ta&mif
xnfv h pdk w
d f ayguo f nft h cg yef;yGizhf wfw@dk udk acsI yef;rSxu G of nfh ta&mifEiS hf jc,fjcif;
jzpfonf?
xked nf;jzifh w*kd;qGJchaJ om um;aygi;f onf 1941 ckESpf touf 80 t&G,Yf
w*kd;aovGeo f nfhtcg um;aygif; 2000 ausmf &Sdavonf? w*kd;. yef;csDum;onf
1930 ckESpYf yJ&pfwiG f yxrqH;k vljrifatmif jycJo h nf? xkdtcgu yJ&pfyef;csDavmu
wGio f m v_y&f mS ;oGm;ao;onf r[kwb f J vef'ef/ bmvif/ e,l;a,mhponfh urBm+h rKd @
awmf}uD;rsm;&Sd yef;csDavmuwGif *,ufu kd cf wfomG ;cJoh nf? xkdpOfupI ,ae@wikd f
yif w*k;d . yef;csDum;rsm;ukd urBmhyef;csaD vmurS avhvm&qJ/ t"dy`m,fjyefqkd&qJ
yif &Sad vao;onf? uAsmonf/ *Dwonf/ yef;cso D nf/ pmum&ef woHw
a=umif;r#ESihf t"dym` ,fawG trsm;}u;D aqmifonf r[kwyf gavm?
w*kd;. yef;cso D nf ol@toJEv S ;Hk u wpHkwckaom tawG;tac: ay:ayguf
28
vmpOf a&;qGjJ cif;jzpfI/ a&;onft h csed u
f pI +y;D onftxd wav#mufwnf; rem;rae
a&;qGw J wfonf? a&;onfqv dk #if yef;csyD pPn;f }u, d mukrd &Sm/ "m;jzifjh zpfap/ azmifwed f
zifjzifh jzpfap/ vufojJ zifhjzpfap/ t0wfudk ta&mifqGwfIjzpfap w*kd;u okyfazmf
onf? a&;qGo J nf[k qkad vonf? w*k;d . [efonf ta[mif;ESihf vnf;rwl/ topfEiS hf
vnf; rpyf/ w*k;d . uk, d fyikd [
f efoufouf jzpfayonf[lI a0bef=u avonf?
w*k;d onf 1941 ckEpS u f uG,v f Gecf o
hJ nf? ok@d &mwGif w*k;d . vuf&m w*k;d
azmfjycJo h nfh tvStyESihf opPmw&m;wk@d um; w*k;d . cE<muk, d Ef iS hf twlvu kd I f ao
avonfr[kwfbJ/ vl@avmuY ysH@ESH@aeOD;rnf? om,mr_tpkpkukd jzpfay:aeap
OD;rnfyifjzpfavonf? w*k;d . trsKd ;om;[efudk xde;f odr;f enf;/ qef;opfenf;/ +ird ;f csr;f
a&;/ om,maom avmuzefwD;a&; tbd"rRmwkd@onf opfIopfI aeOD;rnfvnf;
jzpfygonf?
Tyk*K~ dvfw*kd;ukd rEav;wuUodv k f uavmif&Sit f oif;u uAsmpmtkyf
xkwI f *k%jf yK=uonf? =unfatmifEiS hf armifprG ;f &nfw@dk . cHpm;&csuu f av;rsm;ukd
vSyaom um&efuav;awGEiS fh oDuH;k I uAsmpmtkyv f yk f=uonf?
Tpmtkyrf sKd ; xkwaf 0onf qkjd cif;rSm ausmif;ae&if;wef;vef;/ ajrprf;c&rf;
ysKd ;&onfh uavmifrsKd ;rsm;tbk@d rvG,u f /l txl;tm;jzifh a=u;&nfwwf. om;oR;D rsm;
r[kw=f uukeaf oma=umifh omvGeI f rvG,u f b l J &S&d onf? ok@d aomf rdrw d @kd ,H=k unfr&_ dS
onfudk }udK;yrf; vkyfaqmifjcif; jzpf&mY b,ftcuftcJonf wm;qD;Ekid faumif;
oenf; [laom aqmifyk'fESihrf jzpfrae vkyfaqmif=ujcif;jzpfojzifh Toli,frsm;ukd
csD;usL;&ayonf?
rEav;wuUodv k o f nf 195* ckESpu f rS oD;jcm;wuUodv k f jzpfcJhonf? T
wuUodv k .f pmayO,smOfrS cspfpbG,af umif;onfh yef;uav;rsm; wyGih+f yD;wyGifh
yGiv hf ef;vm onfukd awG@jrif&aomtcg vGwv f yf+yD;jzpfonfh TEkid if YH wkid ;f jynf}u;D
at;csr;f om,mI/ i,f &G,o f lwidk ;f pmoifcef;0okd@ a&mufvmEkid =f uonfh tcsed frsdK;
qdkygv#if TvkdvSyonfh yef;uav;awG ra&Ekdifatmif tb,fr# yGifh=uzl;=u
ayvdrrhf nfenf;[k ar#mrf eS ;f wrf;wrd&awmhonf?

trm
(vlxkowif;pm)
29
 ed' gef; pm

pmqkad umif;rSefv#if tjrifoefonf[k u|efawmf em;vnfrdonf? olwyg; rsupf d

ausmfv$m;oGm;apumrl oljrifatmif =unfhwwfonf? olwyg; rjrifEdik fpGrf;apumrl
oljrifatmif =unfhwwfonf? pmqkdrsufpdonf xl;jcm;onf[k xifrdonf? kyf
omefudk oloil gig jrifEdik fonf/ jrifvG,fonf? pdwfoEmefuu kd m; ololigig jrifEdik f
cJbdjcif;?
jrifEidk cf aJ om pdwo f Emefudk jrifatmif=unfjh cif;onf xl;jcm;onf? twGi;f
tmHu k kd rdatmifzrf;I =unfhwwfaom rsupf donfvnf; xl;jcm;onf? Tokd@ jrif
atmif =unfEh ikd af om twwfudk pmqkw d d@k onfom wwfEikd faumif;&monf?
pmqkad umif;rSev f #if apwemoefonf[k u|eaf wmf em;vnfro d nf? rdrEd iS hf
eD;pyf&m 0ef;usiu f dvk nf; cspcf ifwwfonf? rdrad exkdi&f m a&ajrukdvnf; cspcf ifwwf
onf/ rdrad wG@}uKH &m rSeo f a&G@uv kd nf; cspcf ifwwfonf/ uk,d u f sKd ;uk,d pf ;D yGm;ukd olol
igig aqmifEkdifonf/ aqmifvG,o f nf? arwWmapwemukdum; oloil gig aqmifEkid cf J
bdjcif;?
aqmifEikd fcJaom arwWmapwem yGm;atmif tm;xkwfjcif;onf xl;jcm;
onf? rdr. d tcspt f =uifemukd a0iSay;urf; vufqifu h rf;vkad om apwemonfvnf;
xl;jcm;onf? Tokd@apwemukd a0iSay;urf;Ekid faom twwfukd pmqkdwkd@onfom
wwfEidk f aumif;&monf?
pmqkt d wwf. tnpfta=u;um; tjrifoefatmif tm;xkwrf _ rjyKjyif
jcif;ESihf apwemoefatmif rjyKjcif;yifjzpfonf[k u|eaf wmf ,Hv k o kd nf?
30
 u|eaf wmfw@dk Y yDwjD zpfz, G f pdw=f unfE;l zG,f wck}uKH vm&onf? todtjrif
ESihf arwWmapwem acgi;f yg;r_w@dk udk y,fazsmuf&ef tm;,lvmaomolEpS Of D; ay:ayguf
vmjcif;yifjzpfonf?
xko d El SpOf ;D rSm/ rEav;wuUov kd fausmif;om; rsm;vnf;jzpfI uAsmrsm;ukd
zG@J qakd vh&do
S rl sm;vnf;jzpfaom =unfatmifESifh armifprG ;f &nfwkd@ aywnf;?
ysKd &,
G o f w l @dk Y tawG@t}uKH rus,0f ef;vSao;aomfvnf; pdwu f ;l um; us,f
0ef;onf? tawG@t}uKH rcrf;em;vSao;aomfvnf; pdwu f ;l um;crf;em;onf? tawG@
t}uKH rqef;=u,fvSao;aomfvnf;/ pdwu f l;um; qef;=u,fonf?
=unfatmifEiS hf armifprG ;f &nfw@dk . pd=wum; ysKd &, G o
f w
l @dk . qef;=u,fry_ if
jzpfavonf?
=unfatmifum;/ aumif;uifESihf avmu ajrjyift=um;wGif wufwHk
oufwHk yso H ef;aeaom iSuif ,fEiS fh wla,mifonf? wcgw&H olonf tvGr;f trde;f
tarmwk@d wiG f epfarsmaeavh&o Sd nf?
aojcif;w&m;jzifh tkyfaqmif;xm;aom uAsmq&m. kyftavmif;ukd
rsufpdrsufvHk; jcif;jcif;eDvsuf&Sdaom ,rrif;tm; aumufa=umif; qifxm;aom
yef;xrf;pifjzifh oHvGio f pf&Gufrsm; oDu;kH ,Sufv$rf;um vufaqmifqufvkduf=u
ygbd[k uAsmq&mu rSm=um;onf? kyftavmif;&S&d mokd@ cspo f lom a&mufygrl
aoqH;k oltm; oem;=uifem tpmem&So d nfqydk gv#if cspof t
l m; vuFmtm;vH;k ESi;f qD
uk;H ukd vufaqmifqufvu dk =f uygbd [k uAsmq&mu aowrf;pm xk;d cJah vonf?
okd@&mwGif wcgw&H Todk@epfarsm&mrSyif =unfatmifonf owdrvpf
0if;ueJvufueJ tawG@wck tod^m%fwck xifcjhJ yefonf?
tdyfrufbw Hk Gif cspfo@l E_wcf rf; csdK+red af epOf/
xkdckdufwef@wGif
puUe@f r;D epf/ csmvnf&pfvsuf
topfjzpfymG ;/ ta[mif;rsm;onf
&yfem;r&S/d ysupf ;D bdvnf;
rodigv#if tdyfaysmfaewum; [lI owdv#yfppf
jyufcahJ vao;onf?
xkdrSwyg;/ =unfatmifonf vl@Zmwdpdwfukd jrwfE;dk cifrif wwfol[k u|ef
31
awmf ,lrSwyf gonf? vlom;wkd@tay:wGif uk%mpD;,kdwwfonfjzpfI/ vl@ZmwfY
vnf; cifwG,fo[ l k qkcd sifygonf? olckd;zrf;qD;cef;uAsmonf Tt,ltqukd
tckid +f rJapqHk; jzpfonf[k u|eaf wmfoabm&onf?
tif;0+rdK@om;yDyD =unfatmif. uAsmrsm;onf ol@e,fajr. ar$;&eH@wd@k
oif;ys@H xH}k uKd ifavonf? eef;a&S@ol onf Tt,ludk tckid +f raJ pqH;k jzpfonf[k u|ef
awmfoabm&onf?
rnfokd@yifjzpfap/ =unfatmifonf ol@tjrifol@tawG;ukd t=uifemoH
aESmI ajymEkdifcaJh vonf?
armifprG ;f &nfrSmrl =unfatmifEiS hf rwlacs? rwljcif;onfyifv#ihf ol@tvS
ol@*k%fjzpfavonf? olonf aumif;uif,Hokd@ w[kefxkd;wufum wdrfnGef@udk
pm;csiaf om iSuif ,fEiS hf wla,mifonf? olz@JG av&m&mwGif rdru d ,dk u
f o
dk mv#if rdKif
jyKI tzGJ@rsm;onf? arwWmbHkuav;ukd tvSqifum qifumESifh aeaysmfvkd[ef
wlonf?
yef;udak wmh qHrmS qif/
=u,fpifawmh vnfrSmuH;k
cspo
f x
l H yef;=u,fjzpfvk@d /
ae&pfr,fzek ;f ?
yef;eJ@=u,fuAsmav;wGif orD;&nf;pm;wk@d . twG,t f wm tciftrifudk
pdw0f rf;i,fi,fjzifh zG@J qx dk m;avonf?
cspOf ;D ol ol@urdk ek ;f ygv#if ae@Yrl =u,fpifjzpfI/ nYum; yef;jzpfIom aevdyk g
onf? vl@cGifudk TES,fek f;I yke;f atmif;&nfreS f; &G,fygonf [k armifpGr;f &nfu
qkdavonf?
TuAsmonf armifpGrf;&nf. tvSbkw H iG f aysmfarG@vakd om oabmudk
txift&Sm;apqH;k jzpfonf[k u|efawmfoabm&onf?
armifpGrf;&nfonf vGwfvyfr_udk jrwfE;dk onf[v k nf; qkEd ikd fI pdwfi,f
vdyjf ym tawmifycH wfum tvS&&dS m t&yfo@kd ysv H okd nfhoabm[k aumuf,v l #if
vnf; jzpfEikd af om
trd;k vnf;yg/ tumvnf;qif
T=urf;jyifrSm/ npOfpuf&
32
 vl@b0onf/ tvSq;kH _;H pGwum; ?
[k ed*Hk;owf xm;onfh tdrfESifh raecsifuAsmonf ol@pdwfoEmefukd
wpdww f ykdi;f vSpjf yonfh a=u;rHk wcsyjf zpfEikd fayonf?
armifprG ;f &nfonf jrif;+ceH ,fom; jzpf&m/ olcspcf ifaom jrif;+ceH ,fajr ywf
0ef;usifukd zG@J vrdk nfrmS rkcsjzpfavonf? Ttaumuft,l onf ykym` ;awmif
wdrn f Kd aqmif;awmh uAsmwGif txift&Sm;jzpfvmavonf?
rnfod@k yifjzpfap armifpGr;f &nfonf ol@tjrif ol@tawG;ukd yGifhvif;&if;ESD;
aom pdwEf iS hf ajymEdkifchaJ vonf?
=unfatmifu avmuta=umif;/ arwWmta=umif;/ cspfot l a=umif;ukd
tav;teuf wnf+ird af t;aq;pGm ajymwwfouJo h @dk armifprG ;f &nfuvnf; avmu
ta=umif;/ arwWmta=umif;/ cspfolta=umif;ukd ayghyg;zsyfvwfpGm ajymjywwf
avonf?
rnfod@k yifjzpfap/ olwd@k EpS fOD;pvHk;onf awG;rd}uHKrdor#/ jrifrdord o d r#wd@k udk
om,majciHpmG ESihf ajE&N & ajymvk=d uonfh orRmqENum; xufoefvo S nfcsn;f om
jzpfavonf?
u|eaf wmfwd@k rEav;wuUov dk f uavmif&iS t f oif;onf =unfatmifESifh
armifprG ;f &nfw@dk . aw;uAsmrsm;ukd pmwapmifwzG@J jyKum xkwaf 0rnf[k }u=H uonf?
olw@dk EpS Of D;ukd y&dowfa&S@arSmufwiG f tajymckdi;f rnf[v k nf; wnDwnGwpf ka0; wkdif
yif=uavonf?
uavmif&iS ftoif;ukd pdwt f vku d f rmeftvku d f OD;pD;OD;&Guf jyKaeolrsm;rSm
tppt&m&mwGif 0gi,fou d mQ i,f Eke,fvaS o;onfh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;om
jzpfavonf? tvm;wlyif uAsmzGJ@qkdolESpfOD;rSmvnf; tppt&m&mwGif 0gi,f
oduQmi,f Eke,fvSao; onfrSm trSefyif jzpfavonf?
okd@&mwGif u|efawmfw@kd onf Eke,fjcif;ukd tm;rvkdtm;r& rjzpfacs? pdwf
tm;ravsmyh g;rdacs? Eke,fjcif;wGif }uHKawG@&rnfh csdK@whrJ _ ryDjyifrw _ @kd udv
k nf; awG@&OD;
rnfom jzpfonf[k "rRwmukd wkid f;wmrd=uavonf?
Tpmtkyfukd u|efawmfwkd@onf pmaytay:wGif xm;&Sdaom rdrdwkd@.
apwemoef@oef@ukd t&Ju;kd I om xkwfa0vku d yf gonf?
ENd,jynfom; urBmausmf pmqkd}uD; &mAdjENmewfw*kd;. &mjynfhtxdrf;
33
trSwwf Gif wwftm;or# ylaZmfvI dk vnf; xkwaf 0vku
d yf gonf?
TuAsmrsm;ukd zwfI aw;zGJ@olwdk@. apwemukd jrifvnf;jrif&I/
&$ifvnf;&$ifysygrl u|efawmfwkd@rSm 0rf;ajrmuf&ygawmhrnf? yDwdjzpf&yg awmhrnf?
auseyf&ygawmhrnf?

wifr kd;
OuU
rEav; wuUokdvf uavmif&Siftoif;
ae@pGJ/ 1-12-60? rEav; wuUokdvf?

34
 pd = wuAsmrsm;pmtk y f a 0zef oH k ; oyf c suf r sm;

1959 u wifrkd;. zefrD;tdrf uAsmrsm;pmtkyf xGufvmonf? ,if;wifrdk;.

uAsmpmtkyf onf 1959 ckEpS t f wGuf taumif;qH;k pmayAdrmef uAsmqk &cJah yonf?
,ck 1960 u =unfatmifEiS hf armifprG ;f &nfw@dk . pd=wuAsmrsm; pmtkyx f u G f vmjyef
onf? rEav; wuUov dk f uavmif&iS t f oif;onf uAsmpmayukd tm;ay;aomtzG@J
wufopfp pma&;q&mrsm;ukd ajrawmifajrmufay;aom tzGJ@jzpfonfukd awG@&ay
onf?
rEav;wuUov kd rf S xGuaf y:vm=uaom pma&;olrsm;onf yDyDoo a&;
Ekid =f uonf? pd=wuAsmrsm;Y t"dym` ,f r&Si;f rvif; 0k;d wk;d 0g;wm;rsm; rawG@&? ta&;
tom; ryDor_rsm; rawG@&? okd@aomf vli,frsm;jzpfonft h wkdi;f olwd@k uAsm ^m%f
uGef@jrL;&m e,fy,fonf tdrw f puf+rdw/f rdcif&ifaiG@/ cspfol/ vSyaom aiGva&mif/
yef;yGiphf onfw@dk rS odyaf 0;a0;rxGuaf o;ay? olw@kd onf zG@J or# ta=umif; t&mwk@d udk
um; yDyDoo =unf=unfvifvif oDu;Hk Edik =f uavonf?
=unfatmif. olc;kd zrf;qD;cef;ESihf armifprG f;&nf. yky`m;awmif aendK
apmif;awmhuAsmwk@d rmS u|eaf wmf tESpo f ufq;kH rsm; jzpf=uayonf? olw@dk onf ,if;
uAsmrsm;Y olwk@d aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd okyfazmfxm;=uayonf? olc;kd zrf;
qD;cef;rSmvlr_pepfukd azmfjyI yky`m;awmif aendKapmif;awmh rSm aus;awm
vufb0ukd zGJ@xm;ayonf? ,if;okd@v#if rdrw d @kd tdrw
f puf+rdw/f +cHpnf;kd;rS ausmfI
v_yf&Sm;aeaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd tajccHxm;=u+yD; a&;=uv#if uAsmopfrsm;
xGuv f mrnf[k xifay onf? tb,fa=umifq h adk omf olw@dk onf yDyoD o a&;wwf/
zG@J wwf=uaom a=umifjh zpf ayonf?

'*ke fw m&m
aiGwm&D/ rwfv/ 1961?

35
 pd = wuAsmrsm;pmtk y f a 0zef oH k ; oyf c suf r sm;

&Sifr[m &om& 16 ESpfom;avmufu bl&d'wfvuFm}uD;ukd a&;onf? &SifrkeEd N

aumo (awmifzv D mq&mawmf) 15 ESpo f m; avmufu a0\E&m ysdK@ a[mif;ukd
a&;onf? &Sirf ek Ed mN bd"Z(us;D oJq&mawmf) 16 ESpo f m;avmufu r[mom&ysKd @opf
ukd a&;onf? onftcsufrsm;ukd rSw&f pOfu trSwftom; remvS/ rxdrcku d /f qGu
uyif,o Sd nf? [kwrf [ S w k fygavp[laom tr#io f nf wef;&&ef;yif ,SdchaJ o;onf?
,ae@=unfatmifEiS fh armifpGr;f &nf. uAsmrsm;ukd zwf&aomtcg uAsm
onf tcsed f,lEkid jf cif;ESifh aoG;v_yf&Sm;jcif;ESpcf kukd t"du trSDjyK a=umif; tod^m%f
oef@oef@pifpif jzpfvmonf?
ysdK&G,fjcif;onf uAsmyif. ajr=oZmukd okdr;SD xm;avoavm[kyif quf
vufawG; awmrdayonf?
,ae@tjiif;yGm;aeaom pmayjy\emwGif pmqd&k , G fvl yk*dK~ vfi,fEpS Of D;.
uAsmrsm;u b0. t&Sdet f 0g xdawG@csufomv#if pmemolw@kd tm; okc 'kuQ ok@d r
[kwf t&om 9 rsKd ;/ 10 rsKd ;ay;Ekdifa=umif; axmufjyaeonfh t[ef xifayonf?
TuAsmrsm;onf t&omwumwk d @. yef ; wk di f j zpf a om oE & o
(t+ird ;f t&om) rS t&omwumwk@d . yef;OD;jzpfaom 0p>v&o(trdcsp)f ok@d jyefvm
vkduf/ aqG;aqG;ESifh t&om ,Sdaom/ uk%m&orSonf &$i&f $ifESihf t&om,Sdaom
[mo&oqDokd@ ul;oef;vkdufEiS fh a&mif0g,Suo f ef;aeaom a0ylrsujf rwf ausmuf
aumif;ESpv f ;kH ygaywnf;?

qef; xGef;
20-11-60?

(pd = wuAsmrsm;pmtk y f w G i f azmf j yxm;csuf r sm;rS )

36
pd=wuAsmonf qef;=u,faom uAsmrsm;jzpfonf? tawG;tac: qef;opfI zG@J E@JG aom
ta=umif; t&mrsm;vnf; xl; axG qef; jym;vSa yonf ? uAsm pmqk dr sm;rSm
=unfatmifEiS fh armifpGrf;&nf ESpfO;D jzpfonf? olw@kd EpS fOD;pvH;k onf jr0wD/ _r0/
aoG;aomuf/ aiGwm&Dr*~Zif; rsm;wGif a&;om;vsu&f =dS uaom uavmifopf rsm;jzpfI
rEav;wuUov dk .
f *k%u
f dk aqmif=uaom wuUov dk f ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfayonf?
xk@d a=umifh pmaye,fwcGifrS pd=wuAsmrsm;onf qef;=u,faom uAsmrsm;tjzpf
zwf&_ ayonf?
jrefrmpm uxdu OD;armifarmifwif?

(pd = wuAsmrsm;pmtk y f w G i f azmf j yxm;csuf r sm;rS )

a&S;a[mif; trSwt f om;ygwidk ;f vnf; taumif;r[kw?f acwfuAsmqdw

k ikd ;f vnf;
tjypfrjrifoifh? ynm&Sdrsm;onf ta[mif;rSjzpfap topfrSjzpfap taumif;ukd
vufc=H uonf? rkdurf aJ om a0zefa&;orm;onf ol@q&mu ajymxm;onft h wkid ;f
om vkduef monf[k vGefchaJ om ESpaf ygi;f 2000 avmufu uAsmhpmqdk q&m}uD;
umvD'go qdck o Jh nf?
vlxkOD;vS?

(pd = wuAsmrsm;pmtk y f w G i f azmf j yxm;csuf r sm;rS )

37
 ,ae@uAsmESi fh teDE Sifhtjym

u|eaf wmfw@kd jrefrmvlrsKd ;um;/ tvGev f #if acwfrESD ikd faom vlrsKd ;aywum; ?
wae@qDu pmtkyf qkd if wck wGi f/ rd wfa qGw OD; onf q,fjym;wef
pmapmifwck,lI ukdi;f -'Dwywf qkd&, S fvpfuAsmawG b,fESpfyk'yf govJ/ rSe;f
[kqu kd m uAsmuukd vSeyf gavawmhonf? olajymumrS u|eaf wmfw@dk vnf; 0kid ;f 0ef;
pdppf=unfrh &d m/ vm;vm;toJuaJG =umif;/ &iftufa=umif;/ uAsmwked @H e@H w@dk t=um;
0,f/ t&if;&SifaoG;pkyfaumifta=umif;/ vkyfom;}uD; wlxkoHta=umif;/ pufHk
ta=umif; uAsm rjzpfpavmuf eifvm;igvm;ygaywum; ?
u|efawmfonf armifpGrf;&nf.teDESifhtjym uAsmrsm;ukd tprS
tqH;k zwfI +y;D oGm;onfah emuf/ txufyg tawG@t}uHKuav;ukd ajy;wJI h owd&
vkdurf dygawmhonf? ,ck pmzwfol. vuf0,fo@kd a&mufaeaom ,if;uAsmrsm;
ukvd nf; pmzwfoo l nf q,fjym;wefpmapmif uAsm&Siw f @dk u/dk rdwaf qGwOD; rSwcf suf
csbo d @kd rSwfcsucf sacsawmhrnfud/k }udKwifawG;rdvdu k fygonf?
ok@d &mwGif armifpGrf;&nfonfvnf; xkx d u kd Asm&Siw f @dk uo Jh @kd acwfrDaS om
uAsmq&mwOD;avm?
TrSmbuf q,fpEk pS yf idk ;f wGif u|eaf wmfw@dk wuUov dk rf S/ vli,fuAsmq&m
av;rsm; ay:xGe;f vmcJyh gonf? tcsdK@vnf; ,ae@pmayavmuwGif emrnfwvHk;ESihf
uAsmq&m[k wkid ;f jynfu todtrSwjf yK cHae&av+yjD zpf.? tcsKd @vnf; emrnf rxGuf
vmwwfao;? tcsdK@um; pHk;pHk;jrKyfoGm;=u+yD? TuAsmq&mi,fwkd@wGif t&nf
taoG;onf rwl uGJjym;=ubdod@k awG;ac:ajrmfjrifyHkwd@k onfvnf; jcm;em;vS.?
tcsdK@onf r,fbGJ@armifbGJ@/ tcspftvGrf; oHo&m a&ajrawmawmif obm0
0J=oCwk@d ryS if/ rkef;xGufEdik =f u? tcsdK@um; qef;ovkdvd/k tawG;tac: abmifcsJ@
vmovkv d Ekd iS hf tedpo
P abm/ qif;&Jcsr;f omoabm/ avmu"Hoabmavmufuyif
rwufawmhacs? tcsKd @rmS rl vl@avmuukd vlom;tjzpfjzifh &J&ifph mG jrifI/ uAsmq&mESihf
38
vlavmu wm0efukd useaocsmpGm oabmayguf odjrifvsuf/ odjrifonfht
avsmuf awG;ac: uAsmqkdp jyKvmcJh=uavonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@ armifpGrf;&nfum;
wwd,uAsmq&mpkwiG f ygay.?
wuUov dk w f iG f &Spd Ofuyif u|Eyfk w f @dk onf armifprG ;f &nf. vloyH gaom uAsm/
ajreH@oif;aomuAsmwk@d udk awG@xad vhvmcJ=h u&onf? olonforl sm;ESirfh wl/ Tod@k
aomuAsmq&mrsdK;aywum;[k rSwcf sufcscJh=u&onf? olum;xGef;opfvmrnfh
jynfo@l uAsmacwf. tmk%fOD;wGif a&S@ajy;=u,fwyGijfh zpfcaJh v+yD? (,ckpmtkyyf g
uAsmESihf wGJvsuyf g&daS om ckEpS frsm;ukd owdjyK=unf=h uygukef?)
TwGif uAsm[lonf tb,fenf;[k jy\emay:vmay.? xkd@xuf
jynfol@uAsmqkdonfrSmaum tb,fenf;[k ar;cGef;wufvmay.? um&eftcsw d f
tquf/ pnf;pepfrSefuefpGmjzifh pyf[yfa&;zGJ@xm;v#if uAsmac:rnfavm/ Ekaom
pum;vHk;/ ,Ofaompmom;/ vSyaom tawG;tac:wkd@jzifh uHk;oDxm;onfukdyif
uAsmac:rnfavm? t&if;&Sirf aumif;a=umif;/ vkyo f m;awG nDnn D mnm qd&k , S v
f pf
yef;wkid fod@k csDwuf=uukefavmh-[k [def;a[mufxm;wkdif; jynfol@uAsm[k ac:&
rnfavm?
pifppfaomfum; azh&ifaoG;/ vlav;&,fwJh armifwmaw[k um&ef
tcsdwftqufuav; rd/Hk pyf[yfHkESihv f nf; uAsmjzpfrvm? EkvGiv f Gif qHauvG
i,fEiS /hf ykaroZif rSe&f a0t0qDupojzifh Ekovkv d dk ,Ofovkv d dk pum;vH;k av;awG/
pDwef;xm;umr#ESihv f nf; uAsmrajrmuf/ 'k@d vyk fom;awG/ vkyt f m;ay;um/ nDnD
nmnmESi/hf r[mqk&d , S v f pf/ yef;wkid o f pfo@dk / "rRppfrvGJ csu
D ek af vmh[k vlwwf vkyf
um vrf;!efa&S@aqmifrkH #EiS v hf nf; jynfo@l uAsm rac:tyfonfomwnf;?
uAsmqkdonfrSm t"dy`m,fzGifh& cufvSonf? urBmhtb,fynm&Sif/
tb,ftbd"mefq&m/ tb,fpmay okawoDurSvnf; uAsmukd wdwdusus
t"dym` ,frzGiEhf idk af o;acs? u|eaf wmfw@dk auseyf&qH;k um; uAsmrnfonf uAsmq&m
(u0d) wd@k .OpPm[laom a&S;k;d 0d+*Kd [fuav;yifwnf;?
uAsmbm[k pum;awG axmifxEk iS hf &Si;f &onfxuf uAsmqkw d m bmvJ[k
odcsifv#if uAsmukd zwf=unfhjcif;u taumif;qHk; &Sif;vif;ayvdrfhrnfjzpf.? edAmef
ta=umif;ukd edAm efr*fzdk qku d af &mufow l @dk om odEidk o
f nfqakd om Ak'b < mom0ifw@dk .
tqkEd Sihf E_di;f yifEid_ ;f oifah yao;awmhonf? edAm efonf/ uAsmonf/ odyeH` nf;
39
usus / odyHa` 0g[m& Z,m;uGufwd@k wGif oGwfoGi;f I &Sif;csux f kwfaumif; aom
t&mrsm; r[kwf=uacs?
pum;vH;k awG rEkvS-r,Ofvb S JESihv
f nf; uAsmjzpfaeEkid f.? pum;vHk;awG
Ek- ,Of-uGe@f -nGe@f aeygvsuv f nf; uAsmjzpfrvmEkid af y? qkAd , D ufuAsmq&m rm,m
aumhpuD;u olonfjynfoal wG ajymaompum;ESihf a&;ygonf[k ajymbl;.? [kwf
vnf ;[kw fa y.? tar&du efu Asmq&m}uD; a&mbwf za&mhp f. uAsmrsm;
qkyd gv#iv f nf; omreftar&duefjynfoal wGajymovkd pum;rsm;ESiyhf if a&;avh&dS aom
a=umifh ol@uAsmrsm;rSm jynfo@l ta=umif; uAsmrsm;r[kwf/ jynfolawGud, k wf ikd f
pum;ajymaeaom uAsmrsm;jzpfonf[kyif qdk ;dk &Sd=uonf?
TwGif u|eaf wmfw@dk r[mynmausmrf sm; aemuf*|r;f jyefae&pfc=hJ ujcif;vnf;
jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfw@dk r[mynmausmrf sm;rSm um&eftcsw d tf quf wnf;[laom
uAsLya'oukd wD;rdacgurf v d #if jrefrmpmayxJrS Ekaom,Ofaom pmvH;k a0g[m&wk@d udk
vSnu hf m zJuh m ae&mwus oGwo f iG ;f wwfv#i/f uAsmq&m[k uk, d u hf ,dk u f ,dk f xif
wwf=u.? pmayuAsmukd tuJjzwfonfqkdaom yk*~dKvf}uD;rsm;uvnf; *k%w f @kd -
&owk@d -qef;ae-*k% d ;f aewkd@-Xm,Dbm0wk@d uyif wufwwfonfr&Sad wmhacs?
ok;d aqmif;'m&DwiG f xrif;pm; a&aomuftp ae&mwum um&ef tcsw d f
tqufjzifh pum;ajymavh&adS om rif;om;wyg;. yHjk yif&. dS ? u|Eyfk w
f @dk ynm&S}d u;D rsm;.
uAsmqko d nfrsm;rSm xkyd jkH yifrS um&efeabrif;om;(Rhyming Prince ) . vufwef;pyf
aygufu& um&efwd@k ESifh odyf}uD; ruGjcm;vSygay?
wzef/ tawG;tac:ygrS uAsmjzpfonf qkdjyefum/ bmrSrqef;awmhaom
tedpo P abm/ avmu"Hoabmav;r#ukv d suf/ tyfa=umif;xyfcsifwdik ;f xyfae+yD;
jzpfygonfudyk if tzefwvJvJ xyfr0olrsm; uvnf; &Sdao;onf? wkd;wufaom
tjrif[lI/ tcsKd @uvnf; rnDr#aom vlaer_ta=umif;/ qif;&Jcsrf;om ta=umif;
rsm;ukd twH;k vku d f twpfvdu k f um&efwGi;f oGwo f iG ;f I a&;zG@J =ujyef avonf?
,ckaomfum; awmfveS af &;aumifpt D pd;k &u a&S@aqmifa&S@&u G jf yKI qk&d , S f
vpfacwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;}uD; qifEa$J ea=umif; ausnm armif;xkvu kd of nfwiG f
,cifu vkyo f m;b0qko d nfudk iJah pmif;=unf&h aumif;rSe;f rodcahJ om/ jynfo@l pmay[k
tcsKd @u au;a=umf ygonfuydk if au;a=umf&ygr@dk avm[k em;uavmav[ef uvef
uqefvyk cf =hJ uaom armifrif;}u;D / r,frif;}u;D rsm;onfyif ol@xufigO;D qk&d , S vf pfawG/
40
tvkyof rm;/ v,form; b0okyaf zmfawG/ uacsonf ruwwf/ 0g;vuf ckyEf Sifh
nyfovkd ra&;wwf a&;wwfESifh nmwmygaw;ukef=uygavawmhonf?
qk&d ,
S v
f pfqdak om pum;ygrS qk&d ,
S v
f pf&rnfavm? tvkyo f rm; [l
aom a0g[m&ygrS tvkyo f rm;pmay jzpf&awmhrnfavm? qkAd , D ufEidk if aH wmf}u;D ukd
wnfaxmifqJ k&Sm;jynfow l @kd tm; wtm;wufuapcJhaom TuAsmukd oDcJh&mY
rm,maumhpuD;onf qkd&S,v f pfawG/ vkyo
f m;awGEiS fh bmrS Ekid fiHa&; 0g'jzef@pmay
rqefcahJ y?
igoyd gonf
+rdK@w+rdK@ ay:xGe;f vmvdrrhf nf?
igodygonf
O,smOfyef;rvf a0qmvdrrhf nf?
Tvkd jynforl sdK;
qkdA, D ufEikd fiHawmfwGif &Sdaeaomtcg ?
wDxiG rf p_ mayabmifY jynfol@pmay[lonf Ekid if aH &;ygwD ausnmpmwrf;
qefaeI rjzpfay? wDxiG rf _ pmaywGif tEkq;kH [k qkt d yfaom uAsmwGiu f m; qkb d ,
G f
r&Sd+yD? pmayonf pmayESiu fh m; wl&vdrrfh nfjzpf.? uAsmonf uAsmESiv fh nf; wl&
ayvdrrhf nf? jynfot l wGuf jzpfonf[&l mY pmayjyKpo k (l 0g) uAsmq&mwGif apwem
rSefbkd@ vkdonf? t,ltq rSefbk@d vdkonf? xkdapwem xkdtbd"rRmwnf;[laom
ausmufawmif ausmufom;wkd@rS ,kdqif;yef;xGufvmaom uAsmq&m. uAsm
pdrphf rf; wk@d onf jynfot l wGuf pmaumif;ayaumif; rnfaytHo h wnf;?
Ttjrif Tuku d w f w
H @dk jzifh u|Eyfk w f @dk onf armifprG ;f &nf. uAsmpkudk zwf_
oGm;&m/ olonf wHawG;jrpfwGif/ t&if;&Sifukd/ t&Sifyufvufarsmapavmh[k
t&if;&Sief ,fcs@J wku d x f w k af &;ukd cyf=urf;=urf;wyfveS @f v@H_ aqmfonft h cg v_@H aqmf.?
vufuyf vufcsKd ;/ ajcxkd; ajcjzwf/ wk@d e,fpyfud/k csOf;uyfroD=uukefvifh [k usL;
ausmaf &;orm;tm; rmefygyg vSr;f Iatmfonft h cg atmf.? jynfwiG ;f ppf. 'vpyf
v#if/ aoewfoHrsm;=um;0,f ocifryg/ EGm;rsm;omv#if tdrfjyefvmcJh&aom
Armv,form;}u;D twGuf ol@trd o f El iS hf a&mI ikad u;jrnfwrf;onft h cg ikjd rnfwrf;
onf? vif;prSm a&ukda&mif;vk@d / ausmif;qif;csed f xif;v,fcyJG g&aom wynfih ,f
twGuf ausuo JG nft h cg ausuo JG nf? xko d nfw@dk EiS t
hf wl &HzefwiG rf l ol@cspo f t l wGuf
41
pdev f ,fjyif pdeaf umufoGm;&aom tdyfrufudv k nf; rufvu kd f.? &HcgwGifvnf;
o&ufuif;au aumuf=u&if; rsuaf pmif;cJ&efawG@&mrS tp cspu f |r;f 0ifomG ;=uaom
awm. om;i,f orD;i,f wk@d EiS v fh nf; twl &,farmaeavonf? od@k &mwGif ol.
vlom;pdwt f pOfuav;onf [drk o S nfu;l -onfrS [ku d ;l vl;vmckeyf sH uGe@f pm;ae av
&mY uAsmq&m. jynfo@l tay:wGif xm;&Sdaom apwem/ ayG@ykdufxm;aom tbd
"rRm. rSeu f efrw_ @dk onf ay:vGix f ify aeacsvsuf jynfo@l u, kd pf m; jynfol@ toH
uav;rsm;onf wvGiv f iG f jrnfusL;aeavawmhonf?
armifprG ;f &nf. uAsmwk@d onf uAsmaumif;wk@d . pHcsed o f @kd rnfr#widk f a&muf
vmcJo h enf;? v,form;ESihf vkyo f m;wk@d wu
G /f wtm;wufz@dk / vufcyk f oHr#jzpfa&;
&nfreS ;f csuYf rnfr#atmifjrifcahJ voenf;? Tonfw@dk um; pmzwfol uAsmjrnf;ol/
jynfolw@kd aqG;aEG;a0zef=u&rnfh jy\emomv#if jzpfygbdonf? u|Eykf w f d@k twwf
Ekdiq f ;Hk qkdEkdifonfum; jynfol@pmayw&yfxlaxmif&ef 0kdif;0ef;wmplaeaom ,ae@
pmayacwfY ol@uAsmpmpkonf rao;i,faom ae&mrS yg0ifae+yD[k axmufjy
vkjfd cif;yif jzpfygownf;?

armif o *F g
5-7-64?

42
 armifp Grf;&nfokd@ tdwfz Gi fhay;pm

(u)
OD;av;a& vli,fpmayorm;awGuawmh OD;av;ukdawmh OD;ckdufae=uw,f?
u|eaf wmfhukad wmh 'l;wku d fae=uw,f?
(1) rk;d a0uAsm &So d vm;ar;rdv@dk ?
(2) armf'efepfZif;qkdwm usq;Hk cJ+h yv D @dk ajymvk@d w?Jh
uk, d t
hf csi;f csi;f awGygy?J rk;d a0u awmfveS 0f g'eJ@ awmfveS u f Asmtkypf u
k awmh
OD;av;ukd xdyg;vkd@ oydwaf rSmuf=uw,f? armifoif;ckdi/f atmifcsdrfhESihf rkH&Gm atmif
&Siwf @dk vm+y;D n=d uwmyJ? u|eaf wmfvnf; _yu f ek +f y?D bmyJjzpfjzpf OD;av;use;f rmygap?
armifp Grf; &nf
ukdprG ;f &nfcifAsm;
ukdprG f;&nf u|efawmfhxaH y;wJph muav;ukd w&m;r0ifuae w&m;0ifjzpf
atmif vkyfvdkufvkd@ u|efawmfhukd cGifhv$wfyg? vl@usifh0wftaeeJ@ =unfh&ifawmh
u|efawmf ukpd rG ;f &nfudk opPmazmufvu dk wf hJ oabmyg?
ukpd rG ;f &nfu u|eaf wmhx f H yk*v~ u d wpfa,mufcsi;f ay;wJph m? u|eaf wmfu
'Dpmukd wkid ;f jynfudk zGijhf yvku
d w f muk;d ? 'gayr,fAh sm? ukpd rG ;f &nfpmukd zwf+y;D u|eaf wmf
pdwef nf;enf; xdcu dk o
f mG ;w,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dpmukd a&;vku d &f wmygy?J ukpd rG ;f &nfpmu
wa,mufcsi;f ay;pmayr,fh pmayavmueJ@ ywfoufaewmeJ@ u|eaf wmf tckvdk vkyf
vkduf&wmygyJAsm? cGihv f $wEf dik &f if cGiv
fh $wfyg?
u|eaf wmfu pmayjy\emawGukd pdw0f ifpm;w,f? txl;ojzifh vli,fav;
awG pmayavmu twGif;rSm jiif;ckaH e=uwJh udpaP v;awGudk pdw0f ifpm;w,f? ukpd rG ;f
&nfe@J u|efawmfodcJhwm 35 ESpf&dyS g+yD?
43
 zefr;D tdrf pmtkyf (uAsm) trSmpma&;&ef pmukd vmykd@wke;f uawmh uAsm
q&m armifpGrf;&nfrSef; rodchyJ gbl;? aemiftawmf=umrS u|efawmf od&wm? tJ'Dvkd
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm odu|r;f cifrif&if;ES;D cJw h mawGudk csed pf uf+y;D cGiv hf w
$ v f u dk rf ,fv@kd ,H=k unf
rdygw,f? ukdprG f;&nf pmxJrmS ygwJh yxrudpu P acwfay:pmay0g'udp/P ukdprG ;f &nfu
armf'efepfZif;[m usqk;H cJ+h yDv@dk qdv k u kd w
f mukd;?
tJ'aD e&mrSm armf'efepfZif;vk@d t*Fvyd pf mvH;k ESihf oH;k vku d v f @dk (0g) armf'efv@dk
oH;k vku d v f @dk jzpfwu hJ dpvP @kd u|eaf wmfem;vnfvdu k w
f ,f?
udpk rG ;f &nf !e;f wJh armf'ef0g'vk@d ac:wJh t*Fvyd pf um;vH;k eJ@ pmay0g'qdw k m
vGecf w hJ t hJ ESpf 100 avmufu taemufEidk if rH mS oH;k pGcJ w hJ ,f? a0g[m& pum;vH;k udpP
ukad wmh udpv P @kd yJ qkyd gawmhAsm? u|eaf wmfuawmh armf'efv@dk roH;k bl;? acwfay:pmay/
acwfay:pmay0g'vk@d qk+d y;D oH;k w,f? taemufEidk if u H oH;k wJh armf'ef0g'qdw k mu (18)
&mpk jyifopfawmfvSeaf &;t+yD; pufr_xGe;f um;vmwJah emufrSm t&if;&Sipf epf}uD;
xGe;f um;wJh umvavmufrmS jzpfay:aewJh olw@kd taemufEidk if u H pmayukd qkv d wdk m
jzpfw,fqkw d m ukdpGr;f &nf odygw,f? tJ'pD mayawGukd vuf0J0g'D (0g) rmhuf(pf)
0g'DawGuawmh "e&Sipf mayvk@d owfrSwcf h=J uw,f?
tJ'pD mayoabmuawmh acwfaemufusef&pfcahJ v+y?D ,ae@vil ,f pmay
EkysKd yGio hf pfpmayorm;awG ajymwJh armf'efqw kd m tJ't D aemufEidk if u H armf'ef r[kwf
bl;vkd@ u|efawmfxifw,f?
olw@kd ,cka&;om;ae=uwJh pmaytzG@J tEG@J opfawGuo kd m ajymwm? cufwm
u armf'efv@dk oH;k vku d af wmh pum;vH;k csi;f wl a&maxG;_yyf u G ek af wmhwmAs? pum;vH;k
tac: a&mwmyJ? pmayra&mygbl;? tJ'ga=umifh u|efawmf pdwx f dckdufomG ;wmvkd@
qkw d m? ckw&f mwjcm; &S&mwvGq J w kd m 'grsKd ;jzpfrmS ayghAsm?
ukdprG f;&nf ckwfvkdufwmu taemufEkdifirH Sm acwfaemufus usef&pfwJh
armf'efajymwm? 'gayrJh oGm;&Sawmh ,ae@acwf a&;om;=uwJh uAsmq&m EkysdKyGifh
opfuav;awG oGm;jzpfaewm? wu,fuawmhvnf; oGm;&Swm r[kwfbl;av?
txiftjrif vGw J mvnf; jzpfEidk yf gw,f?
vli,fEkysdKyGifhopfpawGu olwd@k tjrifeJ@ olwkd@? olwk@d acwf+ydKifcpH m;r_ukd
zG@J E@JG aewmygy?J
u|eaf wmf'w k , d udpu P awmh pmaynDnw G af &;ygy?J olw@dk vnf; nDnw G af &;
qkw d hJ pum;vH;k oH;k pGcJ w hJ m tawmf=umyg+y?D zG@H +zKd ;pEkid if aH wGrmS awG@&wwfwhJ jy\em
44
rsdK;ygy?J qef;awmh rqef;ygb;l ?
ukdpGrf;&nfu rkd;a0pmayacwf&Sdovm;vkd@ ar;rdwmeJ@ qkdwJhoabmukd
u|eaf wmfem;vnfygw,f? 'gawGu orkid ;f a&;&m tuJjzwfre_ @J qkid yf gw,f? tuJjzwfr_
qkw d mu uGJvnf;uGv J JEG ikd yf gw,f? oabmuvnf; wlEdik fygw,f?
'gu pmayorkid ;f eJ@ qkid w f ,f? rk;d a0ukd oydwaf rSmufw,fqw dk mu vGecf w hJ hJ
tESpf 20 u jzpfchw J hu J pd Pyg? t,f'DwmwpfOD;u u|efawmfhta=umif;ukd raumif;
awmfawmfav; a&;vku d vf @dk vli,fuAsmq&m wpfpu k rausreyfjzpf+y;D ay:vmwm?
u|eaf wmfvnf; rauseyfwmukd csucf si;f rodygb;l Asm? olw@dk oydwfarSmuf
a=umif; vm+y;D ajymawmhrS od&ygw,f? u|eaf wmf wm;ygao;w,f? odyw d f rarSmuf
=ueJ@? cifAsm;wk@d a&;wJu h AsmawGudk 'Dr*~Zif;uyJ xnfah ewm? 'Djh yifwu dk af wGu xnfrh mS
r[kwb f ;l ? uAsmtzG@J tEG@J opfw@kd qw dk mu r*~Zif;wku d af wGu vufccH si=f uwm r[kwf
bl;? cifAsm;wk@d ae&m aysmufomG ;rSmayg?h u|eaf wmf ajymw,f? 'gayrJh r&bl;? olw@dk u
odypf w d t f m; xufoefae=uwm? oydwfarSmuf+yD; xGuv f m=u+y;D rS u|eaf wmfu h dk t
a=umif;=um;wJh oabmavmufyJ &Sw d ,f? u|efawmfhuv dk nf; wkdifyif=uwm r[kwf
bl;av? olw@kd vnf; t&G,fa&mufae=u+yDyAJ sm? olwkd@bmom olw@kd tjrifeJ@ olwd@k
vkyfykdifcGifh &Sd=uwmyJ r[kwfvm;? 'guxm;ygawmh? u|efawmf ajymcsifwmu
pmaynDnw G af &;?
pmaynDnw G af &;[m pmaya0zefa&;eJ@ qufpyfaewwfw,f? pmaya0zef
a&;qdw k m tenf;eJ@trsm; aumif;usKd ;jyKwJh vkyfief;ygy?J a0zefa&; w&yfudk oabm
wlwmvnf; &Sdr,f? rwlwm &Srd ,f? 'gayrJhvnf; a0zefwJhtwGufawmh a0zefa&;
w&yfay:rSmrS+D y;D wpfzufe@J wpfzufqw kd mu oabmwlwb hJ ufe@J rwlwb hJ ufudk ajym
wmyg? rdwaf qGe@J &efob l ufv@kd ajymwm r[kwb f ;l ? wpfzufe@J wpfzuf pmrsuEf mS
ay:rSm ok@d r[kwf =urf;jyifay:rSm awG@q+kH y;D tjrifcsi;d zvS,o f ifwh ,f? ES;D aESmoifw h ,f?
aqG;aEG;ndEi_d ;f oifhw,fv@kd u|eaf wmf xifw,f?
tJ'g nDnGwaf &; enf;vrf;yJAs? t,ltqqdkwm b,fvkdenf;eJ@rS xyfwl
xyfr# rwlnED idk b f ;l ? wlwmvnf; obm0 rusb;l ? rwlwm obm0usygw,f? pmay
jzwfoef;r_qw dk mvnf; wpfa,mufe@J wa,muf rwlEikd b f ;l ? touft&G,cf si;f vnf;
nD=uwmrS r[kwb f AJ sm? touft&G,fcsi;f nDonfw h dik af tmifudk pmayjzwfoef;r_
aemufcHum;awGu wlcsifrS wlrSm? ,ae@vli,f EkysKd yGio fh pfpawGe@J ukdpGr;f &nfwd@k
acwfu pmaya&pD;a=umif;u a&pD;a=umif; wpfckwnf;ygyAJ s?
45
 pmaya&pD;a=umif;u pD;qif;aew,f? tnmu ta=uukd pD;qif;aew,f?
tJ'g tpOftvmvk@d yJ ac:=uw,f r[kwfvm;?
ukpd rG ;f &nfw@dk zG@J E@JG whJ uAsma&pD;a=umif;[m tckvnf; pD;qif;vsuyf g? tJ'v D dk
qufpyfr_ &Sdw,f? 'gjyef+yD;awmh oH;k oyf=unfh&if awG@Eikd fygw,f? tJ'Dvdk quf pyfr_
&Sdw,f? 'gjyef+yD;awmh oHk;oyf=unfh&if awG@Ekdifygw,f? acwfay: jrefrmpmayukd
=unfhv#if acwfO;D q&m}uD; ocifu, kd af wmfr_dif;wkd@ 0HomEkacwfuae+y;D pD;qif;vm
vku d =f uwm acwfprf;udk jzwfoef;vmr,f? ppf+y;D +y;D pmayopfudk jzwfoef;vmr,f?
,ae@acwf+ydKif cHpm;r_xyd gyAJ sm? ol@acwfEiS o fh l ol@acwfawGudk tusdK;jyKvm=uwm
ygy?J
rdrdt&ifacwfu ay:xGef;vmwJh tarGtESpfawGu aemufacwfawGudk
tqifq h ifh vufurf;ay;vku d =f uwJh oabmygy?J ewf&iS af emif[m e0a'; &wkawGudk
zwf+yD; ewf&Sifaemif &wkawG jzpfvmwmygy?J
wpfcgu &mr&uefOD;wkd;&J@ &wkawG[m ewf&Sifaemif&J@ uAsmawGudk quf
cH+yD; oHk;E_e;f cJw
h myJ? tJ'Dvdk tqifhqifh tusKd ;jyKwJh oabmw&m;ukd u|eaf wmfwd@k u
tpOftvmvkd@ qkdvdu k w f mygy?J wpfckawmh &SdwmayghAsm? tpOftvmvkd@ qkw d meJ@
cHpm;r_wlwhJ tpOftvmuawmh wpfqufwnf;wpfa=umwnf;vk@d qdk&rSmyJ? u|ef
awmfu tJ'v D kd wpfa=umwnf;oabmukd tpOftvmvkd@ ,lqygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd wpfa=umwnf;om;jcif;/ tpOftvmwljcif; nDnGwfa&;ukd qkv d kd
wmyg?
nDnGwfa&;qdkwm rdwfaqG0g'ygy?J u|efawmfuawmh &efolr&Sd/ trke;f r&Sd
0g'orm;As? u|eaf wmfrh mS &eforl &S/d rdwaf qGom &Sw d ,fv@dk cH,wl hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;orm;yg?
udpk Grf;&nf odygw,f?
(*)
u|efawmfw@kd wawG[m orkid f;acwfawG toD;oD;ukd jzwfoef;=uwJh vl
awGjzpfygw,f? wpfckyJ&dw S ,f? rsKd ;qufcsi;f u uGmjcm;wmvnf; &Sdayoayg?h tcsed f
wmeJ@ tuGmta0;qkw d muawmh ed,mrw&m;ukdAs? u|efawmfwdk@uawmh ukv d ekd D
acwfrSm pwif }uD;jyif;cJw h ,f qkdawmh yxrrsKd ;qufvkd@ owfrSwv f ukd f=u&atmif?
ukdprG ;f &nfwd@k uawmh 'kwd,rsKd ;quf? ,ae@ tzG@J tEG@J opf a&;om;ae=uwJh vli,fEk
46
ysKd yGio
hf pfawGuawmh wwd,rsKd ;qufyaJ yg?h ukdvdek aD cwfrSmuawmh trsdK;om; vGwf
vyfa&; v_y&f mS ;r_udk }uKH awG@&w,f? vGwv f yfa&; &+y;D wJah cwfusawmh jynfo@l vw G f
ajrmufa&; v_y&f mS ;r_ }uKH awG@&w,f? trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ jynfol@ vGwv f yfa&;
b,fvydk J rsKd ;qufcsi;f uGmjcm;ayr,fh rdrjd zwfoef;&wJh v_y&f mS ;r_ jcm;em;ayr,fh pma&;
q&mqkdwm trSew f &m;udk &SmazG azmfjy wJholjzpfaeawmh acwfwdik ;f acwfwkdif;rSm
acwf+ydKifcHpm;r_udk azmfwt hJ pOftvmuawmh tm;aumif;qJyJ r[kwv f m;?
OD;cku
d w f ,f/ 'l;wku d w f ,fqw dk muawmh ,m,Dupd PawGygAsm? xm0& rjzpf
Ekdiyf gbl;? jynfol@bufu r&yfwnfrSom xm0& jzpfrmS yg? q&m}uD;[m txif&mS ;
qHk;jrif&wJh om"uygyJ? vGefchw J hJ tESpf (40) twGi;f rSm u|eaf wmfvnf; 'l;wku d f
cH&wmygyAJ s? udpk rG ;f &nfvydk gy?J okyyf suf pmayopf/ pdwu f ;l ,Ofpmayopf ponfjh zifh
tajymcH&zl;ygw,f? twWbv D ;l }u;D awGv@dk vnf; ta&; cHc&hJ wm ygy?J b,fe@J vyk rf vJ?
wavmuawmif wm&macwf ku d cf sKd ;&r,fvd@k toHxu G v f mao;w,f?
u|eaf wmfw@dk udk tqH;k tjzwfay;rSmu jynfoal wGyJ r[kwv f m;? aemifvm
r,fah cwf jynfou l qH;k jzwfrmS yg?
txifvw JG mav;awG em;vnfrv _ wGJ mav;awGuawmh &Sw d wfwJh obm
0ygy?J qufvufomG ;&if kyyf [ kH m yDyo D o xif&mS ;ay:vGi&f p+ryJ g? wcsKd @u xifwwf=u
w,fAs? a0zefvdu k &f if wkd@a0zefvdu k w f t Jh wkdi;f ,Hk=unfoGm;rSmyJv@kd xif=uw,f?
r[kwb f ;l As? pmzwfwho J lawGu od=uygw,f? ESp=f umav ykI d odjrifavayghAsm?
bmrS a=umifh =up&m r&Sd bl; vkd@ xif ygw,f? ,ae@vli,f awG [m
u|efawmfw@kd acwfu vli,fawGxufawmif ykd+yD; xufjruftm;aumif;=u ygao;
w,f? olwk@d u u|eaf wmfwd@k acwfrmS xuf pl;&Swt Jh awG@t}uHKukd cHpm;cJ=h uzl;w,f?
'ga=umifh uAsm[m acwf&@J toH&iS v f @dk vGecf w
hJ hJ (35) ESpaf vmufuwnf;u
ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f? ukpd rG ;f &nf a&;cJo h vkd q&mxuf wynfu h yk+d y;D awmf&wJh pum;[m
tifrwefreS w f phJ um;yJAs? wpfacwfxuf wpfacwf yd+k y;D wk;d wufvm&rSmyJ? qkw, f w k f
wm &S&d ifvnf; 'g[m ,m,Dr#om&Srd mS yg?
urBmt h ajctaeawGudk =unfhygAsm? 'Dtwkid f;yJ awG@Edik yf gw,f? pmayopf
wpf&yf[mvnf; jynfoal wGudk tusdK;rjyK&if jynfoal wGu vufrcH&if vJoGm;&
rSmygy?J pmaya0zefa&;[mvnf; tJ'v D ydk gyJ? pmzwfaom jynfoluom vufrcH&if
t&mra&mufygb;l ? u|eaf wmfuawmh 'Dvydk J oabmxm;w,f? a0zefa&;eJ@ ywfouf
47
+y;D u|eaf wmf&h @J a,bk,s tjrifukd ajymcsiw
f ,fAsm? a0zefa&;qdw
k m vrf;aumufae
&if ajzmifrh wfay;wJo h abmrsKd ;yJ? owdvwG af e&if owday;wJo
h abmrsKd ; jzpfEidk f w,f
Asm? vufa0S@orm;ukd vufcarmif; cwfjyae&wmrsdK; r[kwfao;bl;xifw,f?
pmzwfaom jynfolawGu 'gawGukd aumif;aumif;jrifwwfw,f?
tck ukdpGrf;&nf a&;aewmawGukd pdwf0ifpm;=uygw,f? 'ga=umifhrkd@vkd@
ukdprG f;&nfa&;aewmawGukd jyefa&;=uwm ayghAs? tvum;qkd+yD; ypfy,frxm;bl;
qkdwm xif&mS ;aew,f? pmaya0zefa&;qkw d m tenf;eJ@trsm; pmaywk;d wufa&;ukd
tusdK;jyKygw,fAsm? quf+yD;awmh a&;yg?
use;f rmygap?
'*ke fw m&m?

yda wmufy Gi fhopf/ trSwf (52)/ atmufw kdb m/ 2013?

48
 jroef ; wif ht rS m

(1)

armifprG ;f &nfu ol@pmtkyftwGuf trSmpma&;ay;bk@d ajymw,f?

trSmpmukd odyf ra&;csiv f b S ;l ? trSmpmwckudk a&;&wm[m wm0ef tvGef
}uD;ygw,f? trSmpma=umifh tjiif;xGupf &mjy\emawG ay:vmEkdifw,f? tcef@
roifh&if trSmpm ta&;cH&wJhpmtkyfrmS xdcdu k ef pfemoGm;wmrsdK;awGawmif &Sdwwf
w,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmf ra&;csib f ;l ? 'gayr,fh armifprG ;f &nfu acgi;f rmw,f? tjiif;
xGupf &m jy\emay:onfjzpfap/ pmtkyu f kd xdcudk of nfjzpfap trSmpmukd a&;jzpf
atmif a&;ay;ygv@kd qdw k ,f? ol@tzd@k trSmpm&zkd@om ta&;}uD;w,fwh?J
wu,fu armifprG ;f &nf&@J pmtky[ f m trSma&;zk@d vkw d phJ mtkyw f tkyf r[kwf
zl;vk@d u|eaf wmfxifw,f? armifprG ;f &nf[m olrsm;trSmeJ@ tm;jznf&h atmif tm;eJwhJ
uavmifwacsmif;vm;? r[kwfwm aocsmygw,f? uAsma&;&mrSm cGeftm;&Sd&SdeJ@
a&;Edik fwhu J Asmq&mwOD;? pmaya0zefa&;aqmif;yg;awGukd a&;wJah e&mrSm ajymif
ajrmufwhJ a0zefpmrsm;ukd a&;Edik w f hJ a0zefa&;uavmifwacsmif;qkw d m vlwidk ;f todb?J
olu, dk w
f idk u
f u
dk xif&mS ;wJu h Asmq&mwOD;/ a0zefa&;orm; wOD;jzpfwt hJ wGuf armif
pGrf;&nf[m uavmifcGeftm; &Sd+yD;om; uavmifwacsmif;vd@k u|eaf wmf,kw H ,f?
u|eaf wmfhtrSmpma=umifah wmh ol@pmtkyf[m yk+d y;D tm;&Sdvmr,f rxifb;l ?
'gjzifh armifprG ;f &nfe@J u|eaf wmf[m jrefrmpmayeJ@ ywfoufv@kd ae&mwum
rSm xyfwx l yfr# t,ltqwlv@kd vm;? 'gvrJ jzpfEidk b f ;l ? armifprG ;f &nfe@J u|eaf wmfw@dk
[m jrefrmpmayavmuukd =unfhjrif&mrSm &yfwnfcsucf sif;/ _a'gihcf si;f a,bl,s
49
tm;jzifh wlaumif;wlEidk af yrJh tao;pdwu f sawmh ae&mwum wlcsirf S wlvrd hrf ,f?
bmha=umifh u|eaf wmfu h kd trSmpm a&;ay;bk@d ajymovJqw dk mawmh u|eaf wmf
rodb;l ? rmifprG ;f &nfro S m odrmS bJ?
armifpGrf;&nfeJ@ xkwfa0olu trSmpma&;bkd@ ku d f+yD;om; pmazmifawGukd
u|eaf wmfhqD vmay;oGm;w,f? a&;r,fvd@k uwdray;cif zwf=unfyh g&apOD;vk@d u|ef
awmfu ajymw,f? a&;r,f/ ra&;bl;vk@d u|eaf wmf rqH;k jzwf&ao;bl;? olay;xm;cJw h hJ
pmazmifawG zwf=unf+h y;D wJt h cgusawmh armifprG ;f &nfpmtkyrf mS trSmpma&;r,fv@dk
u|efawmf qHk;jzwfvu kd fw,f? a&;vJ a&;csiv f mw,f? ol@pmtkyfrmS u|eaf wmfhukd
trSmpm a&;cGihjf yKwm[m u|eaf wmfhudk aus;Zl;jyKwmbJvd@k u|eaf wmf oabmayguf
oGm;w,f?
(2)
armifpGrf;&nf&J@ aqmif;yg;awGukd u|eaf wmf t=urf;zsi;f zwf=unfhw,f?
wcsdK@ukdawmh t&ifu zwfzl;yD? wcsdK@udak wmh ckrS zwf&jcif;jzpf w,f?
ol@tawG;u &Jw,f? jywfom;w,f? tawG;&Jovkd uavmifvnf; &Jw,f?
jywfom;w,f? wenf;ajym&&if rku d fw,fvd@k vJ ac:Edik fw,f? rSew f mrrSew f m/ ukd,f
eJ@tm;vH;k xyfwx l yfr# jzpfwm rjzpfwmukd c%z,fxm;/ ta&;&Jwm/ tawG;jywfwm/
ta&;jywfwmukd u|eaf wmf oabmusw,f?
'gjzifh tawG;&Jw,f/ tawG;jywfw,fqdw k m bmvJ?
r_wyf gbl;? &Sif;ygw,f? EkdifiaH &;pHeJ@ tEkynmpH ESpfcsut f euf/ b,fpHukd
armifpGrf;&nf t&ifukdifovJ? Ekid fiHa&;pHukd yxrukdiw f ,f? tEkynmpHukd 'kwd,
ukid w
f ,f? 'ga=umifhtawG;&Jw,f? tawG;jywfw,fv@dk ajymwmvm;? r[kwzf ;l ? 'DpH
ESpfcsuuf dk ukdiw f haJ e&mrSm a0zefa&;orm;wkid f;[m Ekid fiHa&;pHudk yxrukdif=uwm
csn;f bJ? tEkynmpHudk aemufrS ukid =f uwmcsn;f bJ? wcsKd @u uk, d uhf , dk u
f dk Ekid if aH &;pHudk
yxrukdirf Sef; rod=ubl;? od,ifvJ Ekid fiHa&;pHudk yxrukdifw,fvd@k rajymbJ zHk;xm;
=uw,f? wcsKd @usawmhvJ zHk;rxm;bl;? Edik fiHa&;pHukd yxrukdiw f ,fv@kd au;a=umf
w,f? 'gayrJh 'Dtwkid ;f rvkyfb;l ? ajymawmhwrsKd ; vkyaf wmhwrsKd ;?
armifpGrf;&nfu 'Dvrkd [kwfbl;? Ekdiif Ha&;pHe@J tEkynmpHrmS EdkifiaH &;pHukd
yxrukid w f ,f? ukid w f ,fv@dk vJ au;a=umfw,f? au;a=umfwhJ twkid ;f vJ vkyw f ,f?
50
 aumif;+yD? 'gjzifh armifpGr;f &nf yxr aumufukdifwhJ EkdifiHa&;pHu bmEkdiif H
a&;pHv?J "e&SiEf idk if aH &;pHvm;? r[kwzf ;l ? ypPn;f rJh Ekid if aH &;pH jzpfw,f? qk&d , S v f pf Ekid if H
a&;pHjzpfw,f? 'gjzifh ypPnf;rJh Ekid fiHa&;pH/ qk&d S,fvpf EdkifiaH &;pHqdkwmuaum bmvJ/
e,fcsJ@pepfukd qef@usiw f m/ ya'o&mZfpepfudk qef@usifwm/ vlwef;pm; aoG;pkwf
cs,fvS,rf _[lor#ukd qef@usifwm/ vlrsdK;pkawG&J@ aoG;pnf;a&;ukd a&S@_wm/ jynfol
vlxrk sm;ukd wpdww f 0rf;wnf; &Sdatmif v_@H aqmfwm/ aemufjyefqw k rf _/ azmufjyefr_
rSefor#udk qef@usif+yD; wkd;wufr_/ a&S@csDwufru _ kd tm;ay;wm/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&J@
&yfwnfcsuef J@ =unfhjrifwm/ ypPn;f rJhvw l ef;pm;&J@ vGwfajrmufa&;ukd axmufcw H m/
'gawG[m qk&d S,fvpf EkdifiaH &;pH/ ypPn;f rJhEdik if Ha&;pHawGb?J 'gawGe@J qef@usifwm rSef
or#[m "e&SifEikd if aH &;pHbJ?
armifpGrf;&nf[m ol@a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;awGrSm 'DpHawGukd ukdifcJhw,f?
trSm;t,Gif; twdr;f tapmif; &Sdaumif;&Sdr,f? 'gayrJh oltwwfEidk fqHk; }udK;}udK;
pm;pm;eJ@ k;d k;d om;om; a&;w,f? 'ga=umifh armifprG ;f &nf&@J a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;[m
tawG;&Jw,f? tawG; jywfw,fvk@d u|efawmf ajymjcif;jzpfw,f?
armifpGrf;&nf&@J pmaya0zefa&;[m vlwef;pm; bufvdu k rf &_ w dS ,f? 'gayrJh
vlyk*~dKvf bufvu kd fr_ r&Sbd l;? 'Da0zefa&; aqmif;yg;awGxrJ Sm oleJ@ &if;ESD;u|rf;0ifwJh
pma&;q&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd a0zefxm;w,f? 'g[m vly*k Kd~ vfukd rke;f vk@d tmCm
w&Sv d @dk / olwyg; atmifjrif wmukd remvdv k @dk / emr,f}u;D wJvh u
l dk wufa0zefy;D tacsmif
enf;eJ@ emr,f}uD;csifvdk@/ jzwfvrf;u pma&;q&m jzpfcsifvkd@/ vl&m0ifcsifvkd@/
vlprG ;f aumif;vkyfcsifv@kd / [efa&;jycsifvkd@/ rD;SL;rD;yef; azmufcsifvkd@ a0zefwmrsdK;
r[kwzf ;l vkd@ u|efawmf,kw H ,f?
pmayavmu wk;d wufapcsiv f @kd pmayavmu jzpfaewmawGudk pmzwfol
wOD;taeeJ@ tm;r&vk@d jrefrmpmay&J@ vuf&t dS ajctaeukd rauseyfv@dk k;d k;d om;om;
apwemoef@oef@eJ@ a0zefwmyJvkd@ u|efawmf,lqw,f? kd;kd;om;om;/ apwem
oef@oef@e@J a0zefjcif;jzpfw,fqdw k m ol@pmeJ@ ol@jyKrlvy_ &f mS ;yHak wGu azmfjyae w,f?
rxdwxd &dww d d vkyw f ,fqw kd m rk;d om;wJh t"dym` ,fjzpfw,f? ol@a0zefpm awGu
'Dvkrd [kwzf ;l ? yGihv f if;w,f? ajAmifusw,f? a0@v,fa=umifywf rvkyfz;l ? &Sif;w,f?
kd;om;w,fvdk@ u|efawmf,w Hk ,f? ol@pmawGudk zwf=unfh&if jrefrmpmay wkd;wuf
a&;rSty b,fo@l urkd S aqmf&apawmh[/hJ cs&apawmh[/hJ em&apawmh[q hJ w dk hJ oabm
51
rsKd ; r&Sbd l;? jrefrmpmay wckx&J @J tusKd ;/ vlwef;pm;tusKd ;twGufyJ =unfhw,f?
'ga=umifhrd@k ol@pmawG[m tawG;&Jw,f/ tawG;jywfw,fvd@k u|efawmf
ajymjcif;jzpfw,f?
ta&;&Jwm/ ta&;jywfwmuawmh tm;vHk;od=uwJhtwkdif;bJ? ta&;
&JveG ;f / jywfveG ;f vdk@ wcgw&H oufqdik forl sm;uawmif rcHr&yf Edik f jzpf=uw,f?
'Dvdqk wkd t Jh wGuf armifpGr;f &nf&J@ pmaya0zefa&;[m tm;vH;k rSefw,f? csdK@
,Gi;f csuf r&Sb d ;l vk@d t"dym` ,frxGuzf ;l ? ol@a0zefa&;rSm tjrifr=unfvifwm &Sad umif;
&SEd idk w
f ,f? *k%ma'goeJ@ ajymvku d w f t
hJ wGuf vGeuf |o
H mG ;wm &Sad umif; &SEd idk w
f ,f?
wdr;f apmif;r_ &Sad umif;&SEd idk wf ,f? 'gayr,fh 'gta&;r}u;D bl;? trSm;rSe;f od,if jyifv@dk &
w,f? a0zefa&;ukd a0zefa&;vkyfv@dk &w,f? omreftrSm;r#om jzpfw,f? ta&;}uD;
wmu a0zefo&l @J vlwef;pm; &yfwnfcsuef @J a0zefo&l @J apwembJ? 'gu t"du trSm;
jzpfw,f? jywif;ayguf tazmufrmS ;,if jyifv@dk &w,f? yEMut f ku
d rf mS ;,if jyifv@dk r&
bl;? azmufjyefwv Jh lwef;pm; &yfwnfcsufukd jyifvd@k r&bl;? qd;k ,kwfwJh apwemukd
jyifvd@k r&bl;?
(3)
typftcwf/ tnpftowfeJ@ tnpftywfqdw k hJ pum;vH;k ukd xGiw
f m
armifprG ;f &nfv@kd u|efawmf xifw,f? olajymcsifwm jrefrmpmay avmurSm typf
tcwf 0wKawG/ tnpt f owf 0wKawG/ tnpftywf 0wKawG }u;D pk;d aew,fqw kd hJ
oabm bJ? ck typftcwf/ tnpf towfe@J tnpftywfwiG f rubl;? wk;d vmjywf+y?D
txpf tjzwf?
'D0wKawGudk =unf+h y;D armifprG ;f &nf &ifav;yH&k w,f? [kww f ,f? armifprG ;f
&nf &ifav;ovkd u|efawmfw@kd vnf; &ifav;w,f? u|efawmfw@kd qdkwm OD;wnf
csuf rSefreS feJ@ jrefrmpmay wkd;wufapcsifwhJ pma&;aeolawGukd qkv d wdk m jzpfw,f?
pmay[m acwf&@J a=u;rHjk zpfw,f? 'Dae@pmzwfy&dowf&@J tajctae[m aumif;w,f?
tvkyf orm;awG/ v,form;awG/ ynmwwfawG/ ausmif;om;awG/ tr_xrf;awG[m
pm zwf=uw,f? vli,fawGu pl;prf;=uw,f? &SmazG=uw,f? prf;oyf=unf=h uw,f?
em;vnfcsif=uw,f? olwkd@b0 jy\emawGukd ajz&Sif;&mrSm pmtkyfawGu bm t
axmuftul jzpfovJv@kd odcsi=f uw,f? qef;ppf=uw,f? pmtkyw f tky[ f m qefwcGzJ ;dk
52
eD;yg;avmuf jzpfaeawmif 0,fzwf=uw,f? 'g[m aumif;wJv h uQ%myJ?
'gayrJh u|eaf wmfw@dk pma&;q&mawG&@J tajctaeu raumif;bl;? pmzwf
y&dowf&@J tajctaeu wk;d wufoavmuf pma&;q&m&J@ tajctaeawGu rwk;d
wufb;l ? b,fvdk tajctae raumif;wmvJ? b,fvdk tajctaerwk;d wufwmvJ?
xrif;pm;zk@d pma&;wJv h el @J pma&;zk@d xrif;pm;wJv
h l&,fv@dk vlESprf sKd ;&Sw
d ,f?
xrif;pm;zk@d pma&;wJhvu l ykdufq&H &if b,fvkdpmrsdK;ukrd qkd a&;w,f? ol@&nf&, G f
csuf[m pmay &nf&G,fcsufr[kwfzl;? ykdufqH&nf&G,fcsuf jzpfw,f? pma&;zkd@
xrif;pm;wJv h lu ykduq f H&wkid f; pmra&;zl;? ola&;oifhw,fxifwm/ ola&;csifwm/
ol,Hk=unfwmukd a&;w,f? wu,fawmh yxrtrsdK;tpm;[m pma&;q&m
vkd@awmif ac:zdk@ raumif; bl;? pma&;+yD; yku d fqH&mS wJhvbl J? tJ'DvlrsdK;awGuawmh
jynfou l dk tqdyt f awmuf jzpfwmrjzpfwm/ pmaywk;d wufwm rwk;d wufwmukd *k
rpkud zf ;l ? (vlwef;pm; &yf wnfcsuf &Sw d mr&Sw
d mukd pOf;pm;zk@d qw dk muawmh a0vma0;)
olw@kd *kpdu k w f mu ykduq f H? 'Dvkd pma&;q&mawG[m 'Dae@bmawG a&;ae=uovJ?
wu,fhb0rSm r&Sw d hJ t&mawGukd aemufcHxm;+y;D wu,fb h 0rSm r&SdwJh Zmwfvrf;
awGudk a&;ae=uw,f? 'gawGukd pmzwfolawG odw,f?
aemufwrsKd ;uawmh pma&;zk@d xrif;pm;ae&wJh pma&;q&mawG? olwd@k [m
pmayawGudk ,H, k =Hk unf=unfeJ@ a&;vm=u+yD; pma&;q&mb0ukd rufrufarmarm
cH,l cJh=uolawG jzpfw,f? tqif;&JcH tyifyef;cH/ tiwfcH+yD; pma&;q&mwa,muf
rjzpfjzpfatmif ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm }uKd ;pm;cJ=h uw,f? pma&;q&mb0ukd aemufaz; ayguf
u rwufz;l ? tarSmifvrf;u r0ifz;l ? 'gayrJh pma&;q&mb0ukd cHck rkH ifrif cH,l vm=uwJh
pma&;q&mawmifrb S J typftcwf/ tnpftywf/ tnpt f owf/ txpftjzwf
a&pD;a=umif;rSm arsmygomG ;=uw,f?
'DtxJrmS wcsKd @u olw@kd [m tajctae t&yf&yfa=umifh a&pkeaf rsm&awmh
r,f? xrif;pm;zk@d yku d fq&H mS &awmhr,fv@kd k;d k;d om;om; 0efc=H uw,f? wcsdK@usawmh
vnf; 'gu0dk efrcHbJ olw@kd a&;wJh typftcwf/ tnpftywf/ tnpt f owf/ txpf
tjzwfawGonfyifv#if jynfol@tusdK;twGuf a&;oa,mifa,mif/ jynfolukd
tusKd ;jzpfapoa,mifa,mif ajym=uw,f? yxr trsKd ;tpm;u 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;
eJ@pm,if kd;kd;om;om; 0efcHwJhtwGuf awmfao;w,fvkd@ qdkEkdifw,f? 'gayrJh
pmayorkid ;f uawmh olw@dk ESpOf ;D vH;k ukd '%fcwfrmS bJ? orkid ;f qkw d hJ w&m;ol}u;D u olw@dk
xkacscsuu f kd vufcHvdrfhr,f r[kwzf ;l ?
53
 wcsKd @[m xrif;pm;zk@d pma&;wm r[kw=f uaomfvnf; pma&;Edik b f @dk twGuf
awmh xrif;ukd &Smpm;ae=u&w,f? 'DtrsKd ;pm;awGrmS vJ taetxkid f tusyt f wnf;
awG &Sad ew,f? ukeaf ps;E_e;f awG }u;D +y;D tpp t&m&m &Sm;yg;aew,f? 'DtxJrmS olw@kd
vnf; c|if;csurf [kwfzl;? a&pkefudk ar#mrvm;? a&qefudk ul;rvm;qkdwJh ar;cGef;ukd
'Dae@acwfu olwd@k udk ar;ae+y?D olw@dk wawG[m pmaumif;ayrGeu f dk a&;csi=f uw,f?
a&;Ekdib f @kd }udK;pm;=uw,f? 'Dvdk }udK;pm;ae&if; pm;0wfaea&; jy\emawGudk &if
qkdi=f u&w,f? puULu rSerf Sefr&zl;? &jyefawmhvJ apmifa&u enf;vGef;w,f? y&d
owf&w dS hJ pma&;q&muvJ apmifa&u 'Davmufb?J y&dwo f wfr&Sw d hJ pma&;q&mvJ
apmifa&u 'Davmufbq J adk wmh EGm;xD;wusy/f EGm;rwusyu f ed ;f qku
d af ew,f? 'Dawmh
olw@kd rmS kd;k;d om;om;}udK;pm;yef;pm; a&;&ufom;eJ@tcuftcJawG awG@aew,f?
uk,d v hf yk t f m;tavsmuf xku d of ifwh t
hJ oD;tyGiu hf dk rcHpm;=u&bJ jzpfaew,f? 'Dawmh
wcsKd @[m pdwx f u
J rygbeJ J@ a&pkefarsmvkduo f mG ;=u&w,f? pdwrf ygaomfvJ typf
tcwfukd a&;ae=u&w,f? a&qefudk rul;&J=uawmhz;l ? rkefwdik f;ukd }uHh}urHh cHEkid b f J
v$ipfh ifoGm;=uw,f? a&qefudk rul;Ekid fyJ a&pkefukd ar#m&if; ar#m&if;eJ@ jrKyfoGm;=u
&w,f?
'Dvpkd ma&;q&mawGudk orkid ;f u olw@dk pmayukd =unf+h y;D tuJjzwfrmS jzpfayrJh
olw@dk a&muf&adS e&m ywf0ef;usiaf cwfponfw@dk e@J qufpyfpOf;pm;&vdrrhf ,fxifygw,f?
'Dae@acwfrmS tEkynm[m tEkynmtwGufvk@d ajymwJh pma&;q&m
r&Sdawmhbl;? r,H=k unfonfhwkdif tEkynmonf jynfoltwGuf vk@d tenf;qHk;
ajymvm&+yD? 'gu bmukdjyovJ? jynfo@l pmay a&pD;a=umif;[m "e&Sifpmay a&pD;
a=umif;xuf tm;}uD;w,fqdw k mukd jyw,f? wk;d wufwhJ pmaya&pD;a=umif;[m
azmufjyefwJh pmaya&pD;a=umif;ukd tay:pD;&aewmukd jyw,f? ta&S@av[m
taemufavukd zdwu dk af e+yqD wdk mukd jyw,f?
'gukd u|efawmfw@kd owdjyKrdzkd@vw kd ,f? pdwu f l;,Of0wK/ typftcwf0wK/
tnpt f owf0wKawG[m kwfw&uf=unfh,if v$rf;rkd;wGifus,faew,fvkd@ xif&
w,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m yifra&pD;a=umif;}u;D r[kwb f ;l ? yifra&pD;a=umif;xJu azmufjyef
wJh a&qefuav; r#om jzpfw,f? 'Da&qef pD;a=umif;uav;ukd yifra&pD;a=umif;xif
,if ukd,fvJ a&pkefarsmrSmbJ?
azmufjyefwJh a&pD;a=umif; vHk;vHk;aysmufoGm;zkd@ tJ'Da&pD;a=umif;rSm
arsmaewJh azmufjyefa&; pmayawG aysmufomG ;zk@d tJ'DazmufjyefwhJ a&pD;a=umif;rSm
54
arsmvkarsmcif jzpfaewJhvlawGudk ulnDEkdifz@kd twGuf a0zefa&;[m vkdtyfw,f?
txl;ojzifh vlxkeJ@csDwJh vlxka0zefa&;[m vkdtyfw,f? a0zefa&;ukd rsm;rsm;
vkyEf ikd fwmeJ@tr# pmaytwGuf tusdK;&Sw
d ,f?
qufvufa0zefyg armifprG ;f &nf?

jroef; wifh
Armpmay bmvJ b,fvJ pmtkyf trSmpm?

1338/ oDwif;u|wvf qkyf 7 &uf

1976 / atmufwkdbm 14 &uf

55
 rdk;acgif&yfY &Gm aom rkd; oufa&puf
Armpmay bmvJ/ b,fvJ
a&;ol armifpGrf;&nf
xkwaf 0ol yef;aygi;f wpf&mpmay
pmrsufEmS 328
wefzd;k 12 usyf
(u)
pmzwfoo l nf olzwfaeaom pmtkyf b,fenf;b,fykH a&G;cs,pf pd pfr_ tqifq h ifu
h dk
jzwfausmfI rdrd. vufxJokd@ a&muf&Sdvmonfukd *Ce% odrnfr[kwfay?
olodonfuawmh aiG q,fhEpS fusyaf y;I pmtkyq f ikd frS 0,f,lvdu k of nfqw kd myif
jzpfonf?
,if; q,fEh pS u
f syaf om aiGudk pmtkyaf &mif;olu b,fr#(uk, d pf m;vS,Ef e_ ;f
tenf;qH;k 25 &mckdiEf _ef; &wwfonf) yHEk ySd folu b,fr#/ puULzkd;u b,fr#/ pma&;
q&mu b,fr#(tenf;qH;k 10 &mckid Ef e_ ;f rS 20 txd/ vl}uKd urf sm; rrsm;tay: rlwnfI
&wwf=uonf?) tzkH;yef;csDa&;c b,fr#/ bavmufvkyfc b,fr# ponfjzifh
cGaJ 0&&S=d uonfuv dk nf; twdtus od=urnf r[kwaf y? pmzwfou l pmtkyaf y:wGif
a&;xm;aom wefz;dk aiGtwkid ;f yif 0,f,o l nfyifxm;/ wcsKd @pmtkyfu a&;xm;onf
xuf ykday;&wm &Sad o;onf? vl}udKufrsm;aom pmtkyfqdv k #if ykday;&onf? txl;
ojzifh e,fu r*~Zif;rsm;rSm vl}udKufrsm;v#if pmtkyw f Gif 5 usyfa&;xm;aomfvnf;
0,fou l 8 usyaf vmuf ay;0,f&wmrsKd ;vnf; &Sw d wfonf? ta[mif;aps;qkad om
aps;uGuu f &Sad o;onf? wcsdK@xkwfa0olrsm;rSm xkwf+yD; pmtkyu f keo f nfrsm;xH
ta[mif;aps;jzifh a&mif;=u&onf &So d nf? t&ifu wpfusyw f efudk wpfrwfay; a&mif;
&onf? pmtkyf ta&mif;& xkid ;f aom &moDwiG f wpfusyw f efukd q,fjym;avmufyif
&onfvnf; &So d nf? aps;twuftus/ pmtkyfaps;uGuu f xm;vkduaf wmh?
56
 pma&;q&mwpfa,mufonf pmtkyfwpftkyf a&;om;+yD;pD;oGm;aomtcg
ol@pmtkyu f dk xkwaf 0rnfh xkwaf 0oludk &Sm&onf? xkwaf 0olu yxr ol. vufa&;
pmrlukd a&G;cs,fpdppfonf? vl}udKufr}udKuf/ a&mif;Iaumif;raumif; csdepf uf=unfh
onf? pmay0goem ygou l xkwaf 0v#iaf wmh pmayukd ESpo f uf+y;D xkwaf 0ayvdrrhf nf?
od@k aomf pmay0goemygorl sm;u xkw+f y;D aiGrvku d Ef idk I
f pGe@f omG ;wwf=uonf? xkwf
a0ol}udKufaom pmayqkdygu a&;cvnf; vufiif;&rnf? wcsdK@wpfESpftwGuf
odef;oef;yif p&Hay;xm;OD;rnf? pmcsKyfxm;rnf? vl}udKufrrsm;aom pmtkyfqkdygu
vDIvnf; &rnf? a&;cvnf; enf;rnf? wcsdK@&awmif r&? EkdifiaH &;/ bmoma&; /
pD;yGm;a&;qkv d #iaf wmh jynfxaJ &;Xme pmaypdppfa&;ok@d pmrlav;rl vufEydS pf ufjzifh ku d f
I wifjy&rnf? pdppfa&;rS pdppfjzwf awmuf+y;D cGijhf yKcsu&f rS ,if;pmrlxw k af 0&ef jyifqif
&ayonf? xkwfa0olqkd&mY xkwfa0cGifh rSwfyHkwif &So d l r&Sdol uGJjym;ayao;onf?
wu,fxw k af 0olrsm;rSm rSwyf w kH if r&Swd mawG &So d nf? r&Sv d #if wu,frxkwaf om
xkwaf 0olxrH S rSwyf w kH ifudk iSm;&onf? rSwyf w kH if iSm;cay;&ojzifv h nf; xkwaf 0olu
pmtkyw f efz;dk ukd wGucf suu f m aps;wifonf? Tum; pD;yGm;a&;pepfwpfc. k obm0?
[kw d avmu pmayvkyo f m; tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; xkwaf 0ol rSwyf w kH if xkwaf y;
xm;wm &So d nf? pma&;q&m qko d nfrmS t&if;pku d I
f xkwEf idk o f rl [kw?f onfawmh
olw@kd &xm;aom rSwfyHkwifukd iSm;&onf? a&S;u wpfv 150 avmuf &onf[k
=um;&onf? xkwaf 0olrS rSwyf w kH ifupd +P y;D aomtcg puUL a&mif;csaom ukeo f ,
G af &;
puULaumfykda&;&Sif;okd@ pmrlwifjy+yD; puULav#muf&onf? puULusvmaomtcg
puUL0,f+y;D yHkEySd w f du
k fxH tyfEHu S m kdufEySd +f yD;aemuf pmrlonf pmtkyftjzpf a&muf
vmonf? pmtkyfjzpf+yD;aom tcg wpfzef jynfxJa&;Xme pmaypdppfa&;xH wifjy&
onf? aemufqk;H pdppfjcif;yif jzpfonf? olu cGijfh yKcsu&f awmh puULaumfydak &;&Si;f xH
pmtkyfapmifa&ukd ppfaq;cH&onf? +yD;awmh pmtkyfukd,fpm;vS,f? xkdurSwpfqifh
pmtkyq f idk rf sm;ok@d ? xkud rS pmzwfou l pmtkyu f dk 0,f,u l m (ok@d r[kwv f nf; tiSm;
qkid wf Gif iSm;um ) zwf&_ avonf? ,if;ok@d v#if pma&;q&m. pmayonf a&G;cs,f
pdppfr_ tqifhqifh ukd jzwfausmf+y;D oumv aemufqHk;tqifrh S pmzwfov l ufxo J d@k
a&muf&&dS ayonf?
xkdtcgusrS pmzwfolonf pma&;q&m. pmtkyu f kd cHpm;&onf? a0zef
onf? pma&;q&m. pmtkyfonf pmzwfolwk@d vufxJokd@ wkdufdu k f a&muf&v Sd m
onf r[kwf?
57
 a&S;OD;bHkacwfuawmh tEkynm&Sifonf ol.y&dowfESifh wkdufkdufxd
awG@onf? aw;uAsmukd vufwef;&Gwq f dk oDu;kH um em;axmifol y&dowfu csucf si;f
wk@H jyefonf? ESpo f uf vufcv H #if y&dowfu tEkynm&Siu f dk +yKH ;Ijyef=unfrh nf? rESpf
oufv#if rsuEf mS u r=unf? xkt d cg tEkynm&Siu f y&dowf. wk@H jyefcsuu f dk em;vnf
od&u dS m ol.tEkynmukd ol.ywf0ef;usif y&dowfEiS hf nu d m zefw;D ay;onf? vlxk
tEkynm? tEkynm&SifESifh ol. y&dowfvlxk wkdufkduf qufoG,fjcif;/ y&dowfu
tEkynmukd a&G;cs,fjcif;?
a&S;bHkacwfuG,fum yk*~vdu ypPnf;/ EkdifiaH wmf tpk;d &rsm; ay:ayguv f m
awmh tEkynmoabmvnf; ajymif;vJomG ;&onf? ya'o&mZfacwfY eef;&ifjyifwiG f
tEkynm&Siu f bk&if rdz&k m; rif;om;rif;orD; rif;y&dowftm; ajzazsmf wifqufonf?
ESv;Hk awmfacG@um qkawmfvmbfawmfrsm; ay;oem; cs;D jriho f nf? t&if;&Siaf cwfY
t&if;tES;D &Sad om xkwaf 0olu ku d Ef ydS xf w k af 0 jzef@jzL;onf? pme,fZif;rsm;u a0zef
a&;om;=uonf? tpk;d &(tpkd;&qko d nfuvnf; t&if;&Siv f w l ef;pm;ukd uk, d pf m;jyK
aom tpd;k &) u ol. ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh rudkufnv D #if H;k wifw&m;pGJum '%fwyf
onf? tjyif;xefq;Hk pmtkyfukd ydwo f nf? pma&;q&mukd axmifcsonf?
wenf;qkad omf t&if;&Siaf cwfY t&if;&Sad om xkwfa0olu a&G;cs,f pdppf
aom pmayuko d m y&dowfu zwf&onf? y&dwfowfu wku d f u
kd af &G;cs,fcGihrf &Sd?
(c)
a0zefa&;[laom pum;vH;k onf Ekid fiaH &; Ek;d =um;vmaom ppf+y;D acwfY
acwfpm;vmaom a0g[m&? ,if;Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ; r_EiS t hf wl pmaya0zefa&;onfvnf;
wufuvmcJah yonf? pmaya0zefa&;oabmuawmh ppfrjzpfcif acwfuwnf;u
&Scd ahJ yonf? pme,fZif;rsm;Y pmtkycf ef;oD;oef@ziG u hf m xGuaf y:aeaom pmtkyrf sm;
ukd a0zefaom pmrsm; azmfjycJo h nf? a0zefa&;twGuf a0zefa&;oabmu rsm;onf?
xifjrifcsuf oabmrsdK;a&;wwf=uonf? wcsdK@uvnf; pmtkyaf =umfjimomomr#?
av;av;eufeuf a0zefou l enf;vSonf?
ppf+yD;acwfwiG fum; pmaya0zefa&;onf ykdI av;eufum t&Sed fvnf;
jrifv h mayonf? Ekid if aH &; Ek;d =um;r_twkid ;f yif pmaya0zefa&;Y Ekid if aH &; oabm w&m;
rsm;ESifh tuJjzwfaom a0zefa&;opfrsm; ygvmonf? ppf+yD;acwfrSm rwf0g'
58
qkd&S,fvpf0g'rsm; xGe;f um;vmaomacwfjzpfay&m pmaya0zefa&;Yvnf; ,if;
Ekdiif Ha&; tjrifrsm;jzifh wefzd;k jzwfvm=uonf? xkt d cg Ekdiif aH &;pHjzifhom tuJjzwf
jcif;ESihf wefz;dk jzwfvm=uonf? xkt d cg Ekid if aH &;pHjzifo
h m tuJjzwfjcif;ESihf tEkynmESihf
Ekdiif Ha&; nEd i_d f;aygif;pyfum tuJjzwfjcif;[lI ESprf sKd ;ay:vmonf? yxrtjrifrSm
kyf=urf;vuf00J g'jzpfI 'kwd,tjrifrmS wnfrh wfonf? (tEkynmpH oufoufjzifh
om =unfah omtjrifonfvnf; tay:,H (0g) pdwZW 0g' jzpfonf?)
a0zefa&;acwfpm;cgpjzpfI yxrawmh rwnf+idrf? r&ifhusufao;?
_yaf xG;um a&ma,mif zuf&iS v f yk wf m &Sad eonf? a0zefa&;emrnfwyfum yk*Kd~ vfa&;
ykwfcwfr_vyk folrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? tcsdK@vnf; tEkynmpmay tajccHEdik if Ha&;
oabmw&m; tajccH r&So d jzifh a0zefa&;qkdonfrSm tjypf&mS aom tvkyf[laom
oabmoufa&mufaewmvnf; &Sdonf? xkdtcg oufEkpmzwfol tcsdK@u a0zef
a&;wGif y,fy,fe,fe,f ta&cGHc|wfrS }udKufcsi=f uonf? abmyGv J ufa0S@yGJ y&dowf
uJhod@k rdrdbufEiS fh qef@usib f uf[lI &Sdae&m rdrdbufu csrS vufckyfw;D csifaom
pdwrf sKd ;udk xm;csi=f uonf? ok@d r[kwv f #if a0zefa&;aysmo h nf? rxufjruf[k xifrw S f
aewwf=uonf? a0zefa&;. ,kwaWd A'xuf tay:,H wk;d [ef wku d f[ef(azmif;a&Smh
ac:aom tom;vGwpf nf;vGwf vlcw k [f efu rsm;wwfonf ) aemufvu dk o
f mG ; wwf
onf? wcsdK@aom a0zefa&;rsm;rSm pum;vHk;rsm; }uD;us,f+yD; usdK;a=umif;jy
tcsut f vuf ,kdife@J aeonf? omref=unfhv#if jywfom;onfxif&+yD; tESpo f m
&a[mif;avmif; avylazmif;jzpfaewwfonfukd owdxm;&rnf? ok@d aomfpmayarG@
aom/ tEkynmcspfaom/ *kd%f;*%pdwu f if;&Sif;aom/ pmaywkd;wufa&;ukd vkdvm;
aom pmzwfy&dowfonfum; wnfrh wfaom/ ynma&;wefzkd;&Sad om a0zefa&;ukd
awmifhwayonf? ,if;a0zefa&;pmayukd zwf+yD; rdrdtawG;tac:onf vif;oGm;
&onf? _yfaxG; &Da0r_rsm; uif;pifum =unfvif0if;yoGm;&onf? rdrrd jrifonfukd
a0zefa&;u axmufjyoGm;onf? pmaywpf&yfonf rnfonfhbufu &yfonf (0g)
rnfonfv h wl ef;pm;ukd uk, d pf m;jyKonf ponfw@dk udk jrifvm&onf? a0zefpmukd zwf+y;D
todopf tjrifopf wk;d yGm;vm+yq D v dk #if ,if;a0zefpmonf tusKd ;jyKaom a0zefpmyif
jzpfayonf?
(*)
,ae@acwfwiG u
f m; pmzwfy&dowfvnf; wk;d yGm;vm/ us,0f ef;vmonf? xkt
d cg pm
59
aya0zefa&;onfvnf; ta&;}u;D vmayonf? txl;ojzifh wnfrh wfaom vlwef;pm;
tjrifygaom a0zefpmonf pmaywk;d wufa&;twGuf tusKd ;jyKEidk af yonf? ok@d aomf
pme,fZif;rsm;u pmaya0zefa&;ukd ususeetm;ay;onf r&SdvS? tjiif;yGm;onf?
jy\emay:onf[k qkdum pl;&Sxufjrufaom a0zefpmrsm;udk rxnfch sif=u? txl;
ojzifh pmayoabmw&m; tbd"rRmjzifh tuJjzwfaom pmaya0zefa&;rsm;ukd rxnfh
csif=u? pmtkyf a=umfjimomom/ pmrzwfbJ ayghwad yghq jzef;oef;a&;vku d faom
a0zefpmrsm;om ygwwfonf? xkd@a=umifh pmaya0zefa&;aumif;rSm ae&mr&?
tm;ay;jcif; rcH&?
,if;umvwGif uAsmq&m/ a0zefa&;q&m armifpGr;f &nf. Armpmay
bmvJ b,fvJ trnf&dS pmaya0zefa&; aqmif;yg; aygi;f csKyf pmtkyx f u
G v
f monf?
&Sm;yg;aom rkd;acgiu f mvY rkd;oufa& t,Ofyif jzpfayonf?
armifprG ;f &nf. pmtkyrf mS (1964 rS 76) txd 12 ESpuf mvtwGi;f a&;cJah om
ol. a0zefpmwcsKd @udk xnfo h iG ;f ay;xm;ay onf? olonfuAsma&m/ pum;ajya&m
a0zefojl zpfonf? txl;ojzifh olonf uAsmq&mjzpfojzifh uAsmESiyhf wfoufaom
a0zefa&;rsm;rSm orkdif;wefzkd; &Sdayonf? olukd,fwkdifu uAsma&;zGJ@oljzpfI
oljzwfoef;vmaom vli,fuAsmacwf. orkdif;oabm ouf0ifaeayonf?
taemufuawmh pmaya0zefa&;ukd pmayorkid ;f aA'/ pmayaA'[kvnf; ac:=uonf?
olu, kd fwkdif uAsmq&mjzpf aeI ol.uAsmtjrifbufu umuG,fxm;ayonf?
+rdK@jycHpm;r_/ acwfay:uAsm/ twwfynm/ edrdwyf pHk aom vGecf aJh om (7) ESpcf ef@u
yvHkpDchaJ om a&pD;Y olyg arsmygcyJh jHk zpfonf? (+rdK@jycHpm;r_ukad wmh olu uAsmq&m
wa,muftaeESihf oabmrwlcahJ cs) wu,fawmh taemufEiS hf ta&S@onf pD;yGm;a&;
wkd;wufzGH@+zdK;r_ ajymif;vJpOfcsi;f rwlay? taemufu t&if;&Sipf epf t&ifxGef;um;
onf? tm&Su aemufusonf? ,if;pD;yGm;a&; vlra_ &;pepfcsi;f jcm;em;onfudk rodbJ
taemufu pmtkyw f pftyk fwavxJrS &wwfaom +rdK@jycHpm;r_/ acwfay:cHpm;r_/
acwfay:uAsmpaom taemuft,ltqysurf sm; wifoGif;vmojzifh yvHpk Drsm;
,m,Dxjcif; jzpfayonf? ,ck +idrf oGm;av+yD? &Suf&Suef J@ a0zef&awmhr,f Y
olonf typftcwf/ tnpftywf/ tnpftowfrsm;ukd wifjyxm;onfrmS &J&ifh
ayonf? pmayavmuY ol. ,if;.pum;vHk;onf acwfok;H a0g[m& jzpfaeay+yD?
armifaZmfo@dk tdwzf iG ahf y;pmESihf rdjzLrSm bmaywH &So d vJ aqmif;yg;wGif a0zefa&;
60
ukd a0zefxm;onf? pum;vH;k }u;D }u;D us,u f s,rf sm;jzifh oD0&Dxkwaf eolwa,muf
*srd ;f pbGe;f b0 oufqif;um usq;kH oGm;&yH(k ta&mif;&aumif;I yku d qf aH wmh&onf)
ukd &,farmxm;onf? a&pkev f rf;ukd a&qeffxif+yD; wpfa,mufwnf; tcsed rf w S u
f m
ul;cwfaeolwpfa,mufudk axmufjyxm;onfrmS usdK;a=umif;jy tcsuftvuf
ckdifrmonf? rdrd rodwmzG@J v#if okyfazmf&mY tm;enf;rnfrSm obm0yif r[kwyf g
vm;? OD;ode;f azjrif. h 0wKwkad ygi;f csKyu f dk zwf+y;D OD;ode;f azjrifo
h nf tnmaus;vuf/
uwW&mvrf;r/ pdwaf zmufjyefr_ [k tqifq h ifh ul;ajymif;oGm;onfudk wifjyxm;onf?
wu,fawmh OD;odef;azjrifhtzkd@ ol. qkd&S,fvpfyef;wkdifod@k qku d fa&muf ul;ajrmuf
oGm;+yjD zpfI tdrw f pH uf+rw d x f jJ yefa&mufum pdwaf zmuf jyefr_ ukd at;at;oufom
pdwu f ;l ,OfonfrmS obm0yif r[kwyf gvm;? ocifjroef;ukd tav;jyKjcif; pmwrf;
wGifum; armifprG ;f &nfonf a&pkev f rf;uJho@kd r[kwfbJ tcsuftvufu;kd um;r_ t
axmuftxm;rsm; tm;enf;aeonf? ocifjroef;rSm uG,v f eG +f yjD zpfI ol.pmayukd
ususee avhvmEkdio f nf? avhvmzkd@vnf;vko d nf? okd@aomf pdwaf pwemu a&S@
a&muf+yD; avhvmr_u aemufusefaeayonf?
rnfo@dk yifjzpfap/ armifprG ;f &nfonf rSeu f efaom &yfwnfcsujf zifh k;d om;pGm
a0zefa&;jyKoljzpfonfuu dk m; awG@Eidk af yonf? txl;ojzifh 1976 u a&;aom a0zef
a&;pmrsm;onf jynfob l ufrS &yfwnfa=umif; xif&mS ;ayonf?
xdxrd rd da&;wwfaom armifprG f;&nf qufvufI &GmoGe;f +zdK;apownf;?
Anm;oD [
pmayppfwrf; rS
1997/ =o*kwf?

61
 a&S @ ajy;pum;
(tarh a c:oH ES i f h tjcm;uAsmrsm; pmtky f t rS m )

vlxk rwif0if;u armifprG f;&nf&J@ uAsmpmrlxkyf}uD;ukd trSmpma&;zkd@ u|efawmfq h D

vSrf;ykd@vkdufawmh azmufxkwf zwf=unfhrdwJhtcg u|efawmf awmfawmfhukd pdwf
ysuo f mG ;rdw,f?
u|eaf wmf ar#mv f ifx h m;wmu armifprG ;f &nfpmrl[m oyfoyf&yf&yf pDum
pOfumeJ@ olu, kd fwikd f a&G;cs,fay;vkdufwmrsKd ; jzpfaevdrrfh ,faygh? tckawG@&wmu
_yf,Sucf wfaewJh vufa&;rlpmtkyaf wG&,f/ wpfcsdK@wpf0uf vufEySd fpuf ku d fxm;
wm&,f/ r*~Zif;awGxJu yHkESdyf+yD;om;ukd jzwfqkwf,lxm;wJh pm&GufawG&,f/
tkwt f a&ma&m ausmufta&ma&m jzpfaeHrk u &ufvcs+D y;D ckwfxiG &f iS ;f vif;&r,fh
csKH awm}uD; wpfawmvkd jzpfaew,f? usm;+r;D qGrJ rd aS wmh a=umufaevd@k rjzpfbl;?
u|efawmfhwpfoufeJ@wpfukd,f/ b,fpmtkyfukdrS rwnf;jzwfzl;bl;?
trSmpmqk&d ifvnf; armifomEdk; bmomjyefwhJ tkrd m c&rf;&J@ lbD,ufwpftyk fyJ
a&;zl;w,f?
igholi,fcsif;pmtkyfukd taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif vkyfr,f/ a&G;cs,fr,f/
wnf;jzwfr,f/ trSmpm a&;r,f
'grSvnf; oli,fcsif;ukd csp&f ma&mufr,f?
armifpGrf;&nf&J@ uAsmpmrlxky}f uD;u ESpftkypf m ausmfausmf &Sdaewmrd@k /
&Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if u|eaf wmfph w d f}uKd uf wpftkypf m xkw,
f vl u kd yf gw,f?
'Dae&mrSm u|efawmfhukd tultnDay;aewJh ausmfZHvS(armifpGrf;&nfeJ@
u|efawmfwkd@u nDvkd cifaeol) &J@ oabmxm;eJ@ nd,l w,fqkdwmukdvnf;
ajymxm;csiw f ,f?
pdw}f uKd ufv@kd q&dk mrSm armifprG ;f &nf[m tm0Ze;f eJ@ [morSm taumif;qH;k
uAsmq&mjzpfw,f? pavOD;yknaemuf uae@xd jrefrmpmavmurSm ray:ayguf
ao;bl;wJh t&$ef;taxh uAsmq&mjzpfavawmh/ ol@yifukd Z0e uAsm^m%fukd
tazmfjyEkid q f ;kH uAsmawGudk t"dujyK+y;D a&G;xm;ygw,f?
62
 Oyrm aus;vufukd cspf&musatmif arwWmjy ywfwu kd f/ *Dvme
uAsmq&m
wcsKd @uAsmawGuv dk nf; ESajrmayr,fh aemufwpftyk t f wGuf cseyf pfc&hJ w,f?
aemufwpftkyfqkw d muvnf; pum;t&mom ajym&wm b,fESpEf Spf =umOD;r,f
rajymEkid yf gb;l ?
u|efawmfqkd 'k0wDrS {&m0wDodk@ukd 1965 rSm xkwfcJh+yD; aemiftESpf
ESpfq,f=umrS rdcifrm&oGef (1985) ukd xkwf Ekdifchw J ,f?
armifpGrf;&nfvnf; rEav;+rdK@&J@ reufcif;ukd 1971 rSm xkwfcJh+yD;
tckpmtkyu f kd 1996 rSm xkw&f wmqkad wmh =um;rSm &mpk wpfpw d f 25 ESp}f u;D rsm;awmif
=um;cHaewmuvm; ?
armifprG ;f &nftzdk@ uAsmpmtkyw f tkyf arG;zGm;zdk@ ydoaE<&ufawGu 9125
&uf}uD;rsm;awmif qkdawmh ukd,fhvl&J@ ESvHk;om; om;tdrf[m vG,fxm;&wm
aqG;jrnfhaevkd@ csKyfkd;awG csKyf&r,fqkd&ifayghav &ufcsnfxuf/ csKyfcsnfu
rsm;aervm;awmif rodEikd f bl;?
u|efawmfw@kd ESpaf ,muf[m tjrmnDtpfudk r[kwfayr,fh ol@ta=umif;
ajym&if u|eaf wmft h a=umif;ygr,f? u|eaf wmfh ta=umif; ajym&if ol@ta=umif;ygr,f?
'grv$Jra&SmifomwJh udp?P ole@J u|efawmfu rEav;wuUokdvfrmS ausmif;aebuf
vnf; [kw/f oli,fcsi;f vnf; jzpfjyef/ yxrOD;qH;k uAsmpmtkyu f dk ESpaf ,mufww l l wG+J y;D
xkwfcJh=uwm pd=w (1960) uAsmpmtkyfav?
rEav;wuUov dk fukd u|efawmfw@dk EpS fa,muf 1956 rSm twlwl wpfEpS fxJ
a&mufch=J u+y;D olu jrif;+co H m;/ u|efawmfu tif;0u ?
tif;0qkad yr,fh u|efawmfu jrif;+cHom;awGeJ@ wGw J ,f/ taygif;rsm;w,f/
av;armif/ wifr;dk / armifprG ;f &nf/ armifpef;aomfpwJh jrif;+co H m; uAsmq&mawGomru
ausmif;om;or*~ vkyaf zmf udkatmifol/ ukd0if;/ ukdausmf0if;/ ukdausmfpdef/ pwJh
jrif;+co
H m; ausmif;om;awG/ rcifE@GJ =unf/ rwifEJ@G &nf/ rppf+ird ;f / rjrifjh rif/h rrsdK;=unf/
r&D&/D r+yKH ;=unf/ rEG,Ef , G /f roufwnfpwJh jrif;+cu H ausmif;olawGe@J vnf; cifrifw,f?
'Dawmh rHk&Gme,fu ausmif;om;awG/ a&$bkde,fu ausmif;om;awGu
u|eaf wmfu h kd jrif;+coH m; rSwaf e=uwm rqef;aybl;? tif;0wHwm;OD;e,fu u|eaf wmfe@J
wGwJ mqkv d @dk nGe@f at;(tif;0) wpfa,mufwnf;yJ &Sw d ,f?
rEav;wuUov dk f uavmif&iS t f oif;u 1959 rSm pmpOf (1) taeeJ@ wifr;dk
63
&J@ zefrD;tdrf uAsmpmtkyu f kd xkwfa0cJh+yD;/ u|eaf wmfe@J armifprG f;&nf&J@ pd=w
uAsmpmtkyfukd pmpOf (2) tjzpf 1960 rSm xkwaf 0Ekdifchw J ,f? vlxka':trmeJ@
wifrd;k wkd@u trSmpm a&;om; csD;jri h=f uw,f?
rSwfrSw&f & ajym&&if u|efawmftdwfuyfxu J aiG 45d/ armifpGrf;&nf&J@
aiG 35deJ@ pmtkyfjzpfatmif vkycf &Jh wmyg? u|efawmfu uAsmtyk'f 50/ armifpGrf;
&nfu 35 yk'f?
t&G,fuav;awGuvnf; 20 ausmfqkdawmh uAsmav;awGuvnf;
Ekygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh vufprG ;f vufpawmh tweftoifh jyEkid w f ,fvk@d ,lqp&m
ta=umif; &Syd gw,f?
u|efawmfw@kd touf 20 ausmft&G,fu a&;cJw h Jh pd=w uAsmav;awG
teufu u|efawmf&J@ rda=u;rkH uAsmukd 1960 rSmyJ jrefrmhtoHu Zmwfvrf;
yrm em;qifp&m v$ifhxkwcf Jh+yD; aemif tESpf 20 =umwJhtcg armifpGrf;&nf&J@
acsmif;a&pD;oH emukefavmheJ@ u|eaf wmf&J@ puULyef; uAsmwkd@ukd wuUov kd f
jrefrmpmrSm jymef;wJh uAsmpmtkyx f J xnfo h Gi;f yHEk ySd cf &H ygw,f?
armifprG ;f &nf touf 20 ausmu f a&;cJw h hJ uAsmawGteuf ykym` ;awmif
wd r fn d K aqmif; awmh uAsm&Snfe J@ jzpf & avuAsmwdk ESpfy k'fuk d uae@xd
u|eaf wmf pGaJ ewkef;?
ykym` ;awmif wdrfnKd aqmif;awmh
rk;d aumif;vdrfh uk&d if&,f?
'Dwpf0g 0grqufEiS hf
vlxGucf u hJ ,
G ?f
rdzwGuf ESp0f g&,f
uk,d hw
f Gufwm wpf0gaygh?
r,fhwGuw f m 0grqufygEiS hf
vlxu G yf gawmh?
(yky`m;awmif wdrfndKaqmif;awmhrS rS)
armifvmv#if [if;zk@d vd@k
trJni ;f wpfwEkd pS fwdk
64
 pdkd@ v#dKvd@k xm;?
a&$usD;ndK olrokwfatmifvk@d
tdrx f wk rf mS tomxk;d umrS
a=umifc;dk vk@d pm;?
( jzpf&av rS)
armifpGrf;&nf (0if;az)[m jrif;+cHckdif/ jrif;+cH+rdK@e,f/ uefqifh&mG om;jzpf
avawmh uAsma&; vufusiphf Ofu 'Dvdk aus;vufuAsmrsKd ;awG a&;wm rqef;aybl;?
uavmifouf 30 ausmftwGif; oluae@xd a&;or# uAsmawGukd
t=urf;zsif; cG=J unfh&if
- aus;vuf
- +rdK@jy
- awmfveS fa&; Ekdiif Ha&;
- vlr_a&;
- uk, d af &;uk,
d w
f mvdk@ 5 ykid ;f ykdif;Ekdifygw,f?
5 ykid f;pvHk;rSm xifom jrifom vif;vufaewmuawmh ol&J@
[moqefwJh tm0Zef; / 'Dtm0Zef;rSmjzifh armifpGrf;&nf[m xl;uJwJh yg&rD&Sif
wpfa,mufvd@k qk&d r,f?
00jzLjzL/ tnmol
ys@H =uLuwkd;/ prf;a&tkd;[k
wifrd;k uAsmzG@J vwWH@?
rif;armf xkdcgrvJh wW@H ?
(tnmol uAsm rS)
rdcifrmS rl/ av#m&h mu wif;
csucf si;f xum/ pmjyefyg+yD
ausmif;omxGu/f csufcsif;jyefvm
tarhrmS nnf;oma&mif;zk@d
usefawmhw,f wJh?
(wuUodkvfausmif;olxrH Spm)
65
 om;ESpaf umif/ tdraf xmifjyKrS
oif;wkd@us&if
t+rHKreJ@ nm;ygapawmf
(rkqd;k r usdepf m rS)
0D 0D 0D wJh/ =um;vm;
"m;r Ekw/f wkwf rjyife@J
&Sifra& jcif[! jcif[!
jcifaxmif tjrefjc
(jcifaxmifcs ywfwu
kd f rS)
qD;ykduf jzKwfwyf wpfusyf
qD;ykvif;jzKwfwyf wpfusyf
awm&dy+f cHK&Si;f wpfusyf
(*Dvme uAsmq&m rS)
vGecf hw
J hJ ESpf 30 ausmfu xkwfchw
J Jh teDeJ@tjym (1964) eJ@ rEav;+rdK@
&J@ reufcif; (1971) uAsmpmtkyaf wGrmS vnf; armifprG ;f &nf&J@ t0Zef;ukd aumif;
aumif; awG@&Sd cHpm;Ekdifw,f?
wynfw h a,mufu q&m0efu, G hf
0ef}uD; wwkid ;f }uD;
Akv
d }f u;D rSL;}u;D awGxJvJ
wynfah wG renf;bl;
evu/ cvu
yyu/ AuyeJ@
p"A0awGxv J J
wynfhawG reJbl;?
tdrf;
qkud mU ; jrif;vSn;f / ulvx
D J rvJ
awmifol,mvky/f "rckwx f J rvJ
66
 ysm;zGyf om;xk;d / r,m;ck;d xJ rvJ
avSx;kd v$wu dk /f cg;ykduEf du
_ x f J rvJ
tJ ighwynfah wG reJbl; wJh?
(q&m}uD;cspf uAsm/ rEav;+rdK@&J@ reufcif; rS)
t&$e;f tazmuf/ taxhtavSmifukd uk%meJ@ ,SOf+yD; a&;wJhuAsmawG
teufu/ txufu q&m}uD;cspf uAsm[m xif&mS ;ygw,f?
armifpGrf;&nf[m 'Dvkd taomukd a&;&mrSm oefovkd t&J (0D&)
ukd azmf&mrSmvnf; emrnfeJ@vkdufatmif pGr;f ol jzpfw,f?
1966 w0ku d f vif;,keaf rmifarmif&@J csi;f wGi;f *sme,f t,f'w D mpm;yGrJ mS
=unfatmifeJ@ r[kwfbJ armiflyqkd+yD; uavmif0SuftrnfeJ@ u|efawmf
xkid faepOf armifpGr;f &nfqu D tdEd, N jynf qefwu dk fyJo
G @dk qdw
k hJ uAsmwyk'f a&muf
vmw,f?
zwf&if; zwf&if; rsuv f ;Hk jyL;/ rsufc;Hk yifh jzpfvmw,f? vif;,kefarmifarmif
uvnf; csucf si;f yJ csi;f wGi;f *sme,frmS yHEk ydS af zmfjyvku d yf gw,f? ckqdk bmvkv d edk @J tESpf
30 eD;vm+yaD v?
urBmhtEkdifEdkifu uAsmq&mawG&J@ vufa&G;pif uAsmpmtkyfwkdif;rSm
rsm;aomtm;jzifh awG@&rSmu taruAsm ygr,f/ tcspu f Asm ygr,f/ arG;&yf Zmwdajr
uAsm ygr,f/ wkd;jynfuAsm ygr,f/ rdom;pk uAsmygr,f?
tkdi;f &pfu a*smhbmum&J@ taruAsm/ k&Sm;u ,Jpifeif&J@ taruAsm/
wkwfu tku d u f sifh&J@ taruAsm/ jrefrmu rif;ok0%f&@J taruAsm pwmawG[m
tm;vHk; vuf&majrmuf wmcsnf;/ olenf;eJ@ ol aumif;=uwmukd;?
armifpGrf;&nf&J@ tarhac:oH uAsmusawmh aumif;vnf;aumif;/ xl;
vnf;xl;jcm;/ zGJ@[efu vGwv f Gwfvyfvyf ygy?J 'gayr,fh pnfpnfa0a0 odyf&Sdwm?
armifpGrf;&nf uAsmawGxu J t}udKufq;Hk uAsmwyk'u f kd xkwfjyygv@kd u|eaf wmfhudk
ajymvm&if tarhac:oH uAsmudk !ef;rSmyJ?
wifrd;k / armifprG f;&nfeJ@ u|efawmfw@kd oHk;a,muf[m wpfe,fxJom;awG
r[kw=f ubl;? wifrd;k u jrif;+ccH kid /f awmifom+rdK@e,f/ Z*sr;f uef+rJ&Gmom;/ armifprG ;f
&nfu jrif;+cHckid f/ jrif;+cH+rdK@e,f/ uefqifh&Gmom;? u|efawmfu tif;0om;? aps;csdK
yef;&H&yfrmS arG;wm?
67
 u|efawmfwkd@ oHk;a,mufrSm rwkdifyifbJ wlnDaewmuawmh tarudk
tr vkd@ ac:=ujcif;ygyJ?
uAsmq&mvkd@ jzpfvm=ujyefawmhvnf; taruAsmawG awmfawmf
rsm;rsm; a&;=u&mrSmvnf; wlygw,f?
'gayr,fh rwlwmu xifjrifcHpm;yHk/ bmompum; ukdifpGJyHk/ zGJ@pnf;
wnfaqmufyHk
1956- 57 rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd oH;k a,muf rEav;wuUodv k u f kd a&mufc=Jh u
w,f? wpfausmif;wnf;ae/ wpfq&mwnf; oif/ oli,fcsi;f awGvnf; jzpf=uayr,fh
a&;wJhuAsmawGrSawmh vH;k 0 rwl=ujyefb;l ? rEav;wuUov kd f om;tdrf0rf;ykdufu
arG;xkwfvkdufwJh tjrmuAsmq&m oHk;aumif[m kyfcsif; rqif=ubl;? wpfyHkpD
wpf[efp?D
wif r k d ; bm =unf a tmif b marmif p G r f ; &nf b m aumuf c suf c s
owfrw S wf mrsKd ; rjyKcsiyf gb;l ? owfrw S v f @dk vnf; r&Edik ?f olw@dk &@J uAsmkyyf v kH m$ awGu
+idro
f ufaewm r[kw/f jzpfay:v_yf&mS ; ajymif;vJaewm?
uae@armifprG ;f &nf&@J uAsm[m [kv d eG cf w
hJ hJ 35 ESpaf usmu f a&;cJw h hJ pd=w
(1960) uAsmvkd r[kw?f ESpf 30 u a&;cJw h Jh teDESifhtjym (1964) r[kwf? 25
ESpfausmfu a&;cJw h Jh rEav;+rdK@&J@ reufcif; (1970) uAsmvdk r[kwf?
tck tarhac:oHuAsmpmtkyf (1996) [m armifprG f;&nf topfukd
arG;zGm;ay;vkduw f ,fv@dk qkcd siyf gw,f?
'DtrSmpmrSm uae@uAsmavmuxJ *,ufxaewJh um&efupd P/ vGwv f yf
uAsmudp/P av;vH;k pyfupd /P armf'efupd /P pum;ajym &pforfupd /P edrw d yf ukH pd aP wGudk ajymzk@d
tm;rxkwcf sib f ;l ?
'Dpmtkyx f Ju uAsmawGukd zwfr,f/ avhvmr,f/ cHpm;=unfhr,f qk&d ifyJ
'Dupd tP m;vH;k twGuf usr;f ausEikd yf gw,f?
uAsmq&mqdkwm ukd,fhu, kd fukd xlaxmif&wmrsdK;
armifprG f;&nf[m ol@u, dk o
hf l armifprG f;&nfjzpfatmif xlaxmifch+J yyD ?J
=unf a tmif
30-12-95
tif; 0?
68
 armifp Grf; &nf&J@ avSm ifp Gr f;&nf

TurBm
wkefcgarSmufveS /f ajAmif;qefaptHh
uAsmum; yef;rsm;r[kwaf wmh
r[kwfawmh
(pm 33)
armifpGrf;&nf&J@ tarhac:oHESifh tjcm;uAsmrsm; pmtkyf[m rkwfokHrkd;rkefwkdif;eJ@
avkid f;&S&S xaewJh Zlvkdiv f rSm xGuv f mcJhygw,f?
rEWav;/ vlxk}uD;yGm;a&;wkdufu xkwfygw,f? 7 vufr 4 vufr
ao;&Snyf pHk mtkyu f av;[m tvGefoyf&yf vSyygw,f? vomn avat;at;ysys
vSn;f ay:rSm tareJ@om; pum;vufqkH ajymrukejf zpfaeyHu k kd okyaf zmfxm;wJh rsuf
ESmzHk;? ae}uD;pkd;&m tnm&J@ &Sm;apmif;yifEpS fyif? ql;iSufeJ@ at;csKdu yl;aygif; yHkazmf
xm;=uwm?
pmtkyu f dk =unfhvu kd af wmh pmrsuEf mS 205/ uAsm 67 yk'/f wefz;kd 90 usyf?
vlxka':trm touf 80 jynfh arG;ae@? tar a':wif=unf/ a':cif=unfw@dk udk &nf
nef;w,fv@kd azmfjyxm;ygw,f? pmtkyf a&cHrSm armifpGrf;&nf&J@ "mwfyHk 9 yHkukd
yef;Eka&mif aemufceH @J ku d fxm;yg w,f? txJu uAsmawGrmS awmh uAsm+yD;&ufpeGJ @J
rlvyHEk dyS &f mpmapmiftrnfawG ay;xm;ygw,f? pepfwus &Sdygw,f? zwf=unfv h u kd f
awmhvnf; owfykt H rSm; tustayguf r&So d avmufjzpf+yD; tqifjh rifhjrifhykEH dyS pf DpOf
xm;wmawG@&ygw,f? puULom;vnf; rqd;k vSygbl;?
armifprG ;f &nf&@J oli,fcsi;f tif;0 uAsmq&m =unfatmifu a&S@ajy;pum;
0kid ;f 0ef;ygw,f?
armifprG f;&nf[m tm0Zef;eJ@ [morSm taumif;qH;k uAsmq&mvk@d
=unfatmifu tuJjzwfygw,f?
69
 pavOD;yknaemuf uae@xd jrefrmuAsmavmurSm ray:aygufao;zl;wJh
t&$ef;taxh uAsmq&mvk@d vnf; =unfatmifu armfueG ;f jyK vku d yf gw,f?
=unfatmifqo dk vkyd J armifprG ;f &nfuvnf; [mo"mwfe@J tavSmiftaxh
tvGepf rG f;wJo
h yl g? pmtkyfzGihv
f duk fziG vfh du
k cf sif; awG@&wJh usKyfwkd@&mG u tESdyfonf
uAsmrSm &GmrsufEmS }uD;awG&J@ tdrfawGrmS vSnh+f yD;ESdyfwwf/ eif;wwfwhJ tESyd fonf
teif;onf trsdK;orD;[m tJ'rD sufEmS }uD;awGeJ@yJ uk, d f0efyke;f awG &&vm+yD; taz
ray:wJh om;orD;awG arG;xm;&yHk/ au|;xm;&yHkawGukd [mopif;pif;uav;eJ@
&ifemp&m a&;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? (pm 1)
jrefrmh a&aEG;=urf;udk oH;k aqmifyg(pm 7) uAsmrSmawmh tJ'u D Asma&;csed f
1974 ckESpaf vmufqDu Ekd@qD/ o=um;/ aumfzDpwJh toHk;ukeyf pPnf;awG &Sm;wJh
ta=umif;ukd [mozuf+y;D azmfjyvku d fygw,f?
aumfzD awmf+yu D mG
aumfzD ig r}udKuf
a&aEG;=urf;y Jig}udKufw,f?
armifprG f;&nf[m pum;vH;k awGudk 'k;d vkdar$wwfwJh tpGr;f vnf; &Sdygw,f?
vl@b0ukd pyfpjk cif;(pm 11 ) uAsmrSm ola&;yHku
vl@b0rSm &cJpGm
vlqo kd nfrmS / rSm;wwfpmG
vlqo kd nfrSm/ EkdifiHa&;owW0g
vlqdo k nfrmS / aorsdK;om?
ynm&Srd sm;/ qkdpum;awG
rSwo f m;+y;D aemuf
[dak zmuf onfzsuf
qufpyf=unfyh g/ aysmfp&m?
aorsdK;awGrmS / &cJpmG
&cJonfrSm/ EkdifiHa&;owW0g
Ekdiif Ha&;owW0g/ rSm;wwfpmG
rSm;wwfonfrmS aorsdK;om
70
 aorsKd ;awGrmS aocJpmG ?
ESpfyk'/f oHk;yk'favmuf xkwjf y&wmyg? pma=umif;&SnfoGm;yg+yD? ol@uAsm
awGxu J pdwx f J xdavmuf cku d af vmufwu hJ AsmawGudk aw;xm;wm 36 yk'f awmif
&Sdygw,f? pmtkyfrSm ygwmu 67 yk'f? tJoavmuf uAsmaumif;rsm;wJh pmtkyfyg?
tm;vH;k awmhvnf; taumif;erlemawG xkwjf yEkid af wmhrmS r[kwyf gb;l ?
}udKufwJhuAsmawGuawmh bwfpum;rSwfwkdif/oef;acgif,HuAsm/
o&ufyifapmifh / uarmZ&J@ reufcif;/ ausmif;q&mwk@d tem*wfudk odr;f yku d pf @dk /
acwfay:uAsm/ ydawmufvGrf;csif; rkd;wrf;csif;/ tarhac:oH/r&,fcsif&if
ik&d atmif/ uAsmq&m urm&Gwrf mS aeonf/ uAsmq&m&J@ naecif;/ cspZf eD;od@k
yef=um;csuf/ wuUokdvf ausmif;olxHrSpm/ tarhuefawmhyGJ/ tnmol/
aus;vufukd cspf&musatmif arwWmjy ywfwkduf/ vlxka':trm arG;ae@
r*FvmuAsm uefawmhyef;/ &efuek w f uUov dk f awmifial qmif awmifyEd yJM ifatmuf
aq;vdyfaomuforl sm;/ ae@cif;a=umifawmif jcifaxmifcs ywfwu kd f/ *Dvme
uAsmq&m/ xdeftefrif&ifjyifu uifwwfuD=uufa=umf/ ESif;qDyGihaf y: tdyf
raysmfcif/ neJ@ae@/ uAsmq&m aA'ifar;jcif;pwmawGyg?
trsm;vufcHxm;=uwJhtwkdif; t}udKufqHk;uawmh tarhac:oH?
'guvnf; 'Dpmtkyx f u J t}uKd ufq;kH vdk@ qdEk ikd frkH u 'Dbufyidk ;f ESpu
f mvawGtwGi;f
taumif;qH;k uAsmawGxJ yg0ifygw,fv@dk rkcsqd&k rSmyg? tJ'DxJu awmoHuav;ukd
em;axmif=unfyh g? tJ'DuAsmxJu awmoHuav;ukd em;axmif=unfph rf;yg?
EGm;ESpaf umif pm;+rHKjh yefv@dk
jcLoH}uKd ;=um;
t+r;D zsm;wzsyzf syf
jcif,yfwmvnf; =um;&+yD
tar&,f om;&,f
a&aEG;u&m;&,f
EGm;vSn;f tdx k uf/ =u,f+yKd ;jyufrmS
xef;vsuw f pfuu dk /f a&aEG;wpfusdKuf
avsmif;vku d xf idk v f du
k f
71
 wk;d vku d u
f s,fvdu
k ef @J
riku d pf wrf;/ rorf;ra0
pum;taxGaxGudk
om;eJ@tar rem;rae ajymcJ=h u
(pm 38)
om;vmvk@d tartvkyf y_ af eyHkuvnf; touf0ifveG ;f vSygw,f?
tk%t f wuf/ ukvm;wufot H =um;
EGm;pmtau|;/ qeftaq;
ajr;wpfa,mufukd E_;d
wD;wk;d wD;wd;k eJ@ / &Gmk;d ukad v#mufchJ
om;ajr;awGaomufp&m
EGm;Ekd@&mS / qdwEf k@d &mS
oumvky/f rkef@zw k f
tartvkyf y_ cf +hJ yD
acgi;f ay:rSm wbufwif
tdrpf OftES@H omG ;
,Hok m;0,f/ *sKH o=um;0,f
&ufuef;&S,fovkd
&Gmv,f&mG k;d / vGe;f xk;d vmoGm;
iSm;vku d facs;vkduf/ au|;vku d w
f u dk v
f du
k f
csufvu kd jf yKwfvu kd f ac|;+ydKuf+ydKuf,dk
tartkd
om;ukdau|;vk@d armw,fr&Sd
(pm 45)
armifprG ;f &nfu 'DuAsmrSm ukd,hu f ,dk u f kd a0zefa&;vkyx f m;wm +yKH ;csifp&myg?
uavmifrif tufqpfcGuf
[kyd uf 'Daumf
wpfae@aomf ykid fE;kd Ekid Ef d;k eJ@
72
 a0zefa&; usm;qd;k ukd
tm;}uKd ;rmefcJ
t+rD;ukd qGJrdaygh
(pm 46)
ol@[mo "mwfuav;ukdvnf; =unfhvkduyf gOD;? vlxak ':trm arG;ae@
r*Fvm uAsmuefawmhyef;(pm 110) rSm
a':a':wdk@ ukodv k tf zkd@
yk@d owJah rwWm
pmwku d fu r[kwfv@dk
'kw'f w
k x f {d uef
tjrefxw k af csmuf
&efuek fukd a&mufygav&J@?
txuftnmwpf0ef;rSm vlxkOD;vSwk@d / vlxak ':trmwd@k e@J twlvkduf+yD;
a[mcJh ajymcJh aqmif&Gufcw Jh mawGvnf; vGrf;p&m azmfxm;ygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jrefrmorkid f;rSm
r[mppfuidk f;qDu
q&mr_dif;&,fvd@k
u0gvrkid ;f &SdcJh+yD
q&mr_id ;f tarGxm;cJhwJh
om;awG wlawGxJrSm
OD;av;vnf;yg
a':a':vnf; ygorkd@
wpfcgwpfcg
ppfuikd ;f buf csOf;+yD;
orkdif;wpfuGuf vif;&efukd
jrif;+cHuae
yk*H yJcl;av#mufv@kd rd@k
ykqd;k aygufawG
73
 trSeaf umif;pm;&atmif
pum;awGvnf; a[mcJ+h yD?
&GHp&maumif;wmawGukd &,fp&mvnf;aumif;atmif &GHp&mvnf;
aumif;atmif *DvmeuAsmq&mrSm uavmifwd@k xm;yHkvnf; atmf*vDqefqef
zwf=unfv
h u dk yf gO;D ?
cHkawG=um;xJ/ wzGJzeGJ @J
&S&J J&S yS f&yS /f yk;d [yfuav;awG
ajy;v$m;a,muf,uf/ uufom;av;awG
csppf &mav;awG/ ajy;vku d v
f m$ ;vku
d f
tr_u d yf t kH eD;
tvdk uuf}uD;/ 0ufavmufeD;?
vlemwk@d um;/ uufrsm;ukd=unfh
jrL;rdonfhcg/ jrL;av.
uufurkd l b,fojl cLqGaJ vrnfrod?
tdro f mwGiu f m;/ zufrsm;wcsKd @
puULwcsKd @/ t0wfpwcsKd @
iSuaf ysmcGHwcsdK@/ oHyk&mcGHwcsKd @
aq;vdyf rD;jcpfwcsKd @
ydwfqkd@aevsu/f a&v#Hwuf.
uufw@kd jyLwpfjyLwpf?
(pm 153)
tJ'v
D dk trsKd ;rsdK;a&;wJu
h Asmq&m/ b,fvv kd lygvrd ?fh
ynm&S+d y;D OpPmr&So
d l[m
avmurSm taerwwf
vuFmawG pyfvdrrhf ,fw?Jh
pyfwvhJ uFm/ um&efzx k pf
rajyjypf/ cspof lcifol enf;vdrfhr,fwJh (pm 202) vkd@
armifprG ;f &nfu t&$e;f zuf+y;D qkdvdu k fygw,f?
74
 ol[m ol@ywf0ef;usifu ta=umif;t&mawGukd vSvSyy uAsmajrmuf
atmif a&;zG@J Ekid pf rG ;f &So d yl g? txl;ojzifh tm0Ze;f uvnf; aumif;/ pum;vH;k uvnf;
vkdovkd uavmifzsm;uus/ uAsma&;zGJ@r_twwfynmrSm uAsmukd vkdovkd
upm;EdkifwhJ uAsm0dZmwqlvd@k qdx k u
kd yf gw,f?
ol@uavmif[m avmuukdvnf; avSmifwwfw,f? ol@ukd,folvnf;
jyefavSmifwwfw,f? ol@uavmifzsm;u usvmwJph mvH;k uku d wnfw h nfrh [kwcf sib
f J
apGapmif;apmif;usvmaewm? ol@yg&rDv@kd qkcd siq f akd v? ('Dyg&rDu uAsmrSm csppf &m
aumif;ayr,fh a0zefa&;rSm armifprG f;&nfudk qk;d usKd ;ay;w,f xifygw,f?)
a&;zGJ@edo,uawmh a&S;acwf &uefa&;enf;/ arwWmpma&;enf;pwJh
vGwv f yfum&ef ,lenf;ukd t"du toH;k jyKomG ;wmyg? ckumv ajym=uwJh pum;ajym
&pforfqkw d hbJ uf awmfawmf a&mufaeygw,f? 'gayrJh a&;zG@J &mrSm tcsut f vuf/
tpDtpOfawGu a&S@aemuf pepfwus oHk;wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhzwfwJhtcg
t"dy`m,ftvG,fwul ay:ygw,f? t"dym` ,fuG,f0u S jf cif; r&Syd gbl;? uAsmeJ@ zwfol
eyef;rvHk;&ygbl;? &efrjzpf&ygb;l ? uAsmyHkavmif;&mrSmawmh ckavmavmq,frSm
toHk;rsm;wJhtuGuzf rf; tvSrsKd ;ukdawmh toHk;enf;wm awG@&ygw,f? uoDu&D
yef;uav;wyGifh uEGJ@uvs yGiafh eyHkrsdK;xuf woDwwef;/ w0ef;w0dki;f tifeJ@tm;eJ@
yGiahf eyHrk sdK;rsm;ygw,f?
uAsmq&muawmh armf'efrmS uEkwf&pfvkd@(pm 115) tk;d tpOfrSm
wpfrsdK;toGifeJ@ vef;ygpkd@(pm 115) vkd@ ol@&J@uAsmyHkomef ar#mfrSef;r_ukd
ajymjyxm;ygw,f?
ol@uAsm[m armf'efq&mrsm; ajymjyae=uwJh armf'efuAsm twef;
tpm;xJawmh 0ifr,frxifygb;l ? q&m'*kefwm&m cGjJ cm;wJh acwfay:uAsmxJawmh
&J&J&if&h if}h uD; 0ifygvrd hrf ,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf armifpGrf;&nfuawmh jrifhrm;vSwJh uAsmatmifwHcGefukd
v$ix hf vl u kd jf yefyv
D @dk yJ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ajym=u&awmhryS gy?J

+idr f; armif} uD;

ra[oDky fpHkr*~Zif;
1997?
75
 uAsmq&marmifp Gr f; &nf (0if; az) twGuf
0wKwkda&;wJh (0if;az) &J@ trSmpm

ukpd Gr;f &nfu usaemfhukd 'Dpmtkyt f wGuf trSmpm a&;ckid ;f ygw,f?

usaemf trSmpm ra&;wwfwmukd oloyd gw,f? uk, d phf mtkyaf wGrmS awmif
uk,d [ hf muk, d f udk ra&;wwfv@dk a&;rS ra&;wmbJ/ ukpd rG ;f &nfu t"dutm;jzifh uAsmeJ@
pmaya0zefa&;rSm xif&mS ;ausm=f um;wJo h l r[kwv f m;? usaemf uAsmvnf; ra&; wwf
bl;/ pmaya0zefa&;awGvnf; em;rvnfb;l / 'Dawmh &Si;f aewmyJ? bmoGm;a&;rSmwke;f ?
'gudk olaumif;aumif; odwmayg/h 'gayrJh usaemf0wKwadk ygi;f csKyf xkww f ek ;f u oltrSm
pm a&;ay;&w,fw/hJ cko@l pmtkyt f wGuf usaemfjyefa&;ay;&r,fw/hJ olu usaemfq h u
D
trSmpmawmif;wm r[kwyf gb;l ? au;awmif;wmyg? trSmpm ra&;wwfawmif
au;awmh qyfwwf&awmhrSmaygh?
'gayrJh usaemf pOf;pm;=unfw h ,f? usaemfrh mS wckcrk sm; ajymp&m &So d vm;vk@d /
ajymp&muawmh &Sw d mayg?h ukpd rG ;f &nfu usaemfhudk trSmpmwif r[kwb f ;l / pmtkyf
rsuEf mS zH;k vnf; a&;ckid ;f xm;ao;wmav?
[kEd Spfaygif; ig;q,fausmfavmufwek f;u teDeJ@tjymqkdwJh ol@uAsm
pmtkyt f wGuf usaemfu h dk tzH;k 'DZidk ;f a&;ckid ;f ygw,f? usaemfu ajymw,f 'DZidk ;f qGaJ y;
r,f/ 'gayrJh teDa&mife@J tjyma&mifuakd wmh a&SmifawmhrmS yJ/ vufcEH idk o f vm;vk@d ?
bm&,f r[kwyf gbl;/ }udK+yD; v$rf;rk;d ESiw fh Jh t&dyu f kd r}udKufwJhoabmyg? oluawmh
cifAsm;}udKufovkd vkyfwJh? 'geJ@ usaemfvJ ukd,phf dwx f JrSm aumif;w,fxifovkd
a&;ay;vku d fw,f? }udKuf&ifo;kH / r}udKuf&ifvJ bmrS tm;emp&mrvkb d ;l v$io fh mypf
vku d /f &w,fv@dk ajymvku d wf ,f? 'Dwek ;f u oloyd }f uKd u[ f efrwlb;l / 'gayrJh tcsi;f csi;f
awGqadk wmh raumif;bl; r_wv f m;/ oH;k wmygy?J tJ'pD mtkyef @J ol trsKd ;om;pmay qk&
ygw,f? (rSwcf suf usaemfhyaHk =umifh r[kwyf gb;l ? ,Hyk g?)
tckvJ ol [k;d ESpaf ygi;f 50 ausmaf vmufu udpu P kd arhomG ;jyef+yD xifw,f?
76
usaemfhukd rsufESmzHk; 'DZdik f; a&;ckdif;jyef+yD/ trsdK;om; pmayqk&csifjyef+yDxifw,f?
usaemfuvJ t&ifwek ;f u oabmwlncD sut f wkid ;f ygy/J uk,
d }f uKd uo f vkd a&;rSmaemfv@dk
ajym+yD;yg+yD? olr}uKd ufvd@k roHk;&ifvJ rwwfEdik fb;l ayghAsm?
ol@uAsmpmawGeJ@ ywfoufv@kd trSmpm b,fvkd a&;&rSef;rodbl;vkd@
usaemfu usaemfhrdwfaqG rD', D mq&m}uD; ukdpdefausmv f di_ fukd pum;pyfajymrdawmh
q&mpdefu q&mpGrf;eJ@ ywfoufvd@k olaumufcspx f m;wJh pmwku d av;udk &,f&,f
armarmeJ@ &Gwjf yw,f? usaemfu tJ'gav;ukd oabmusrv d @dk q&mpde@f qu D c%iSm;
+y;D xnfah y;vkduyf gw,f? udk,frS ra&;wwfwm?
'gvm;[Jh q&mpGrf;
pGr;f q&m pGr;f q&meJ@
t&rf;rnmrwm
a&;&Jol awG;&Jol&,fvd@k
uavmifpGr;f xufxufe@J xifay:ausm=f um;
oef;a&$ ref;a&$vdk
tm%m&Sirf sKd ;awGuakd wmif a0zef&rvm;
ra=umufw&m; vufuidk x f m;?
pGrf;uavmif "m;wJah [h
t&rf;racsmif jym;jym;om 0yf=uaya&mh
oifrSm;vk@d uawmh roufom
rsuEf mS vdkurf ,f rxif=ueJ@
0pP(aygu)f wvH;k use&f ifawmif tvGwrf xm;
a=omf ol}uD;om;rd@k ykpd Gr;f owJv h m;?
pGr;f vku
d wf hJ q&m&,f
t&rf;}udKufwhJ ,rum a&$&nfocifukd
,kefuifwuku d ef @J
wpf}udKufEpS }f udKuf armhjyefawmh
cyfaomhaomh &D&w D w
D D rm,meJ@ toGifxl;
a=omfcifEJ@G =unf 'umr}uD;a&S@usawmhvJ
,keo f il ,fvdk jrL;?
77
 [mo"mwfcH &SdwJh q&mpGrf;ukd q&mpdefu cyfaomaomuav;eJ@
aumufa=umif;cspx f m;wmukd }udKufvd@k yg?
aemufq;kH a&;csiw f muawmh trSmpm a&;vk@d &vk&d jim; q&mpGr;f pmrl=urf;
}uD; wckvHk;ukd zwf=unfhygw,f? 'Dq&mawGu pmawG odyfa&;Ekdifwmukd;/
'Dq&mawGu um&Hru hJ AsmawGudk odytf pmra=uwm rqef;bl;/ olw@kd rmS u um&HawG
eabawG w,faygwmyJ? um&Heab csr;f omu,f0wJh wu,fph molaX;awGud;k /
ol@pmawGu um&HawG eabawGukd ol@apwemeJ@ a&mor ar$xm;wmawGav?
aumif;w,fAsm/ ol@apwem uk, d ahf pwem wefz;dk xm;wwf=uolawG zwf&if t&om
awG@ tESpo
f m&&S=d urSm aocsmygw,f?
(uk,
d hu
f d,
k u
f v
kd J vlwwfpm&if; oGi;f vkdufwho
J abmayghAsm?)
umwGef;awG yef;csDawGvJa&;wJh
0if;az
2008 Zlvkdif 7?

78
 vGrf;ol&Jaw;

jynfyudak &mufaewJh pma&;q&m uAsmq&mawGxrJ Sm q&marmifom&wd@k q&m

armifpGrf;&nfwdk@ qdkwm usefwJhi,folawGu OD;xdyfxm;& dkaoav;pm;&wJh
yk*K~d vfawGyg? olw@dk EpS fOD;pvk;H (70) ausmw f ef;awGyg? q&marmifom&u vmhpfaA;
*wfrrSm aeygw,f? q&marmifprG ;f &nfu e,l;a,mufrrSm aewmyg?
ESpfOD;pvkH; tm&ftufzfatwdk@ AGDtkdatwdk@vdk a&'D,dkawGrSm toHv$ifh
aqmif;yg;awG v$iahf e=uygw,f? qefz&efppPukd tajcpdu k f rd;k rc rD',
D mufqu kd w
f @kd
avmhtdef *s,fvdpf tajcpdkuf rEav;a*Zuf &wemykHaejynfawmf owif;pm
wd@k rSmvnf; pma&;=uwJhtcg a&;=uoaygh?
jynfwiG ;f rSmwke;f uawmh q&marmifom&u vk;H csi;f wKwakd &;olyyD D pmtkyf
txGuf=urf;cJhwJh pma&;q&myg? ckjynfyrSmawmh usaemfvufvSrf;rDoavmuf
q&marmifom&&J usOw f kyfcH Hh rcHhH wKaumif;wtkyyf J befaumuftajcpdu k f
acwfyif owif;eJ@ pmtkyfwu dk fu jyefxw k w f mawG&yg&J?
q&marmifpGrf;&nfuawmh jynfwGif;rSm uAsm/ wKwdk/ pmayazefa&;/
pmpDpmuk;H pwJh pmtkyf q,ftyk f ausmaf usmaf wmh xGucf yhJ gw,f? jynfya&mufraS wmh
q&m armifprG ;f &nf&J bmvJ[hJ armifprG ;f &nf qdw k hJ aqmif;yg;aygi;f csLyf wtkyv f J
t&ifuawGcJzh ;l wmyg? 2007 wke;f u xGucf w hJ mjzpfygw,f?
tck 2009 ruk e f c if r S m awmh jynf y a&muf jref r m pma&;q&m/
uAsmq&mawG&J pmayvuf&m wcktaeeJ@ q&marmifpGrf;&nf&J r_dif;rSonf
rdk;xdatmif vdk@ trnfay;xm;wJh uAsmaygif;csLyf pmtkyfxGufay:vmcJhyg+yD?
xkwfaolu g&iS fwef'pD Dtajcpdkuf "lH pmayyJ jzpfygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f jzwfoef;cJzh ;l wJh xkwaf a&;avmu tawGtut H & qd&k ifawmh
79
jzifh jynfwGi;f rSmu uAsmpmtkyfwtkyf xkwzf @dk qkw d m rvG,u f lvSygbl;? 'kvb ygyJ
pmzwfy&dowf odyfrSw d Jh tjrwftpGef;rajymeJ@ xkwfvku d &f if t_H;jywJh ajym&&if
aps;uGuf odyfrifwhJ uAsmvk;H csif; pmtkyfawGukd b,fxkwaf olurS rxkwfcsi=f u
ygb;l ? vufaSmif=uygw,f?
(apmifa& ode;f cs+D y;D q,f}urd rf u jyefjyefu kd &f wJh q&marmifped f if;(ykw;D uk;H )
&J aomuajc&m &wem uAsmpmtkyfvdkrsdL;uawmh cif;csufaygh? jrefrmjynfrSm
apmifa& oef;cs+D y;D du k &f wJh uAsmpmtkyu f awmh q&m}u;D '*keOf ;D xGe;f jrif&h J ok;H q,fh
Spjf zm r*Fvm uAsmrsm; ygycJ ifAsm)
q&marmifprG ;f &nftaeeJ@uawmh jynfwiG ;f rSm uAsm vk;H csi;f pmtkyu f (1)
pd=w (q&m=unfatmife@J wJI G ) 1960? (2) teDESifh tjym (trsdL;om;pmayqk&Sd)
1964? (3) [dck srD if;. tusO;f axmifuykavGoH (bmomjyef) 1964? (4) rEav;r&J
reufcif; 1971? (5) zd;k 0 ESihf zd;k vS(uav;uAsmpk) 1999 'gavmufyJ xGuEf ild cf w hJ myg?
q&marmifpGrf;&nf jynfyudk xGufrvmcif jynfwGif;pme,fZif;awGrSm
a&;cJhwJh uAsmawGu renf;ygbl;? aemufykid ;f rSm q&marmifpGrf;&nf&J uAsmpmtkyf
xGufrvmcJh awmhygb;l ? tckjynfyudk a&mufvm+yD; tcsed fenf;enf;&vmawmhrS
q&marmifp Grf;&nf&J uAsmpmtkyf topfud k usaemfwdk @ zwf cGifh uH&wmyg/
'gvnf;'kvb ygy?J jynfwiG ;f rSmxkwaf cGihf r&Edil w f hJ uAsmawG trsm;qk;H ygwhJ pmtkyu f kd
jynfyrS xkw&f w,fqw kd muawmh xl;+yD; rqef;awmhaybl;aemf?
jynfwGif;rSmyJ xkwfxkwf/jynfyrSmyJxkwfxkwf jrefrmbmompum;eJ@
a&;om;xkwaf vmwJh pmtky[ f m jrefrmpmaybmodu k t f wGuf xnfh ifr?_ ,ae@
jrefrmpmayordik f;twGuf pdu k fxnfrh _ wckyJ r[kwv f m;? 'DtwGuf q&marmifpGrf;
&nf&J pmtkyf(r_id ;f rSonf rdk;xdatmif)udk usaemfwdk@pmzwfolawG pma&;olawGu
v_u d v f du
_ fvv SJ JS u qdk=u&r,f?
q&marmifprG ;f &nf&J tckpmtkyo f pfrmS xl;jcm;csuu f awmh =unf!*kd % k f y
uAsmpk vdk@ &nf!$ef;az:jyxm;wmygyJ? =unf!dkav;pm;xdkufwJh yk*~dKvfawGudk
*k%fyuAsm zGJ xm;wmrdk@ 'DpmtkyfxJrmS kyyf v kH $mtzGJtEGJ qefwJh uAsmawGcsnf;yJ
aG;zwf=u&rSmyg? 'ga=umifh 'Dpmtkyx f Jr,fawmh q&marmifprG ;f &nf&J &uef ta&;
tom;qefwJh oa&mfwJh azefwJh (Oyrm- tifwmeufol&Jaumif;rsm;uAsmwdk@
e,l;a,mufausmufuyfaq;Hk uAsmwd@k v)kd oD;jcm; uAsmaumif; trsm;}u;D udak wmh
zwfciG rhf &&Smbl;ayg?h tJ'h o D ;D jcm;aumif;wmawGukd oD;oef@ppk nf;+y;D pmtkyx f wk yf gO;D vd@k
"lu H kad tmifausmOf ;D eJ@ q&mpGr;f wdk@ukd wdkuw f eG ;f csifygw,f)?
jrefrmpmayrSm kyyf v Hk m$ tzGJ tEGJ qdw k muawmh twKy`wpdW may trsLd ;tpm; xJr,f
80
ygygw,f? q&m'*kew f m&m&J atmifqef;(od@k )tdik ;f wd@k A[de;f (od@k )uAsm wd@k pwJh
vluakd vhvmjcif; aqmif;yg;awG[m kyyf v Hk m$ tzGJ tEGJ awGyg? wenf; twKy`wdW [ef
&opmwrf;awGygy?J
'dvD ykd J twKyw ` [
dW ef xKwd@k qdw k mvnf; wcsKd @ pma&;q&mawG a&;=uwm
&Syd gw,f? (Oyrm-q&mnDyak v;&J ajr;ol}u;D qdw k hJ pmtkyu f twKyw ` [dW ef xKyg?
xKpmtkyfygy?J q&m}uD;a$Oa'gi;f &J woufwmtawG;tac:rSwfwrf; qdk&if
xK[eftwKy`wv Wd @kd &nf!e$ ;f Edil fygw,f? q&m}uD;u oltwKy`wu dW kd &oeJ@xKvdk
Zwfvrf;zGJ a&;xm;wmuvm;)
ajym&&if q&marmifprG ;f &nf&J tckr_id ;f rSonf rd;k xdatmif uAsmpmtkyf
xJu uAsmtm;vk;H ( pkpak ygi;f 85 yk')f [m uAsmtzGJ cHy*k Kd~ vaf wG&J kyyf v Hk m$ ygy?J wcsLd
v#yfwjyuf kyyf v kH $m? wcsKd uefvef@jzwfab;wdkuf kyyf v kH $m? wcsKd cJjcpfaumuf
a=umif; kyfyHv k m$ ? wcsdK wa=umif;qG?J wcsKd pkwfjym;cwf kyfyHv k m$ ? wcsdL yef;csDvdk
qd&k ifawmh wcsKd uAsmawGu portrait jzpfr,f? wcsdKuAsmawGuadk wmh sketch vdyk J
qdkcsifw,f? wcsdLuAsmawG[m aq;a&mifpkH wufceDumvm/ wcsdLuAsmawG
uawmh tjzLtrnf; bufvufcftif_duf/ kyfiS fvdk ajymjyef&ifwcsdKuAsmawG
uawmh Long Shot? wcsdKuAsmawGu Close up qdkygawmh? uAsmawG uawmh
&otpkHpHk '\e tzkHzykH gyJ? wcsKd teH@woif;oif; wcsKd tqif; wvSv?S
'Dpmtkyrf mS zGJ ole@J tzGJ cHol yk*Kd~ vfEpS Of ;D ESpzf uf&J tquftpyfu tifrwef
ta&;}u;D ygw,f? zGJ olarmifprG ;f &nf bmvJ b,fv/J tzGcJ yH *k Kd~ vfawG bmvJ b,fv/J
zGJoluawmh tckaerSm ajym&&if olykefuAsmq&mygyJ? (tEkynmolykefpdwf
qdw k muawmh jynfwiG ;f rSmuwnf;u usaemfw@kd uAsmq&mawG S+d yD;om;yg)?
etz ppftm%mSif pepfukd ajcqk;H acgi;f zsm; ykeu f efaewJh uAsmq&m? Exile
Poet ? 'gzJG ol&J &yfwnfcsuy f g? tpd;k & qef@usiaf &;orm; 'Dru kd a&pD v_yf mS ;a&; orm;
jzpfaewmuvJ uAsmq&m&J *k%fy'k jf zpfaeyg+y?D
q&marmifprG ;f &nf uAsmzGJ *k%f ywJh yk*Kd~ vaf wGukd =unfv h ukd jf yefawmh a,m
rif;}uD;OD;zd;k v_di/f q&m}uD;ocifuk, d af wmfrdi_ ;f / OD;azarmifwif/ aZmf*sD / rif;ok%f/
Adv
k cf sLyfatmifqef;/ q&marmifxif/ q&mawmfO;D aombdw (a$uikd ;f om;)/ vlxOk ;D vS
vlxak ':trm/ *|ew f umrD (*syef)/ OD;armifarmifwif( r[mdZm )/ a'guw f moef;xGe;f /
wifrk;d / armifaygufpnf (ref;wuUodkvf)/ vlxpk defif;/ av;armif(jrif;+cH)/ eDarmif/
'*kew f m&m/yg&*l/ Aef;armfwifatmif/ jroef;wifh/ =unfat;/ Adkvrf _;csLyfausmfaZm/
a':cifrsdL;cspf/ AdkvfcsLyfuawmf a':cif=unf/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ AdkvfcsLyf}uD;
(a[mif;)ol&OD;wifOD;/ (OD;)if;wif ([HomwD)/ a=u;r_HOD;aomif; (atmifAv)/
81
udzk ek ;f armf/ armifatmifyGi/fh +idrf;opf/ rif;udkEidl /f xufr;dk / Zm*em/ ky&f iS o f kyf aqmif
ausmo f /l &JabmfbZkd /H y'drdk ef;&Smvzef;/ rmrmat;eJ@ um,uH&iS q f &marmifprG ;f &nf&J
rdbESpyf g; (OD;ode;f az/ a':wif=unf)?
uAsmzGJcHyk*dK~ vfawG[m jrefrmhEidl fiHa&; wav#mufrSm jrefrmpmay a&pD;
a=umif; wav#mufrSm/ olacwf oltaeeJ@ol }uD;us,fjrifhjrwfcJh=uwJhoal wGygyJ?
tzGJ cHy*k dK~ vfawG bufu ordik f;if+y;D om;ygy?J
usaemfwk@d 'DpmtkyfrSm tuJjzwf=u&rSmu ordkif;ifyk*dK~ vfawGukd *k%f y
a&;zGJ xm;wJu h AsmawG[m ordik ;f if rifqw kd hJ udpyP gy?J wkwaf cgi;f aqmif}u;D vJjzpf
uAsmq&mvJjzpfwJh armfpDwek f;u oltaeeJ@ awmfvSew f o
Jh rdkif;udk awmfveS fwJh
cHpm;r_e@J uAsma&;wmygyJ vd@k ajymzl;ygw,f? yxrtcsut f aeeJ@u q&marmifprG ;f
&nf&J 'DuAsmawGrmS awmfveS w f Jh cHpm;r_tjrif tjynft h &Sad ewmygy?J
usaemfw@kd [m pmay (&opmay)eJ@ ordik ;f udk armfueG ;f wif=uw,fq&kd mr,f
tEkynmajrmuf wif Edik zf @kd qw kd muvJ odyu f t kd a&;}u;D vSwhJ tcsuyf ?J usaemfw@kd
a&;zGJ armfuGe;f wifwhJ ordkif;(vlxo k rdik f;)[m &oajrmuf y&dowf&ifxJukd pG+J rJ
a&mufo dS mG ;&w,f? 'DaywHe@J wdik ;f r,fq&kd ifvJ q&marmifprG ;f &nf&J tckpmtkyx f u
J
uAsmawGrSm tEkynmajrmufr_udk awG&r,f? awmfvSefwhJ tjrifv&J w Sd ,f/ tEk
ynmajrmufr_uv kd J awG&w,f qd&k if 'gjynfph aHk eyg+y/D 'grsdL;udk awmfveS pf may/ awmf
vSef tEkynmvd@k ac:wmygy?J
uAsma&;zGJ ol&J cHpm;r_tawG;tac:u wenf; &ifcek o f 'H \eu awmfveS f
a&; us&r,f/ jynfol bufu jywfjywfom;om;&yfwnf&rnf/ 'Dru kd &uf wpfjzpf&r,f/
'Dae&m ajymp&mSw d mu 'Dvadk wmfveS fa&;us jynfolbufu&yf 'Drku d &ufwpfwJh
tawG;tac: '\eawG &ifcek foH cHpm;r_awGe@J a&;zGJ wdki;f uAsmaumif;jzpf vmr,f
&,fvdk@awmh ar#mfreS ;f vdk@ r&bl;qdw k mygyJ?
uAsmq&m&J uAsmzGJykHzGJenf; tvuFmtvkyu f vJ ta&;w}uD; vdktyf
aeao;rifhyJ [mudk;? uAsmq&mu y&dowf&ifxJ tonf;xJa&mufatmif
&oajrmuf a&;Edil f oDEidl f zGJEdlifz@dk twwfynm tm;xkwrf _ yzdk@ vdyk gao;w,f?
q&marmifpGrf;&nf[m g&ifh orBm&ifh uAsmq&m}uD;wOD;yg/ EdkifiHa&;
acwfrsKd ;pk/H pmayacwf rsKd ;pku H vkd nf; jzwfoef;vmcJ+h y;D yg+y?D tckpmtkyx f u
J uAsmawGukd
txl;wvnf !$e;f qdak ep&m cs;D rGr;f aep&m rvdt k yfvyS gb;l ? y&dowfu, kd w f ikd u
f om
pmtkyf mS =unf+h y;D cHpm;=unf=h uygawmh?
'DuAsmpk[m q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f (r_id ;f ) uae+y;D q&mOD;wifr;kd (rd;k )
txd q&marmifprG ;f &nf jzwfoef;cJ&h wJh ordik ;f acwfawGxu J yk*Kd~ vfawG&J ta=umif;
82
udk zGJxm;wm qdak ywJh wu,fu 'DuAsmawG[m jrefrmhEkid if Ha&;ordik f;/ trsLd ;om;
'Drdkua&pDv_yfSm;r_ordik f;/ vlxkawmfvSefa&;ordkif;udk aumif;aumif; xif[yfae
w,fqw kd mygy?J
q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;u wacwfwcgwkef;u ocifpdk;eJ@ ocif
oef;xGef;wdk@ ESpfa,mufudk &nf!$ef;+yD; (*k%ma'gaomeJ@)/ xrf;ydk;wnfhwnfh
xrf;cJh=uwJh pdk; eJ@ oef; vd@k a&;zGJcJhwmudk q&marmifpGrf;&nfu 'Dpmtkyx
f rJ mS -
ud, k u f sLd ;riJhpwrf;
exdk;eJ@ Z*srf;qDu
rd;k eJ@ pGr;f qdk+y;D zGJxm;ygw,f?
(wifr;kd eJ@ armifprG f;&nfudk &nf!e$ ;f wmyg)
'Dpmtkyxf JrSm tusK;H ifayrJh q&marmifpGrf;&nfu ol&Jtausm=f um;qk;H
taumif;qk;H vuf&mjzpfwJh tarac:oH uAsmudkawmh jyefxnfrh xm;ygbl;?
q&marmifprG ;f &nf[m acwfukd rsuaf jcrjywfb;l / trdajrudk rarhavsmb
h ;l ?
zdEySd fol tpd;k & ta=umif;vJ odw,f? tzdEySd fcH jynfolawG ta=umif;vJ odw,f?
a;c&D;uayrJh ta&;}u;D &if aoG;pnf;w,f? 'DuAsmudk zwf=unfhvu dk yf g?
'DDr dk* gxm
i&Jvm;csif
ppfxJ if?
ukokv
d ,
f cl sif
ausmfoel @J wikd yf if?
a=umufarG;yg
Zm*emeJ@ E_w?f
wae@ okH;cg
Gwfqkyd g
*gxm T okH;yk'f? ? ( 2007 atmufwb
dk m 6)
'g[m a$ga&mifawmfveS af &;}u;D +yD;prSm a&;vdu
k fwhJ uAsmygy?J 'Dae@txd

83
q&marmifpGrf;&nf[m wdkif;jynfeJ@ vlrsdK;twGuf uAsmawG rjywf a&;aeqJyg?
tckpmtkyfxJu uAsmawGtjyif q&marmifpGrf;&nf a&;cJhwJhtjcm;uAsmawGyg
tm;vkH;[m b,ftay:rSm tajccHwmvJqk&d ifawmh tajzu wcGe;f wnf;ygyJ? tJ'g
tdrvf rG ;f pdwf yJ?
enf;enf; xyf+yD; ajymr,f qdk&ifawmh tdrv f rG f;pdwf trSefw&m; ygy?J
t*FvdyfuAsmq&m S,fvD&J igwdk@&J taumif;qkH;aw;awG qdkwm/
taqG;qk;H tawG;udk ajymjywJh aw;awGaygh qdw k hJ pmom;udk udk;um;+yD; ajym&r,f
qdk&ifawmh q&marmifpGrf;&nf&J uAsmawG[m tvGrf;qkH;tawG;udk ajymjywJh
aw;awGyJ r[kwyf gvm;?
vGr;f ol&J aw;/ vGr;f aw; ayg?h
vGrf;aw; rqk;H ygapESifh q&mpGr;f cifAsm;? ?

atmif a 0;
('DZifbm 28/ 2009)
rk;d rcpmrsufEmS rsm;rS?

84
 bmvJ[Jh armifpGrf;&nf

(aqmif ; yg;aygif ; csKyf pmtk y f t rS m )

wcsKd @aom pma&;q&m/ wcsKd @aom owif;rD', D meJ@ wcsKd @toHvi$ Xhf meawG/ 'Dru dk a&pD
wku d yf x
JG 0J ifa&muf ae&m,lvmwJh wcsKd @ynm wwfqo dk al wG/ wcsKd @ ygarmuQ ynm&Sif
awG [m ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk jyKjyifaewm jzpfw,f? 'D[mav;uawmh raumif;bl;?
[k[ d mav;uawmh taumif;om;yJ oli,fcsi;f &,f/ 'gav;awmh jyifvu dk yf gvm;qd+k y;D
jyKjyifa&;vkyaf e=uwmyg? xyfajym&&if c|wf+cHKus a[mif;jrif; pkwfjywfaewJh ppf
tm%m&Sif pepfudk zmax;ae=ujcif;jzpfw,f? vlxw k &yfv;kH rwnf+ird rf /_ r+ird ;f csr;f r_/
qif;&Jiwfrw G /f 'kuoQ u
k aQ &mufr/_ puUe@f EiS rhf jywf rvH+k cKH r/_ zdEydS t
f Ekid u
f sirhf u _ yfab;xJrmS
rdepfeJ@tr# usa&mufaer_ukd zefw;D aewJh ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ppf&mZ0wfaumif
w&m;cHzufqpf ppftyk fpu k dk jyKjyifzmax;a&; vkyaf e=ujcif;jzpfw,f?
aemifEpS faygi;f rsm;pGm jzwfoef;+yD;wJt h cg (okd@r[kw)f q,fpkEpS frsm;ukd jzwf
oef;vm+y;D vk@d orkid ;f ukd orifvnfjyef jyef=unfw h thJ cg 21 &mpk t0if/ 10 pkEpS f ywf0ef;
usif&Sd owif;rD'D,morm;wcsdK@/ ynmwwfwcsdK@&@J jyKjyifzmax;a&;rsm;ukd tJ'D
twkid ;f yJ jyefawG@jyefjrifae&rSm jzpfw,f?
tJ'aD zmufjyefwhJ tiftm;pkawGe@J azmufjyefwphJ mayukd t&yfom;tawG;/
t&yfom;ta&;eJ@ q&m}uD;armifprG f;&nfu ckcaH csycJjh cif;jzpfw,f? r[mbG@J & wuU
okdvaf usmif;qif;/ r[mynmausmrf sm;&J@ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_ tpkpk[m aemufq;Hk awmh
tkypf ;kd zdESdyfob l ufu &yfwh/J azmfvHzm;pmay/ azmufjyefwhpJ may jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f?
trsdK;om; jynfolvlxke@J zufqpfppftkypf kt=um;/ jyif;xefwJh ydyuQwdu k yf x GJ JrSm
+cpH nf;k;d ay: rodrom xkid fvu dk =f uygw,f? xkid v f @dk &atmif oabmw&m;wckudk xl
axmif qkyfukdifxm;=uygw,f? owif;rD'D,mqkdwm bufrvku d f&bl;/ b,fol@
85
bufurS r&yfwnf&bl;/ ryg&bl;/ vGwv f yfpmG &yfwnf&r,fqw dk hJ uajrmufuajcmuf
tawG;tac: rl0g'ukd qkyu f idk =f uygw,f? aemufq;kH awmh &efo@l bufudk ckeu f ;l oGm;=u
ygw,f? vlxw k u dk yf eJG @J vlxu k dk qef@usif &efoel @J y;l aygi;f (rodromuae odoo d mom
yl;aygif;) &efoleJ@ twl rdrdwkd@&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;ukd jrifhwif&if; &efoleJ@twlwuG
azmufjyefomG ;wJh tqifu h kd rsufpda&S@rSm a[mwa,muf a[mwa,muf a&muf
oGm;=uwmyg? vlxk&J@ &efol jzpfoGm;=uwmyg?
xyfajym&&if vlxkbufu r&yfwnfovkd 'Dazmufjyefa&;tiftm;pkrSm
awmfvSeaf &;qkw d m r&Sdygb;l ? vlxkwdu k yf v
GJ nf; r&Sbd l;? vlxw k dfuk fyJG r&Sw d t Jh wGuf
vlxv k wG af jrmufatmif b,fvpdk rG ;f aqmif ke;f uef v_y&f mS ;=ur,fqw dk hJ tawG;tac:
pdwf"mwfvnf; r&Sb d l;? tjyeftvSeo f abmt& awmfvSefa&;r&Sdvkd@vnf; tckvkd
azmufjyefa&;avmufaumifawG jzpfomG ;=uwmyg?
tckvdk &efoludk tnHhcaH &;pmay/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsuo f drf;a&;qdkwJh
vlxkvrf;pOfukd qef@usiw f pJh mayukd vlxkpmay/ awmfvSeaf &;pmayu wH@k jyefckc=H u
ygw,f? tawG;tac: tvif;a&mifay;+y;D awmfveS af &;ukd jri w hf if=uygw,f? jynfo@l
pmay&J@ zcif}uD;vnf;jzpf acgif;aqmifvnf;jzpfwhJ q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfrd_if;&J@
wynfrh sm;/ pmayacgi;f aqmifrsm;jzpf=uwJh q&m}u;D '*kew f m&m/ tarvlxak ':trm/
q&m}u;D vlxk pde0f if;eJ@ q&m}u;D armifprG ;f &nf tygt0if jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;pmay
tiftm;pk tm;vH;k [m azmufjyefwphJ may tiftm;pkudk &efow l u dk af ewJw h u dk yf eJG @J twl
wkud af e&wmjzpfw,f?
q&m}uD;armifprG f;&nfu azmufjyefwJh pmay/ azmufjyefwt Jh iftm;pkukd
wckcsi;f qGx J w k jf yygw,f? em;&Guu f dk wHawG;qGw+f y;D vlxak &S@rmS xkwaf zmfjyoygw,f?
odraf rG@wehJ nf;y&d,m,fe@J rsuEf mS zH;k cGmcsygw,f? aemufwcku Eke,fw/hJ tawG;tac:
pHrrDw/hJ Ekid if aH &; a&csed ef rd u hf saeao;wJh awmfveS af &;orm;awG/ Ekid if aH &; orm;awGudk
ol@&@J pmayeJ@ vrf;jyjriw fh ifay;ygw,f? tacsmiform;pmay/ azmufjyefwJh pmayukd
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifvmapovkdyJ/ vlxkvGwfajrmufa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd ydkvkd@
&Si;f vif;vmapcJw h ,f? ykv d @dk wufuvmapcJw h ,f? 'ga=umifh q&m}u;D armif pGr;f &nf&@J
pmayvuf&mrsm;ukd xkwfa0vku d jf cif; jzpfw,f?
aemifrmS orkid ;f ynm&Sirf sm;/ pmayokawoDrsm;u q&m}u;D armifprG ;f &nf&@J
pmayukd tuJjzwf rSww f rf;wifygvdrfhr,f? avmavmq,f EkdifiaH &;pmay usr;f w
apmifjzpfwJh 'Dpmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0olw@kd taeeJ@ jynfo@l pmaytjzpf rSww f rf;wifkrH u
86
awmfvSefa&;pmaytjzpfeJ@yg OD;!wfvkdufygw,f? ,ae@umvrSm jynfya&'D,kd
Xmewck&@J t}u;D tuJqo dk u
l q&m}u;D armifprG ;f &nf&@J a[majymcsurf sm;/ pmayrsm;
ukd rxkwfv$ifhzkd@ jynfwGif;zufqpfppftkyfpktwkdif;yJ uef@owfydwfyifcJhayrJh ppf
tm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ vlxv
k w G af jrmuf a&;/ 'Dru dk a&pDtwGuf wpku
d rf wfrwf
a&;om;oDuk;H aeaom jynfhol@pma&;q&m armifprG f;&nfum; r+zHKay? aemufqw k f
roGm;cJhay? pmayjzifh wkdufyGJ0ifvsufyg? jynfol@pmayukd a&;jc,foDukH;vsufyg?
tJ'Da&'D,Xkd meuvGJvkd@ q&mhpmay vuf&mrsm;um; wES@H wvsm; jrpfra&pD;tjzpf
w'D;'D; pD;qif;aevsufyg? 'DtwGuv f nf; *k%, f v l @kd rqHk;yg?
wkdufyGJjyif;xefwJh ,ae@umvrSm jynfol@pmay/ awmfvSefa&;pmayukd
tav;teuf OD;xdyx f m;xkwfa0&if; wku d yf 0JG if=u&rSm jzpfygw,fv@dk opPmtiftm;
pk t aeeJ @ cH , l x m;w,f ? 'ga=umif h q&m}uD ; armif p G r f ; &nf & J @ bmvJ [ J h
armifprG ;f &nf pmtkyu f dk awmfveS af &; vrf;jy pmayusr;f wapmiftjzpf xkwaf 0vku d f
ygw,f?
jynfo@l pmay[m t"Gef@&Sn=f um ckid fcef@rSm jzpfw,f?
azmufjyefwJh tawG;tac:eJ@ pmay[m ,drf;,kdif+ydKvJ usqHk;oGm;rSm
jzpfw,f?
q&m}uD;armifpGrf;&nf use;f rmygap? touf&mausmf &Snyf gap?
jynfol@pmayukd wpkdufrwfrwf a&;om;jyKpkum awmfvSefa&;twGuf
qufvufa&S;_vrf;jyEkid yf gap?
xkwfa 0olrsm;eJ@ opPmawmfvSefa &; pmaytiftm;pk
'DZifbm 31/ 2006?
2007 ukd }udKwJhn?

87
 armifp Gr f; &nf&J@ vlxkE Sifh Ekdi fi Ha&;pmtky ftwGuf
&Jabmfzkd;oHacsmif;trSm

ArmEkdifiHom;awG pmay0goem ygvkdufyHkrsm;awmh axmifxJrSmyJ a&mufaeae/

w&yfwaus; a&mufaeae/ ppfajy;b0/ ckv d o
H_ b l 0 a&mufaeae/ pmawGzwf=ua&;=u/
*sme,fr*~Zif;awG xkw=f u/ 0ufbq f u kd fawG/ bavmh*fqdu k af wGwif=u/ pmay a[m
ajymyGaJ wG/ v_y&f mS ; r_awG vky=f u/ &Sm;rS&mS ;wJh trsKd ;om;rsm;vk@d qk&d ygr,f? jynfwiG ;f rSm
pmayrD', D m vkyif ef;[m Al;=um;oD;wJh ql;vkjd zpfaecsed rf mS jynfyrSm awmh yef;aygi;f w&m
yGiafh e=uw,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f?
'Dvdk jynfyu xkwaf 0wmawGxrJ mS Edik if aH &;eJ@ ywfoufwhJ pmtkyaf wGvnf;
tawmfrsm;rsm;ygwmukd owdxm;rdygw,f? trsKd ;tr,fvnf;pH/k t,ltqvnf;pH/k
aemufcaH wGvnf;pH/k csO;f uyfenf;awG/ OD;wnfcsuaf wGvnf; pHw k ,fv@dk qk&d rSmyg? xkwf
a0wJhaiG vm&mvrf;a=umif;awmifrS tawmfpHkwm owdxm;rdygw,f? 'gayrJh
ppftpk;d & tqufquf ESp&f n S fvrsm; ydwyf ifcx H m;&muae xGuv f m=u+y;D jynfyu
pmayawGeJ@ awG@&umprdk@vm; rodbl; tJ'DEkdifiHa&;pmtkyfawGxJrSm jynfyu
Ed k i f i H a &;ynm&S i f a wG & J @ a&;om;csuf a wG u k d bmomjyef w m/ tajccH w m/
uk;d um;wmawGu rsm;aeygw,f? Armjynfta=umif;qkd&ifvnf; EkdifijH cm;om;awG/
olw@kd t,ltqawGukd xif[yfjywm awGu ykrd sm;aew,fv@kd owdxm;rdygw,f?
tck ukd0if;az (q&mpGrf;&nf)vkd ArmjynfEikd fiHa&;ukd tajccH+yD; Armjynf
Ekdiif aH &;ukd oH;k oyf/ oabmw&m; xkwaf y;wJh pmtkyrf sKd ;uawmh odyrf rsm;ygb;l ? rSef
wmajym&&if u|eaf wmfu ArmjynfEidk if aH &;ukd Ekid if jH cm;om;awGxuf Armjynfom;
awGu ykdow d ,fv@dk ,lqwJhvyl g(uk, d u f yko d w d ,fv@kd qkv d wkd m vHk;0r[kwaf =umif;
/ txl;ajymyg&ap)? Ekdifiw H ck&J@orkdi;f tJ'ED ikd fiHu jynfov l lxk&@J orkdi;f ukd ajym=u+yD
88
qdk&if tJ'v D lxk&@J pdw"f mwfe@J pdwaf epdwx f m;ukd wu,fwrf;odzkd@ odyfvkdygw,f?
Ekid if jH cm;om;ynm&Siaf wG zrf;qkyv f @dk r&wm tJ't D csuyf jJ zpfygw,f? olw@dk rmS tcsuf
tvufawG pm&if;Z,m; ude;f *%ef;awG &SdayrJh tjyifu =unfhwmyJ jzpfaeygao;
w,f? twGi;f u jzpfrvmygb;l ? Oyrmtm;jzifh Armjynfu oHCmawmfrsm;&J@ Ekid if aH &;
pdw"f mwfukd wjcm;Ekdiif Hom;wa,mufu tukeef m;vnf zk@d qw kd m rjzpfEikd fygbl;?
wu,fawmh u|eaf wmfw@dk ArmEkid if o H m;awGtzk@d taemufEidk if rH sm;rSm uk, d hf
Ekdiif Horkid f;eJ@ ywfoufvd@k ta0;acwf jzpfap/ teD;acwfjzpfap avhvmokawoe
jyKp&mawG trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,f? t*Fvyd w f @kd u Armjynfudk odr;f zk@d tqifq h ifh }uKd ;yrf;
cJyh akH wG/ odr;f yku d +f y;D aemuf b,fvo dk abmxm;/ b,fvt dk pDtpOfawGe@J tkycf sKycf yhJ pHk wJh
Armjynfom;awG rodao;wJh tcsuaf wG trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,f? tvm;wlyJ tar&duef
Ekid if rH mS qk&d ifvnf; autrfwD usL;ausmrf e_ @J pDtidk af ttcef;/ aemuf+y;D *syefzufqpf
awG&@J Armjynftygt0if ta&S@awmiftm&Swu dk uf dk odr;f wJt
h pDtpOfpwJh udpaP wG[m
Armjynfom;awG trSet f wkid ;f tvGeo f t d yfwhJ udpaP wG jzpfygw,f? olw@dk Eikd if aH wGrmS
v#dK@0SufcsufawGudk tESpf 50 vGefomG ;&if v#Kd @0Sucf sufvd@k rowfrw S fawmhwJh Oya'
&Sdygw,f? 'gudk tcGifh aumif;,l+yD; ukd,hEf dik if HtwGuf vkdtyfcsuaf wG jznfah y;Ekid f&if
odyfaumif;r,fv@dk u|eaf wmfrh b d ESpfyg;tyg Armjynfom;awG ar#mv f ifch =hJ uwm =um
vSyg+y?D wcsKd @ vky=f uwmawmh awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh tvSr;f rrSv D @dk vm;rod rsm;rsm;awmh
rawG@&ao;ygbl;?
Armjynf jynfwiG ;f rSm aeolawGrmS olw@dk vkd &SmazG pl;prf;cGihf r&Sw d m/ a&;om;
jyKpck iG hf r&Sv d @dk om tcktcg Armjynfom;awGa&;wJh Armjynf ta=umif;pmtkyaf umif;
aqmif;yg;aumif;awG rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rawG@&wm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tck uk0d if;az
vkv d u l ArmjynfEidk if aH &; ta=umif;a&;awmh odypf w d 0f ifpm;rdygw,f? b,fvydk jJ zpfyap
tckud0k if;az&J@ pmtkyfv[ kd mawG (ta&twGuf enf;ygw,f) jynfwiG ;f rSm xkwfv@kd
r&wJph mrlawGudk yHEk ydS x f w k af 0wmawG[m aumif;wJu h pd q
P wdk mukd 0efc&H rSmyg? 'g[m
trdEikd if &H @J vkt d yfcsuu f kd jznfhw,fv@kd vnf; todtrSwjf yK&rSm jzpfygw,f?
ajym&&if uk0d if;az[m u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J pDe, D m? u|eaf wmfi,fpOfu txif
}u;D av;pm;&olawGxu J wa,mufjzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfwd@k i,fpOfu wuUokv d f
awGrSm pmay0goemygoal wGe@J (ukd,w f dik af &;ola&m ra&;olyg) wuUov dk f ausmif;
om; or*~awG qufpyfrad ewm[m xl;jcm;csufwckjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh ausmif;
89
om;or*~acgi;f aqmifawGu eH&u H yfpmapmifawG/ ESpv f nfpmapmifawG/ jyify*sme,fr*~
Zif;awGrSm a&;=uwmawG@&ovkd pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mawGu wuUokdvf
ausmif;om; or*~ acgi;f aqmifawG jzpfaewmvnf; awG@&yg w,f? olw@dk tm;vH;k [m
u|efawmfw@kd vlxw k u kd fukd t+rJ0ifxu G f oGm;vmae=uwmqkad wmh u|eaf wmfwd@k
uav;awGe@J vnf; jrifawG@ &if;ES;D aeygw,f? 'Dvedk @J u|eaf wmfrh suv f ;kH xJrmS olw@dk [m
wuUokdvf ausmif;om;awGjzpfHkru trsm;tusdK;/ ausmif;om;ta&;twGuf
axmifwef;tuscHc&Jh wJhvlawG/ jrefrmpmaybufrmS vnf; xl;c|eo f al wG/ wcsKd @q&dk if
t*Fvyd pf mvnf; xll;c|efw,fpojzifh txif}u;D p&m/ pHjyKp&mcsn;f jzpfcyhJ gw,f?
'Dvjkd zwfoef;r_ &SdcJhwJh vlwpfa,mufu Armjynf EkdifiaH &; a&;wmrsKd ;ukd
u|eaf wmf wu,fyJ pdw0f ifpm;ygw,f? aemuf+y;D olu oabmw&m;a&; pmtky}f u;D vkd
a&;wmrsdK; r[kwb f J omrefvel m;vnfatmifa&;wm/ ukd,fwkdifyg0ifjzwfoef;zl;+yD;
pmzwf tifrwefemwJv h q l akd wmh ol@aqmif;yg;wkid ;f [m uk, d ef @J tjrifrwlwmav;awG
tenf;tusOf;ygaumif; ygayrJh zwfaumif;/ OD;aESmufv_y&f Sm;vdk@ aumif;wmawG
jzpfaew,f?
ArmjynfrSmu Ekid if Ha&;qkw d m Ekid fiaH &;orm; tvkyq f kw
d hJ tajymrsKd ;/ t,l
tqrsdK; ay:cJhzl;ygw,f? 'Dpum;vHk;twkdif; wkdufkdfufajymwm r[kwfayr,fh
'Dt"dy`m,foufa&mufapwJh ausmif;om;jzifh Ekid fiHa&;rvky&f / oHCmjzifh Ekdiif Ha&;
rvky&f pwmrsKd ;awGudk jzef@csad vh &S=d uygw,f? txl;ojzifh tm%m& tkypf ;dk olawGu
jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdek @J ppftm%m&SifawG vufxufusawmh 'gavmufwifruawmhbJ
Ekid fiaH &;orm;awGreS for# raumif;bl;/ Ekid if Ha&;orm;awGvyk v f @dk wkdi;f jynf bmjzpf&
w,f/ nmjzpf&w,fqw dk mrsKd ;awG wGiw
f iG jf zef@jzL; ygawmhw,f? 'Dvedk @J ra=unmayrJh
EkdifiHa&;qkdwm ppfom;yJ vkyf&r,fqdkwJhtjzpf a&mufvmygawmhw,f?
trSeyf gy?J Edik if aH &;orm;awG[m Ekid if aH &;tvkyu f dk t"duxm; vky=f uwmyg?
wjcm;tv$mawGuawmh Ekid if aH &;vkyif ef;ukd wcgw&HrS vky=f uwmyg? ukd,w hf idk f;jynf
wnf+ird f wk;d wufaew,fq&dk if omrefjynfoal wG&@J Ekid if aH &;rSm yg0ifr[ _ m ykv
d @kd awmif
enf;ygao;w,f? 'ge@J ajymif;jyef wkid ;f jynfrmS zdEydS rf }_ u;D w,f/ bufpu kH syf wnf;aew,f
qdk&ifawmh tv$maygif;pHk jynfolawG[m omefaygi;f pHkeJ@ yg0if v_yf&Sm;=uygw,f?
'gomru ukdvdkeDqef@usiaf &;/ *syefzufqpfqef@usifa&;/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@
usiaf &;wk@d vkd wrsKd ;om;vH;k vuQ%maqmifwhJ ta&;awmfy}kH u;D awGusawmh tv$m
90
wkid ;f wufwufuu ygvm=uawmhwmygy?J 'gxufru 1946 ckEpS o f ydw/f &Spf av;vH;k
ta&;awmfyHkvdk ta&;tcif;awGrSmusawmh tm%mykdifawGeJ@ olw@kd &J@ vufudik f
wkwfawGuvG&J if usefwmtm;vHk;[m EkdifiHa&; vkyo f lawGcsnhf jzpfukefawmhw,f
r[kwv f m;?
vlawG Ekid if aH &; rvkyaf pcsi&f if Ekid if aH &;jy\em tm;vH;k ukd ajz&Si;f ay;xm;zd@k
vkyd gw,f?

&J a bmfz kd; oH a csmif;

2010/ azazmf 0 g&D ?

91
 i,fp Of u obm0av;rsm;

(wpf)
vGefcJhaomESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmf (60) eD;yg;u rEav;wuUov kd fausmif;om;b0ukd
jyefvnfawG;rdwdik ;f rdru
d d,
k u
f dk EkysKd oGm;oa,mif cHpm;&onf?
od@k aomf tawG;wd@k onf r=unfvifawmh/ arS;arS;rSed rf deS /f a0a00g;0g;ESi?fh
acwf a[mif; ky&f iS uf m;ukd jyef=unf&h ovk/d tjywftawmufrsm;aeaom
zvifjym;ukd jyefquf&mwGif a&S@uzvifaemufa&muf/ aemufuzvif a&S@wufESifh

xkd@twl u|efawmfhtawG;awGuvnf;
(ESpf)
1956 ckEpS w f iG f rEav;wuUov kd of @kd a&mufonf? wuUov kd af &mufp yxr
(1)v/ (2) vrSmawmh ausmif;rSerf eS w f uf pmrcufvrf;pOfjzifh ausmif;wufreS o f nf?
pmusurf eS o
f nf? aemufvrsm;wGiaf wmh wuUov dk yf g;0vm+y?D wuUov kd q
f okd nf
rSm vGwfvyfr_ &Sdonf? b0 tvif;a&mif &Sdonf? pmayavhvmoif=um;r_ &Sdonf?
rdrud ,
kd u f dk pmoifcef;rxJwiG f ydwfavSmifrxm;awmh?
wuUov dk ftoif;tzGJ@rsm;wGif yg0ifvy_ f&mS ;onf?
taqmifwidk ;f wGif zG@J pnf;xm;aom o[m,ESihf pmzwftoif;rsm;/ +rKd @e,f
toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ bmom&yf toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD;ESifh
rEWav;wuUov dk f ausmif;om;or*~/ rEav;wuUodv k f uavmif&iS ftoif; ponf
ponfh toif;rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufaqmif&u G fcJhonf? xkd@a=umifh taygif;toif;rsm;
vmonf?
txl;ojzifh rEav;wuUov kd f uavmif&iS t f oif;0ifrsm;ESiyhf I
kd tawG@txd
92
rsm;vmonf?
uavmif&iS t f oif; &efyHkaiGtwGuf rEav;+rdK@ay:wGif tvSLcHxu G o
f nf?
ausmufqnf+rdK@/ ar+rdK@w@kd od@k tvSLcHxGufonf?
rdrdukd,fwkdifvnf; uAsmav;rsm;/ 0wKwkdav;rsm; pwifa&;om;um
ESpvf nfr*~Zif;rsm;wGif azmifjyjcif;cH&onf?
xk@d a=umifv h nf; rEav;wuUov dk rf S pmayorm;rsm;jzpfaom ukad ygupf nf/
ukod ed ;f Ekid /f ukbd *sr;f / ukd=unfvif/ uk0d if;az/ ukpd ed af rmif/ ukcd ifarmif0if;ponfwk@d EiS hf
&if;ES;D vmonf?
xko d kd@&if;ESD;aom olrsm;. b0wmxJwGif wuUodv k f ausmif;b0onf
b0yef;csDum;csyfxJrS pkwfcsufwpfcsufjzpfv#if jzpfygrnf? aq;pufwpufr#om
jzpfv#ifjzpfygrnf? xkdpkwcf sufwpfcsuf aq;pufwpfpufudk azmfjyzG@J EJ@G vydk gonf?
(oHk;)
rEav;wuUov dk /f ar+rdK@ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;toif;wGif u|eaf wmf
twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,pl Of ar+rKd @toif; eH&H uyfpmapmifwck vpOfxkwfa0cJh
onf?
Tae&mwGif eH&u H yfpmapmifrsm;ta=umif; tenf;i,f &Sif;jyvkdygonf?
rEav;wuUodv k f A[kdaqmif}uD;. 'kw, d xyf jrefrmpmXmeodk@ oGm;onfhp}u w
av#mufwiG f +rdK@e,ftoif;tzGJ@rsm;/ bmom&yftoif;tzGJ@rsm;. eH&u H yf pmapmif
rsm;udk rSeaf bmifrsm;ESihf csw d q f xJG m;+y;D tygwpf Ofjzpfap/ vpOfjzpfap topftopfrsm;
a&;zGJ@ wifjyavh&do S nf?
wpfEpS w
f iG f rEav;vzke;f ausmif;om;rsm;. eH&u H yf pmapmifu eH&u H yf pm
apmifrsm;tm; wyifwkid 0f wKwk+d yKd ifyv GJ yk rf nf[k a=unmonf?
eH&Huyfpmapmif wckv;Hk wGif 0wKwkd wyk'fom a&;&rnf? rnfonfeh &H u H yf
pmaqmifrqkd 0if+yKd ifEidk o f nf? +yKd ify0JG ifpmrlrsm;ukd jrefrmpmygaruQ OD;csr;f jr(jrauwk)/
q&mwuUokdvfbkef;EkdifESifh q&mrsm;tzGJ@pDppf+yD; yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd,qk
rsm;cs;D jri rhf nf[k a=unmonf?
eH&u
H yfpmapmif;toD;oD;u 0if+yKd if=uonf?
vzke;f ausmif;om;rsm; eH&Huyfpmapmifuvnf; pma&;ol(tnmauoD)
trnfjzifh tcspf0wKwkad v;wyk'u f dk tEktvSqk;H tzG@J tEG@J jzifh 0if+yKd ifonf?
93
 ar+rKd @ausmif;om;rsm; eH&u
H yftwGuf u|efawmfu a&pkdaeaom owif;
pmykid ;f av;rsm;trnfjzifh 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd ifonf?
qk&pm&if; a=unm&mwGif tnmauoD. tcspf0wKu yxrqk/ u|ef
awmfu 'kwd,qk&onf?
yxrqk& tnmauoDu aemifwiG f _r0r*~Zif;. pifawmfaumuf pma&;
q&m armifarmifjrifhvGif jzpfvmonf? tcspv f ;Hk csif;0wKaygi;f ajrmufjrm;pGmjzifh
pmzwfy&dowftm; ndK@,zl rf;pm;Ekid fol jzpfonf?
(av;)
ar+rdK@ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; eH&HuyfpmapmifwGif u|efawmfu
uAsmwyk'fa&; om;cJo h nf? ,if;uAsmukd ,ckjyef zwf=unfh&m rdru
d ,
kd frdrd rvHk
ovkjd zpfvmonf?
vli,fb0 vli,ftawG;ESifha&;aom arwWmqdkaom uAsmav;yg?
uAsmu -
arwW m
nOfu
h dck spfonf
ae@opfrnfukd pk;d wum;?
aEGucdk spof nf
rk;d jzpfrnfukd pk;d wum;?
vukcd spo
f nf
wdrn
f pfrnfukd pk;d wum;?
yef;ukcd spo
f nf
EGr;f &pfrnfudk pk;d wum;
a=omf rif;ukcd spo
f nf
aoGypfrnfukd pk;d wum;? ?
,if;uAsmukd wuUov kd Ef Spfvnf r*~Zif;wGif xnfh&ef rdwfaqG ukd0if;azu
94
vm+y;D awmif;cHonf? uAsmrsm; qufvufa&;&efvnf; wku d w
f u
dk w
f eG ;f wGe;f jyKonf?
aemufyikd f;wGif ,if;ukd0if;azESifh u|efawmfonf tjcm;pmay 0goemygorl sm; xuf
ydI
k &if;ES;D vmonf?
,if;ukd0if;azonf uAsmq&m armifpGr;f &nfyif jzpfygonf? ,if;uAsmukd
,cktouft&G,w f Gif jyefzwf=unf&h m &Su&f @HG p&m jzpfygonf? a=omf vli,fb0
wke;f u vli,fawG; awG;wmygvm;[k cGihv f w$ ftm;wif;&jyefonf?
u|efawmfomr[kwf armifprG f;&nfyifv#if vli,fb0wkef;u vli,fawG;
awG;wmwpfck &Sdonf?
armifprG f;&nf. vli,fb0tawG;/ vli,fb0 jzpfpOfav;u
(ig;)
rEav;wuUodv k f uavmif&iS ftoif;u ukdb*sr;f . zvfr;D tdrf uAsm
rsm;ukd yxrqHk;pmpOftjzpf xkwfa0onf? 'kwd,pmpOftjzpf =unfatmifESifh
armifprG ;f &nf ESpOf ;D aygi;f pyfI pd=wuAsmrsm; pmtkyx
f kwaf 0onf?
pd=wuAsm;rsm; xkwaf 0+y;D onfESihf (6-1-61) ae@pjJG zifh
armifov
D m (jyifO;D vGif) ok@d
=unfatmif
armifpGr;f &nf vufrw S xf ;dk +y;D pmtkyvf ufaqmifay;onf?
aemufyikd f;wGif udkb*srf;(wifr;kd )/ =unfatmifEiS fh armifpGrf;&nfwkd@ wyl;yl;
wGJjzihf rEav;wuUokdvf uavmif&Sit f oif;/ rEav;wuUodv k f ESpv
f nfr*~Zif;/
ausmif;om;nDnw G fa&;wyfOD; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif wnDwnGwf aqmif &Gu=f u
onf?
od@k aomf 1961 ckEpS f (7) vykid ;f avmufwiG f =unfatmifEiS hf armifprG ;f &nfw@dk
ta=umif;t&m wckESifh ywfouf+yD; oabmxm; ruku d rf nD jzpfvmonf?
(10-7-61) ae@wiG f armifprG ;f &nf u|eaf wmft h cef; a&mufvm+y;D oli,fcsi;f
ukd ay;xm;wJh uAsmpmtkyfuav; c%jyefay;prf;[k ajymygonf?
u|efawmfu pm=unfhpm;yGJwGif wifxm;aom pd=wuAsmpmtkyfukd
xkwaf y;&m =unfatmif/ armifprG f;&nf[k vufrw S xf ;kd xm;onfrS armifprG f;&nfudk
zsuyf pf+yD; pmtkyf. twGi;f tzH;k wGif armifpGr;f &nf (10-7-61) [k vufrw S fxd;k +y;D
95
u|eaf wmfu h kd jyefay;vmygonf?
vli,fb0wke;f u vli,fawG;awG;=u/ vky=f uwmygvm;[k pOf;pm;rdonf?
Tokd@jzpf+yD; rsm;r=umrDyif =unfatmifESifh armifpGr;f &nfwdk@ jyefvnfajy
vnfum wpfO;D udkwpfO;D cGihv f w$ fem;vnf r_jzifh ,cifxuf qxufxrf;ydk;wkd;um
&if;ES;D vmonf?
=unfatmif jrefrmpm pmwnf;vkyaf om 1960-61 rEav;wuUov kd f
ESpfywfvnfr*~Zif;wGif pmrsuEf Sm 58 Y =unfatmifu atmifausmf. rdcifo@kd
uAsmukdvnf;aumif;/ pmrsufESm 59 Y armifpGr;f &nfu atmifausmfpdw"f mwf
uAsmukd vnf;aumif; pmrsuEf mS 58-59 rsuEf mS csi;f qkid f xnfo h iG ;f um azmfjycJo
h nf?
vli,fb0 vkyaf qmifcrhJ ad om vkyif ef;av;rsm;onf ,ckvdk touf t&G,f
}u;D &ifch sed w
f Gif jyefpOf;pm;rdv#if &Su&f @HG jcif;/ =unfEl;jcif;ponfh &iford w fh kef &orsm;ukd
jyefvnf cHpm;&ygownf;?
Taqmif;yg;ukd a&;jzpfatmif a&;yg[k wku d wf eG ;f aom uAsmq&m udak v;
(tif;0*k%&f nf) tm; aus;Zl;wif;jcif;jzif-h

armifoDv m(jyifO D;vGi f) ?

yda wmufy Gi fho pf/ trSw f (52)/ atmufw kdb m/ 2013?

96
 tnmzHkawmukd vGr f; wJhuAsmq&m
'grSr[kwf armifpGrf;&nf

=u,f e Da &mif q ifo xm;aom

reufcif; qDo kd@
armifpGr f;&nfonf
acsmarmqkd u f + rdK uf a &mufy gapownf; ?
'*ke fw m&m
*,ufpmtkyf trSmpmrS
(1)
wifr;dk
=unfatmif
armifprG ;f &nf
vd@k qw
dk hJ uAsmq&m oH;k OD;[m rEav;wuUov dk f wrm&ifciG xf uJ xGe;f um;
vmcJw h hJ uAsmq&moH;k OD;jzpfygw,f? 'DuAsmq&m oH;k OD;&J@ uAsmawGudk armifom;Ek;d u
1990 ckEpS u f xkwaf 0cJhwhJ =unfatmif&J@ a[rEuAsmpmtkyx f JrmS a[m'Dvdk wifjy
cJhygw,f?
20 &mpk&@J 'kw, d w0uf/ tpykid ;f em;rSm jrefrmpmayuke;f jrifu
h dk wcrf;wem;
tvSqifr,fh jrefrmjynfoludk at;&dyfcsrf;jriSa0r,fh xaemif;oHk;yif/ tnmajr
blred ufoefrmS xGe;f ayguv f mcJw
h ,f
'Dxaemif;nDaemif[m ajrom;xJtjrpfjzmqif;yHk tmumoxJ tukid ;f tcuf jzef@
xGuyf /kH tqifu=JG uovkd olwd@k uay;wJh at;&dycf sr;f jr[mvnf; jcm;em;=uw,f
97
 wyifu ay;vkdufwhJ t&dyfu opf&yd fyDyD wu,fat;jr+yD; pdwfu;l vSvS
cHpm;r_&S&aS v;awGudk ayguyf mG ;apw,f
wyifuay;wJh t&dyu f awmh uvl.ok@d jrL .okd@ cHpm;olukd rxdcvkwef @J
+yKH ;aprdum jrL;uapw,f
aemufwyifuawmh ol@t&dyfatmuf a&mufvmolukd tm;awG wzsOf;
zsO;f / rmefawGw+zKd ;+zdK;/ owWad wGt+ydKif;+yKd if; xuvmapum wku d fyq
JG D armif;ESifay;
avawmhw,f
pmpum;eJ@ajym&&ifawmh
wpfOD;u vD&u d
wpfO;D u 0D&
wpfO;D u tm0Ze;f
uAsmxJrmS tm0Ze;f &$ifwJharmifprG f;&nf/ rxdcvkwf/ xdcvkwfe@J [mo
ygatmif a&;wwfoa&mfwwfwhJ armifprG ;f &nf/ uvl.ok@d jrL.ok@d armifprG ;f &nf[m
uAsmq&mtjzpfygru a0zefa&;a&;wJh ae&mrSmvnf; tifrwef vlord sm; xif&Sm;
ygw,f?
uAsmq&m a0zefa&;q&m armifpGr;f &nf[m
1960 =unfatmife@J wJv G suf pd=w uAsmpmtkyf
1964 teDe@J tjym
1972 rEav;+rdK@&J@ reufcif;
1991 tarhac:oH
2002 uAsmq&mh tar/ uAsmq&mhtaz - pmtkyaf wG xkwaf 0cJo h vkd
1966 jynfo@l a_ xmifh pmtkyaf 0zefcsuf
1976 ArmpmaybmvJ/ Armpmay b,fvJ
1982 *,uf-pwJh a0zefa&; pmtkyaf wG a&;cJw h ,f? 1967 ckEpS u
f OD;ode;f
Ekid f/ armifr;kd ol/ rk;d =unf/ =unfatmif/ wifr;kd / armifaZmfw@dk e@J twl armifpGr;f &nf[m
- tvkyo f rm;acwf
azmifwed w f pfacsmif;. uk,d af &;twKy`wdW
wuUofv dk ftawG;ESifh tawG@
o&ufuif;au aumuf=u&m
tufaq;av;yk'v f nf; a&;cJwh ,f?
98
 aemufpma&;q&mawGta=umif; pmtkyfvnf; xkwfa0cJhao;w,f?
uJxm;-
u|efawmfuawmh 1979 ckESpx f kwf rkd;a0pmayr*~Zif;rSm azmfjyyg0ifcJhwJh
tarhac:oHuAsm&Sn}f u;D ukd owd& rSwrf ad eyg awmhw,f? tarhac:oHuAsmxJrmS
uAsmpmyk'd fwpfcsdK@u u|eaf wmf&h iftkaH y:rSm yso
H ef;vmygawmhw,f?
wpfcsKd @ydef wpfcsdK@0
wpfcsdK@u or
wpfcsKd @u 0dor
wpfcsdK@u t&n0goD
wpfcsKd @u *gr0goD
eDoleD jymoljym 0gol0g
r[maqGtp r[mpnftqH;k
A*sr;f (wifr;dk ) omEk;d (qH&n
S )f
usLaousL&Sif aA'if,=wm
&dyo
f mtqH;k
trH;k tcspf uAsmopf pmopf
tnpt f owf typftcwfe@J
tnpftywfrsm; ta=umif;

q&mvGe;f rSonf q&mpGr;f txd

cifarmif&ifro S nf cifarmifcsi;f txd
us;D oJav;xyfro S nf urf;em;ajcmufxyftxd
Aef;armfq&mawmfro S nf Aef;armfwifatmiftxd
tif;vsm;uefro S nf =umeDueftxd
pkdi;f xD;qkid rf Sonf uGr;f ,mqdidk ftxd
bde;f jzLrSonf bde;f jym bde;f 0gtxd
zwfrzd wf&m rSwrf rd w S &f m
pyfrpd yf&mawGta=umif;

tar&,f u|eaf wmf&,f

99
 Aef;armfwifatmif axmifuxGuf
xef;vsuaf u|;&if; a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf
vGrf;&pfawmh oufvS,&f ,f
bkef;armifwpfa,mufwnf;&,f
awmhumombJ&,f
i,fpmi,fpum; om;eJ@tz
pmawGayawGxJrmS ol&Jaumif;&SmcJw h t hJ a=umif;
uAsmq&marmifpGr;f &nf&@J uAsmpmyk'd af wGu 'Dae@widk f ckeaf yguyf so
H ef;vk@d /
ol@nDt&if;u awmckdomG ;wJt
h a=umif;ukd
aemifo'd w
< f =umjcnfvyS q f J
pdwfjywfwhrJ if;eef aemifawmfukcd sef
qHawmfukdrcs oydwo f rH jybJ
eduQrusiw hf t
hJ a=umif;
'DuAsmpmyk'd af wGu u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J tEkynmopfcsp=f uwJh uAsm0kid ;f pm0kid ;f
rSm tvGwf&ae=uawmhw,f? wcgu u|efawmfwkd@ rEav;u paepmay0kdif;eJ@
vufzuf&nfqkdifu uaz;qkdifawGxJrSm u|efawmfwkd@ uAsmoli,fcsif;wpfpk&J@
uAsm0kid ;f pm0kid ;f awGudk vGr;f ygb?d =unfh
uAsmrSm pmrSm ig ig igeJ@
igolwyg; usm; usm; r r
wae@usawmh
ocFg&wHcg;ayguu f dk tvsm;arSmuf+y;D
acgu&f rSm jzpfwt Jh a=umif;
tar&J@ pdwf kyH kv
H m$ ukv
d nf; armifpGrf;&nfu zG@J jycJyh gawmhw,f?
tk%t f wuf ukvm;wufot H =um;
EGm;pmtau|; qeftaq;
ajr;wa,mufuEdk ;d_
wD;wk;d wD;wk;d eJ@ &Gm;kd;ukd av#mufchJ
100
 om;ajr;awG aomufp&m
EGm;Ek@d &mS qdwEf d@k &Sm
oumvkyf rke@f zw k f
tar tvkyf _yfch+J yD
acgi;f ay:rSm wbufwif
tdrpf OftES@H omG ;
,keo f m;0,f *sKH o=um;0,f
,ufuef;&S,o f vkd &Gmv,f&mG k;d
vGe;f xk;d vmoGm;
iSm;vkduf acs;vku d f au|;vkduf wkduv f ukd f
csufjyKwfvdu k ef @J ac|;w+ydKuf+yKdu,
f dk
tartdk
om;ukdau|;vk@d armw,fr&Sd
tnmaus;vufu tarhkyyf kv H m$ [m vGr;f armqGwyf sH@z,
G f&m?
tareJ@om;/ om;eJ@tar 0rf;ork'N&m tlt*Fg jcm;wma=umifh tawG@a0;
taea0;=u&wJt
h a=umif; a[m'DrmS cHpm;=unfh vku
d yf g?
tarhpm
om; tjrefvmyg wJh
ajy;[m v$m;[m ke;f [m uef[meJ@
uAsmwyk'pf mwpftyk f
vufvyk v f ufpm;/ tarhom;
"m;awmifrqD; rD;yifvmrjcm;
tarhac:oH =um;aomfvnf;
0rf;ork'&N m tl**Fgjcm;wma=umifh
om;rvm ajr;rvm
uAsmukd ylyykH ef;eJ@
pmwpfndK vl}uHKurf;&w,f
uAsmq&marmifprG ;f &nf&@J
101
 EGm;jymwoo 0g;zsmwrr
pm;p&mwcscs
trsm;wumukd om;pmjyygv@kd
tdr0f rSm tar}uKd a&mh
aendKcsed w
f ikd ;f
qdwk hJ xm0& r[mjrifrh &dk f tarbG@J u urBmwnfatmif vSaeawmhrmS trSef
yg? a[m'DurBmxJrmS uAsmq&mawG&@J tarbG@J kyyf v kH m$ opfawGu xm0& EkysKd vef;
qef;/ usuo f a&wifq h ef;vk@d yef;Eka&mifoef;aewmuawmh trSeyf J r[kwyf gvm;?
&Spaf v;vHk; vlxt k a&;awmfyu Hk mvwkef;u u|efawmfwkd@ ukw d ifat;=uL
(armifrdi_ ;f vGif-tif;0) wdk@[m armifprG f;&nf&J@ rEav;+rdK@ reufcif; uAsmpmtkyf
yef;csDausmf ay:OD;ouf&@J yef;cso D pf rEav;usKH ;kyfyv
kH m$ eJ@ xGuv
f mwJh uAsm pmtkyf
topfxu J
tdE, dN jynf qefwu dk fyJG uAsmukd wjcm;uAsmawGe@J &Gw+f y;D vlx&k @J awmf
vSefa&;twGuf uAsm&Gwf wkdufyJ0G ifch=J uw,f?
qefurdk ay; usnq
f efay;w,f
qefwukd fyJu
G &wJhvrf;p
csw
D uf=uavmh avmuopfukd wnfuek af vmh
uAsmq&m armifprG ;f &nf&@J qefwudk yf u
JG Asm[m 1967 ckEpS u f ppfawG+rKd @rmS
jzpfyGm;cJwh Jh qefwdu
k yf v
GJ lowfcH&wJh ta&;ukd zG@J qdx
k m;wJh acwf+ydKifuAsmjzpfwmrkd@
'Dqefwu dk yf JG uAsm[m tifrwef emrnf}u;D wJh uAsmjzpfcyhJ gw,f? acwf+yKd if uAsm
acwf&@J wefz;dk [m acwfukd xif[yfazmfjyEkid w
f hJ zefw;D Ekid pf rG ;f qdw
k m xif&mS ;vSyg awmh
w,f?
(2)
q&marmifpGrf;&nfukd u|efawmfpwifjrifzl;wm txufArmEkdiif H pma&;
q&mtoif;u usif;ywJhpmwrf;zwfyJrG Sm jzpfygw,f? 1965 ckESpfavmufuaygh?
taemufusKH ;vrf;u "rRArd mefcef;r}u;D xJrmS ewfawmfvqef;(1) &ufae@ pmqkad wmf
ae@rmS pmwrf;zwfyGJ eJ@ ouf}uD;pma&;q&m}uD;awG uefawmh=u+yD; 3 &ufwdik w f ikd f
102
usif;ywmyg? tJ'Dwke;f u u|efawmf 5 wef;ausmif;om;yJ &Sdygao;w,f? a&$ukdif;
om;wk@d a'guw f moef;xGe;f wd@k u ESppf Ofrysuf rjywfpmwrf;awG zwf=uovkd vlxOk ;D
vS/ vlxak ':trm/ jrauwk(OD;csr;f jr)/ q&mode;f oef;xGe;f / uAsmq&mwifr;dk / armifom
Ek;d wkd@u pmwrf;awG zwf=uw,f? q&m}uD;a&$jynf OD;bwif/ pma&;q&m}uD; jrrsdK;
vGi/f ppfuidk ;f OD;bk;d oif;wk@d u trSmpum;awGajym=u/ &efuek u f q&m}u;D OD;azarmif
wifu o0%fvm$ vSrf;ykd@ w,f?
armifprG ;f &nfzwfcw hJ hJ pmwrf;awGudk u|eaf wmfrw
S rf od r# pOf=unfv
h u
dk af wmh
-acwfopfjrefrm uAsm
-25 ESpw f m uAsmc&D;
- 'Dae@uAsmjy\em
-q&m}uD;ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f &J@ uAsm[efwuGuf
pwJh pmwrf;awGjzpfygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;awG[m txufArmEkid if H pma&;q&m
toif;u xkwfa0cJw h hJ pmaytiftm;/ 1328? uAsmta=umif;/ pmta=umif; pmay
vkyfom; tiftm;opf/ vl@rdwaf qGpmtkyq f kw
d hJ pmwrf;aygif;pkawGxrJ Sm yg0ifcw Jh m
jzpfygw,f?
1983 ckEpS /f 'DZifbm 5 &ufae@u rEav; rD;&xm;pm=unfo h if;u }u;D rSL;+y;D
pmaya[majymyGJ usi;f yw,f? tJ'rD mS q&m wifr;dk eJ@ armifpGrf;&nfwd@k ygw,f? tJ'D
uAsmq&mESpaf ,mufukd u|eaf wmftrSww f & a&;zk@d rSwpf pk mtkyif ,fuav; ay;vku d f
awmh q&mwifrd;k u a[m'Dvkd a&;ay;w,f?
iSufaysm&Gufay:u
armifaEGxuf
uAsmESiahf yG@zufaeapownf;?
wifr;dk
5/ 12/ 83?
armifprG ;f &nfuawmh
}udKufovkad &;Asm
q&mpGr;f / tnmref;
5/ 12/ 83?
103
 qdk+yD; a&;ay;&Smygw,f? u|efawmfu pmwkad v;jzpfaeawmh tm;r&vkd@
xyfa&;zkd@ ylqmw,f? 'gudk q&mpGrf;u rjiif;ry,f cspfcifpmG eJ@ xyf+yD; rqkdif;rwG
a[m'Dvdk a&;ay;vkdufygw,f?
ukad EGxuf&@J
tifwmAsL;rSm
u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f mu
cifAsm;&efuek vf mawmh
0rf;omw,f
tarhxm;cJv h @dk
jyef&rSmqkad wmh
jyefomG ;w,f
0rf;omw,fAsm
armifprG ;f &nf
5/ 12/ 83?
[kwyf gw,f? u|eaf wmf[m [Hom0wD owif;pmwku d f tydwcf &H wJh umv
rSm a=u;rHkudk ajymif;+yD;vku d o
f Gm;&if; owif;pmwkdufrSm ntvkyfvkyf&if; &efukefae
w,f? tJ'Dwdik w f Jh umvrSm u|efawmfq&mwifrkd;aexkdifwhJ oxHkvrf;bufu tdrf
a&mufovk/d q&marmifprG ;f &nf txufwef;jyq&mvkyaf ewJh urm&Gwf txuudk
u|efawmf t}udrf}udrf a&mufygw,f? aemuf rEav;rSm tarhxm;cJhvk@d jyefawmh
r,fcifAsmqkw d Jhpum;ukd owdw& &SdaewJh armifprG f;&nf pmuav;ukd u|efawmf
wtHw h =oeJ@ zwfaerdawmhw,f? a=omf vGr;f armwop&m ESpu f mvawGyguvm;?
aemufawmiforeftif;apmif;u bl;oD;a=umfqikd rf mS q&myg&*lwd@k / q&m
wifr;dk wk@d / q&marmifprG ;f &nfw@dk e@J xkid af e&if; uAsm&GwAf sm ukad EGxuf a&qkv d @dk
uAsm&Gwjf ycJh&wJh ae@awGudkvnf; u|eaf wmfh&ifxJ pGJpx GJ ifxif&ySd gw,f?
u|efawmfw@kd ig;wef;ausmif;om;b0u vlxw k du
k xf J 0ifomG ;awmh (vrf;
90/ ukd;vHk;wum bk&m;teD;u pdefawmifausmif;rSm tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf
pmoifaewJh umvayg)h q&marmifprG ;f &nfe@J awG@awm/h rdwq f ufvu dk af wmh a=omf
rif ; wk d @ u uAsma&;ae+yD v m;? at;at; aemuf v rf ; awG @ &if cvk w f
104
wkduf=uao;wmayghuGmwJh? tJ'Dpum;vHk;ukd u|efawmfeJ@ u|efawmfholi,fcsif;
cifarmifOD;/ ol@uavmifu armif,rkefwJh? tck blrdaA' ygarmuQ(t+idrf;pm;)?
u|efawmfhuavmifu armif0okef (vuf qnfuef) aygh? oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf
armif0okeef @J armif,rkeaf yg?h (aemufawmh yef;cs0D okef &Srd eS ;f odv@dk u|eaf wmfu
h avmifudk
csufcsi;f armifaEGxufv@kd ajymif; vku d fwm) [kwfygw,f? tcku|eaf wmfwk@d uAsmyG/J
pmayyGaJ wGrmS cvkww f u
dk f ae=u&+yrD [kwv f m;? a0zefa&;q&m armifprG ;f &nfpum;u
u|eaf wmfw@kd em;xJrSm pGJv@kd a=omf tnmref;u q&mpGrf; &,f?
(3)
1976 ck/ atmufwb kd mv 20 &uf-ae@u -
Armpmay bmvJ/ b,fvJ acgi;f wyfxm;wJh armifprG ;f &nf pmtkyf xGuf
vmw,f? a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;eJ@ pmwrf;awG jzpfygw,f? q&may:OD;oufu rsuEf mS zH;k
yef;cszD efw;D a&;qGaJ y;ygw,f? tJ'pD mtkyf trSmpmxJu -
jywif;ayguf tazmufrSm;&if jyifv@kd &w,f/
yEMuftku d frmS ;&if jyifvd@k r&bl;?
azmufjyefwhJ vlwef;pm; &yfwnfcsufudk jyifvd@k r&bl;?
qk;d ,kww f haJ pwemukd jyifv@dk r&bl;
jroef;wif. h trSmxJu q&mjroef;wif&h @J pm pum;ukd u|eaf wmf uae@widk f
pGpJ J+G r+J rJ pl;pl;xifxifeJ@ xm0& owdw&eJ@ tvGw&f +y;D qkdaerdwm tckxyd gy?J
q&mjroef;wifu q&marmifpGr;f &nf&@J a0zefa&;uavmifudak wmh 'Dvkd
ajymcJyh gw,f?
ol@tawG;u &Jw,f/ jywfom;w,f/ tawG;&Jovkd uavmifvJ &Jw,f/
jywfom;w,f/ wenf;ajym&&if rku d wf ,fv@dk vJ ac:Ekid w
f ,f? rSew
f m rrSew
f m uk,
d ef @J
tm;vHk; xyfwlxyfr# jzpfwm rjzpfwmukd c%z,fxm; tawG;&Jwm/ ta&;&Jwm/
tawG;jywf wm/ ta&;jywfwmukd u|eaf wmfoabmusw,f
EdkifiaH &;pHeJ@ tEkynmpHrSm Ekid fiHa&;pHudk yxrukdifw,f? uk, d fw,fvkd@vJ
au;a=umfw,f? au;a=umfwt Jh wkid ;f vJ vkywf ,f
&Su&f Suef @J yJ a0zef&awmhr,fqdw k hJ a0zefa&; pmwrf;xJrawmh-
'Dv[ l m ckxufxd c|ww f ek ;f yguvm;vk@d oabmaygu&f w,f? rxl;awmh
bl;qkw d hJ oabmeJ@ qufa&;ae[efwl&J@/ tJawmfvSefpmaywdk@ jynfo@l pmaywkd@
105
awmh wdwfomG ;av&J@
'garmifprG ;f &nfwh?J tawG;&J/ ta&;&JwJh a0zefa&;ayg?h
'Dae@ Armpmayorm; trsm;pk&J@ taetxm;[m tvGeftm;&p&m
aumif;w,fvk@d q&marmifpGr;f &nfu rSwfcsufjyK+yD;-
Armpmay yifra&pD;[m trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;/ e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; 'DrmS u
a&pD;a=umif;}u;D twkid ;f wk;d wufvmcJw h myJ r[kwv f m; qk+d y;D Armpmay yifra&pD;udk
wifjyajymqkcd w hJ ,f?
rD;zkad csmifrS jynfolo@dk pmwrf;i,fuav;xJrmS -
0goemeJ@ ,H=k unfcsuaf =umifh pma&;=uw,fq&kd if *k%yf suaf tmif ayguf
wwfu&awG a&;+y;D pD;;yGm;r&SmyJ/ wjcm;tvkyf vkyfpm;=uaygh
qdw k hpJ um;uvJ 'Dae@wdik f acwfrDv@kd a&;pm;ae=uwJh pmayukd ckw;kH vkyf+y;D
pmayeJ@ pD;yGm;&Sm=uwJo h al wGukd a0zef&J wmvJ av;pm;p&myJ r[kwfygvm;?
ocifjroef;ukd tav;jyKjcif; pmwrf;i,fav;xJu -
taoapmavjcif;vkd@ wo&wJh pma&;q&m ArmEkdifiHrSm b,fESpf
a,muf &Sdao;vk@d v?J taoaemufusavjcif;vkd@ ajym&r,fo h l r&S&d if awmfvyS g+yD
qkw d hJ pum;ukv d J u|efawmf pGpJ Jx
G ifxife@J rSwo f m;xm;rdygw,f?
u|eaf wmfuawmh uAsmorm;rd@k vm;rod? 1969 ckEpS u f u|eaf wmfu, dk w
f idk f
rEav;taemufusKH ;vrf;/ "rRArd mefxrJ mS q&m armifprG ;f &nf zwf=um;cJw h -Jh q&m
}u;D ocifud, k fawmfri_d ;f &J@ uAsm[efwuGufpmwrf;ukd oabmusvyS gw,f?
q&m}u;D &J@ pum;vH;k a0g[m&tcef;rSm u|eaf wmf rifeeD @J wm;xm;cJw h hJ
pmwyk'd uf kd xkwjf yyg&ap?
q&m}u;D taeeJ@ pum;vH;k awG/ wDxiG o f ;kH pG&J mrSmvJ ajymaeuspum;xJu
aumuf,o l ;kH pGx
J m;yHrk sKd ;ygy?J pum;ajym&if; tmp&$i&f i$ f jzpfvmvd@k xGuv f mwwfwhJ
pum;vH;k awGudk q&m}u;D u oH;k xm;ygw,f? wrifazmfpyfxm;wJh pum;vH;k awG r[kwf
yg bl;? q&m'*kew f m&m&J@ pum;vH;k rsm;eJ@ 'Dae&mrSm E_id ;f ,SO=f unfah pcsiyf gw,f? '*kef
wm&m[m pum;vH;k wvHk;jzpfvmzd@k twGuf pmvHk;tuQ&mav;awGukd w,kw,
ukd,fwkdifzGJ@pnf;azmfpyfwwfygw,f? }udK;pm;oavmufvJ vSyawmufajymifwJh
pmvH;k av;awG pmvH;k av;awG pDumpOfum xGuv f mvd@k vJ vmwmygy?J 'gayrJh a=omf
ol[m 'gav;awGukd tywfwukwf vkyx f m;&ygvm;vk@d zwfolu owdjyKrdp&m
av;awG jzpfoGm;wm awG@&ygw,f? q&m}uD;uawmh pum;ukd uAsmvkyfwm
106
qkdawmh pum;ajym aumif;olwpfOD;u olajymvkd&mukd aumufumiifum tmp
w&$if&$ifeJ@ ajymoGm;ovkdyJ xif&ygw,f? xl;jcm;wJph um;vHk;av;awG[mvnf;
pum;ajymaewJh t&SdefxJuyJ ay:xGufvmyHkygyJ? ckxl;jcm;wJh }ud,mwcsdK@ukd
a&G;Ekwfwifjyygrh ,f? &Sdwpf yD;,m; vkyw f wfwmrsdK;awGyg?
&Spcf d;k OD;r,f uysmu,m0ifv@dk
q&mocif =oumojyefawmh

OHK t&[H opPmuwdawGeJ@
*VKefo&%H *p>mrd=uayawmh
quf+yD; 'Dpmwrf;rSm q&marmifpGrf;&nfwifjyoGm;wmuvnf; rSwfom;
p&m jzpfygw,f? u|efawmf zwfjyyg&ap?
acwfay:bef;pum;/ t&yfpum;/ acwftoHxu G f twkdi;f a&;cJhvkd@vJ
q&m}uD;&J@ uAsmawG[m acwfav;acwf cHpm;r_rd+yD; jynfolvlx&k J@ toJpJu G Asm
awGjzpfz@kd yHyk ef;ay:vmw,fvk@d yJ xifygw,f
tar&duef aus;vufjynfolvlxkta=umif;ukd a&;zGJ@avh&SdwJh uAsm
q&m}uD; wpfOD; (a&mbwfza&mh) ukd a0zefolwpfOD;u 'DuAsmawG[m jynfol
vlxkta=umif;ukd a&;xm;wJu h AsmawGr[kwb f ;l ? jynfolvlxkud,
k fwdik fu ajymwJh
pum;awG jzpfw,f qkdwmrsdK; rSwfcsucf sczJh l;ygw,f? q&m}uD;&J@ uAsmawG[mvJ
jynfolvx l &k @J toHxu G f aewJhtwGuf 'Dvdyk aJ jym&ygvrd hrf ,f?
(4)
1994 ck/ arvu r[muAsmq&m}uD; '*kew f m&mu armifpGr;f &nfod@k
tdwfzGihaf y;pm 1 rSm u|efawmfu 'Dpmukd wkid f;jynfudk zGihjf yvkduw f mukd;qkd+yD;
armifprG ;f &nf&@J ay;pmukd a[m'Dvkd azmfjyvkduyf gw,f?
OD;av; a&
vli,fpmayorm;awGuawmh
OD;av;ukd OD;cku
d fae=uw,f?
u|efawmfh udkawmh 'l;wkdufae=uw,f?
1? rkd;a0uAsm &Sod vm;vkd@ ar;rdvd@k
2? armf'efepfZif;qdw k m usecf h+J yv
D @dk ajymvkd@whJ
107
 uk, d t hf csi;f csi;f awGygy?J rk;d a0u awmfveS 0f g'eJ@ awmfveS u f Asmtkypf u k awmh
OD;av;ukd xdyg;vk@d oydwfarSmuf=uw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf OD;av;use;f rmygap
ukpd rG ;f &nfcifAsm;
ukpd rG ;f &nf u|eaf wmfah y;wJph muav;ukd w&m;r0ifuae w&m;0ifjzpf atmif
vkyfvkdufvd@k u|efawmfu h kd cGiv fh $wfyg? vl@usih0f wftaeeJ@ =unfh&ifawmh u|efawmf
ukpd rG ;f &nfudk opPmazmufvu kd w f hJ oabmyg
u|eaf wmfuawmh armf'efvd@k roHk;bl;? acwfay:pmay/ acwfay:pmay0g'vkd@ qkd+yD;
oHk;w,f? taemufEdik fiu H oHk;wJh armf'ef0g'qdkwmu (18) &mpk jyifopf awmfveS f
a&;t+yD; pufr_xGef;um;vmwJhaemufrmS t&if;&Sifpepf}uD; xGef;um;wJh umv
avmufrSm jzpfay:aewJh olwk@d taemufEikd fiHu pmayukd qkdvkdwm jzpfw,fqw dk m
ukpd rG ;f &nf odygw,f? tJ'pD mayawGudk vuf00J g'D (0g) rmhu(f pf) 0g'aD wGuawmh "e&Sif
pmayvkd@ owfrSwfc=Jh uw,f
,ae@vil ,f pmay EkysKd yGio hf pfpmayorm;awG ajymwJh armf'efqw kd m tJ'D
taemufEikd fiHu armf'efr[kwfbl;vkd@ u|eaf wmfxifyg w,f
vli,fEyk sdKyGiho f pfp awGu olwd@k tjrife@J olwd@k ? olwk@d acwf+ydKifcpH m;r_ukd
zGJ@E@JG aewmygyJ
rk;d a0ukd oydwaf rSmufw,fqw dk mu vGecf w
hJ hJ tESpf 20 u jzpfcw hJ u hJ dpyP g?
t,f'w D mwpfOD;u u|eaf wmfhta=umif;ukd raumif; awmfawmfav; a&;vkdufvd@k
vli,fuAsmq&m wpfpu k rausreyfjzpf+yD; jzpfay:vmwm
wpfzufe@J wpfzuf pmrsuEf mS ay:rSm ok@d r[kwf =urf;jyifay:rSm awG@qk+H y;D
tjrifcsid; zvS,foifw h ,f? ESD;aESmoifhw,f? aqG;aEG;nEd i_d f;oifhw,fvd@k u|efawmf
xifw,f
'g nDnw G af &; enf;vrf;yJAs? t,ltqqdw k m b,fvedk nf;eJ@rS xyfwx l yfr#
rwlnED idk fb;l
acwfay: jrefrmpmayukd =unf&h if acwfO;D q&m}u;D ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f wk@d /
0H omEka cwfuae pD; qif;vmvkdu f=uwm acwf qef ;ukd jzwfo ef ;vmr,f?
ppf+y;D pmayopfudk jzwfoef;vmr,f? ,ae@acwf+yKd if cHpm;r_txdygyAJ sm? olacwfe@J ol
ol@acwfawGudk tusKd ;jyKvm=uwmygy?J
cHpm;r_ww l hJ tpOftvmuawmh wqufwnf; wa=umwnf;vd@k qk&d rSmyJ?
108
 armifpGr;f &nf&@J *kew
f m&mukd ay;pmxdyu f -
vli,fawGuawmh OD;av;ukdawmh OD;ckdufae=uw,f? u|efawmfhukad wmh
'l;wkduaf e=uw,fqdkwJh k;d om;yGiv fh if;pGm a&;om;cJwh pJh ma=umif;/ '*kefwm&m&J@
armifpGrf;&nfokd@ tdwzf Gifhay;pm &Spaf pmifa=umifh jrefrmuAsmopfeJ@ pmayopfawG
ta=umif; ykd odch=J u&ygawmhw,f? 'g armifpGrf;&nfa=umifh r[kwyf gvm;?
(5)
tckawmh armifprG f;&nf[m a0;ajr&yfjcm;qD a&mufae&Smyga&mvm;?
q&mpGr;f tnmvrf;udk
jyefvmcJhygvd@k qkcd yJh g&ap
xef;&dyn f dK tnmpcef;
igrvGr;f yJ aeygrh vm; qdw k hJ uAsmq&m wifr;dk &J@ uAsmwpukd
owd&yg q&mpGrf;?
rEav;+rKd @&@J reufuAsmpmtkyx f u
J q&mpGr;f &J@ tnmzHak wm rvGr;f avm
qdw
k hJ uAsmav;ukd u|eaf wmf owd&ygw,f? q&marmifprG ;f &nf a0;ajr&yfjcm;uae
tnmzHkawm rvGr;f avm
tnmzHkawm rvGr;f avm
tnmzHkawm rvGr;f avm
armifa EGx uf
ESi f; qD0 guAsmpm;yGJu av;ab;rSm ?
yda wmufy Gi fho pf/ trSw f (52)/ atmufw kdb m/ 2013 rS?

109
 armifp Grf;&nfESi fh awG@qHkj cif;

0wK&Sn/f 0wK&Snfa&;wJh pma&;q&m/ q&mrawGeJ@ awG@qHkay;ae&mu 'DvawG

uqHkay;csiw f o hJ u l uAsmq&m/ pmaya0zefa&;q&m jzpfwJh q&marmifprG ;f &nfygy?J
q&marmifpGrf;&nfeJ@ awG@qHk&mrSm u|efawmf t"du xm;zwfcJhwmawGuawmh
vpOfxkwfaomif;ajymif;axGvmr*~Zif;xJu a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;awGeJ@ q&meJ@
pmaywku d yf 0GJ ifc=hJ uwJh wjcm;pma&;q&mrsm;&J@ aqmif;yg;awGygy?J
q&marmifprG ;f &nfu rEav;Zmwdyg? 0goemwl oli,fcsi;f awG &JabmfawG
eJ@ twl pmayarG@avsmaf &;om;&if; pmayavmuxJ a&mufvmcJhygw,f? rEav;+rdK@
tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif; trSwf(1)eJ@ rEav;wuUokdvfrmS uavmifpaoG;cJh+yD;
rEav;+rKd @u pmayynm&Si}f u;D rsm;jzpf=uwJh vlxOk D;vS/ a':trm/ OD;armifarmifwif
(r[m 0dZm )/ OD;qef;xGe;f / a':tke;f polw@kd u tm;ay;cJ=h uygw,f? q&maZmf*s/D q&m
rif;ok0%fw@dk u az;rcJ=h uygw,f? pmaya0zefa&;udak wmh 1964 ckEpS favmufu
wnf;u oli,fcsi;f armifr;dk olu wku d w
f eG ;f v_@H aqmfre_ @J a&;prf;cJw
h ,f? t*Fvyd pf may/
a0zefa&;pmay/ pmayorkid ;f / Ekid if aH &;aA'/ '\eduaA'/ odyyH` nmwk@d udk rsuaf jcrjywfkH
rqkdpavmuf vkduzf wf&if; pmayork'N&mxJu a&wpufeJ@ rsufESpfopfvkduf+yD;
wJhaemuf a0zefa&;pmaytwGuf q&maZmf*sDeJ@ '*kefwm&mwkd@udk q&mwif&if;
a&;cJyh gw,fw?hJ vlxo k wif;pm(rEav;)eJ@ txufjrefrmEkdiif H pma&;q&mtoif;&J@
wm0efay;csufa=umifh tqufrjywfa&;jzpfvmw,fv@dk od&ygw,f?
q&meJ@ u|eaf wmf t"duxm;+yD; aqG;aEG;cJw h Jh a0zefa&;/ uAsmeJ@ ywfouf
wmawGukd wifjyay;vkdufygw,f?
q&m pmtkyw f tkyfukd a0zefawmhr,fqd&k if wpftkyu f ydk J zwfovm;?
'Dpma&;q&m a&;wJh wjcm;pmtkyaf wGudyk g zwf+yD;rS a0zefygovm;? pma&;q&m
pma&;wJh ae&mrSm wpftyk u f aumif;+y;D aemufwpftyk u f aumif;csirf S aumif;rSmuk;d ?
q&mu 1982 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvxkwf aomif;ajymif;rSm a&;xm;wmu +cHK+yD;rS a0zef
110
w,fvd@k qkx d m;ygw,f? oleJ@ trsdK;tpm;wlwhJ 0wKawGukd zwf+yD;rS a0zefw,fvd@k
qkx d m;ygw,f? 'Dawmh q&mh pmay_cif;rSm a0zefxm;wmawG tm;vH;k [m +cKH ix kH m;
wJhoabm &Syd govm;?
[kwu f Jh ukd0if;+ird f; ajymwJhtwkid f;ygyJ? tJ'Doabm&Sdygw,f? ukd0if;+idrf;
odxm;wJt h wkdi;f ygyJ
'Dae@pmayavmurSm okid ;f bmomjyefawG v$r;f rk;d aeygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk
acwfpepfeJ@ ukdufnDr,fhpmayrsdK; xGef;um;atmif b,fvkd }udK;yrf;oifhw,fvkd@
q&mxifygovJ
ukd0if;+idrf;u okdif;bmomjyefawGukd acwfpepfeJ@ rudkun f Dbl;vkd@ qkdcsif
yHk&w,f
u|eaf wmft h jrifuawmh b,fpmyJjzpfjzpf/ b,facwfb,fpepfrSmyJjzpfjzpf
ol@acwfe@J ol ay:xGufvmwmjzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqcsiyf gw,f? acwftavsmuf ay:
xGuv f mwmudk wm;qD;wmxuf a0zefwmaumif;r,f xifygw,f? xGu=f uygap?
odik ;f 0wKawGrsm;rsm; xGuaf y:=uovkd wjcm;pmaumif;ayaumif;awGvnf; rsm;rsm;
xGu&f ifaumif;r,f? yef;wkid ;f yGih=f uygapqdkwmudk u|efawmfoabmusw,f? ta&
twGuu f t&nftcsi;f ukd v$r;f atmif vkyw f wfwhJ obm0ukd odxm;&r,faygAh sm
tqdyfyef; ygvm&if u|eaf wmfwd@k bmvkyf&rvJ? qkdi;f bkwfqGJay;xm;
aygAh sm? owd tqdyyf ef;vkd@ -
aus;Zl;wifygw,fAsm
'gu q&mu u|eaf wmfu h dk }uKd ;yrf;ajz=unfph rf;yg qkv
d @dk ajz=unfw h myg?
wu,fwrf; u|efawmfhoabm ajym&&if 'DawG@qkaH y;jcif;urSm u|efawmfazmfjy
ay;csifwmu awG@qHkay;jcif;cH&ol&J@ tmabmfoufoufyg? u|efawmfhtmabmf
rygcsib f ;l ? ck q&mu ar;aejyefawmh rajzjyef&if u|eaf wmfh bufuvko d Gm;r,fav?
uJ qufvdu k =f u&atmif q&m?
aemufxyfu|eaf wmf ar;csiw f hJ ar;cGe;f uawmh 0wK tedrq hf ;kH wm0efu
bmjzpf+yD;/ tjrifhqk;H wm0efu bmjzpfoifhyg ovJq&m
0wK&J@ tedrq hf ;kH wm0efu azsmaf jzzd@k ygyJ? tjrifqh ;Hk wm0efuawmh jynfol
vlxk trsm;pkudk trsm;qH;k tusKd ;jyKz@dk ygy?J 0wKxkwaf 0oluawmh jynfov l x l k trsm;
pkxJrSm olvnf; ygcsirf mS aygah v
0wKwkad vmurSm trsKd ;orD;pma&;q&mawGu OD;aqmifaewm awG@ae&
111
yg w,f? bma=umifv h @kd q&m,lqygovJ
0wKavmurSm trsKd ;orD;awGa&;wJh 0wKawG txGurf sm;aew,fv@kd om
ajymvkd@&ygr,f? ckavmavmq,frmS b,ftrsKd ;orD;rS 0wKavmuukd a&S@aqmifr_
ray;Ekdifao;ygbl;? rv$rf;rdk;Ekdifygbl;? t&iftrsdK;orD;0wKa&;q&mawGxuf
ta&twGufa&m/ 0wKa&;om;r_ t&nftcsif;yg omvGefvmayr,fh/ trsdK;om
pm&;q&mawGukd ausmv f $m; v$r;f rkd;oGm;zk@d tvm;tvm&Sw d hJ trsKd ;orD;uawmh
rjrifao;ygbl;? tcsdK@ trsdK; om;awGxuf omwmawmh &SdwmayghAsm? Oyrm
u|efawmfeJ@ ukd0if;+idrf;xuf om=u w,fAsm? 'gxuf cifAsm;0wKa&;zl;&J@vm;
'Dujyef&ifawmh pmwnf;csKyfudk 0ifawG@+y;D ajymjyvku d yf gr,f? q&m armif
pGrf;&nfukd 0if;+idrf;eJ@ awG@qHkay;jcif; wyk'favmuf a&;ckdifay;ygvdk@? q&mu
u|eaf wmfu h kcd snf; wefjyefar;cGe;f xkwaf ewmuk;d
ydykp>m Asmu&%vkd@ qkdygpkd@Asm? ar;olukd jyefar;jcif;jzifh ajz+yD;&m
usrvm;vk@d yg
q&mpdwaf useyfatmifajz&&if u|efawmf0wK ra&;zl;ygb;l ? 'gayr,fh
0wKzwfwmuawmh u|efawmfhtouf 10 ESpfom; r&Sdw&Sdavmufuwnf;u
pzwfcw hJ myg? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfb h ufu q&mhvdk pmaya0zefa&; vkyEf idk o f nft
h qifh
r&Sdonfw h ikd f pmay tay: oHk;oyfEkdifavmufwJh txdawmh &Sw d ,fv@kd xifygw,f?
txl;ojzifh tckayzl;v$mrSm 'Duukd wm0ef,l&awmh pmykdzwfjzpfvmw,f?
wpfa,mufcsif;tay: *kwpdkufzwf&awmh u|efawmfawG@&r,fh pma&;q&m&J@ a&;
[ef/ OD;wnfcsufwd@k ukd rdatmifzrf;&wJh tavhtusifh ykd&vmygw,f? 'gqkdq&m
auseyfavmuf+yD xifygw,f? u|efawmfu q&mhukd qufar;yg&ap?
nDrav;u tcspu f dk uk;d uG,o
f wJv h m;ukd a0zefwek ;f u tcsp0f wKawGe@J
ywfouf+y;D awmfawmf a&;oGm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfh tjrifrmS 'Dae@tcsp0f wKwcsKd @[m
tcspu f kd azmfusL;wmxuf &m*Ek;d uatmif azmfaqmifaewmawGu rsm;ygw,fv@dk
xifygw,f? q&mb,fvkd jrifygovJ
tcspf0wKa&;q&mxJrSm &m*Ek;d uatmif a&;ol wpfOD;p/ ESpfOD;pyJ &Syd g
w,f? 0gEw k hJ pmzwfy&dowfudk qGaJ qmif&mrSm 'Denf;[m tvG,q f ;kH eJ@ atmufwef;
tusq;kH enf;ayuk;d As?
tJ'0D wKrsdK;awGukd npfnrf;tcspf0wK/ &m*Ek;d 0wKponfjzifh ac:csif
ovkd ac:ayawmhAsm? tjym0wKvkd@awmhjzif rac: Ekdifavmufao;bl; xifw,f?
112
tjymEk0wKvk@d ac:&ifvnf; &wmyJAs? uk0d if;+ird ;f taeeJ@ 'grsKd ;awGudk r}uKd uzf ;l qk&d if
olwd@k ukd tifwmAsL;vkyf+yD; aqG;aEG;a0zefygvm;vd@k t}uaH y;csiyf gw,f
u|efawmfhbufu &Sif;ygw,f? 'grsdK;a&;wJholrsdK; u|efawmfhurSm
t&ifuvnf; rygcJhbl;? tckvnf; rygbl;? aemifvnf; rygap&ygbl;? aemufwpfck
quf&atmifq&m? 0wKopfqw dk m bmvJq&m? q&mha0zefcsuf aqmif;yg;wpfcrk mS
ig0wK 1 Person taetxm;eJ@ a&;wmukd 0wKopfvkd@ qkdvkd[ef&Sda=umif;
st

a&;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? odyaH` rmif0wk@d acwfuvnf; 1st Person eJ@ a&;cJh wmawG
&Scd zhJ ;l wmyJ r[kwv f m;? tckrS 'DypkH u H kd 0wKopfq&dk if [kwEf dik yf grh vm;
0wKopfqw kd m tawG;opf/ ta&;opfwhJ 0wKudk a,bk,stm;jzifh qkv d ydk g
w,f? First Person (ajymolemrf pm;) eJ@ a&;wkdif;vnf; tkid f-aemfA,f0wKopf
rac:ygb;l ? odya`H rmif0xufapmwJh acwfawGuwnf;u ajymolemrfpm;eJ@ a&;cJhwm
awG trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,f? Oyrm- a&$Oa'gi;f u u|Eyfk o f nf wpfae@oY vk@d tpcs+D y;D
a&;cJw h m awG &Sw d mayg?h 'gayrJh a&S;u0wKawGrmS tjzpftysuf (jzpfpOfZmwfvrf;)ukd
igu ajymwmjzpf w ,f ? ck a cwf r S m usawmh Zmwf v rf ; tjzpf t ysuf u
y"mer[kwfbl;? acwf vlr_a&;b0eJ@ acwfcHpm;r_pdwf trlt&mukd ukd,fpm;jyK
azmfusL;Ekid w f hJ ta&;tzG@J u y"mejzpfvmw,f? tJovkd ta[mif;eJ@ rwlv@kd topfv@kd
ac:wmygyJ
uAsmbufqufvkduf=u&atmif/ uAsmqkdwJh a0g[m&ukd q&m
b,fvt kd "dy`m,fziG q
fh rkd vJ
uAsmqkdwm bmompum;&J@ tnef@tzl;jzpfw,f? uAsmq&mwpf
a,muf&@J tawG@t}uKH xu J &&Sv d mwJh cHpm;r_wckudk taumif;qH;k pdwu f ;l / taumif;
qH;k pum;vH;k awGe@J taumif;qH;k toHay:xGuv f matmif pDpOfazmfusL;a&;zG@J xm;wJh
pmayyHk omefwpfrsdK;ukd uAsmvk@d ac:ygw,f? a&S;uawmh uAsHAE<wDwu d 0dwJh?
u0det H ,HuAsmwJh
q&m uAsmwpfyk'f pmwyk'fudk a0zef&mrSm ta=umif;t&m tcsuf
tvufudk t"duxm;ovm;/ ta&;tom;ukd t"dxm; ygovm;
ta=umif;t&ma&m ta&;tom;yg ESpfckvHk;ukd ta&;xm;ygw,f?
zefjymcGuef J@ ausmufpufa&vkd@ q&maZmf*sD trdef@&Sdwmukd oabmusygw,f
1970 jynfEh pS f Ek0d ifbmvu rEav;u xkww f hJ pmayvkyo f m; tiftm;
opfrSm q&mu pmwrf;wpfapmif a&;xm;w,f? uAsmudk avhvm&if tvuFm
113
awGudk cGcJ jJG zKwx f w k af vhvmwJh tvkyu f dk pGe@f vw$ pf jyKvm+y?D 'g[m uAsmavhvma&;
enf;rSejf zpfzd@k v_yf&mS ; vmwmyJjzpfw,fvkd@ qkdxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,f a0zef
wJah e&m usawmh vH;k csi;f aumuf+y;D a0zefwm awG&ygw,f? q&mhpmwrf;eJ@ vufawG@
avhvmcsuf rnDovkd jzpfraebl;vm;
u|eaf wmfph mwrf;eJ@ u|eaf wmfah vhvmcsuf rnDovkd jzpfaew,fv@dk ajymEkid f
wJhtcg &Sdaumif;&Sdygvrd rfh ,f? 'gayrJh ck cifAsm;ajymwm[m u|eaf wmfhpmukd aumif;
aumif;rzwfbJ ajymwJo h al wG/ 'grrS [kwf u|eaf wmfph mukd vufwpfv;kH jcm; vrf;v$+J y;D
u|efawmfhtvkyu f kd r_qw d fwJh pdwf"mwfeJ@ tk;d rnf;okwv f o kd lawG ajymwJhpum;ukd
cifAsm;=um;zl;vk@d jzpfr,f? aemufa=umif; &mZ0ifavh&cdS v hJ @dk yg? ckupd P u|eaf wmfajym&if
ajymwJt h wkid ;f vkyzf @dk cJ,
h Of;wJh udpvP nf;r[kw?f r,H=k unfbJ ajymwmvnf; r[kwb f ;l
As? 'gudk olwkd@odygw,f?
'Dupd P cifAsm;u erlem xkwjf yrxm;awmh u|eaf wmfuyJ erlem xkwjf y&OD;
r,f? u|eaf wmf wpfcgu cGcJ jJG zKwfxw k f a0zefwmwpfck vkyzf ;l w,fqykd gawmh? 'gayrJh
tJ'guAsm &oa0zefjywJah e&mrSm r[kwfb;l As?
uAsmqkw d m bmompum;&J@ tnGef@tzl;jzpfw,f&,fvkd@ apmapmu
ajymcJhyga&mvm;? bmompum; oH;k E_ef;wm rrSefwJh uAsmwyk'u f kd usKyfuawmh
uAsmaumif;wpfyk't f jzpf rac:csifbl;vk@d csJ cJhwu Jh dpPygAsm?
cifAsm; pOf;pm;=unfAh sm? trsKd ;orD;wpfa,muf&@J tvSuzdk @JG &mrSm a&S;pmqkd
rsm;u wifw h ,fapr_/ od=um;xko@dk wifw h ,f apr_/ yef;ykxo k @kd qdwk mrsKd ; zG@J cw
hJ ,f
r[kwv f m;? tJ'gukd ckacwf uAsmq&m tausmw f pfO;D u yef;yGwx f ok @kd vk@d a&;pyf
xm;oAs? yef;q,frsdK;qkdwm cifAsm;vnf; odygw,f? yef;yGwfu rxk&bl;
r[kwv f m;? aemufwpfa,mufuvnf; yk&u G qf wd u f qefaphudk xrf;,layG@vsuf vk@d
a&;pyfxm;oAsm? xrf;qdw k mu yck;H ay:rSm/ ayG@w,fqw dk mu uk, d ahf &S@bufrmS ?
xrf;wmeJ@ ayG@wm w+yKd ifeufvyk v f @kd r&bl; r[kwv f m;Asm? tJ'g bmtvuFmrS
vnf; r[kwb f ;l ? b,fvrdk v S nf; xl;jcm;ajymifajrmufroGm;bl;As? 'g[m rSm;a&;wm
oufoufyJ qkdwht J a=umif; cGJcGJjzKwfxw k fjywJh udpPyg? tvuFma0zefa&;awmif
ra&mufao;bl;? uAsmawmifrS yDyDoo rjzpfao;bl;vk@d ajymwmyJ &Sdygao;w,f?
t&G,yf sKd u qkad wmh rqkpd avmuf/ rmefapmifajrmufcJw h m uk;d ? tm;remwwfwhJ
t&G,u f aygh? 'gayrJh ckxd ajymEdkiw f muawmh tJ'u D dpPwek ;f uvnf; u|efawmf[m
pmwrf;eJ@ avhvmcsuf / tajymeJ@ tvkyf wjcm;pD rjzpfchb J l;qkwd hJ tcsuyf ?J
114
aemufwpfcsuu f olw@dk bmajymajym uk, d rf eS wf ,fxifv@dk / ,H=k unfv@dk 'Dae@xv d nf;
aemufrwGe@f bl;qdkwmukv d nf; odapcsiyf goAsm
um&efru Jh Asmukd q&mvufcyH govm;
bmuAsmjzpfjzpf aumif;&if vufcyH gw,f
ckwavm _r0 r*~Zif;rSm q&mrif;ok0%f a&;aewJh yHkjyifuav;ukd
q&mzwfrrd ,fxifygw,f? q&m}u;D a&;aewJh yHpk [ H m um&efru hJ AsmyHpk rH mS tusKH ;0if
ovm;/ um&efrrJh Sm owfrSwx f m;wJh yHpk HrsdK; &Syd govm;
q&mrif;ok0%f&@J pmta=umif; q&mrif;ok0%fuydk J ar;zk@d aumif;w,fAs?
u|efawmf ckaecgrmS cifAsm;wd@k udk t}uHay;cGifh &Sdaew,fv@kd atmufarhrv d @kd tcGifh
ta&;,l+yD; t}uHay;yg&ap? 'Dupd PrsdK;rSm q&m}uD;awGudyk J wkduf u kd fcsO;f uyfar;zdk@
raumif;ygvm;? u|efawmfw@kd vnf; q&m}uD;rif;ok0%f&@J tajzpum;ukd =um;csifyg
w,f? u|eaf wmfwd@k uawmh q&m}uD;&J@uAsmwynfh/ pmwynfah wGygAsm?
cifAsm;ar;vmvk@d raS wmh usKyu f ajzvku d &f OD;r,f? uAsm[kwrf [kwq f w kd m
um&efr/Jh um&ef&dq S kdwJh tcsufeJ@om qHk;jzwfvd@k r&bl; r[kwv f m;? uAsmpdwfu;l /
aumif;raumif;eJ@ uAsmpdwful; ay:vGifatmif zGJ@qkdazmfusL;Ekdirf _ &Sdr&Sdqkdwmukd
t"duxm; =unfh&rSmayg?h
trSefuawmh q&m'Dvv kd kyx f m;wmawmh 'DZmwu yHkjyifav;awGukd
uav;awG tjzwf/ t&yfreS af tmif vG,v f , G ef @J zwfEidk zf @dk pDpOfay;wJo h abm jzpfr,f
xifygw,f?
yHkpHtaeeJ@ cifAsm;ar;wmukd uGuf+yD;ajz&r,fqd&k if q&mvkyx f m;wm
uAsmyHpk Hvk@d u|eaf wmf ajzcsiyf gw,f? q&mhpmvnf; um&Hrygayr,fh pum;ajym
oHpOf tifrwefaumif;ygw,f? cifAsm; toHxw k f zwf=unfyh g?
uAsmpnf;urf; twdtus qkdwmuawmh ckacwfrmS r&Sad wmhygb;l / um
&efrhu
J AsmeJ@ um&ef&u Sd AsmrSmomru b,fuAsmrS wduswJh owfrw S fcsuaf wG r&Sd
awmhygb;l ? u|efawmf vufvrS f;rDoavmuf awG@z;l wJh wjcm;Ekdifi/H wjcm;bmom
pum; awG/ uAsmawGrmS vnf; 'Dvydk gy?J u|eaf wmfw@dk jrefrmuAsmyHpk rH mS u|eaf wmfw@dk
bmompum;&J@ obm0a=umifh um&eftaexm;ukd tajcjyK+y;D uAsmyHpk rH sm; owfrw S f
xm;cJh=uw,f? t*Fvdyb f mompum;/ ygVdbmompum;wkd@rSmawmh r=wm(rDwm)
taetxm;ukd tajcjyK+yD; uAsmyHkprH sm;ukd owfrSwfch=J uw,f? bmeJ@yJ owfrw S fcJh
owfrw S cf hJ acwfuAsmawGrmS qk&d if pnf;urf;wdus wif;usyrf _ r&Sad wmhygb;l ? av;csKd ;/
115
aw;xyf/ abmv,f/ wsmcsi;f / umcsi;f qdw k mawG r&Sad wmhygb;l ? &So d avmufuvnf;
rv$r;f rk;d Ekid af wmhygb;l ?
ckacwfuAsmq&mawG 'gawG ra&;wwf=uawmhvkd@vm;vkd@ ar;p&m
&Syd gw,f? oif,al vhvmvkdu&f if tvG,ef @J a&;pyfEidk yf g w,f? pyfenf;avhusi&hf wm
&ocHpm;zk@d e@J pdwu f ;l aumif;&zd@k avhusit hf m;xkw&f oavmuf tcsed rf ,l&ygb;l ? 'gayrJh
av;csdK;qk&d if q&m}uD; ocifud, k af wmfrdi_ ;f &J@ toHukd rv$rf;Ekid fawmhbl;? aw;xyf
qk&d if OD;yknwk@d v,fwyD dw OD;armif}u;D wd@k u vufuek Ef u d_ f toH;k csc=hJ u+y?D aemuf
+yD; acwf&@J &ifckeo f Huvnf; at;av;+idrfhanmif;wJh toHr[kwfawmhbl;? 'Dawmh
a&S;uyHpk aH wGeJ@ rjzpfawmhb;l ?
yHpk pH nf;urf; wduswif;usyrf _ r&Sad wmh&if yHo k mefrmS bmukd tajccHovJ?
a&S;kd;uAsm tpGo J efoefeJ@ }uD;jyif;vmwJh uAsm q&mwpfcsdK@u tvuFmoGm;/
tcsdK;oGm;eJ@ arwWmpmoGm;wkd@ukd tajccHxm;=uw,f? um&eftpDtpOfrSm
tcket f ausm/f txyftuGe@f awG oifo h vkd toH;k csomG ;w,f? pma=umif;twkt d &Snf
pmyk't f wkt d &Snf vkt d yfovdk toH;k csomG ;w,f? vufawG@rmS jzpfvnf;jzpfaew,f?
a&S;k;d uAsm tajccHenf;olrsm;uawmh um&efru hJ Asmukd toH;k csavh&=dS uw,f? olw@dk
taeeJ@ bmompum; u|r;f usiEf idk ef if;r_ enf;aeao;vk@d pum;ajymoHpOf&@J cGet f m;udk
toH;k rcswwfwt hJ wGuf }uKd ;pm;oavmuf atmifjrifr_ r&Sad o;wmukd awG@&ygw,f?
'g u|eaf wmft h jrif ajymwmyg? 'Dupd rP sKd ;awGrmS q&maZmf*s/D q&mrif;ok0%f/
q&mwm&mwk@d &@J tjrif/ rif;,ka0/ a'gi;f EG,af qGw@dk &@J tjrifawGuv kd nf; vli,fuAsm
orm;awG odcsi=f urSmyJ? u|efawmfvnf; odcsifwmyJ? ukd0if;+idrf;u vli,fxkukd
ukd,pf m;jyK+yD; ar;jref;aqG;aEG;ay;&if odyaf umif;rSmayghAsm? u|efawmf cifAsm;ukd
jyefar;wm/ awmif;qkdwmawG rsm;oGm;jyef+y?D aqm&D;ygAsm
a0zefa&;orm;awG[m raumif;jrif0g'eJ@ =unf=h uwJo h al wGv@dk a0zefc&H wJh
tEkynm&SifawGu qkd=uw,f? q&m b,fvdjk rifygovJ
wu,fawmh a0zefa&;orm;&J@ wm0ef[m aumif;wmukv d nf; aumif;
w,f? raumif;wmukv d nf; raumif;bl;vk@d tusKd ;ta=umif;eJ@ ajymjy&wmyJ r[kwf
vm;? wcsKd @a0zefolrsm;u ukd,fhtm;enf;csufudk zH;k uG,cf siv f @dk emrnfq;kd wyfay;zkd@
}uKd ;pm; wwf=uw,f? tusKd ;ta=umif;eJ@ jyef&iS ;f Ekid &f if &Si;f ayg?h r&Si;f Ekid &f ifawmh pmzwf
y&dowfuvnf; pmwwfwJh pmzwfy&dwfowfyJAsm? b,folu b,fvkdqkdwm
oabmaygufrSmyg? pmzwfy&dowfukd ,H=k unfygw,f
116
 q&mu 0wKwyk'u f dk nHah =umif; a0zefvu dk +f y;D aemufwpfvrSm tJ'0D wKudk
zwf+y;D tEkynmt&om cHpm;&vGef;vdk@ tdyv f k@d awmif raysmEf dik fbl;vk@d pma&;q&m
r}u;D wpfa,mufu a&;w,f? a0zefoel @J wjcm;tEkynm&Siw f pfa,muf tjrifcsi;f
'Davmuf uGm[r_ &SEd ikd yf govm;
'grsKd ;vnf; &SdEikd yf gw,f? jzpfvnf; jzpfwwfygw,f? a0zefou l cHpm;r_ukd
t"duxm;+yD; a0zefaewm r[kwfygbl;? pmayorkdif; pmayoabmw&m; Ekdiif Ha&;
oabmw&m;ponfw@dk ukd tajcjyK+y;D a0zefaewmyg? pmzwfoq l w
kd muawmh trsm;
tm;jzifh cHpm;r_udk tajccH+yD; ajymavh&w Sd m r[kwv f m;?
a0zefou l vnf; ajymzkd@v&kd if cHpm;r_ukd xnfhajymwwfygw,f? 'gayrJh
cHpm;r_qw dk muawmh yk*v ~ du cHpm;r_"mwfcH uGm[r_&o dS avmuf cHpm;r_ tedrt hf jrifh
uGmjcm;r_vnf; &SEd idk yf gw,f?
a0zefocl sif;rSmvnf; pmaycH,lcsuf pmaycHpm;csuf rwl&if 0wK wyk'f
wnf;ukyd J a0zef&mrSm tjrifcsi;f rwlwwf=uygbl;
'Dae@ r*~Zif;uAsmawG[m ykHomefprf;oyfae=uw,fvdk@ jrifygw,f?
t*FvdyfuAsmukd bmomjyefwJhtcg armifomEdk;u wpfa=umif;csif;,SOf+yD; jyefjy
xm;ygw,f? ol tqifajyovkd pmvH;k rsm;ukd jzwfawmufxm;ygw,f? vli,fuAsm
q&mawmfawmf rsm;rsm;[m EkdifiHjcm;bmomjyefuAsmu pdwu f ;l yHkudk owdrjyK/
tvuFm oH;k yHu k dk owdrjyKrdbJ pma=umif;pDpOfyku H dk oGm;+y;D twkc;dk ae[ef &Sdygw,f?
'ga=umifh uAsmawG[m bmomjyefuAsmawGe@J wlaewmursm;+y;D jywfawmuf jywf
awmuf pdr;f qwfqwfe@J zwf&wm tqifrajyao;bJ &Sad eygao;w,f? wcsKd @u rqk;d
ygbl;? pdwu f l;tm;enf;aew,f? ckeu cifAsm;um&efrhu J AsmudpP ar;wkef;uvnf;
u|efawmf ajymcJyh g+yDav tJ't D wkid f;ygyJ
aemufq;kH ar;cGe;f wpfcak ygq h &m? a0zefa&;q&meJ@ }uKH awmif}h uKH cJqakd wmh
}uKH wke;f rSmyJar;yg&ap u|eaf wmfw@dk ayzl;v$mr*~Zif; tay: tm;remwrf; a0zefay;yg
q&m
tm;emygw,fAsm?
cifAsm;wkd@ r*~Zif;[m cktcgrmS tjyiftqif trGrf;trHbufuqk&d if xdyf
qHk;uyJvkd@ ausmf=um;aeygw,f? tkyaf wGvnf; vSygay&J@Asm? cifAsm;wkd@r*~Zif;
xGufvmw,fqd&k ifyJ wjcm;r*~Zif;awGvnf; b,fo+l ydKifv@kd vSygawmhEdik f qdkovkd
tvScsn;f +yKd ifuek =f uwm wpfcek @J wpfck a&G;vk@d awmif r&atmif wluek +f y?D tJ'D ukeu f s
117
p&dwaf wG&@J ig;yHw k pfyrkH sm; pma&;q&mawGtwGuf pmrlcukd tukecf &H @J vm;vk@d oHo,
&Sdygw,f? pmrlay: +ydKifz@kd aumif;w,f? pma&;cawGvnf; trsm;+ydKifz@kd aumif;w,f?
ckawmh pmrlcqkdwm r*~Zif;xJudk xnfw h Jh a=umfjimceJ@wif ausrSmyg? a=umfjimc u
awmif ykdjrwfOD;r,f? orD;&Siw f pfa,mufajymovkd igo h rD; u }uD;avvSavyJa[h/
pmar;yGaJ wGvnf; }uD;av usavyJvd@k rSwfcsucf s&rvdk jzpfae+yD?
pmzwfy&dowftwGuf wDxGirf a_ wG&w dS mvnf; cs;D usL;p&myJ? Oyrmckvdk
pma&;q&meJ@ awG@qckH ef;qkw d mrsKd ;aygAh sm? 'gayrJh u|eaf wmftygt0ifaygah v/ av;pm;
avmufwJh pma&;q&m enf;aeygao;w,f? pmrlawGuvnf; pmayoabmt&
av;pm;avmufwmawG odyfrygao;ygb;l ? 'ga=umifh tqif;bufu rav#mhcsif
awmif tcsi;f bufrSm wpfxpfavmuf wkd;ygO;D vk@d t}uHay;csifygw,f? tm;awmh
emygw,fAsm? }uKH cJv@dk wpfa=umif; tusKd ;&S&d m&Sad =umif;rsm; jzpfrvm;vd@k wpfa=umif;
tcGit hf a&;,l+yD; ajymvku d wf myg?
r*~Zif;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m pma&;q&m}u;D awGqu D dk pmrlvu dk af wmif;
&rSm=uawmh oeoGm;rSmvk/d odrif ,fomG ;rSmvkd jzpfae=u+y;D pmrlaumif;awG vku d rf
awmif; =ubl;? 0rf;enf;p&myJAsm? pmrlwefz;kd t& ajym&&if +rdK@i,fr*~Zif;awGeJ@
wuUov dk rf *~Zif;awGuawmif omvGeaf ew,f xifyg&@J ? cifAsm;wk@d r*~Zif;u tJovdk
bufuyg OD;aqmifay;Ekdipf Grf; &Sv d drfhr,fv@kd ar#mfvifhygw,f? cifAsm;wkd@ r*~Zif;ukd OD;
aqmifoal wGu pmwwfaywwfyAJ s? pmaywefz;dk vnf; odoal wGyAJ s? jzpfEidfk yf gw,f?
cifAsm;wk@d r*~Zif;u atmifjrifvm+yv D @dk pmzwfy&dowfudk cifAsm;wk@d v&dk m qGaJ qmifjri hf
wifEdik af vmufyg+yD
aus;Zl;wifygw,fq&m rdwaf qGaumif;qkdwm ajrm ufyifhajymwmxuf
tm;enf;csufukd axmufjywm[m rdwfaqGaumif;[m rdwfaqGaumif; ykd+yD;
yDoygw,f? ayzl;v$m&J@ aqmify'k u f raumif;ao;v#if aumif;atmif}uKd ;pm;rnf?
aumif;v#if yk+d y;D aumif;atmif }uKd ;pm;rnfvk@d qkx d m;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd }uKd ;pm;
ae=uqJyg?
q&mvnf; ayzl;v$m yxrt}udrf xkwfwkef;u }uKH zl;rSmyg? vGefcw Jh hJ 25
ESpaf vmufu wpf}udrf xGucf h&J mrSm &ufa&mvGe;f tm;}uD;cJhv@dk wpfoed f;cGaJ vmuf
t_;H eJ@ &ifqidk +f y;D jyKwfczhJ l;ygowJ?h pmrlcudp/P pmrla&G;cs,w f hJ tydik ;f udak wmh pmwnf;
tzGJ@eJ@yJ oufqikd fvdk@ u|efawmf rajymvkyd gbl;? 'gayrJh awG@qkcH ef;uuawmh u|ef
awmfe@J wkdufu kd yf wfoufwmqkdawmh ajymyg&ap?
118
q&mu u|efawmftygt0if av;pm;avmufwho J l enf;ygao;w,fvk@d ajymoGm;
ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm u|eaf wmfu h &J@ rlukd ajymzk@d vkvd mr,f? awG@qaHk y;jcif; u
twGuf u|efawmfwd@k pDpOf&mrSm q&m}uD;i,fw@kd ukd 0gpOftvku d rf [kwb
f J pmwnf;
tzG@J vkyif ef;tpOfajyovkd u|eaf wmfvnf; pmzwf&wm tqifajyovkad y: rlwnf+y;D
awG@oGm;wmyg? ckayzl;v$m xGufcJhwJh oufwrf; twGif;rSm trSw(f 9) urSp+yD;
pmzwfolrsm;eJ@ awGqHkay;jcif;ukd pcJhw,f? 'Dae@acwfvli,f}udKuf pma&;q&m/
q&mrawGe@J awG@qakH y;cJo h vkd olw@dk acwf olw@dk tcgu pmayeJ@ywfouf+y;D ausm=f um;
atmifjrifcw Jh hJ pma&;q&m}uD; q&mr}u;D rsm;eJ@vnf; awG@cyJh gw,f?
q&mhtaeeJ@ tm;r&p&mtjzpf jrifcho J vkd u|eaf wmftygt0if pmwnf;
tzG@J uvnf; }u;D i,fr[l tvsO;f oifo h vkd aqmif&u G o f mG ;jcif;jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmf
wk d @ tm;enf ; csuf u k d rS w f o m;xm;ovk d u|ef a wmf w k d @ apwemud k v nf ;
q&moabmayguf apcsifygw,f? aus;yJq&m? u|eaf wmfhbufu ar;p&mukefyg+yD?
q&mhbufu u|efawmfhukd qufajymp&mrsm; &Sd&if
'DawG@qcHk ef; tpDtpOf[m tvGet f zkd;wefygw,f? tawG@t}uHKykdrsm;wJh
q&m}u;D awG&@J pum;awG =um;&&if ykrd sm;raumif; bl;vm;vk@d pmzwfy&dowfbufu
pOf;pm;+yD; ajymvkducf w hJ mygAsm? r*~Zif;bufu =unf&h ifvnf; wpfrsKd ;ayg?h
uJu|eaf wmfuawmh ajym&wm tm;r&ao;bl;Asm? uk0d if;+ird ;f &J@ tazeJ@
OD;av;awGu u|eaf wmfrh w d af qGawGv@dk odxm;&vk@d cifrif+y;D om;yg? tckvadk wG@&wm
tvGe0f rf;omygw,f? cifAsm;eJ@qdkawmh ajym&qdk&wm ody+f yD; t[ef@twm; rjzpf
awmhbl;? rpdr;f awmhb;l aygAh sm? aemifvnf; pmudp/P ayudpaP wGrSm awG@=u&OD;rSmyg?
ukd0if+idrf;atmifjrifygap? ayzl;v$mvnf; pmaytusdK; qxufxrf;ykd; wkd;wuf
aqmif&u G fEkdifygapvk@d qkawmifygw,f? aus;Zl;wifygw,f

0if; +idr f;
yda wmufy Gi fho pf/ trSw f (52)/ atmufw kdb m/ 2013 rS?

119
 trSwfw& q&mpGrf;

u|efawmfw@kd wpfawGu uAsmq&m}uD;awG&J@ emrnf&if;eJ@ uavmiftrnfawGudk

tjynft h pHk ajymwmqkw d mxuf tzsm;qGw+f yD; ajymavhqadk vh&w Sd mu tom;ao
ovkd jzpfaewm =umyg+yD?
q&mwifr;kd ukd q&m*sr;f
q&marmifpGrf;&nfudk q&mpGrf;
q&mukdav;(tif;0*k%f&nf) udk q&mukd/ q&m =unfatmifukd
q&m=unfqdkwmawGu acguf;kd usdK;+yD; oauFwvkd jzpfaewm ol@tvdv k dyk g?
tif;0eJ@ wHwm;OD;rSm tajcwusae=uwJh q&mESpOf D;u u|eaf wmfwk@d eJ@
t+rJwap txdtawG@ &Sd=uayr,f &efukefrmS tajccswJh q&mESpfa,mufe@J awmh
wpfcgw&HrSyJ awG@=uqHk=u&wwfygw,f? tJ'Dwpfcgwpf&Huvnf; awmifav;
vHk;a':a':yGJusrS c%wjzKwf qH&k }uHK&wwfwmyg?
q&marmifpGrf;&nfudk ckvdk wpfcgwavrS awG@&wwfayr,fh rEav;
awmifjyif/ ajreDusi;f &yf/ q&mrsdK;jrifhaqG(yef;csDO;D jraomif;)wdk@ tdrfukd u|efawmf
a&mufomG ;&ifawmh q&mpGr;f / q&mrsKd ;jrifah qG/ uAsmq&meDarmif(tif;0) wd@k trSwf
w& ku d uf ;l xm;wJh "mwfyu
kH adk wG@&ovkd rsKd ;jrifah qG&@J use&f pfwhJ armifErS awGu q&mh
ta=umif;ukd &$r;f &$r;f a0atmif ajymjywwfwmukv d nf; =um;&wwfygw,f? rEav;rSm
q&mu q&mrsdK;jrifhaqGwk@d tdref m; tdrfiSm;+yD; q% aeoGm;zl;ao;wmukd;?
q&meJ@ ywfouf+yD; u|efawmf rSwfrdaewm wpfck&Sdw,f? tJ'gu 2002
ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwkef;u tr&yl& awmifav;vHk; ausmif;wkdufrSm usif;ywJh
q&m}uD;jrrsdK;vGif &mjynfyh Jv G kd@ qkd&rSmyg?
tJ'DyGJ[m q&mpGr;f eJ@omru trSwf&p&mawG trsm;}uD;jzpfoGm;wJh yGJyg?
ajym&&if u|eaf wmfpmwrf;zwfw,fqw dk m b,fpmwrf;jzpfjzpf u|eaf wmfo h abmeJ@
u|efawmf zwfchw J myg? b,folrqkd 'DvkdyJjzpfrSmyg? olrsm;wkduw f Gef;vdk@ zwf&w,f
qdwk m pma&;q&mawG&@J b0rSm jzpfawmifjh zpfcaJ erSm trSefygyJ?
120
 q&m}uD; jrrsdK;vGiyf u GJ sawmh a':a':vlxka':trmu ac:+yD;ckid f;wm? rif;
q&m}uD;&J@ &mjynfhyGJtwGuf pmwrf;wpfapmif wifygwh?J a':a':u b,fwkef;urS
'Dvdk rckid f;zl;ygb;l ? 'grsdK;ukd u|eaf wmfw@kd csif; ajymwJb h mompum;u tyfxnfvk@d
toHxu G f&w,fav? a':a':u 'Dvakd c:ckid f;awmh 0rf;omwmawmh trSeyf J? 'gayrJh
uk, d ohf abmeJ@u, dk zf wfwphJ mwrf;vkad wmh rvGwv f yfawmhb;l ? vl}u;D ay;wJw h m0efudk
xrf;&awmhwmuk;d ?
'geJ@ [kd'Dukd enf;enf;pHkprf;=unfhawmh u|efawmfwpfa,mufwnf;ukd
'Dvcdk idk ;f wmr[kwb f ;l ? q&marmifprG ;f &nfuv dk nf; a':a':u pmwrf;wpfapmifzwfz@dk
vSrf;ajymowJh? aemufwa,muf&Sdao;w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm a':a':htem;ae+yD;
pmjyiftvky/f pmtkyjf zpfatmif vkyw f htJ vkyfawGukd rtm;&atmifvyk af ewJh q&m
ql;iSuu f vkd nf; tvm;wlyJ pmwrf;wpfapmifa&;ckid ;f owJ?h u|eaf wmfu igrh mS tazmf
awGe@J yaJ v jzpfatmifvyk &f rSmaygq h +dk y;D wwftm;or# }uKd ;pm;vkyyf gw,f? a&;zl;a&;p
&Sad e+yjD zpfwhJ vlwpfa,muftwGuf pmwrf;a&;&wm odyaf wmh rcufygb;l ? pmwrf;
vSatmif rGrf;rH&wJhtvkyfu cufwmyg? tJ'Dvkdjzpfzdk@ vkdtyfwJh pmtkyfpmwrf;
&SmazG&wJh tvkyu f bmcufovJ rar;eJ@? ta&;cHpmwrf;&Siu f jrrsKd ;vGif qdak wmh
u|efawmfhrSm 'kuQtawmfrsm;ygw,f? q&m}uD;u rEav;[Hom0wDowif;pm
acwfusrS qHk;yg;wmrdk@ u|efawmfwkd@u (9)wef; ausmif;om;b0yJ &Sdao;w,f?
'ga=umifh tckarG;ae@&mjynfhwJh umvu q&m}uD;uG,fveG f+y;D aemuf tESpf (30)
ausmrf S usif;y&wJhyJv G d@k qk&d rSmyg? 'Dtcsdefumvuvnf; orkdif;qdkwJh aywHe@J wkdif;
vkduf&if rae@wae@ uavmuf &Sdao;wmrdk@ ol@udk &r,f&Smvkd@ r&ygbl;? q&m}uD;&J@
pmawGayawG[m &Smvk@d azGv@kd rawG@Edik fawmhwhJ tajctaersdK; r[kwyf gb;l ?
q&m}u;D u E_wcf rf;eDyg;eDav;awG&@J toJppJG ma&;q&m}u;D rd@k 0wKeJ@ odyef m
rnf}uD;ol/ 0wKpmtkyfawG trsm;}uD;a&;oGm;wJh ol/ ol@0wKu wpfqifhjzpfvmwJh
kyf&SifawGuvnf; ajymprSwfjyKavmufwJh &mZ0iforkdif;awGeJ@ ol@b0uvnf;
aor,fah e@uawmif rEav;[Hom0wDowif;pmrSm olu, dk w
f idk af &;wJh aqmif;yg;udk
at;aq;zwf+y;D pkwpd w d u f so/l pmay avmurSm pmodyaf &;Ekid +f y;D jrrsKd ;vGiq f wkd hJ =oZm
u b,favmuf}uD;w,fqw dk m b,fol@rS ar;aep&m rvkdo?l rEav;+rdK@&@J +rdK@rsuf
ESmzH;k / ajymp&mawG Ekdi;f csi;f eJ@ yk*K~d vf?
'Dy*k dK~ vfrsdK;ta=umif;ukd a&;&wm[m qGJaumif;iifyg &SdvSv@kd bmrS tyef;
r}u;D avmufzl;vk@d xifp&m&Sv d aS yr,fh u|eaf wmfh twGuf ajymif;jyefjzpfaeygw,f?
121
jy\emu q&m}uD;ukd u|efawmfu y&dowfxJuae jrifz;l w,fqdk keH @J pmqkdawmf
ae@rmS trsm;eJ@twl uefawmhvu kd fzl;w,fqkdwmyJ &Sdw,f? pum;wpfceG f;rS rajym
zl;ygbl;? 'gqk&d if 'Dv[ l m urBmausmjf zpfygap 'Dvl@ta=umif;ukd u|eaf wmfu yk*~dKvf
taeeJ@ pmwrf;a&;avh r&Sdygbl;? ola&;oGm;wJhpmtkyfwkd@ tEkynmwdk@ukdawmh
vufvrS f;rD&if/ xl;jcm;wJhtykdi;f ukyd J a&G;+y;D qufpyfa&;om;avh&ySd gw,f?
'Dawmh tck ckid ;f wJv h ul vnf; ckid ;f ae+yD? [kwu f v hJ @dk vnf; 0efc+H yD;+y?D ol@0wK
awGukv d nf; u|efawmf pmwrf;a&;zd@k pdwt f m; rxufoefbl;qdkawmh bmvkyf&rSm
ygvrd ahf yg?h 'Dta=umif;ukd cifrifwv hJ al wGe@J awG@awmh tusKd ;ta=umif; ajymjyrdwt J cg
u|eaf wmhf oabmukd wD;acgurf w d o hJ w l pfa,mufu cifAsm;eJ@ vku d zf ufr,fh jrrsKd ;vGi&f @J
0wKr[kww f hJ pmtkyw f pftyk af wmh &Sw d ,f? pmtkyu f t&Sm& cufvrd rhf ,f? pwmawG
ajym=u&if; wpfa,mufu pma&;q&m armifqifjcif('kygarmuQcsKy/f rEav; aq;wuU
okvd )f qDrmS awmh &Sad vmufw,f? ar;prf;=unfyh gvm;vd@k t}ujH yKawmh [efus+yq D +dk y;D
q&mhqD u|eaf wmftusdK;ta=umif; ajymjywJhtcg q&m armifqifjcifu ol@qDrSm
odr;f xm;wJh ol@zcif&J@ pmyavG qkdwJh pmtkyfudk iSm;vkdufygw,f?
'Dpmtkyu f 1948 vGwfvyfa&;&wJEh Spfavmufu xkww f pJh mtky/f pmtkyf
wefzd;k u 2 usy/f q&mjrrsKd ;vGifpmra&;bJ ESpt f =um}u;D ae+yD;rS a&;wJh pmpDpmuH;k vkd
pmtkyrf sKd ;yg?
pmtkyfudk tptqHk; zwfvdu k w
f tJh cg uHtm;avsmfpmG u|eaf wmfhtaeeJ@
pmwrf;a&;vkd@ odyfaumif;wJhpmtkyfjzpfaevdk@ tJ'DusrS [if;ceJ oufjyif;csEkdifawmh
w,f? tusO;f qH;k ajym&&if a':a':t}udKuf ayrDudu k rf pD mwrf;wpfapmif u|ef awmf
zefw;D vku d f Ekid yf gw,f? 'Dpmwrf;ukd yk*pH mtkyw f udk u
f xkww f hJ u|eaf wmfv h ;kH csi;f pmtkyf
&$e;f &$ef;jrxJrmS yg azmfjyEkid cf hyJ gw,f?
[if;ceJcsvu dk Ef idk w
f hJ oufjyif;[m pmwrf;zwfyaJG e@us [mceJjzpfomG ;&Hrk u
wpfoufeJ@wudk,f 'Dvkdpmwrf;zwfyGJrsdK;vnf; urBmrSmawmif &SdrSmr[kwfbl;vdk@
ajym&&if 'g[m wu,fo h pPmpum;yg?
jzpfcsiaf wmh tvkyo f yd rf sm;&SmwJh q&mql;iSuu f awmiforefukd vufcsn;f
Avmoufouf a&mufvmw,f? q&m armifprG f;&nfcrsmrSmawmh tJ'Dtcsdefu
rESp+f rdK@zG,f avmu"Hvdi_ ;f wpfck tkdufyw k fcH&wmeJ@ trSwfrxif }uHKcJh&vkd@ q&mh
taeeJ@ jrrsdK;vGif &mjynfyh GJruvkd@ od=um;rif;vl@jynfawmiforef qif;vmw,f
qkd&ifawmif rEav;ukd vmzdk@ rvG,fawmhygb;l ?
122
 'Dawmh q&m}uD;jrrsdK;vGif&J@ &mjynfhyJ[
G m u|efawmfhpmwrf;wpfapmifeJ@yJ
&mjynfv h u dk &f ygawmhw,f? 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfh pmwrf;udyk J em;axmif=uwJh awmiforef
awmifav;vH;k y&dowfxrJ mS q&mawmf/ a':a':vd@k ac:wJh tar/ q&mud/k q&m=unf
pwJh uAsmq&m}uD;awGeJ@ pma&;q&mawG uAsmq&mawGyg0if=uvkd@ q&m}uD;
jrrsKd ;vGi&f @J &mjynfph mwrf;zwfy[
JG m wpfapmifxyJ J / 'gayrJh wu,f&h mjynfph mwrf;
vd@k ajymEkdifavmufwhJ tajctaersKd ;eJ@ yGJ0ifch&J ygw,f?
tJ'u D p+yD; q&marmifpGrf;&nfukd u|eaf wmfwk@d vlcsif;rawG@=u&awmhwm
tck 'Dpma&;aewJh 28-8-2013 (Ak'[ < l;ae@) txdqdkawmh (11) ESpf}uD;rsm;awmif
&SdoGm;yg+yD? 'Dt&ifuvnf; q&meJ@ awG@&cJygw,f? q&m toufvnf; (77) ESpx f J
awmif a&mufae+y?D ckae q&mawmiforefukd a&mufvmw,fqOdk ;D awmh q&mawmf
u q&mhudk rSwrf dygO;D rvm;? OD;Zif; 'g armifpGrf;&nfavvkd@ av#muf&ifawmh
cyf=um=um 'grrS [kwf c%wjzKwfai;arm pOf;pm;+y;D rSwfrEd idk af umif;yg&J@?
q&marmifprG ;f &nf
ouf&n
S fuse;f rm &$iv
f ef;csr;f ajr@ygap

pkd;Ekdif(rEav;wuUokdvf)
ydawmufyGifho pf/ trSwf (52)/ atmufw kdbm/ 2013 rS?

123
 wpfae@awmh q&mpGrf; jyefvmr,f

wcgwavawmhvnf; uAsmav;pmav; a&;csifw,f? uAsmawGpmawGom

rpyfwwfwm/ zwfwwf/ rSwfwwfygw,fq&m? tJonf aus;Zl;eJ@ rodrom
vljzpfvm&w,f?
*sr;f qdw k hoJ el J@od
pGrf;qdkwho J leJ@ od
Ekd;qdw k ho
J le@J od
rdk;qdkwJhole@J od odod odod
uefawmh uefawmh rif;opfawmif tqpfygvmao;w,f? onfvkdeJ@
uAsmawm pmawm a&mufv mwmyg? q&maZmfh aus;Zl; vnf ; ygoaygh ?
(q&maZmfqw dk m t&ifu Auo OuU OD;aZmf0if;yg)
ausmaf usmf 'gu uAsmq&m wif;rk;d uG? 'd@k uawmh ukb d *sr;f vk@d yJ ac:w,f?
olu armifprG f;&nf/ rif;wk@d q,fwef;wkef;u ol@ uAsmawG oifch&J w,f r[kwf
vm;wJ?h
oifcJh&wmaygh? toHcsdKcsdKav;awGeJ@/ t"dy`m,ftjynfh tm;tjynfheJ@
tvSu, kd fpD uAsmrsKd ;awG rSwfrwd mayg?h
rdwfqufay;wm aq;wuUokdvf vdycf ;Hk }uD;eJ@ teDtjymtpdr;f uGufawGeJ@
wuUokv d f tkycf sKyfa&;H;k =um;u a&uefab;rSmyg? vdycf k;H rSmu OD;oef;OD;wk@d / q&m OD;
aZmf0if;wk@d ynma&;okawoeu q&mOD;jrif[ h efw@dk / q&m OD;at;pk;d wk@d u wm0ef,+l y;D
3R - t oHk;vHk; jyyG}J uD; vkyaf eygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@dk ausmif;om;wpku c%em;wJt h aeeJ@ a&uefab;rSm vmem;
124
+y;D a&aEG;=urf;eJ@vm;/ a&;at;csr;f eJ@vm;/ jrnf;p&m wk@d p&mav;awGe@J vmpm;aewmyg?
jrifvh i_d f/ xGef;a&$/ armifarmif/ atmifjrifh/ [efwif/ [efoGi/f odef;xkduf/ ausmfausmf/
ausmv f if;-0dZmu odyHu ` pD;yGm;a&;u 'kw, d ESp/f wwd,ESp/f pwkwEpS f tpHyk gy?J
tJonfrSmwGif q&mpGr;f [m e,fuajymif;vmoljzpfa=umif;/ bmomjyef
Xmeukd ajymif;csifv@kd }udK;pm;a=umif; ckawmh bmomjyefXme r&bJ txu (1) prf;
acsmif;ukd ajymif;&a=umif; odvdu k &f ygw,f? u|eaf wmfwd@k acwfu txu(1) prf;
acsmif;qkd }uHawmausmif;vkd@ ac:wmyg? ausmif;u }uHawmem;wGiu f ;kd ?
q&mpGrf;rsufEmS u odyfrom,mrSef; odomygw,f? onfwGif pD;yGm;a&;
wuUov dk uf ausmv f if;u rwfwyf&yf+y;D [efe@J yefe@J oDcsi;f qkad wmhwmygy?J +rKd @r+ird ;f &J@
rJZma&$vD
rJZmjrpfa& &pfacGpD;axG 0J,mywfvnf ESif;awGqikd f;r_di;f a0 a0;cJh aygXh meD
wk@d widk ;f jynf? +cKH v$maxG; rvHak o;ay rGe;f wnfah ejcnfjzmrS aEG;vd@k wa&;a&; awG;av
aqG;av ajzaomfvnf; rajy vuf0JokEN& wrf;w pdwfawG i,faygif; oufa0
ol@=uifaqG jynfawmfukdom pdwx f aJ &mf&rf; ar#mfrSe;f umomae
ausmfvif;u toHaumif;w,f? tqkdvnf; u|rf;w,f? oDcsif;u
rJZmtykd@c&H wJh Zmwfvrf;? aqG;+yDaygh?
onfrmS q&mpGr;f u vuf0JokE&N jzpfae+yD? u|eaf wmfwd@k csmwdwfawGu
awmh (csmwdwfawGqkdwm 22-23 aumifawG rsm;w,f) vkyfckyfvuf0g;wD;+yD;
tm;ay;=uw,f? ausmv f if;/ very good aemufwyk'f vd@dk atmf=uw,f? q&mpGr;f
u vufcyk f awmif rwD;jzpfb;l xifw,f? oDcsi;f &J@ tEkynmtm;a=umifyh v J m;? ol@&@J
ukd,af &;uk, d w
f m oDcsi;f &J@ kdufcwfcsuaf =umifhvm; rod? tJ'Dae@[m n 6 em&D/ 7
em&Davmuf &Srd aygh?
OD;qH;k armifprG ;f &nfqdo k ul kd pawG@z;l wmygy?J
1972-73 ywf0ef;usif jzpfr,f?
aemufyikd ;f awmh u|efawmf ynma&;okawoeXmeudk r=umr=um a&muf
w,f? yJw h ifoH toH;k vH;k v_y&f mS ;r_ pmtkyaf us;Zl;eJ@vnf; yef;csqD &maygupf awGe@J o/d
ausmaf omif;wk@d pdk;rkd;atmifwd@k ayg?h ausmfaomif;qkdwm tck emrnf}uD;wJh yef;csD
q&m}u;D ? pd;k rd;k atmifqdk tar&dum;rSmvm; rod? olw@kd vnf; q&mpGr;f eJ@ tvGe&f if;?
&if;rSmayg?h u|eaf wmfw@kd u aq;wuUov dk f (1) Canteen u OD;eDeJ@ a':=unf vuf
zuf&nfqkdifukd paeae@wkdif; oGm;w,f? q&maZmfac:vdk@? tJ'DrSm q&mpGrf;eJ@
125
awG@aeus?
wcgwav q&mausmfatmifwkd@/ q&mrif;ausmfwkd@/ rif;vSnGe@f =uL;wkd@
OD;vSaqmifwkd@vmw,f? q&m*srf;eJ@ q&mpGrf;uawmh t+rJwrf;ayg?h OD;aZmf0if;wkd@
OD;baumif;(od=uygw,f? wuo/ AuotzG@J awG) OD;at;pk;d / OD;jrif[ h ef+yD;awmh
armifomEdk;/ +yD;awmh u|efawmfw@kd ausmif;om; oHk;av;a,muf&,f?
pae0kdi;f vd@k ac:=uw,f? 12 em&Dqkd Hk;v$wf+yDav? tJonf=um; pcef;
(bmomjyefXmeeJ@ ynma&; okawoe&J@ =um;) rSm qH=k uw,f? MC Cateen aygh?
pmta=umif;/ uAsmta=umif;/ bmomjyefta=umif;/ bmomaA'/ Ekid if aH &;/
acwfay:Armpm/ ZifE;dk =uL; pHak ewmyJ? u|eaf wmfw@dk uawmh em;axmifykH gy?J r&Si;f &if
rod&if ar;w,f? q&mawGu ar;wm0rf;omygw,f? odyf+yD; w&if;wES;D &Sdwho J al wG
0kid ;f qdak wmh wcgwcg &efjzpfaeovm; xif&w,f? cifAsm; Asm qk+d y;D tm;&yg;&
ajymwJah voHq&dk if tJ'garmifomEk;d / aq;aygv h yd w
f csuf tm;&yg;& _u d +f y;D rS tJ'gu
'Dvd&k Sdw,f qd&k if q&m*sr;f (wifrd;k )?
uJ/ uJ [ku d srS qufajym qd&k if (pmxJrSm olrsm;ukd tjywfajymo
avmuf 0kid ;f xJrmS at;w,f) tJ'gq&mpGrf;?
jiif;vk@d +y;D +yv
D m;? ajymvk@d +y;D +yv
D m;? t+rrJ [kwaf yr,fh jyef&ifjynf vrf;um;
*dwfoGm;&wm/ pdwf&vkd@ ysi;f &if pde*f g;'if;ayg?h pm;aomufqikd af v?
jiif;p&m tJonfrmS qufjiif;?
rysi;f bl;ayg?h
q&mpGrf;u 45 bD/ tmwD;,m;vrf;qkdawmh pm;aomuf+yD; um;pD;p&m
rvdkbl;? vrf;av#mufHkyJ? [efudkusvkd@? armifomEkd;u +rdK@xJjyef? q&m*srf;u
yk*Hvrf;em;rSm? tywfpOfygy?J u|eaf wmfw@dk u pmukd pdw0f ifpm;vmw,f?
ok@d jzpf&um;/ Tod@k EiS yhf if jzpf&yfrmS T/ onf/ ./ Y/ aomf aqm&D;
jzpfomG ;+y?D
wjcm;olawmh rod? u|eaf wmfpma&;wJt h cg q&majymwJh armf'efbm;rdpf
qdkwm }udKufvmw,f?
q&meJ@ odawmh q&mhtrd foGm;vnfw,f? wkdufwdik q f ikd fqkdif csi;f ausmif;
om;tzG@J wpfzGJ@ a&mufaew,f? q&mhqDu uAsmvmawmif;wmyg? q&mvnf;
ola&;xm;wJh vHk;0 yHkrESdyf&ao;wmawG ay;ygw,f? odyftm;r&=ubl;? &Smaewkef;
wpfa,mufu &+yDq&mwJh? 'DuAsmav;,lr,fwJh? q&mpGrf;u c%qdk+yD;
126
acgif;pOfudk toHxGufzwfw,f? ausmaf usmfo@kd tdwfzGiafh y;pmwJh?
[-tJ'guAsm r[kwb f ;l ? 'Daumifu h adk y;rvk@d a&;xm;wmwJ?h u|eaf wmf
vnf; tH=h ooGm;w,f? q&mc%qk+d y;D zwf=unfrh w d ,f? vGwv f yfum&ef( Free verse
) pcgp tcsed faygh?
u|eaf wmfu zwf+yD; u|eaf wmfu h dk ay;zd@k v@kd r,lqygb;l ? olajymcsiw f mawG
u|efawmffhukd ajymovkdeJ@ emrnf aumuf wyfvdu k w f m xifygw,f? jzpfapcsifwJh
apwemawGawmh tjynfhygwmaygh? olwkd@,loGm;=uw,f? ESpf=um+yDqkdawmh
rrSwfrdawmhbl;? r*~Zif;rSm ygvm;? b,fESpfvJ rodawmhyg? q&mpGrf; 'dkif,m&D
a&;&ifawmh odr,f?
tar&dum;u q&mha0zefpmzwf&awmh Armjynfu a0zefpmawGvnf;
jyefowd&vmw,f? ArmjynfrSm a0zefa&;q&mqkdwm vufcsdK;a&vkd@ &ygw,f?
1976-77 avmufu a0zefa&;pmtkyf wpftyk f xGuw f ,f?
Armpmay bmvJ/ b,fvJ wJh?
ajymp&m jzpfae+yDu;kd ? awG@/ cspf/ uGJ/ vGrf;/ nm; 'gygyJ? tJ'grS r[kwf Arm
jynfrmS r&Swd t hJ r_udk ArmjynfrmS r&Swd hJ tvGwpf akH xmufu ArmjynfrmS r&Sw d hJ aoewf
eJ@ vkdufypfw,f? 'dik f;anmifah wGvJ ygw,f? OHKzGqw kd Jh olawGvJ ygw,f? a0zef+yDaygh?
Armpmay bmvJ/ b,fvJ aus;Zl;ygq&m/ rsufEmS zHk; yef;csDu ay:OD;ouf (pma&;
xm;w,f/ arwWmjzifh ulno D nfwJ)h ? ukad y:OD; aus;Zl;yg? ay/ yk&yk'd af wG/ ypPn;f awG
wuUodv k pf m=unfhwdu k frmS oGm;awmif;+yD; anmifO;D zkd;csdKu "mwfykH du k af y;wmyg?
anmifOD;zk;d csKd vnf; aus;Zl;ygy?J
tJ'Dpmtkyf u|eaf wmfw@dk xkwfwmyef;aygi;f w&m pmayayg?h aemufxyf
aus;Zl;wif&rSmuawmh q&marmifpGr;f &nfyg? rif;wkd@ _;H rSmygwJh ? a0zefpmukd
vlawG rzwf=uao;bl;/ pmrlc ray;eJ@wJ?h 0rf;eJp&myg? u|eaf wmfw@dk oli,fcsi;f irGaJ wG
pkvkyf wm q&modygw,f?
awmif;yef+yD; u|eaf wmfw@dk uefawmhygw,f? 500d -usyfyg? 1976 uayg?h
(q&mrodvnf; rwwfEikd fygb;l ) tckawmh OK ae+yDyJ? ukdi;f onfq&mrS rcspf&if/
b,fq&m oGm;csprf vJ?
onfvdek J@ tdrfc%c% a&mufawmhawmhwmyJ? q&mhtdrfuyfvsurf mS vJ
oli,fcsi;f awG tdrfimS ;ae=uwmvJ ygwmayg?h q&mhorD;OrRmu 2 ESp/f 3 ESp?f OrRmqD
oGm;aqmhr,f? xde;f ay;r,f qko d luvnf; renf;bl;?
127
 +cu
H av; us,af wmh ywf0ef;usif vSw,fav? onfvedk @J q&meJ@ &if;awmh
q&mhpmawG zwfjzpf ajymjzpfw,f?
'Dvakd 0zefcJhw,f? nDtpfudk tarGcJaG wmh/ nDav;&mr#w oHk;=uwmaygh?
apmifawmh aqmif;wGi;f tpfukd}uD; ,lr,f? aEGus nDav;,l? Ek@d pm;EGm;r}uD;awmh
a&S@yidk ;f nDav;,l? aemufyidk ;f tpfu}kd u;D aygh qkw
d mav;awG? (bmvJ[hJ armifprG ;f &nf)
uk, d rhf b
d emrnf=um;&if &ifrckew f hJ om;orD; r&Sb
d ;l q&m a&eDajrmif;rSm
ajymcJw h ,f?
uk,d q hf &m emrnf=um;awmh b,f&ifrckeb f J aervJ? jyefawG;+y;D owd&wm
av;awG a&;rdygw,f? armifpGrf;&nf trSwfw&aygh? tar&dum;a&muf+yD; 3-4
vaeawmh q&mr a':cifE@JG =unf (q&mhZeD;) eJ@ zH;k &w,f? ysi;f vku d w
f m ausmaf usmf
&,f ig Armjynf jyefcsifw,fwJh? [kwfrSmaygh? onfrSm om;orD; oHk;a,muf
usecf hw J ,f? vGr;f rSmayg?h q&mr ryle@J jyef&rSmyg? orkid ;f raowJh tmZmenfawG&+dS yD;
aok;d r&SdwJh tmZmenfrsdK;awG &Sd+yD? tJ wpfcyk J? u|efawmfwd@k &J@ b*srf; wifrd;k
omEk;d qH&Snf &J@
oli,fcsi;f 0if;az(armifpGr;f &nf) udk vnf; ajymOD;r,f?
bke;f }uD;aomufawmf a&uefrSm wrwfom;ajc0ifaq;wmav;awG awmh
Armjynf jyefa&mufwt hJ xd qufa&;yg? wpfae@awmh q&mpGr;f jyefvmr,f? jyefvmyg
r,f? ajymjyp&mawGvnf; wyH}k uD; &Sad o;w,fq+dk yD; oDcsi;f av;qk+d y;D pmqufa&;yg?
q&mu ausmaf usmf}udefvkd@ ac:wJh?

ausmf a usmf ?

rSwfcsu?f ausmfausm}f udef qdw

k m a':&D}ude(f ajymyg&ap&Si)f u u|eaf wmfh a,muQ
rrk@d yg?

ydawmufyGifhopf/ trSwf (52)/ atmufwkdbm/ 2013 rS?

128
 tarhac:oH/ tdr ftjyefc&D;ESifh
pHy,fa&pD;woGifoGif

,cktcsed q f vdk #if +c0H if;xJrS &Guvf yS ef;yifav;awG a&avmif;rnfo h u l dk ar#maf ea&mhrnf?
o&uf & G u f a jcmuf a ursm;uvnf ; wH j ruf p nf ; vS J o l u k d ar#mf a ea&mh r nf ?
refu snf ;&Guf Ek Eka v;rsm;uvnf ; cl; qG wfo lu dk ar#mf aea&mhr nf? yGif ht mp
pHy,fyiG ahf v;rsm;ukd aumuf,o l uD ;kH rnfh vufwpfpu kH dk rSe;f ar#maf eaom tk%rf zl;rD
va&mifonf rsu&f nfpwdk@udk accsaeavrnf?
tk%fwuf
ukvm;wufacguo f =H um;awmh
om;Ek;d ae+yD tar?
(armifprG f;&nf/ tarhac:oH/ rkd;a0r*~Zif;/ ZGe/f 1979)
tarh&ifcGirf S a0;uGmaecJh&aom q,fpkESpf c&D;onf u|efawmfhtwGuf
EGrf;vsndK;csHK;ae@&ufrsm;om jzpfygonf? b0udk tm;ukefxw k f kef;uefae&aom
ESprf sm;pGmY tarhxH wpfEpS w f pfacguf rSerf eS rf a&mufEidk cf yhJ g? ta0;uefawmhcef;rsm;rSm
pum;oG,w f ef;&if; ukev f eG cf ohJ nfom rsm;ygonf? od@k aomf tarhudk wpfae@rS u|ef
awmf rarh? tarESihf ywfoufor# cHpm;r_w@dk onf u|eaf wmfEh v S ;kH om;rSm tpOfw;dk a0h
qGwyf sH@aeqJjzpfonf?
om;orD;rsm;ukd ynmwwfrsm;jzpfapcJah om tar/ ausmif;q&mrb0ukd
toufwr# cspcf ifcahJ om tar/ tazr&Sad wmhonfh avmurSm wpfa,mufwnf;
aexkid frr_ sKd ;ESihf b0rd;k csKyfcsdeuf kd apmifah r#maf eavaomtar? u|eaf wmft h vGr;f awGu
v,fuGi;f jyif k;d jywfawmrsm;ukd jzwfausmyf sHoef;oGm;=uonf? aejcnfEEk yk if roef;
ao;aom tk%fOD;wGif taruawmh pHy,fyiG haf wGcl;aerSm aocsmyg onf?
'Dom;
t}uD;om; b&D;b&m;
w'D;v$m;v$m;eJ@/ r}u;D yGm;ol
c&D;oGm;euQwef @J / ,SOu f yfv@kd zmG ;
129
 aAGygwzhJ 0g;eJ@/ ta0;qH;k oGm;
tai;qH;k om;
tarhem;ukd }uKd ;=um;&Hcg
c%omvmwJo h ?l
(armifprG ;f &nf/ tarhac:oH/ rd;k a0r*~Zif;/ ZGef 1979)
tarhqD b,fawmh tvnfvmrSmvJ[laom ar;cGef;ukd ajzqkw d ikd f; u|ef
awmfvyd jf ym rvHyk g? tarar#maf ernf odaomfvnf; ta=umif;jycsuf rsKd ;pHjk zifh tarh
tdrfokd@ u|efawmfrjyefjzpf? tarcspaf om om;wa,muf. +rdK@jyc&D;&Snf csDwufyGJ
a=umifh tarhpw d fukd rGaJ oG@roGm;apcsiyf g? u|efawmfhae@&ufrsm;pGm ajymif;vJaecJh
aomfvnf; tarESihf &Gmuawmh tckxd rajymif;rvJ? &Gmxdyrf S uefwadk csmif;onfyif
a&woGifoGif pD;qif;aeqJ? tarhxaH &mufvmwwfaom pmrsm;xJwGif xl;jcm;pGm
odomajymif;vJr[ _ I l rygyg?
tar
tarhay;pm &ygw,f?
acG;a[mifwm/ rd;k acgifwm
obm0w&m;/ &Gmupum;awG
=um;ygw,f?
(armifprG ;f &nf/ wuUokvd af usmif;olxrH pS m 21/ ar/ 1985)
taronf om;orD;rsm;ukd cspo f vdk &Gmudck spo
f nf? &GmrS tcsed t
f =um}u;D
cGcJ mG oGm;zl;onf[k tarhb0wGirf &S?d ok@d aomf u|eaf wmf&&dS mok@d tara&mufczhJ ;l onf?
u|efawmfb h 0xJo@kd ol@wpfacwf[al om om;av;wpfa,muf &Sv d mcJah om ae@&uf
rsm;wke;f u bmrSta=umif;r=um;bJ tara&mufvmcJzh ;l onf? om;tcspf ajr;tESpf
rSm tararwWmawG t&pf&pfxcJo h nf xifyg.?
}udKr,f ykd@r,f/ tEkd@e,feJ@
ok@d ES,f}uHwkef;/ rcsKef;bJ &Gmovkd
jAKef;ueJ tar/ a&mufvmavayg?h
(armifprG ;f &nf/ taruefawmhy/JG pHy,fjzL/ 1985)
ajr;cspfpdwfESifh a&mufvmaom taronf +rdK@jyrSm =um=umraeyg?
130
xkcd %vmaom tcsed u f av;twGi;f Yyif ykcufwiG ;f rS ajr;jzpfou
l dk =unf&h if; taru
pDruH ed ;f awGcsaeao;onf? txl;ojzifah wmh ajr;jzpfo. l ynma&;ukd tarpdwu f ;l ESihf
wnfaqmuf aeonf? taronf u|eaf wmfw@dk i,fi,fuvkd bmrS rajymif;vJao;?
u|efawmfw@kd om;orD;rsm;. ynma&;ukd pdwu f l;wnfaqmufay;cJhovkd ajr;jzpfol
twGuv f nf; tar tdyfrufawG qufru faejyefonf?
igh&GmrSm
ig[m bDat
wpfatwnf;om &Syd gao;?
igh&GmrSm
ighnD/ bDtufpDwJh
wpfpw D nf;om &Sdygao;?
wdk@vdv k pl m;/ Zr`LrSm r&Sm;ayr,fh
wkd@&mG rSmawmh &Sm;oa[h?
(armifpGrf;&nf/ aus;vufukd cspf&musatmif arwWmjy ywfwkduf/
ky&f iS af tmifv/H 1985)
u|eaf wmfw@kd wkef;uvnf; tar*k%f,lcJhygonf? wpf&mG vHk;u 0kdi;f =unfch H
&aom ynmwwf nDtpfudk armifESrrsm;. tartjzpf tarht+yHK;awG taysmfppf
cJhygonf? okd@aomf u|efawmfwkd@ uHraumif;cJhyg? ynma&;jzifh acwfrD zGH@+zdK;wkd;wuf
aom Ekid if aH wmf}u;D wnfaqmuft[ hH al om qkid ;f bkwaf tmufrmS u|eaf wmfw@dk ynm
wwf tdyrf ufawG usaysmufc&hJ onf? tarrodEidk af om ynmwwfw@dk . b0yifu h t
l rd f
wGif u|eaf wmfu, kd wf idk f ke;f uefIr&? tqifrajyr_rsm;jzifo h m aexkid cf &hJ aom acwf
umvrsm;? xkpd um;rsm;udk tar=um;ygu cg;oufveG f;ygvrd hrf nf?
=um+yD=um+yD/ =umvS+yDav
cdm'ou/ q,fEpS rf #e@J
bG@J &"mwfy/kH +yHK;r_erf e_ [f m
zHak wGvnf;wuf/ yifu h ,l Su+f yD
*vkyf akH tmuf/ tjyKwfpakH omuf
tvkyftukev f nf; av#mufc+Jh y?D
tdwu f yfxrJ Sm/ avbmuwfvnf;
aAG&mxyfvk@d +yJc+Jh yD?
131
 (armif pG rf ;&nf / aus;vufu kd cspf& musatmif arwWm jyywfw kd uf /
ky&f iS af tmifv/H 1985)
tarjyefawmh tdrfjyefvmzdk@ txyfxyfrSmonf? tarhrsuf0ef;awGrSm
rsuf&nfpkdvufae.? odk@aomf u|efawmf rjyefcyJh g? ta0;u vGrf;aom uefawmh
yef;ESiu
hf |eaf wmf +rKd @jya&qefvrf;udk xrf;=unfah erdonf? tckvdk tk%rf Ek;d ao;aom
tcsdefwiG f tdyf&mxvmaom c%Y tarhukd ydkvd@k owd&onf? b,folrS tem;rSm
r&Sad om b0wGif tarhopH OfawG csKd jrEkid yf grnfvm;qdw k m u|eaf wmf arhxm;cJyh gonf?
tdk rkd;
tdbk ,fh rd;k / aepG,fcsKd ;ygh?
yifrsKd ;wpf&m/ vef;cGiohf matmif
yef;rsKd ;wpf&m/ a0cGio
hf matmif
&Gmygawmhr;dk / &Gmawmhrk;d ?
(armifprG ;f &nf/ ydawmufvrG ;f csi;f / rk;d wrf;csi;f ? 17/ ar/ 1978)
u|efawmfw@dk arhavsmhxm;cJhaomfvnf; taruawmh ol@yef;yif/ yef;yGifh
av;rsm;twGuf xko d @dk qkawmif;aernf[k ,Hk=unfygonf? yef;yGiafh v;awG avESifh
twl 0JysHa&muf&v Sd mrnfh ae@&ufukv d nf; tarapmifhar#maf erSm aocsmygonf?
xdak ocsmr_a=umifyh if tarhtrd u f dk u|eaf wmf jyefygrnf? tarhpyH ,fz;l awGudk i,fi,f
uvdk ulncD ;l oDzd@k u|efawmfjyefygrnf? tarhukd u|eaf wmf vGr;f ygonf?

(q&marmifprG ;f &nfo@dk cspfjrwfav;pm;vsu)f

kd ; &m
ydawmufyGifhopf/ trSwf (52)/ atmufwkdbm/ 2013 rS?

132
 q&mpGr;f odk@r[kwf teDe@J tjym
aemufcHum;csyfay:u xufj rwJh ac:oH&Sif

(1)
Ekid if w
H idk ;f Ekid if w
H idk ;f &J@ trsKd ;om;pmay tEkynm,Ofaus;r_orkid ;f vrf;=umif;
wpf av#mufrmS wkid ;f jynfe@J vlrsKd ;ukd uk, d pf m;jyKEkid wf hJ Ekid if eH @J jynfov l xl w k pf&yfv;kH ukd
uk, d pf m;jyKEikd w f hJ pHxm;p&m *k%, f pl &m }u;D jrwfwhJ pmaytEkynm&Si}f u;D awG toD;oD;
&S=d uavh &Syd gw,f? tdE, dN rSm w*k;d / wkwrf Sm vl&i$ hf wk@d vdk pmaytEkynm&Si}f u;D
awGrsdK;ukd qdkvdw k myg? Ekdiif Hwkdif;rSm rwljcm;em;wJh acwfumvtavsmuf/ atmif
jrifxif&mS ; a&;yef;pm;wJh pmaytEkynm&Sif}u;D awG toD;oD; tou tou/ wpf
a,mufru ESpfa,mufru tajrmuftjrm;ay:xGef; jzpfwnfvmEkid favh&Sdayr,fh
wkid ;f jynfe@J vlrsKd ;ukyd g uk, d pf m;jyKEkid /f Ekid if eH @J jynfou l ydk g uk, d pf m;jyKEidk w
f hJ wu,fh pmay
tEkynm&Sif}uD;rsKd ; tqifhuawmh vG,v f G,fuu l leJ@ ay:aygufEkdifwmrsKd ; r[kwfyg?
atmifjrifxif&mS ; vl}uKd urf sm;wJh pmaytEkynm&Sijf zpfwidk ;f / Ekid if eH @J jynfou l dk uk,
d pf m;
jyKEkdiw f Jh pmay tEkynm&Sif jzpfvdrfhr,fv@dk awmh rrSwfvkdufygeJ@? EkdifieH J@jynfou l ykd g
uk, d pf m;jyKEkid pf rG ;f whJ wu,fph maytEkynm&Sit f jzpfudk atmifjrifxif&mS ; a&yef;pm;
r_uae owfrSwjf ymef;ay;wm r[kwfyg? Ekdiif eH @J jynfoltwGuf Ekid if Hbufu jynfol
bufuae b,favmufprG ;f aqmif o,fyk;d ay;cJhovJ/ b,favmuf }uKd ;}uKd ;yrf;yrf;
&yf wnftm;xkwcf +hJ y;D b,fah vmuf xufxufjrufjruf E_;d aqmfvy_ &f mS ; vrf;a=umif;
ay;Ekid cf o
hJ vJ qkw
d muyJ t"dujymef; owfrwS af y;wm jzpfygw,f? wpfenf;tm;jzifh
tEkynmpHwifru Ekdiif aH &;pHt&yg tcsKd ;nDnD t&Sde&f d&S SdeJ@ pGr;f aqmifEkdiftm; jynfh0
133
jrifrh m;zk@d vnf; vkyd gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk ArmEkid if rH mS tJ'v D dk tEkynmpHt&a&m Ekid if aH &;
pH t&yg wpfv;Hk wpf0wnf; jynfrh DHkr#omru Ekdiif HeJ@ jynfot l wGuf &moufyef
a&S@qHk;wef;uae &yf+yD; av;pm;zG,f pHerlemaygif;rsm;pGmukd pkdufxlpGrf;aqmif
azmfusL;jyooGm;Ekid cf w hJ hJ trsKd ;om;pmay ,Ofaus;r_ acgi;f aqmif}u;D uawmh q&m}u;D
ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;ygyJ? 0J0J,m,m b,fvkdvl b,fvkdyk*~dKvfurS apm'u
wufv@kd r&Ekid af tmif ajymifajrmufwhJ *k%t f if tjynft h 0eJ@ trsKd ;om;pmay,Ofaus;r_
vrf;a=umif;ay:rSm atmifvHawmf wvlvlv$ifhoGm;cJhwmuawmh q&m}uD;
ocifukd,f awmfr_ dif;ygyJ? q&m}uD;ocifuk d,fawmfr_dif ; OD;aqmifazmufcJh wJh
pmaytEkynm ,Ofaus;r_vrf;a=umif;}u;D uawmh jynfo@l pmay tEkynm ,Ofaus;r_
vrf;a=umif;}uD;ygy?J trSef w&m;bufu bufvu dk &f r,fqw dk /hJ jynfo@l pmay vrf;
a=umif;}uD;yJ jzpfygw,f? rdrdEkdifiaH &;oabmxm; &Sd&Sd jynfolbufuae jynfol
&yfwnfcsut f jynfeh @J udk q&m}u;D ocif uk, d af wmfrid_ ;f [m Zmwdrmef pm/ uAsmawG/
e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmufa&;/ wku d yf aJG c:oH wku d yf aJG zmfoH pm/uAsm
awGukd tm;eJ@rmefeJ@ wufwuf uu}u;D }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf oDu;Hk +y;D / jynfol@pmay
tEkynm uAsmvrf;a=umif;}u;D udk azmufvyk cf if;usi;f jyopku d x f o l mG ; cJyh gw,f? trSef
w&m;eJ@ jynfolbufu bufvdu k fa&;ukd yGihyf Giv
fh if;vif; azmfjyoGm;cJhygw,f?
tJ'vD kd orkid ;f tpOftvm &Scd w hJ hJ q&m}u;D ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f azmufvyk cf hJ
wJh jynfol@pmay tEkynm uAsmvrf;a=umif;}uD;ay:/ rwljcm;em;wJh acwfumv
orkid ;f tav#muf *k%f,pl GmeJ@ wufwufuu qufvufjzwfoef; csw D uf av#muf
vSrf;cJh=uwJh pmay tEkynm&Sif}uD;awG &SdcJhygw,f? tJ'Dvkd jywfjywfom;om;
wufwuf uu Ekdiif aH &;pdwf"mwftjynfheJ@ pma&;q&m uAsmq&m}uD;awG =um;
xJrSm *k%f ajymifajymif bmrxD rsufESmay;rsufEmS xm;/ xDrxif xdxd&S&S ta&;
tom;rsKd ;awGe@J iGm;iGm;pGiphf iG hf wifw h ifh w,fw,f acgi;f udk tpGr;f ukeaf rmh+y;D tm;eJ@rmefe@J
csDwufvmcJo h l wpfOD;uawmh u|efawmfw@kd &@J q&mpGrf;}uD;ygyJ? u|efawmfw@kd u
q&mpGr;f }u;D vk@d av;av;pm;pm; ac:a0: trSwfonmjyKxm;=uwJh/ u|efawmfw@kd &J@
q&m armifpGr;f &nf ygyJ?
(2)
q&m}u;D r_id ;f &J@ jynfo@l pmay tEkynmvrf;a=umif;ay: *k%,
f pl mG av#muf
vmcJh=uolawGxJrSm txufArmEkdifiHpma&;q&mtoif;}uD;xJu pma&;q&m
134
uAsmq&mawGvnf; wufwufuu yg0if csDwufc=Jh u&mrSm u|efawmf wpfOD;csif;
tjrift& ajym&r,fqk&d if ododomom a&S@ukd xd;k ;xGufvmcJhwJh uavmif[m
uavmif (4) vuf &Scd yhJ gw,f? armifomEk;d / =unfatmif/ wifr;dk eJ@ armifprG ;f &nf qdw k hJ
uavmif (4) vufyg? txufArmEkdifiu H wjcm;wjcm;aom uavmifawGvnf;
tpDt&D t+ydKif; tkdif;xGufcJhwm renf;vSayr,fh tJ'Dacwfumvuae uae@
txdtwGi;f pkdufvdu k rf wfwyf uavmifudik +f yD; uavmif&Sit f jzpfeJ@ 0ifh0ifhpm;pm;
&yfwnf v_y&f Sm;cJh=uwJh v_yf&Sm;Ekid fpGrf;eJ@ wkid f;wm=unfhr,fqd&k ifawmh 'Duavmif
(4) vuf[m a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH txif&mS ;qH;k eJ@ vlot d rsm;qH;k vk@d yJ ,lqrdygw,f?
(1957 0ef;usifuae uae@txdtwGi;f / txufArmEkid if H pmaytEkynme,fuae
xGufay:vmwJh taetxm;t& ajymwmjzpfygw,f? wpfEdik if HvHk; taetxm;/
wpfckvHk;taetxm;t& ajymwmr[kwfyg?) 'DxJurSxyf+yD; uAsmvrf;a=umif;
ay:uae ajym&r,fq&dk ifawmh =unfatmif/ wifr;dk / armifpGr;f &nf qkw d hJ uAsmq&m
}u;D (3) OD;[m wkid ;f odjynfod jynfoo l w
d /hJ txifu& tm*uAsmq&m}u;D (3) OD;tjzpf
tay:vGiq f ;Hk xkd;xGufvmwm awG@&ygr,f? ref;wuUokdvfxu G f a&S@qifhaemufqifh
wpfacwfwnf;xGuf acwf+yKd ifawGjzpfwt hJ jyif q&m}u;D r_id ;f &J@ jynfo@l pmay tEkynm
vrf;a=umif;}uD;twkdif; twlcsDwufvmcJh=uwJh 'DuAsmq&m}uD; (3) OD;[m
wpfO;D eJ@wpfO;D vnf; tifrwef@tifrwef oHa,mZOf}u;D vGe;f vSoal wG / tjyeftvSef
wefz;dk xm;=uvGe;f olawGjzpfwt hJ wGuf em;vnfEidk pf rG ;f r&So
d l wcsKd @uqk&d if us;D bkwf
ajrm uf bkwu f s;D ajrm ufvd@k xif=u jrif=uwmrsKd ;awGawmif &So d vdk tifrwefa'opGJ
*dk%;f *%pG}J uD;olawGvd@k orkwfcsi=f u uifyGef;wyfcsi=f uolrsdK;awGudv k nf; =um;&
jrif&zl;ygw,f? oHk;a,mufvk;H uvnf; tnmom;awGcsnf; r[kwfvm;? txuf
tnmukd cspfveG f;vSwhJ tnmeH@tnmav awGuvnf; woif;oif;eJ@ r[kwv f m;?
tnmom;ppfppf uAsmq&m}uD;awG jzpf=uwJt h wGuf xaemif;/ wrm/
refusn;f / &Sm;/ ebl;+cKH / cHyifcyH iG /hf oef;'[wf/ vufyaH wmeJ@ k;d jywfawm/ ywf=um;awm/
rkd;acgifawmawGta=umif;/ ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm uAsmzGJ@qkd&mrSm cHpm;r_wl/
0ef;usiw f l aemufcw H l &ifcek o
f w H w l mawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Scd ahJ yr,fh q&m}u;D r_id ;f &J@
jynfol@pmayvrf;a=umif;ay:rSm au;a=umfoHwl tvHwleJ@ umvmwpfckwnf;
wpfacwfwnf;rSmyJ/ wu,fha&;abmf &Jabmf}uD;awGtjzpf vnfyif;zuf+yD; csDwuf
vmcJ=h uwmvnf; twlwal yr,fh 'DuAsmq&m}u;D (3) OD;[m rwljcm;em;wJh uk, d yf idk f
[efawGe@J wpf+ydKifeufwnf;rSm ay:vGifxif&Sm;wJh wrlx;l jcm;wJh tEkynm t&nf
135
aoG;awGeJ@ wrsdK;wbmompD vif;vufawmufycJh=uolawGvnf; jzpfjyefw,f?
q&m=unfatmif&@J uAsmawGu tm;eJ@rmefe@J cef@cef@xnfxnfe@J uwufaewwf+y;D /
q&m*srf;(q&mwifrd;k ) &J@ uAsmawGu toHomom e&DjrjreJ@ k;d kd;av;eJ@ vSyae
wwfygw,f? u|eaf wmfwkd@&J@ q&m q&mpGr;f }uD;(q&marmifpGrf;&nf)&J@ uAsmawG
uawmh pl;pl;&ifh&ifh xdxd&S&SeJ@ ododomom xufjrufaewwfygw,f? q&m
=unfatmif&J@ uAsmawGu awmfvSef&eH@awGeJ@ oif;xHkaewwf+yD;/ q&m*srf;&J@
uAsmawGu trsdK;om;&eH@ aus;vuf&eH@awGeJ@ ar$;&Daewwfum/ q&mpGrf;&J@
uAsmawGuawmh vlx&k eH@ odoo d mom v$rf;+cHK ysH@avSmif;aewwfw,fvkd@ a,bk
,stm;jzifh rSw, f lrdygw,f? txl;ojzifh axhoaH igo h H avSmifoH oa&mfoHawGeJ@
zG@J o&D mrSmawmh uAsmua0 pavOD;ykn+y;D &if 'DbufacwfrmS q&marmifprG ;f &nf[m
tyDoqHk;/ tajymifajrmufq;Hk qkdwm vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u vufct H odtrSwf
jyKxm;=u+y;D om; jzpfygw,f?
q&m=unfatmif&@J vrif;w&m[m trdArmjynf uAsmvrf;a=umif;ay:
xGef;xGe;f awmufawmuf &$ef;&$e;f jrjromcJo h vkd/ q&mwifr;kd &J@ zefr;D tdrf uvnf;
tckcsdeftxd t&Sdef&& vif;vufaeqJ/ vrf;jyqJ jzpfcJh+yD;/ q&marmifpGrf;&nf&J@
teDESiht f jymu vnf; ESv;Hk om;xJtxd pGJ+idaeapcJw h /Jh b,fawmhrS rrSdef azsmEh idk f
awmhwJh tvSyqHk; a&mifpOfwGJwpfck r[kwfvm;? teDeJ@tjymqkdwm tajccHusus
a&mifpOfwJG wck jzpfrkH u wpfurBmvH;k uyg odxm;=u+y;D om; oauFwawGe@J ta&mi
fawG r[kwf vm;? teDqkdwmu &J&ifhjcif; wufujcif;eJ@ owWd/ awmfvSefa&;
trSwo f auFw ta&mif/ tjymqkw d mu csr;f ajr@jcif; at;jrjcif;eJ@arwWm/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;&J@
trSwo f auFw ta&mif?
(3)
u|eaf wmfq&mpGr;f eJ@ p+y;D qHpk nf;&wJah e&m[m q&m*sr;f &J@ tdrrf mS yg? wdwd
usus xyf+yD;ajym&&if q&m*srf;&J@ yk*v H rf;tdrfa&S@ opf&yd fatmufu a&aEG;=urf;
pm;yG0J ikd ;f rSmyg? q&m*sr;f qDvmwJh q&mpGr;f ukd trSwrf xif pwifqpkH nf;cJ&h +y;D wJah emuf
q&m*sr;f ukd ta=umif;jyK+y;D &if;ES;D cGi&hf cJ&h mu wpfpwpfp xJx0J if0if aEG;aEG;axG;axG;
cspfcif&if;ES;D vmcJ&h wm jzpfygw,f? q&m*srf;&J@ aemufrS q&mpGrf;eJ@ &if;ESD;u|rf;0if
cJh&wm jzpfayr,fh pmay,Ofaus;r_tEkynm uAsmudpPawGomru Edkiif aH &;owif;
ywif; udpPrsKd ;awGtxd yGihyf Giv fh if;vif; &if;&if;ES;D ES;D ajymqkd qufqHjzpfcw
Jh muawmh
136
q&mpGr;f }u;D eJ@u yk+d y;D rsm;ygw,f? q&mpGr;f &J@ 0*~v D rf;tdru f v
dk nf; u|eaf wmf}urd zf ef
rsm;pGm a&mufcJhzl;ygw,f? q&mpGrf;&J@ om;orD;awGomru q&m;pGrf;&J@ tarh
ac:oH xJu tareJ@yg awG@qjkH zpfchJ zl;ygw,f? taru tnmu ygvmwJh oD;oD;rSnfh
av;udk xef;vsufe@J ayguf+yD; (xef;vsuu f kd "m;eJ@ yg;yg;av;vS;D cs/ &wJx
h ef;vsufeJ@
oD;oD;rSnhf tom;ukd p&e,f+y;D ) au|;wmukyd g pm;zl;cJ&h if;/ q&mpGr;f &J@ tarhac:oHukd
pmrsufESmay:rSmomru/ um&ef e&D &pforfawGeJ@omru rsuf0g;xifxif
&ife@J wpf}udr/f o*Fg&&otjynfh zwfch&J zl;ygw,f? tarhac:oH b,fvkd xGufay:
vmcJo h vJqw dk m&J@ Zmpfjrpfuydk g aumif;aumif;oabmayguf em;vnfc&hJ zl;ygw,f?
atmifjrifra_ wG taeeJ@ajym&&if q&m=unfatmif&J@ trSwftom;[m
vrif;w&m/ q&mwifrkd;&J@ trSwt f om;[m zefrD;tdrf / q&marmifpGrf;&nf&J@
trSwftom;[m teDEiS ht f jymyg? 'gayrJh u|efawmf&h ifxJ ESvk;H onf;yGwfxJtxd
}urd zf efrsm; pGm pl;0ifu dk cf wfaewJt h oH(wpfenf;tm;jzif)h q&mpGr;f &J@ uAsmawGxu J
u|eaf wmft}uKd uq f ;kH uAsmuawmh tarhac:oHyJ jzpfcyhJ gw,f? teDe@J tjym aemufcH
um;csyfay:rSm tarhac:oH [m t=unfvifq;kH / tvSyqH;k / tyDoqHk;jzpfaeHrk u
yJhxifxyfoH tm;taumif;qHk;vnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? armifprG f;&nfukd todtrSwf
rjyKcsio f /l rjrifa,mifaqmifae=uolwcsKd @uawmif/ armifprG ;f &nf&@J tarhac:oHukd
usawmh/ zswfceJ rsucf k;H awGyifh rsufvHk;zGifh+yD;/ av;av;eufeuf em;pGiefh m;axmif
cJh=u&wmvnf; q&mpGr;f ukd,f wkid f todq;Hk yJ r[kwv f m;?
1978 ckESpfuae 1982 ckESpf ESpfO;D ykdifumvawG tawmtwGif;/ q&mpGrf;
q&m*sr;f wk@d qD ae@pOfvv kd kd ta&muftayguf trsm;qH;k vlawGxrJ mS xdyq f ;kH u ygwm
uawmh u|eaf wmfv@dk yJ xifygw,f? q&mpGrf;a&m/ q&m*srf;yg jrefrmpm oifd;k
vkyaf e=uwJu h mv awmifial qmif tay:xyfacwfrmS a&m/ ajcmufxyf;kH }u;D acwfrmS
yg? r=umc% u|efawmfa&mufavh &So d vkd/ paeae@ wpf0uf H;k ydwfumvwke;f u
pae0kid ;f / paeae@ H;k ydwjf zpfomG ;awmh aom=um0kid ;f tjzpf q&mwk@d awG pum;0kid ;f zG@J =uwJh
umvawG aom=um0kid f;pae0kdif;umvawGrSmvnf; &Hzef&cH g a&mufwwfcJhwJh
tjyif tdrx f ad tmifawmif ta=umif;tm;avsmpf mG a&mufwwfcw hJ m u|eaf wmfjzpfchJ
ygw,f? t"duuq&m*sr;f / q&mpGrf;wkd@tay: ESvk;H om;xJuyg &if;ES;D aevd@k jzpf
ygw,f?
u|efawmf&J@ yxrqH;k vH;k csi;f uAsmpmtkyu
f v;udk q&m*srf;/ q&m=uL;&J@
137
trSmpmeJ@ xkwcf +Jh yD;/ 'kwd,xkwrf ,fh uAsmpmtkyfudak wmh q&mpGrf;/ q&m=unf
atmifwdk@&J@ trSmpmeJ@ xkwfr,fvkd@awmif &ifxJrSm awmfawmfapmapmumv
avmufuwnf;u tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd &nfpl;xm;cJhzl;ygw,f? 'kwd,xkwfr,fh uAsm
pmtkyftwGuf q&mpGrf;ukd trSmpm a&;ay;zdk@uakd wmif E_wfe@J awmif;qkd cJ+h yD;om;/
jyifqifcJh+yD;om;jzpfayr,fh tJ'pD mtkyu f awmh vufawG@tm;jzifh taumiftxnf
azmfEikd cf Giafh wmif r&awmhyg? uAsmav;awGukd vufawG@pkpnf;aygif;Hk;=unfah ewke;f
umvrSmyJ/ vlud, k wf dik u
f tif;pdefe&odeftwGi;f a&muf&do S mG ;&wma=umifh jzpfyg
w,f?
rqvppftpkd;&&J@ aumif;r_e@J / u|efawmfwpfa,muf tJ'v D kd jAKef;pm;}uD;
axmifxJ0ifch&J wJh tcsdefxdatmifawmif q&mpGr;f eJ@ u|eaf wmfh=um;rSm rarhEdik fp&m
tjzpftysuaf wGu uyfygvmcJah o;ygw,f? tjzpfuawmh 'Dvydk g? rqvppftpk;d &u
Ekid if aH &;r_e@J u|eaf wmfu h dk zrf;vku
d wf t hJ csed t f xd u|eaf wmfaemufq;kH vkycf w hJ thJ vkyuf
or0g,r XmewckrmS yg? or0g,rXmeu omrefpm&if;ppfav;wa,mufyg? or0g
,rtoif;awGudk vkdu+f yD; pm&if;ppfaq;&wm jzpfwht J wGuf +rdK@e,ftwGi;f u or
toif;qkid af wG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;eJ@ &if;ES;D wmawG &Syd gw,f? u|eaf wmft h ay: yk*Kd~ vf
a&; oHa,mZOf&Sd=uwJh orqdki0f efxrf;awGvnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &SdcJhygw,f?
tJ't D csed rf mS u|eaf wmfq h &mpGr;f }u;D &J@ ZeD;u ti,fq;kH aom orD;axG; =umjzLav;
ukd arG;+y;D ptcsed yf g? =umjzLav;ukd Ek@d wu dk zf @kd Ed@k re_ @f A;l vkyd gw,f? tJ't D wGuf u|eaf wmfu
u|efawmfe@J &if;ESD;wJh qkid af wGuae orqkdio f wfrw S af ps;eJ@ &Hzef&cH g Ekd@re_ @f A;l 0,fay;cJh
zl;ygw,f? tJ'w D kef;u tdrfaxmifr&Sd/ &nf;pm;awmif r&Sw d Jh u|efawmfu &Hzef&cH g
Ed@k re_ @f A;l oGm;oGm;0,fwmawG@&wJt h cg vkyaf zmfuidk zf uf 0efxrf;awGxu J a&m qkid 0f ef
xrf; trsKd ;orD;wpfcsKd @uyg u|eaf wmfu h dk uGu=f unfu h u G =f unfh vky+f y;D +yKH ;=u aemuf=uyg
w,f? tck e&odex f aJ &mufaewJh &Sr;f trsKd ;om;'DcsKyfu twGi;f a&;rSL; pkid ;f nGe@f viG &f @J
tpfr/ pef;}uD;[m u|efawmfu h dk tpqH;k / tavSmifqk;H ayg?h tJ'Dvdek @J tzrf;cH&r,fh
ae@uawmh cgwidk ;f cg Ekd@re_ @f Al; t0,fcikd ;f &if ac|ac|wmwmeJ@ wpfA;l wpfA;l yJ t0,fcdik ;f
wwfavh&dw S hJ q&m pGrf;}uD;u ('DwpfcgrS &Sdwmav; ykd+yD; ukecf sifawmh) 'Dwywf
yku d fqaH v;vufx&J aSd ewke;f ESpAf l;om0,fay;aemfqd+k y;D Edk@r_e@f A;l ESpAf l; zk;d yku d fqaH v;
tpdwv f m; oHk;q,fvm;ukd ae@vnfyikd f;avmufuyJ u|efawmfv h ufxJ +yHK;+yHK;}uD;
xnfah y;cJyh gw,f? nykid ;f rSm axmufvrS ;f a&; (6) u u|eaf wmfu h dk um;euf}u;D eJ@ vmqGJ
awmh/ u|efawmfhtu d stdwfuyfxrJ Sm tJ'yD du k q f Hav;yJ ygvmcJ+h yD;/ cg;0wfcg;pm;eJ@yJ
138
vku d cf &hJ tzrf;cHc&hJ ygw,f? u|eaf wmfrh mS axmufvrS ;f a&; (6) xJrmS wbH;k bH;k tku d cf H
ae&pOfua&m tif;pdeaf xmifxJ 0ifc&Jh tcsdeftxdyg q&mpGr;f &J@ rsufESm+yHK;+yKH ;}uD;ukd
yJ c%c% owd&aewwf+yD; pdwfraumif;jcif; }uD;pGmjzpfcJh&ygw,f? cgwdkif;
ae@widk ;f avmufa&mufaewJv h /l Ek@d re_ @f A;l ESpAf ;l zk;d vnf; ay;vku d rf +d y;D ua&m wpfacgurf u S dk
a&mufrvmawmhbJ b,frsm; oa0xk;d aeovJvk@d rsm; q&mpGr;f }uD; xifaervm;?
q&muawmfu b,frvJ awmhfEk@d r_eAf l;vkd@ ar;vm&if ylraeprf;yg eJ@ ig'Dwywf
orD;twGuf Ek@d re_ @f A;l ESpAf ;l awmif rSmxm;+y;D yg+yD rsm; ajymrdxm;&if;u vmEk;d vmEk;d rsm;
apmifhaeavrvm;? u|efawmfhrSm awmifawG;ajrmufawG; a&mufwwf&m&m
av#mufawG;aerdc&hJ if;/ pdwrf aumif;jcif;eJ@twl }u}H uzH efzef jzpf&r_awGtay: cg;ouf
ouf +yKH ;csipf &m jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? wpfcgwpfcgusawmh tif;q&mpGr;f }u;D awmh 'Dtcsed f
avmufqdk igtqGJcv H duk &f wm/ axmifxaJ &mufaewm odrsm;odomG ;+yD;/ awmuf!
jzpfrS jzpf&yavw,f/ jzpfrjS zpf&yavw,fvk@d rsm; oufjyif;csaumif; csaervm; vk@d
vnf; awG;rdwt hJ cg awG;rdc&hJ ygw,f? q&m*sr;f / q&mpGr;f wk@d e@J u|eaf wmf Ekid if aH &;t&
b,fvq dk ufpyfr_ &So d vJqw dk m axmufvrS ;f a&; (6) u Adv k }f u;D atmif0if;qkw d hJ (u|ef
awmfw@dk Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;awGu a&$us;D ac: us;D rJv@dk v#Kd @0u S ef mrnfay; uifyeG ;f wyf
xm;wJh) owW0gu wpfae@v;kH vHk; oyfoyfxw k f+yD; u|eaf wmfu h dk enf;rsKd ;pHek @J ppfaq;cJh
ygw,f? u|efawmfu Edik if aH &;t& b,fvrkd S rywfoufa=umif;/ enf;rsdK;pHek @J ppfaq;
wmukd enf;rsdK;pHke@J bl;cg jiif;qkdchyJ gw,f? tJ'aD wmh a&$usD;u 'Dwifrkd;wd@k / pGrf;&nf
wk@d qkw d ahJ umifawGvnf; b,fvadk umifawGvq J w dk mukd wk@d ow d ,fuG qk+d y;D rku d rf udk f
kid ;f kid ;f &if;&ifo h ;D oD;eJ@ ajymqdk ppfaq;cJyh gw,f? q&mpGr;f wk@d q&m*sr;f wd@k rsuEf mS }u;D
awG zswcf eJ/ zswcf eJ ay:vmaerd&if;uyJ 'DE@dk re_ @f EpS Af ;l zk;d yku d q f u H pd [P m wav#mufv;kH
vkdvkd w0Jvnfvnf jyefjyefay:vmaerdwwfygw,f? u|efawmfhtdwfuyfxJrSm
ygvmcJw h hJ 'DE@kd re_ @f EpS Af ;l zk;d yku
d q f aH v;[m tif;pdeaf xmifb;l 0rSm tyfxm;cJ&h +y;D tif;pdef
axmifuae om,m0wDaxmif ajymif;+yD;ykd@wt Jh xdvnf; pm&if;t& vle@J twl
uyfygvmcJh rkH u u|eaf wmfh b0rSm u|eaf wmft h wGuaf wmh woufwm trSw&f p&m
udpw P ckozG,f jzpfaecJ&h ygawmhw,f?
axmift0ifrmS q&mpGr;f eJ@ywfouf+y;D tJ'v D dk rSwrf w S o f m;om;jzpfz, G u f pd P
udpaP wGe@J 0ifvmcJ&h wJh u|eaf wmf[m axmifujyefvmwJt h csed u f sawmhvnf; rSwrf w S f
om;om;jzpfp&mawG xyf}uKH &jyefygw,f? u|eaf wmf aemufq;kH xGuv f mcJ&h wJh axmif
[m om,m0wDaxmifyg? tJ'aD e@u om,m0wDuae n}uD;rkd;csKyf tcsde}f uD;usrS
139
&efuek u f dk jyefa&mufygw,f? td;k r&Sd tdrrf &Sw d hJ u|eaf wmf[m wpfvrf;vH;k b,fo@l qD
t&if0if&rvJ/ uae@nae b,ftdrt f &if0if&aumif;rvJvk@d um;ay:rSm awG;vm
&if;u pD;vmrdwhJ um;uav;u tmtkid w f t D ausmf c0J+caH &S@ta&mufrmS qif;vku d +f y;D
u|eaf wmft h ay: tifrwef oHa,mZOf}u;D vSwhJ u|eaf wmf&h @J tpfu}dk u;D ozG,f jzpfaewJh
ukdcifarmifat;(a&S@ae}uD; ukdcifarmifat;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@ tdrftr_rSm
vkduyf gaqmif&u G faewJh wavmav;urS qHk;oGm;&Smol) &J@ tdru f 0kd ifvu kd fygw,f?
aemufwpf&uf ESp&f ufausmrf mS awmh u|eaf wmfh cspaf qG}u;D yef;csq D &m uk, d Ofrif;yku d ef @J
twl q&mpGrf;/ q&m*sr;f wk@d &@J aom=um0kdi;f av;&S&d m ynma&;wuUov kd f aemuf
ausmjcrf; uJifwif;xJu vufzuf&nfqikd af v;qD ta&muf csDwufvmcJyh gw,f?
tJ'DrSm q&mpGrf;}uD;&J@ e&odefjyefu|eaf wmfhudk t+yHK;jrjreJ@ }udKqkv d u kd fyHk
uawmh wpfoufrarhp&myg? tm;&yg;&}uD; +yHK;vkdu&f if;u yg;pyfuvnf; [m-
vmvm bmpm;rvJ/ xrif;a=umfvm;/ acguq f aGJ =umfvm;wJ?h u|eaf wmfu q&m
u|eaf wmf tckyJ xrif;pm;vmcJh+y/D Aku d jf ynfah e+yD/ awmf+yDvk@d jiif;vkdufrad wmh [m
-Aku d jf ynfv h nf; xyf+y;D pm;/ uk, d uf axmifuxGuv f mcJw
h ohJ ql &dk if rSwrf w S &f & wpfcck k
ukd au|;&rSwJ?h tJ'ga=umifh tJ'aD e@u q&mpGr;f au|;wJ/h acguq f aJG =umf yG}J u;D wpfyu JG dk
tJ'eD m;rSmwif q&mpGr;f / q&m*sr;f / q&mEk;d wk@d a&S@rmS wif rukeu f ek af tmif u|eaf wmf
pm;cJ&h ygw,f?
aemufESpf&ufavmufaeawmh/ yef;csDq&muyJ u|efawmf&SdwJhae&mukd
wckww f & vku d f&Sm+y;D / 'DrSm cifAsm;twGuf q&mpGr;f u u|efawmfeJ@ ay;vkduw f m
&Sdao;w,fqkd+yD; vG,ftdwfxJuae txkyfwxkyfukd ay;vmjyefw,f? =unfh
vkdufawmh rsufESmokwfy0gtopfuav;wpfxnfeJ@ ukd,fwdu k fqyfjymar$;uwpfcJ/
yef;csqD &mu vSvyS y zGzaG v;&,farm&if; axmifu xGuv f mcgpvlqadk wmh cifAsm;
twGuf toH;k vkrd ,f[ h mqk+d y;D ay;vku d w f o hJ abmyJ? q&mpGr;f u uAsmq&mqkad wmh
uAsmq&mtcsi;f csi;f oHa,mZOf&w dS m apwem&Sw d mvnf; ygoayg?h wpfcu k cifAsm;
ukd a&av;bmav; csKd ;tH;k vkd@vnf; ajymvku d w f hoJ abm qyfjymcJxnfah y;vku d fwm
aerSmAs? q&mpGr;f ay;vku d wf hJ trSww f &uawmh ykid o f Asmqk+d y;D w[J[J &,farmyg
awmhw,f? u|efawmfhrSmvnf; =unf=unfEl;El;eJ@ +yHK;rd&ygawmhw,f? u|efawmf&J@
axmifjyeftxGuf q&mpGrf;au|cJhzl;wJh acgufqGJa=umf/ q&mpGrf; ay;cJhzl;wJh tJ'D
trSww f & vufaqmif[m b,fawmhrS rarhEkdifz, G f&m jzpfc&Jh if; ta=umif;qHkwkdif;
vkv d dk owd&p&m vGr;f armp&m jzpfaecJh&ygw,f?
140
 (4)
tay:,Htm;jzifyh J odolwpfa,mufu q&m*srf;eJ@ q&mpGrf;ukd zswfceJ
=unfv h u dk rf ,fqd&k if q&m*sr;f }u;D ukad wmh jrifjrifcsi;f ukyd J tifrwef oabmaumif;
r,fyh k/H b,fae&mrSm b,fvkdvlrsKd ;eJ@jzpfjzpf tvku d tf xkduf ta=umif;taygi;f oifh
atmif aewwfxidk w f wfr,fyh /kH aysmah ysmah ysmif;aysmif; &Srd ,fyh v kH @dk xifjrifvu dk rf mS jzpf+y;D /
cspfcspfcifcif jzpfoGm;=urSmyg aocsmoavmuf &Sdayr,fh u|efawmfwkd@ q&m
pGr;f }uD;udak wmh xJxJ0if0ifrqufqzH l;bJeJ@ jrifjrifcsi;f vG,v f , G fulul &if;ESD; cspfcif
oGm;=uvdrfhr,f rxifyg? q&m*srf;a&m/ q&mpGrf;yg 00jynfhjynfh r[mpnf
ukd,af wmf}uD;awG jzpfayr,fh q&m*sr;f &J@ oGm;[efvm[efu cyfajz;ajz;/ cyf@kd d@k eJ@
av;av;at;at;yHk aygufoavmuf/ q&mpGrf;&J@ oGm;[efvm[efu cyfwif;wif;
cyfreS rf eS ef @J tm;rmef tjynfyh gwm awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? t&yfajym awmom;ajym ajym&&if
awmh q&m*srf;&J@ yHu k aygif;vd@k oif;vkd@ rdwfaqGz@GJ zkd@/ rdwaf wGjzpfzd@k vG,rf ,fhyHk ayguf
oavmuf q&mpGr;f &J@yu kH awmh awmfawmfwefwefe@J jrefjrefqefqef rdwaf qGz@JG z@dk rdwf
aqGjzpfzkd@ vG,fr,fhyHkrsdK;raygufyg? ta=umif;rodolawGuqkd&if awmfawmfukd
taygif;&toif;& tqufqH& cufr,fh yk*~dKvfrsdK;vkd@awmif zswfceJ jrifaumif;
jrif=uEkdifzG,f &Sdygw,f? yef;csDqefqef ajym&&ifawmh q&m*srf;&J@ kyfyHkv$mu
aumufa=umif;aysmah ysm/h pkwcf suEf Ek k / aq;om;vGiv f iG ?f q&mpGr;f &J@yk yf vkH m$ uawmh
aumufa=umif;wif;wif;/ pkwfcsuf=urf;=urf;/ aq;om;xlxl? 'ga=umifhvnf;
Ekid if aH &;tjrif/ Edik if aH &;&yfwnfcsuef J@ pmaytjrif pmay&yfwnfcsufrSm tESpo f m&
tm;jzifh woabmwnf;vkdvkd twlwlyJ &dScaJh yr,fh q&m*sr;f (q&m wifr;kd )ukd
cg;cg;oD;oD; rke;f wD;=uolawG odyrf awG@&bJ u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J q&mpGr;f udak wmh rke;f wD;=u
olawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Scd w Jh mvnf; awG@c&Jh zl;ygw,f? q&mpGr;f ajcvSr;f wpf
csuaf vmuf rSm;vku d rf ,fq&dk if 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om odumQ csz@dk acsmifxu J ae t+rv J v dk dk
acsmif;ae=uolawGvnf; r&Sm;vSwm awG@&zl;ygw,f? q&mpGrf;u xufjrwJh uAsm
q&momru/ tifrwef xuf&w S hJ pmaya0zefa&;q&m wOD;vnf;yJ jzpfaejyef w,f
r[kwv f m;?
vGecf w
hJ hJ ESpEf pS q f ,f 0ef;usiaf vmufu pmayavmurSm tkwaf tmfaomif;
wif;jzpfcw hJ hJ tjzpftysuw f pfck &Scd zhJ ;l ygw,f? tJ'guawmh AD}dk u;D qkw d u hJ pd yP g? pmay
a0zefa&;q&m/ q&marmifpGr;f &nfukd 'Dwpfcgawmh tykid yf Jqdw k Jh taygufrsdK;eJ@ [ku d
141
'Du 0kid ;f +y;D aqmf=u/ uavmf=uwJt h jzpfyg? pmay&yfuu G f owif;vkv d u dk rsKd ;awGrmS /
pme,fZif;avmu =um;or# jrifor#qkdwJh tcef;u rsdK;vkdvkdawGrSmomru/
[kdrmS 'DrSm ae&mtESH@ umwGe;f eJ@avSmifwho J u l umwGef;eJ@avSmif/ [moa&;+yD; cyf
ESufESuu f av; uvdwJholu uvdeJ@ r*~Zif;wcsKd @&J@ pmrsuEf SmawGay:uae awmf
awmf=umatmif oa&mfwm/ ceJ@wm/ [m;wkduw f mukd q&m pGr;f }uD; }uKH cJ&h ygw,f?
trsKd ;orD;uavmif&iS w f pfO;D &J@ 0wKudk emrnf}u;D a0zefa&;q&m}u;D wpfO;D u aumif;
w,fvd@k cs;D usL;a&;om;/ bmvkd@vJqkad wmh tJ'DtrsdK;orD;pma&;q&mru ADd}k uD;
wpfv;kH vufaqmifay;cJv h @dk qkyd J qdw k hJ ta=umif;t&m udpP jzpfygw,f? =um;&olwidk ;f
pdw0f ifpm;zG,f jzpfc&Jh +yD;/ trSew f u,fvnf; ok@d avmod@k avm awG;awmcsipf &m}uD;
jzpfcJh&ygw,f? trsdK;orD;pma&;q&mrqkdwmu rEk&nf(EkEk&nf-tif;0) ukd qkd
vkdwmjzpf+yD;/ emrnf}uD;a0zefa&;q&m wOD;qdkwmuawmh u|efawmfw@kd &@J q&m
pGr;f }u;D ukd &nf&, G wf u
dk cf u dk cf whJ m jzpfygw,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u usKyt f rd rf mS =unfph rf;ygAsm/
AD}dk uD;rajymeJ@/ ADekd @J wlwmqkv d d@k a=umiftdraf wmif aumif;aumif; r&Sdygb;l Asmvk@d
rcHcsrd cHom t+yKH ;eJ@ q&mpGr;f &J@ ajymqko d uH vdk nf; u|eaf wmfaumif;aumif; =um;odc&hJ
ygw,f? tJ'D ADd}k uD;udpP&J@ t"du vufonfw&m;cHuvnf; wpfjcm;ol wpfyg;ol
rSwfvkd@/ ukd atmifausmfwd;k ukd,fwdik f jzpfaeygw,f? EkEk&nf-tif;0&J@ a,mufsm;
ukad tmifausmw f ;dk uk,d w f idk f wm0ef&adS eol jzpfaewm od&yg awmhw,f? wpf&ufrmS
&efuek w f uUodv k fxJu acsmifusus oufomvufzuf&nfqkdifav;wckxrJ Sm udk
atmifausmw f ;dk u u|eaf wmfu h dk vufzuf&nfwu dk &f if;utckusKyfrmS q&mpGr;f }u;D ukd
rawG@atmif a&Smifae&wmAs awG@rsm;awG@vkd@uawmh 'Daumifhukd vufoD;eJ@ qGJxd;k
rSmvk@d }urd ;f xm;w,fAs? tJ'g yufyif;wk;d ae&if txk;d cH&Ekid w f ,fAsvk@d ajym&if;/ ol@x;kH pH
twkid ;f +yKH ;+z+J zJ rsuEf mS }u;D eJ@ ZmwfpckH if;jyrS u|eaf wmhrf mS ta=umif;pHk od&ygawmhw,f?
tjzpfuawmh ukad tmifausmw f ;dk &J@ aemufpyfpyf ajymwwfqw dk wfwhJ 0goema=umifh
ADkd}uD;jy\emay:cJh&wm jzpfygw,f? EkEk&nf&J@0wKukd u|efawmfwkd@&J@ q&m
pGrf;}uD;u oluikd fpGJxm;wJh a0zefa&;aywH}uD;eJ@ wkdif;+yD; aumif;w,fvkd@ csD;usL;
axmyem jyK+y;D wJah emuf r=umcifrmS yJ pmayavmu ae&mwpfcrk mS ukad tmifausmf
wkd;eJ@awG@wJh pmayorm;wpfOD;u awmfawmfwefwefrsm; aumif;w,fvkd@ukd odyf
rajymwwfwJh 'Dq&m}uD;u cifAsm;rdef;r&J@ pmtkyfukdawmh w,fcsD;usL;xm;
ygvm;Asvk@d pum;p+yD; ajymowJ?h tJ'aD wmh cyfwnfwnfeJ@ raxhwaxhajymqdk&m
rSm Av&Gw&f w $ fw aemufw;D aemufawmuf ajym&mqd&k mrSm tifrwefyg&rDygvw S hJ
142
udkatmifausmfwkd;u teD;tem;rSm b,fvkdvlawG &Sdaew,fqdw k mrsKd ;awmif *k
rpku d yf /J ol@&@J x;kH pHtwkid ;f +yKH ;+z+J zeJ @J [m- aumif;w,fv@dk ajymrSmaygAh s/ u|eaf wmfw@dk
vifr,m;u AD}dk u;D wpfv;kH vH;k oGm;+y;D vufaqmifay;xm;wmuk;d Asvk@d cyfwnfwnfyJ
jyefvnf ajzqkdor_ jyKcJhowJh? tJ'Dta=umif;ukd =um;vkduf=u&olawGxJu a&$
^m%fawmf pl;a&muf=uolawG/ q&mpGrf;}uD;tay: arwWmwHk; }uD;}uD; [D;
wkduf+yD;ykd@ocsifolawGu/ 'DudpPawmh tykdifyJ/ vifa,mufsm;vkyfolukd,fwkdifu
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; t=um; ajymqkdziG [ fh oGm;cJw
h pJh um;yJ qkd+yD; r*~Zif; pmrsufESm
awGay:txd a&mufvmcJ&h awmh wmjzpfygw,f? umwGe;f orm;u umwGe;f eJ@avSmif/
[mopma&;q&mu [moeJ@aemuf/ AD}dk u;D vufaqmif&vk@d / pmtkyaf umif;w,fv@dk
a0zefa&;ay;ol pma&;q&m}uD;tjzpf yHkazmfwu kd fckduf avSmifajymifwmukd q&m
pGr;f }u;D cHc&hJ &Smygw,f? tJ'u D mvu EkE&k nf qkw d mawmif vlcsi;f rjrifz;l rodz;l ao;yJ
ukd,, f =Hk unf ,lqwJhtjriftwkdif; a0zefa&; a&;cJhwm jzpfwJhtwGuf q&mpGr;f }uD;
b,favmuf &SL;&SL;&Sm;&Sm; jzpfvdu k f a'goxGufvdu k rf vJqw kd m pOf;pm;=unfEh ikd f
ygw,f? aemufpp ajymwwfveG ;f wJh ukad tmifausmw f ;dk uk,
d wf idk f enf;enf;awmh +zKH omG ;
cJhw,fvd@k xifygw,f? u|efawmfuawmh q&mpGrf;}uD; a'goxGuw f m =um;vnf;
=um;zl;/ jrifvnf; jrifz;l ygw,f?
(5)
u|eaf wmfwd@k &J@ q&mpGr;f }uD;[m (1937) ckESp/f azazmf0g&D (17) &ufae@zGm;
qdak wmh rESpu f 2007 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&D (17) rSm touf 70 wdwd jynfah jrmufcyhJ gw,f?
tJ'w D ek ;f u rSwrf w S &f & (70) jynft h rD q&mpGr;f }u;D twGuf kyyf v kH m$ zG@J O;D r,fv@dk &ifxJ
rSm cHpm;r_awG yGm;pnfaerdwek ;f &Sad o;/ Zefe0g&v D xJrmS q&m*sr;f }u;D kww f &uf uG,f
vGeo f mG ;wm =um;vku d &f +y;D / q&m*sr;f &J@ kyyf vkH m$ ukyd J vGr;f vGr;f qGwq f w G f a&;zG@J vu dk &f
ygawmhw,f? q&mpGrf;&J@ touf (70) jynfhtwGuf ra&;zGJ@jzpfawmhyg? 'DESpfawmh
bmyJjzpf jzpf q&mpGr;f }u;D &J@ kyyf v kH m$ ukd u|eaf wmfjrifovkd em;vnfovkd cHpm;rdco hJ vkd
tckyaJ umufa=umif;wkd@ =unfv h du k rf yd g+yD?
u|efawmfwkd@ =unfhvkdufrdwaJh umufa=umif;[m b,fvrkd Sawmh jynfhpkH
vHkavmufrSm r[kwaf yr,fh q&mpGrf;}uD;ukd,fwdik f usef;usef;rmrm ouf&dx S if&mS ;
&Sdaewkef;rSmyJ tckvkd a&;jc,fjyvkduEf ikd fwm tay:rSmawmh uk, d [fh mukd,f 0rf;om
yDwjd zpfvu dk f rdygw,f?
143
 q&m[m ynma&;orm;/ ynm&Si/f pm=unfw h u
dk yf nmtay: jrwfjrwfE;dk Ek;d
wefz;kd xm;vSol aumufpdu k af w;/ vlxak w;awG pkaqmif;ol/ toHvi$ afh qmif;yg;&Sif
pojzifh av;pm;tyfzG,f *k%yf k'fawG woDwwef;}uD;eJ@ ayr,fh q&mhukd u|efawmf
jrifwmuawmh wu,fu h Asmq&meJ@ wu,fph maya0zefa&;q&mqkw d mygy?J q&mh&@J
uAsmawG[m ukd,yf idk fpwkid /f uk, d yf idk [
f efe@J xufxuf&&S S &Scd o Jh vkd q&m&J@ a0zefpm
awG[mvnf; ypfuGi;f &Sd&dS xdcsufrSerf Sef &yfcHr_ yDyDooeJ@ vlxb k ufuqkdwm jywf
jywfom;om; ay:vGifaecJhygw,f? armifpGr;f &nfqdkwJh uavmif[m b,fvdu k
avmifvq J wkd m pmayorm; rSe&f if odygw,f?
azmufjyefolawGtay: ppftm%m&Sif ;l awGtay: wpku d frwfrwf xk;d ESuf
wku d cf u
dk &f mrSm uAsmawGxrJ mS rS xdxrd rd d pl;pl;&S&S &Scd w hJ mr[kw/f pmaya0zefa&;awG/
pmtkyfa0zefcsufawGxJrmS vnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef av;av;eufeuf xufxuf&&S S
&Sdygw,f? uAsmxJrSma&m a0zefa&;xJrmS yg/ odoo d mom xkd;xGufvm+yD; ay:ay:
vGiv f iG f xufxufjrjr awG@&jrif& =um;&wwfwmuawmh (wjcm;olawGe@J rwl wrl
xl;jcm;w,fvkd@ ajym&avmufw)Jh axhoHavSmifoH oa&mfoHyg? 'g[m q&mpGrf;&J@
ukd,fykdif[efyg? pmayorm;wkdif;vkdvkd tvG,fwul jrif&EkdifwJh q&mpGrf;}uD;&J@
uk, d yf idk [
f efygy?J
'Dxufwqifhwuf+yD; u|efawmfjrifvkdurf dwmuawmh q&mpGrf;}uD;[m
xufjrufwhJ uavmif&iS o f mr[kw/f xufjrufwhJ ac:oH&iS f vnf; jzpfw,fqdk wm
ygyJ? u|efawmfqkdvkdwJh ac:oHuawmh vkdufvmzkd@ ac:vkdufoHr#wifruygbl;/
E_d;aqmfvdu k w f hJ toH/ pvku d fwthJ oH/ vlx=k um;usatmif csay;vku d wf t
hJ oHawGyg
ygygw,f? =unfhyg
q&mpGrf;}uD;&J@ uAsmawGxrJ Sm wkduyf aGJ c:oH pdefac:oHawGvnf; trsm;
tjym; &Sdygw,f? tarhac:oHtbac:oHawGom ru/ jrefrmpmay bmvJ/
b,fvJ vkd@ ar;vku d fwJh toHuae bmvJ[hJ bmvJ[hJ vkd@ ar;vkduf jref;vku d f
}urd f;armif;vku d of H/ pdefac:oHawGtxd tifrwef ajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf xl;xl;
jcm;jcm; &Scd yhJ gw,f? vlwidk ;f vlwidk ;f &J@ em;xJrsupf x d J uGucf eJ/ uGi;f ceJ jzpfomG ;&atmif
r[kwrf [yfpmrsKd ;awGtay: typftcwf tnpt f owf tnpftywfpmayawGv@dk
ac:a0: uifyGe;f wyfay;cJhwm vnf; q&mpGrf;}uD;yJ r[kwfvm;? (1976) avmufu
jrefrmpmay bmvJ/ b,fvJ vkd@ acgif;pOfwyf+yD;/ pmaya0zefa&; pmtkyf xkwaf 0cJh
ovkd (2007)ckEpS x f rJ mS bmvJ[ahJ rmifprG ;f &nfqkw d hJ aqmif;yg; aygi;f csKyf xkwaf 0cJwh hJ
144
txd ESpaf ygi;f (30) ausmaf usmf avmuftwGi;f rSmvnf; q&mpGr;f }u;D &J@ ac:oHrsKd ;pH[ k m
pmaye,fwpfckvHk;rSm yJhwifa0aecJhwm tm;vHk;=um;=u od=uwJhtwkdif;ygyJ?
ac:oHawGuawmh wku d fyGJac:oH/ pdefac:oH/ ac:a0:oH/ ac:vku d foH tpHktpHyk gyJ?
'ga=umifrh @dk u|eaf wmfuawmh q&mpGr;f }u;D ukd xufjrufwhJ uavmif&iS f om
ru/ xufjrwJh ac:oH&iS v f @dk vnf; jrifrad eygw,f? teDe@J tjym aemufcu H m;csyf ay:rSm
q&mpGr;f }u;D &J@ kyyf [
kH m wku d yf 0JG ifpw
d "f mwf tjynfeh @J wzswzf swvf y_ &f mS ;aeqJjzpfwm
ai;arm =unfhrd&if; yJhwifoHawGukdvnf; =um;aerdygw,f? q&mpGrf;&J@ ac:oH
tvDvu D v kd nf; =um;aerdygw,f?
q&mpGrf;a& trSwfw& OD;!wfvu kd fygw,f?
0if;wifhxGef;
26-1-2008?
(2008 ckEpS f azazmf0g&D 17 &ufae@rmS usa&mufr,fh q&marmifprG ;f &nf&@J 71 ESpaf jrmuf
arG;ae@udk rSwfrSw&f & &nfp;l txdr;f trSwjf yK a&;zGJ@vu
kd w
f m jzpfygw,f?)

trSw fw &/ *g&0eJ @ owd& csufa umufa =umif; awG pmtkyf rS

145
 tarha c:oHa &;wJhu dkif; azac:udkp Gr f; &nf
u|efawmfwfdk@ausmif;om;bwkef;u/ wuUodkvfausmif;om;btyg-
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifqko d al wGudk tifrwefav;pm;txif}uD;=uygw,f? vuf
eufcsopPmazmufoGm;olrStyaygh? aemuf+yD;u|efawmfwdk@owif;pm wdkuq f dkwm
uvnf; ausmif;om;ta&;rSmwufuv_yfmS ;olawG tiftxGuf tvGef rsm;wJh
ae&mr[kwfvm;? ol wdk@pmtkyfvm,f&ifvnf; ,fvdk@rdk@/ t,f'w D mcef;xJudk
ifvm&ifvnf; ifvmvdk@rdk@ tajctae/ t&dyftuJvdkufvdk@ olwdk@udk=unfh&/
pum;ajymcGih&f mS & vkyw f wfygw,f?
tJ'Dvdkyk*dK~ vfawGxrJ SmrS uAsma&;vdk@emrnf&wJh udk if;az- jzwf+yD;ajym
yg&ap? u|efawmfwdk@tdrfrSm u|efawmfh taztarutp udkif;azvdk@yJ oludk
ac:=uygw,f? armifif;az/ udk if;azpojzifyh g? armifprG ;f &nfv@kd rac:cJ=h uygb;l ? yef;cs/D
umwGe;f q&mudk if;azeJ@ vlcsi;f rSm;rSmpd;k wJt
h cgrmS om udpk rG ;f &nf if;az qdw k mrsKd ;
!$e;f wwf=uygw,f- udk if;azudak wmh u|eaf wmfu oluAsmawGukd uufEpS o f uf+y;D
uAsmq&m wa,muftaeeJ@t&if owdxm;rdwmjzpfygw,f? aemufrSmrSo[ l m
rwuo wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rSL; vkyzf ;l w,f qdw k mod&awmh odyf rf;om auseyfomG ;
rdwmvnf; rSwfrdaeygw,f? tJ'Dwke;f u rEav;wuUov dk frSm uAsma&;/ pma&;
aumif;w,fqdkwJh vlawGxJrSm &mcdkifE_ef;9avmufuvnf; ausmif;om;or*~/
ausmif;om; nD!w G af &;wyfO;D pwmwd@k rmS wufupGmygifvyk u f ikd af e=uwmudv k nf;
rSwrf daeygw,f? armifod*Fg(armifomEdk;) wdk@ vufxufupvdk@ armifaygufpnf/
uomif;u,f(udkcifarmifif;)/ armifpef;aomf(jrif;+cH-udkcifarmif&)D / udak wmvl
(udkapmvGi)f / armifoufOD;-armifr;dk ol(udkped fjrifh)/ wifrk;d (udb k *sr;f )/ armifpGrf;&nf
(udk if;az)/ =unfatmif(ud=k unfvif)/ udak v;armif/ a$bw kd ;l rm/ udpk ed af rmif(arr)/
udkcifarmif !Ge@f / wxdkix f JpOf;pm;vdu
k &f ifuydk J trsm;}uD;ay:vmwmyg?
146
 vlxktodkif;tdkif;udk udkif;aza&mufvmwm[m udkomEdk;/ udkpdefjrifh/
udak pmvGiw f @kd e@J pm&if enf;enf; aemufusygw,f? 'gayrJh wuUov kd rf sKd ;quf oabm
ajym&&ifawmh u|eaf wmfx h uf wqufru apmygw,f? olvx l u k kd a&mufvmwmu
oluAsmawGtjyif ol&Jpmayazefa&;aqmif;yg;awGe@J yg vlxk ikd ;f om; jzpfvmwmyg?
ol&Jazef a&;aqmif;yg;awGukd vlawGuapmifzh wf&wJt h qifah &mufatmif oltcsed f
rsm;rsm; rapmifhvdkuf&bl; xifygw,f? rqvtpdk;&&J tvdrftnmqdk S,v f pf/
jynfol / vlxkpwJh pum;vkH;awG rsupf d aemuf em;+i;D avmufatmif jrifawG-
=um;ae&+y;D vlawGu tJ'pD um;vk;H awGukd em;cg;aewJu h mv}u;D rSm txufArmEdik if H
pma&;q&mtoif;u pmayonfjynfol twGuf qdw k ahJ u;a=umfou H kd &J&eJ @J jywf
jywf t,ltqawGukd wifjyjzef@ aawmh Edik fiaH &;yg; tvGef wJh Armjynfoal wG[m
jcm;em;csuu f dk oabmayguf vufcHvm=uygw,f? 'Dvv dk kyf&mrSm udkif;az (armif
pGr;f &nf)&Jpmayazefa&; aqmif;yg;awG[m ta&;ygwhJ wcef;wuu ygifcw hJ ,f
qdkwmudk b,folrSrjiif;Edkifygb;l ? rqvygwDuajymwJh jynfolqdkwmeJ@ txuf
ArmEdik if H pma&;q&mtoif;uajymwJh jynfoq l wkd m[m tESpo f m&rwl;bl;qdw k mudk
oabmayguv f @kd vnf; txufArmEdik if pH ma&;q&m toif;u OD;pD;+y;D ESppf Ofusi;f ywJh
usKH;taemufbuf"rRAdrmefu pmqdkawmfae@ a[majymyGJawGudk &[ef;&Sifvl
pmayy&dowf tjynft h v#w H ufaecJ=h uwmjzpfygw,f? udk if;az(armifprG ;f &nf) [m
tJ'Da[majymyGJwckrmS pmayazefa&;eJ@ ywfouf+y;D pmwrf;wapmifwifc&Jh muae
wjznf;jznf;eJ@ trsm;todtrSwf ycH&wJh jynfol bufu&yfwhJ pmay azefa&;orm;
wa,mufvk@d trsm;&J todtrSwfywm cHch&J wmygy?J 'Dvedk @J 1966ckEpS /f u|eaf wmf
tzrf;rcH&cif av;rSm (tcsed t f wdtusrrSwrf ad wmhb;l )/ vlxo k wif; pmxJ rSmygcw hJ h J
ol&Jpmayazefa&;aqmif;yg;awGudk vlxkpmtkyfwku d u f yJ pk+yD; pmtkyx f kwfawmh
pmtkyt f zkH;udk u|eaf wmfu qGJch&J ygw,f?
aemufowd&rdwmwcku u|efawmfwuUodkvfutxkwfcH&+yD;aemuf
owif;pmvkyfief;xJrSmif ynmoif aewke;f rSm AD,uferftrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;
[dkcsrD if;axmifxu J a&;cJhwhJ uAsmawGupdk xk w
k xf m;wJht*Fvyd f vdu k Asmpmtkyfav;
wtky&f cJyh gw,f? [dck srD if;ud=k unf!&kd if;pGu J vnf;S/d pmtkyaf v;eJ@ uAsmawGukd vnf;
ESpf oufrw d meJ@ Armvdb k momjyef+y;D Armjynfu pmzwfy&dowfvuf yd@k &&ifaumif;
rSmyJv@dk tareJ@ajymjzpf=u ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@om;trdESpaf ,mufu udkif;azudk bm
omjyefzk@d wu dk fwGe;f r,fvk@d qkH;jzwfc=Jh uygw,f? 'Dvedk J@ ol bmomjyefwhJ tusOf;
147
axmif uykavGoHuAsmrsm; pmtkyfav;ay:vmygw,f?
u|eaf wmfoel @J e;D eD;uyfuyfaecJ&h wmu olvx l wk ukd uf t kd iftxGurf sm;wJ/h
ole@J u|eaf wmfEpS af ,mufpvk;H wuUov kd rf mS noifwef;jyefwufae=uwJu h mvawGyg?
2ESpaf vmufqakd wmhr=umvSb;l qd&k rSmyg? 'gayrJo h el @J u|eaf wmfutoufvnf;uGm/
gvnf;uGmwmrd@k oli,fcsi;f aygi;f -aygif;vdk@rjzpfygb;l ? u|efawmfhuoludkav;pm;
&if;vnf;Sw d mrd@k tpfuw kd a,mufvo dk abmxm;qufqHcyhJ gw,f?
udk if;az&Jtarhac:oHuAsmpmtkyu f av; u|eaf wmfv h ufxu J kd a&muf+y;D
wJhaemufrSm u|efawmfhaqGom; &if;csmwa,mufeJ@ tifwmeufay:rSm tJ'Dpmtkyf
uav;ta=umif;ajymjzpf=uygw,f? olutJ'Dpmtkyfuav;udk olckwifab;rSm
t+rJxm;w,fvdk@ajymawmh u|efawmfu [m-u|efawmfeJ@ twlwlygyv J m;vdk@
yg;pyfu xGufomG ; rdygw,f? uAsma&;/ pma&;olawG&JbrSm olvdka&;wwfcsif
vdu k w
f mqdw k qhJ ENjzpfay:apwJh pmawG/ uAsmawGe@J wcg-wcgrmS wd;k rdwwfygw,f?
txl;ojzift h oufi,f&, G pf Of/ uavmifaoG;pt&G,rf sKd ;rSm jynfwiG ;f / jynfyuAsmawG/
pmawGudkzwf&if;tJ'Dvdk pdwful;aygufwwfygw,f? prf;=unfh/ u;pm;=unfhwm
awGvnf; vkyfwwf=uygw,f? u|eaf wmfudk if;az&Jtarhac:oHukzd wf&wJt h csed frmS
u|eaf wmft h ouf 4ausmf ig;q,fem;uyf aeyg+y?D uAsm l;pml;t&G,f r[kwaf wmh
ygb;l ? uAsmawG/ pmawGvnf; tawmftwef a&;cJ+h y;D aeyg+y?D 'gayrJh ol&J 'DuAsmudk
zwf+yD;wmeJ@ u|eaf wmfh&Jrdbtay:qyfvk@d rajyao;wJh tau;awGudk pOf;pm;rd+yD;
igvnf;olvdak &; wwfcsiv f ukd w f mvd@k acgi;f xJrmS wef;ay:cJhryd gw,f? 'gayrJh prf;a&;
=unfhwm awmhrvkyfcyJh gb;l ? ud, k hrf SmtJ'D tpGrf;r&Srd eS ;f odv@dk yg? rk'dwmyJ yGm;vdkuf&
ygw,f?
udkif;azudkwuUov dk fe,fajrrSmyxrqkH;awGwmu 1961ckEpS f wuo
a&G;aumufyJG rJawGa&wJhnuvd@k rSwrf daeygw,f? tJ'aD cwfwke;f u rwuorSm/
ausmif;om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D tr_aqmifrmS wmef,zl ;l ol awG[m olw@kd rEav;rSm
&Sad e&if wESpw f cgusi;f yavh&w dS hJ wuoa&G;aumufy/JG wyfO;D aumifpt D pnf;ta;wd@k
udka&mufvmavh&Sd=uygw,f? vmtm;ay;=uwJhoabmyg? 'DvdktcgrSm olwdk@
rsuEf mS aw rG mS vnf; =unfE;l / aysmf jrL;ae=uwmudk txif;om;jrifawG&wwfygw,f?
wcsdKrsm;qdk&if a&G;aumufyJrG Ja&wGuaf ewJh &mZwfcef;r aqmif}u;D &Ja&S@rmS wjcm;
ausmif; ol/ ausmif;om;awGeJ@twlifuwmawmifvkyfwwf=uygw,f? tJ'D
rwuo a&G;aumufyGJ[m tcktxdusif;ycJhzl;wJh wuoa&G;aumufyGJordkif;rSm
148
aemufq;kH usi;f ywJah &G;aumufyGJjzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfOD;tzGJu
udkp;dk if;armifuOuU/ udak tmifolutwGif;a&;rSL;ta&G;cH&wJh tcgyg? rSwrf w S &f &
u|efawmfwuUov dk fudk yxrqk;H a&mufwEJh Spf/ u|efawmft h zdk@yxrqkH;rJay;&wJh a&G;
aumufyGJ vnf;jzpfygw,f? a&G;aumufyJt G csdefrmS u|eaf wmf[m wyfO;D aumifpDif
(tzGJ if)jzpfaeyg+yD? 'ga=umifhraJ &wGuw f t Jh cgrSm (udk,fhrSmvnf; wmef&dS w,fqdk
wJh*dkufeJ@) rJa&wGufwJhae&mudk oGm;=unfhaecJhygw,f? udk,fwdkif rqdkruHhvdk@
ewfu&m=unfah rmyJaecJhygw,f? tJ'v D 'dk ;kd ywfo/H a*:a*:*D*o D H/ aw;*Dwwrifrif/
tdk;pnfoH wnHnHe@J ausmif;olausmif;om;awG (rEav;o}uFerf yfawGa&S@rmS vd)k
w+cdr+hf crd fh w+ird +hf ird jfh zpfaewJh ywfef;usifrmS udk if;azudk pawGcJ&h wmyg? tJ'D tcgu
olvnf; g*eD pfarSmaf v;ifaewmudk rSwrf daeygw,f?
aemufw}udrfoleJ@wuUodkvfrSmjyefqkH=uwmuawmh olwuUodkvfu
vGio fh Gm;+yD; ausmif;q&m/ uAsm/pma&;q&mbeJ@usifvnfae&muae wuUov dk f
rSmnausmif;jyefwufcsed /f u|eaf wmfuvnf;ausmif;xkwcf &H +y;D aemufwuUov kd jf yef
wufciG &fh wJhtcsdefjzpfygw,f? twef;rwlygbl;/ oluwwef;}uD;ygw,f? 'gayrJh n
ausmif;wufou l rrsm;vS/ wuf=uwJah e&muvnf; wae&mxJvv kd rkd @kd wa,mufe@J
wa,muf r=umc%ifwdk;rdwwf =uygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefusawmh ol&Jpd=w
uAsmrsm;pmtkyaf &m/ teDESifhtjymuAsmrsm; pmtkyfa&m xGuf+yD;aeyg+yD? olu
emrnf}u;D uavmif&iS w f a,muf jzpfaeyg+y?D AD,uferfppfyt JG &Sed af umif;aecsed rf @kd vlxk
owif;pmrSmvnf; olwdk@uAsmawGaaqmqm azmfjyaewJhtcsdefjzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfh&J az;A&dwf uAsmq&m awGxJrSm olygif aeyg+yD?
tJ'aD emufawmhu|eaf wmfaxmifxaJ &mufomG ;wmeJ@ ole@J a;oGm;ygw,f?
axmifxJa&mufawmh u|efawmfhukd uAsmyd;k upxd;k awmhwmygy?J tdru f ae uAsm
pmtkyaf wGrmS vd@k &or#rmS zwfygw,f? aemuf+y;D t*Fvdyu f AsmawG udv k nf; tawmf
rsm;rsm; zwfrdygw,f? uAsmok;H oyfcsuaf wGvnf;zwf&if;uae pmtkyfwtkyrf Sm
wacwfwek ;f u t*Fvyd v f il ,fawG[m uAsmqd&k if drk ef;wpfacwf (18&mpk tqk;H ydik ;f
uae 19&mpktpydik ;f txd) u &S,v f /D udpef @J bikd &f eG u
f vG&J if wjcm;uAsmawGukd uAsm
vd@k xifwmr[kwb f ;l vd@k a&;xm;wmawGvdu k &f ygw,f? wdu k q f ikd cf siaf wmh tJ'D tcsed f
rSm q&mefppfudkif;udkvSa$&J oif=um;rdwq f ufay;csufe@J u|eaf wmfuvnf; tJ'D
ok;H OD;&J uAsmawGut kd l;trl;ESpof ufaecsed jf zpfygw,f? 'ga=umifv h il ,f(uav;)awG
vkyfavhvyk fx&Sdwt Jh wdkif; udk,fh wdik f;jynf/ ud, k o
f w d hv
J al wGeJ@av#mufEi_d ;f rdwmayg?h
149
wacwfuqd&k if (q&m)aZmf*sDe@J (q&m)rif;ok %fw@dk [m Armjynf&JPoet laureate
(eef;awmfokH;uAsmq&m)awGyJ? tckacwf (u|efawmfaxmifusaewJhumvrsm;)
qd&k ifawmh wifr;kd / armifprG ;f &nfe@J =unfatmifyJ (emrnfpOfa&Saemuftxm;tod[ k m
bmtxl;t"dym` ,frS raqmifyg) vd@k twl axmifus/ twlpmuAsmgoemygoal wGukd
ajymrdchyJ gw,f? tjrifuJw G mvnf;&Sdcsif&rSd Smyg? 'gayrJh tJ'Dwek f;u u|eaf wmfwk@d udk
avSmifxm;wJh wdkufxJrSmu|efawmfuti,fqkH;vdkjzpfaeawmh b,folurSypfypf
cgcgrjiif;qd=k uygb;l ?
u|efawmfaxmifuxG ufvmawmh olu&efuk efrS musuf pm;aeyg+yD?
vlcsif;wcg/ ESpfcgyaJ wGygawmhw,f? 'gayrJh u|eaf wmfutcktxd ola&;wJhpmawG/
uAsmawGuk&d SmazG+y;D wckwfw&/ zwfqrJ w S qf yJ g?
udkif;aztouf&n
S yf gapOD;/ a&;Edik fygapOD;?
zdk;oH(vlxk)
217ck/ Zefeg&D 7&uf?

150
 ol@trSm ol@pm
ol@uAsm ol@ kyfyHkv$m

1? uAsmeJ@ u|efawmf
jiif;cHk&efESifh jiif;y,f&ef pmzwfjcif; rjyKygESifh/ ,Hk=unf&efESifh olrsm;ajymor#udk
vufc&H efvnf; pmzwfjcif; rjyKygEiS /fh pum;}uD; pum;us,fESihf aqG;aEG;&efvnf;
pmzwfjcif; rjyKygEiS /hf E_id ;f csde&f efEiS hf awG;awm&eftwGuf pmzwfjcif; jyKygav?
Ekid if w
H um &opmwrf;rSm Francis Bacon (UK) u tckvkd a&;om;cJzh ;l yg
w,f? tJ'Dvdk oabmxm; pdwf"mwfrsKd ;eJ@ u|efawmf pmzwfcyhJ gw,f? uAsmpyfcJh
ygw,f? txl;ojzifh uAsmeJ@ ywfoufvm&if u|eaf wmf &ifrckew f thJ &mukd olrsm;awG
vnf; &ifckefvmatmif rvkyfcsifyg? r}udK;pm;csifyg? vdyjf ym roef@&if uAsm&eH@
rxkHjyef@Edik fb;l vk@d ,H=k unfxm;olrk@d yg?
cHpm;r_ ryg pdwv f y_ &f mS ;r_ rjzpfyg 'grrS [kw&f if/ &ifcek x f &d rS _ r&Sv
d J uAsmukd
a&;pyfvd@k &w,fv@kd ajymqkad eol[m arxHrk Jh om;pyfjcif;udk tqkdwifoGi;f olom
jzpfvrd rhf ,f/ uAsmq&mawmh rjzpfEidk b f ;l vk@d wkwuf Asmq&m}u;D tku d cf si;f u ajym
qkdchyJ gw,f? ol@&J@ tqkdukd u|eaf wmf ESpcf sKd ufoabmusaerdvd@k yg?
bmjzpfv@dk vJ qkad wmh uAsmq&m[m rSeaf ompum;ukd ajym&ygr,f/ ajym&J
&ygr,f? twwfynm enf;emwk@d xuf t&if;cHoabmxm; ESv;kH om;u ykd ta&;}u;D
ygw,f? uAsmq&m&J@ uAsm[m ESvk;H aoG;om;xJu uAsmjzpf&ygr,f? b0xJu
jynfolvx l kxJ u wkduyf v GJ ufawG@xu J / obm0 avmu}uD;&J@ tvSxJu iHt k m
zl;yGifhvm&ygr,f? [kt d wGuf 'DtwGu/f rdrdtwGuf twWig&nf rSef;csuftwGuf
'grSr[kwf romeJ@ romvufzuftwGuf a&;zGJ@wJh uAsm[m uAsm&J@tm;/ uAsm&J@
tvS/ uAsm&J@ t&nftaoG;eJ@ *k%fukd xdcu kd af vsmyh g; yGe;f yJah pygw,f?
vpfbEGH '\euAsmq&m}uD; cgvpf*s;D Aa&mif;uvnf; uAsm[m
151
txifeJ@tjrifukd &Si;f vif;jyaewJh zGifh[r_wck r[kw?f uAsm[m tem'%f&meJ@
t+yKH ;E_wcf rf; a&$=umwd@k rS ,kpd ;D zl;yGiv
hf mwJh yef;tvS aw;tvuFmwrsKd ;jzpfw,fvk@d
qdkygw,f?
trSeyf gyJ? jzLazG;vSywJh ykvJwvHk;qdw k m b0&,f/ tcsed f&,f/ xd&Semusif
&ifcek rf _awGe@J 0kid ;f &H+yD; aqmufwnfxm;wJh oJwyGi&hf @J p=um0Vmjzpfygw,f?
2? ol@trSm ol@pm
q&marmifpGrf;&nf&J@ trSmqkdwm u|eaf wmfhuAsm pmtkyfEpS ftkyt f wGuf
a&;ay;wJh trSm ESpyf 'k yf g? awmwGi;f eJ@ e,fpyfrsO;f wav#mufvy_ &f mS ; jzwfoef;ae&wJh
umvawGrmS u|eaf wmfa&;cJw h hJ uAsmawGukd pkpnf;xm;wJh wdref 'D;dk ruAsm pmtkyf
eJ@ r[m wHwidk ;f ay: vrf;av#mufjcif;qdw k hJ bmomjyef uAsmpmtkyt f wGuf a&;wJh
trSmjzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfh ESvHk;aoG;puf ysm;&nfpufawGjzpfwJh 'DuAsmawGudk wae@
ae@wcsed cf sed f pmtkyt f jzpf xkwaf 0Ekid w
f thJ cg u|eaf wmf cspcf ifav;pm;wJh uAsmq&m
wOD;OD;&J@ trSmeJ@ xkwrf ,fv@dk pdwu f l;pdwfoef; &Scd yJh gw,f? uAsmq&mwa,muf&J@
wu,fEh v S ;kH om;ukd uAsmq&mjzpfo/l uAsmcspo f w
l @dk om ykrd o
kd &d dS cHpm;em;vnfEidk rf ,f
vk@d u|efawmf rSw, f xl m;vk@d yg?
'Dvjdk yif;jywJh qENav;wck[m awmwGi;f b0&J@ ae@&ufawGxrJ mS / rk;d xJa&xJ
rkefwdik ;f xJrSm/ ,rf;ckd;AHk;usnf=um;rSm/ u|efawmf cspw f JhvlawGeJ@ tarudk vGrf;wJh
tvGr;f =um;rSm ude;f atmif; &Sio f efvmcJw h myg? tJ'q D ENtvkd pdwu f ;l tdyrf ufudk q&m
armifpGrf; &nf&J@ nD (ukad usmfaqG)eJ@ udkcsdK (armifvS0if;-jrif;+cH) wk@d &@J 0kdif;0ef;r_awG
a=umifh jynfh0Ekid fcJhygw,f? acsmacsmarmarm jzpfchyJ gw,f? 'DtwGuf olw@kd EpS fOD;udk
u|eaf wmf aus;Zl;wifaerdygw,f? wtm;a0;/ wtm;vSr;f wJah e&mrS &&Sv d mwJh q&m
wifr;dk &J@ trSmtyg 'DtrSmawGudk u|eaf wmf 'Duae@txd jrwfE;kd wefz;dk xm;aewke;f ygy?J
'DtrSmawGxrJ Sm q&marmifpGrf;&nf&J@ uAsmtjrif uAsmt,ltqwcsKd @
yg&adS eygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk e@J ywfoufaewJh uAsmeJ@ Ekid if aH &;tjrif/ Ekid if aH &;orm;eJ@
uAsmta&;tom;(E_w/f em;/ ESvk;H om;) jy\emawGudk aqG;aEG;ajymqkdxm;wJh
pmwapmifr@kd / q&mh vuf&m/ q&mharwWm/ q&mhapwemwckrdk@ u|efawmf jyefvnf
azmfjycsifwmyg? u|eaf wmfw@dk [m vlcsi;f / e,fajra'ocsif; a0;ae=u &ayr,fh uAsm
q&m&J@ pdwfcsif;u eD;ae=uw,fqkdwmukd azmfjycsifwmyg? tckawmh q&m
152
wifr;dk vnf; r&Sad wmhygb;l ? q&marmif pGr;f &nfvnf; touf 80 &Sad eyg+y?D u|eaf wmf
wkd@[m vkyo f ifh vkyxf u
kd f vkyfEdik w
f mukd vkyfcJh=uyg+yD? q&mhtrSmu 'Dvkdyg
ArmjynfrSm uAsmcHwiG f;ysufaewm =umyg+yD? (1) pmaypdppfa&;&J@ &efu
a&Smifwrd ;f zd@k (2) yk@d paf rmf'ef *k%af jrmuf um&efazsmuf uAsmjzpfz@dk qw dk /hJ pwJh ta=umif;
jycsufawGe@J uAsmawG a&;ae=uw,f? q&mrif;ok0%fvkd uAsm0dZm"k&d fvnf;jzpf/
oajyndK armf'efuAsm tvkyfpcef; zGifhcJholvnf;jzpfwJh ynm&Sdu0dpmqkd}uD;u
}uKd ;pm;awmh zwfwmyJ/ em;rvnfbl;uGmvk@d nnf;&wJh tajc a&mufomG ;w,f?
'DtcgrSm q&m}uD;u vli,fawGudk tm;ray;bl; vk@d vli,fuAsmorm;wcsdK@u
jyefajymoHawGukd =um;vkdurf dawmh pdwrf aumif;jzpf&w,f? olwd@k tm;vHk;[m 'Drkd
ua&pDorm;awGqkdwmawmh vHk;0tmrcHygw,f? ola&mudk,fa&m yef;wkdifrSm
qHk=u&rSmyg?
armf'efjzpfwm (acwfrw D m) raumif;bl;vm;? aumif;wmayg?h aumif;w,f
qd&k if armf'efqw dk m bmvJ? taemufrmS 'ef ae=uwm ESpaf ygi;f 70 avmuf &S+d y?D
usKyfwkd@arG;pavmufuyJ qkdxif&J@? usKyfwd@k em;vnfwJh armf'ef uawmh 'Dvdyk g?
acwfuAsm[m acwftawG@t}uHK/ acwftawG;tjrif/ acwfcHpm;r_/
acwf&ifcek o f u H dk acwfpum;/ acwftoH/ acwfum&efe@J azmfusL;&wmvk@d jrifygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f uAsm tawmfrsm;rsm;u tawmfyJ v#Kd @0u S q
f ef;us,f aew,f? tawmfyJ
ya[Vdqef aeygw,f? wcsdK@ wyk'af umif; ESpyf k'faumif; awG@&+yD; wcsdK@u wyk'd f
aumif; ESpyf 'kd faumif;yJ awG@ae&w,f? k;d &m um&efpepfawG ypfy,f&uf=uayr,fh
kd;&mum&efpepfawGu ay;cJhwJh uAsm*k%f&nfawGukd tpm;rxkd;Edkifbl;? um&ef
*k%f&nfwckjzpfwhJ toH(&pforf) zefw;D r_udv k nf; trsm;pku zefw;D rjyEkid =f uygbl;?
t"du u bmompum; rEkid feif;r_ygy?J (yg&rD/ ADZqkw d mawG z,fxm;vku d fO;D ?)
uAsmqkdwm bmompum;&J@ tvkyfyg? bmompum;ukd bmomaA'
ynm&Sif/ o'NaA'ynm&SifawGvkd Ekid feif;wmrsdK; r[kwfbJ E_wfeJ@ em;eJ@ ESvk;H
om;eJ@ Ekid ef if;zd@k udk qdv k ydk gw,f? yk&d iS ;f atmif ajym&&if OD;yknrde@f rmS cJo h vkd aw;ukd
om &atmifusufygawmh cufygbk rsdK;od*Fgvkd@ yJ ajymcsifygw,f?
uAsmq&mr =unfat;u i,fi,fuwnf;u ukd;cef;ysdK@ wtkyfvkH;ukd
tvGwf&w,f? armifomEkd;uvnf; ewf&Sifaemif wtkyfvHk;avmuf &owJh?
=unfatmif/ ukad v;wkd@q&dk if ocifu, kd af wmfri_d f;uAsmawG trsm;}u;D tm*Hak qmif
xm;=uw,f? uAsm awG tvG wfusufwk dif; toH em;vnf+yD; uAsmq&m
153
jzpfEidk rf ,fv@dk vnf; rqkv d ydk gb;l ? trSeaf wmh ESpo f ufpvJG ef;r_ygy?J ESpo
f uf pGv J ef;+y;D
txyfxyf zwfrad e&if uAsmawG[m E_wx f uf&&G G/ tmp&$i&f i$ fe@J em;xJ0if yJhwifae
ygvdrfhr,f? 'gqkd toHoabm em;vnfovkd &Sv d mEkdifygw,f? yg&rDceH J@ rqkdif/ yg&rD
jznfrh t _ ykid ;f ukd ajymwmyg?
jynfya&mufvmawmhvnf; uAsmawG tm;&yg;& a&;ae=uwm awG@&yg
w,f? 0rf;omtm;& jzpfrw d ,f? vli,fawG[m olw@dk cHpm;r_rD', D mtjzpf uAsmudk
a&G;xm;=uw,f? jynfya&mufvmolawGxJrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;u rsm;awmh
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u EkdifiHa&; au;a=umfoHqefqef a&;=uygw,f? 'gvnf;
}uKd qkw d ,f? 'gayrJh 'Dxufy+dk y;D aumif;apcsiw f ,f? tEkynmajrmufapcsif w,f? 'grS
&nfreS f;csuf ykd+yD;xda&mufr,f? tawG; ta&; bufpHk vSapcsiw f mygy?J wa,muf
ESpfa,mufrmS uAsmZ &Sdwm awG@rd ygw,f?
wae@awmh rD;wkwfqkdwJh uAsm&Snfwyk'fukd zwfrdvkdufw,f? &Snfvd@k
zwf&rSm ysi;f ayr,fh prf;zwf=unfah wmh tptqH;k &ifcek af tmif qGaJ qmifEidk w f m awG@
vku d &f ygw,f? k;d &m um&efpepfvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? um&efrv hJ nf; r[kwb f ;l ? rJo
h vm;
rrJb h l;vm;/ *kvnf; rxm;vku d Ef ifkd fb;l ? toHu ol@[meJ@o@l oabmeJ@ol aqmif
w,f? bmta=umif;t&myJ a&;a&; uAsmwyk'f [m rsu&f nfrorf;/ =uufo;D rjzef;&if
uAsmaumif; r[kwb f ;l vk@d atmufarhryd gw,f? rD;wkwu f Asmukd jznf;jznf;zwf&if;
E_wfuyg toHxGufvmrdw,f? =uufoD;jzef;+yD; rsuf&nfwprf;prf; jzpfvmw,f?
+yD;awmh oufjyif;csrdw,f? a&;wm b,folv[ J ! +idrf;csr;f olqdkygvm;? igrod?
olu 1965 avmufu a&;vmwm/ rd;k a0rSm ygz;l owJ?h awmif;yefygw,f? 'k@d u vlem
rnf rSww f m tm;enf;ygw,f?
ckuAsmpmtkyx f w k w
f ,f? rD;wkwf uAsmukv d nf; jyefxnfx h m;w,f? ol@&@J
uAsmtoHpepfudk avhvmazmfxw k fjycsifygw,f? ol@pmtkyx f Gufvm+yD;rS a0zefpm
tjzpf a&;zk@d pdwu f ;l xm;ygw,f? pmrsuEf mS 236 rsuEf mS ygw,f? Ekid 0f if;aqG/ armifvS
0if;(jrif;+c)H / z'krd ef;&Smwk@d toHwpGe;f wp ygav&J@? olw@dk tm;vH;k ukd vGr;f ygw,f? &Sr;f /
0/ u&ifw@kd toH wpGe;f wpygav&J@ EGrf;rdygw,f?
vGr;f wrsuEf Sm uAsm&Snfudk txl;ESpfoufrdw,f? 'k@d rsm;&J@ tarhac:
oH uAsmeJ@ ,SOf+yD; vGrf;rd&w,f? rdbbk;d bGm;arwWmqkdwm twlwyl gyJvm;qkd+yD;
atmufyguAsmwkad v;ukd ol@uAsmatmufu a&;vku d frdw,f? acgif;pOfu a&;+yD;rS
ay;vku d &f wmyg?
154
 acwfu Asm ESpfrsdK;
igu +rdK@ckd +yD;
+rKd @jyvlrb
_ 0wku d yf u
JG dk
c|J jyw,f?
ighnaD wGu awmckd +yD;
awmaeb0
awmfveS wf u
kd yf Ju
G dk
&Jjyw,f?
c|Jrvm;/ &Jrvm;
k;d om;wJh cHpm;r_om
uAsmjyKvk@d &wmuvm;vk@d
cHpm;vkud &f ygawmhw,f?
quf+yD; k;d om; }udK;pm;Ekid yf gap?
armifprG ;f &nf
2006/ Ed0k ifbm/ 8?

3? ol@uAsmeJ@ ol@kyfyHkv$m
bmta=umif;t&myJ a&;a&;/ uAsmwyk'f[m rsu&f nfrorf;/ =uufoD;
rjzef;&if uAsmaumif; r[kwb f l;vkd@ q&m armifpGrf;&nfu qkdxm;ygw,f? ol@&J@
tarhac:oHuAsm[m 'Dvdk cHpm;r_rsKd ;ukd ay;cJyh gw,f? tJ'u D AsmxJu teEarwWm
tar&J@ kyyf v
kH m$ ukd tJ'uD AsmxJu toH/ pum;vH;k / edrw d yf /kH wifjyyHak wGudk u|eaf wmf
uae@txd pGrJ ufEpS o f ufaewke;f ygy?J
kyyf v Hk $mqkwd m "mwfykvH dk rl&if;vlyku H dk tm;vHk;xif[yfwm r[kwf? arG;
aomjzpfpOf rSww f rf;wifr[kw?f kyyf v
kH m$ qkw d m rdred @J xdawG@rw d t
hJ cg t+rvJ wfqwf
owd&apavmufatmif xl;jcm;xdcdu k wf Jh udk,Ef _wfEv S ;Hk trlt&mav;awGuo dk m
azmfusL;jcif; jzpfw,f? &oajrmuf ta&;tzG@J jzpfw,f vkd@ armifpGr;f &nfu qkyd g
155
w,f? olajymovkd a&;jyxm;Ekdiw
f ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfcHpm;rdyg w,f?
wckaomn
nOfeh ufv+S yD
&So
d r# ajr;om;
vomom uGif;us,u f s,f
arsmuftkyfv,f ,kefa&mufovkd
ckecf ek faygufayguef @J
rD;awmufatmifupm;vk@d
armrSomem; tdyo f mG ;=u+y/D
EGm;ESpaf umif p+rHK@jyefv@kd
jcLoH}uKd ;=um;
t+r;D zsm;wzsyzf syf
jcif,yfwmvnf; =um;&+yD?
&Sdao;w,f? tar&,f om;&,f
a&aEG;u&m;&,f
EGm;vSn;f tdxk uf/ =u,f+yKd ;jyufrmS
xef;vsuw f ukud /f a&aEG;wusKd uf
avsmif;vkduf xkdivf u kd f
wkd;vkud f us,fvkdufeJ@
ridu
k pf wrf;/ rorf;ra0
pum;taxGaxGudk
om;eJ@ tar/ rem;rae ajymcJ=h u
&Sdao;w,f? aiG"m;wpfacsmif;/ a=u;armif;wvH;k
ESpv
f ;kH yl;aoewfe@J / vufrw
S &f &Gmol}u;D
ESpfzufaom bk;d }uD;awG
b,fajr b,furf; b,fxef; b,fxif;
b,fuGif; b,f;kd b,fudv k ufndK ;xkd;rvJ
*syefacwfu
156
 zufqpf*syef awmfvSeo f rl sm;
armifrsm; rwfrsm; wlom;rsm;[m
,cktcg &yf&Gm ta&S@xyd f
anmifnKd&yd rf mS
umuDtusu dik ;f rSmcsw
d f
ajymif;zl;zufaq;vdyef @J
ykw;D pdyo
f u
l pdyf
xef;a&tk;d udzk uf xef;&Guu f dck if;
xef;yif&if;rSm tdyo f tl yd f
wcsdK@u xGefpufarmif;
ajymif;k;d pif;puf ckwof cl wk f
wcsdK@yed f wcsdK@0
wcsdK@u or wcsKd @u 0dor
wcsdK@u t&n0goD
wcsdK@u *gr0goD
eDoel D jymoljym?
&Sdao;w,f? taz&,f u|efawmf&,f
v,fjyifay: ajymif;cif;=um;
ajymif;zl;zkwpf m;&if;
aoewfe@J "m; wvSnphf u D pm;
om;wjyef bwjyef
ttkyef @J tcH
um&ef upm;cJ=h uwJh ta=umif;
&Sdao;w,f? 0gcif;tpyf
rm;rwfwhJ yifvufyH
Z&ufawG csdK;awG ndK;ndK;nHawmh
&Gmtjyef c&D;waxmuf
vufyHyGiafh u avxD;awGukd
orD;awGEpS af ,muf om;wa,muf
157
 vk,ufvd@k aumuf=u
oHk;a,muf&J@toH awmvHk;nH
uk;d a,mufvkd nHwht
J a=umif;
[kdta=umif; 'Dta=umif;/ ta=umif;rsdK;pHkjzpfrsdK;pHk/ ajymrukef rkd;Ekdif/
oef;acgifwikd v
f JyG if ausmcf hyJ gw,f? 'gayrJh-
om;jzpfot l yg;u
oGm;acsem;acs/ tdyyf gacsqakd yr,fvh nf;
tarroGm;/ tarrem;
om;oufvsmuk/d }uKH vmwke;f rSm
+yHK;um&,fum/ ykwcf wfumeJ@
=unfu h mr0/ oef;acgiaf usmo f ef;vGu
J srS
c%z,fcGm
tararS;Hk arS;&Smw,f?
tk%ftwuf
ukvm;wufot H =um;
EGm;pmtau|;/ qeftaq;
ajr;wa,mufukd E_;d
wD;wk;d wD;wk;d eJ@/ &Gmkd;ukd av#mufchJ
om;ajr;awG aomufp&m
EGm;Ed@k &mS qdwEf k@d &Sm
oumvkyf rke@f zw k f
tartvkyf _yfch+J y?D
acgif;ay:rSm wbufwif
tdrpf OftES@H omG ;
,keof m;0,f *sKH o=um;0,f
&ufuef;,S,o f vkd
&Gmv,f&mG k;d / vGe;f xk;d vmoGm;
iSm;vku
d facs;vkduf/ au|;vku d w
f udk v
f du
k f
158
 csujf yKwfvu
kd feJ@/ ac|;w+ydKuf+ydKuf ,dk
tartdk
oGm;ukdau|;vkd@ armw,fr&S?d
tarhac:oH&@J aemufqHk;tykd'u f tareJ@a0;cJh&wJh u|efawmfhukd yHu
k soGm;ap
awmhw,f? &ifudk pl;0ifomG ;ygw,f?
a=omf tarh&mG om;ra&muf
oH;k ESpaf vmuf=um/ oH;k 0ga&$@qikd f;?
rvmjzpfEidk b f k
0gacwfwpfcg ukefawmh&,fvdk@
aw;t}uHK a&S;yHek @J vGrf;vku
d uf hJ
qefAef;wjymjym/ tdr=f urf;wcgcge@J
EGm;jymwoo/ 0g;zsmwrr
pm;p&m wcscs
trsm;wumudk om;pm;jyygv@dk
tdr0f rS tar}uKd a&mh
aendKcsdefwikd ;f
trSeyf gy?J q&mhuAsmu tarhuv kd rG ;f wJh u|eaf wmht f vGr;f awGukd oufom
apcJoh vkd u|eaf wmf&@J tarhukd vGr;f wJh tvGr;f pdwu f v kd nf; yk+d y;D oJoefapcJjh yefygw,f?
bma=umifv h q J kad wmh aendKcsed fwikd ;f rSm tdrf0+cH0uae taru|eaf wmfhudk rapmifEh dik f
&Smawmhv@kd yg? bma=umifv h q
J adk wmh ppftpk;d & rodatmif cufc=J urf;wrf;wJh awmvrf;
v#dKajrmifukd jzwf+yD; e,fpyfrsOf;E_wcf rf;0u om;wa,muf&d&S mukd wdwfwdwv f m
a&muf ck;d awG@ayG@zufwJh u|efawmfhtar&J@ aemufqk;H yH&k dyf um;csyfawGa=umifhyg?
'Dae&mav;txdyJ
tarhukd u|efawmf aemufq;Hk ykd@ciG h&f cJw
h ,f?
'De,fjcm; ausmufwidk af v;rSmyJ
tar&J@ tvGr;f rsuEf mS
tar&J@ '%f&m
159
 tar&J@ aemufqk;H trSm
tar&J@ aemufqk;H &J@ aemufq;Hk rsm;pGm ?
tckawmh
&efuek jf rpfe@J rvSr;f ra0;
ajryHt
k w k *f al v;wckxrJ mS
om;&J@tjyefukd apmifah e&Sm?
(wdref 'D;dk r/ e,fjcm;ausmufwidk u
f AsmrS-)

+idrf; csrf; ol?

'DZifbm 31/ 2016?

160
 ppfrkef;ol-jynfcspfom;&,fqdkwJh q&mpGrf;eJ@
u|efrwdk@om;tz
(2017-azazmfg&DvrSm-touf(80)jynfhr,fh q&m}uD;-armifpGrf;&nf-odk@
*g&yjcif;?)
ppfrkef;ol-jynfcspfom;&,f-wJhvm;? vSvdkufwJhpum;vkH;av;awGyJ-orD;&,f?
azaz uufvu kd w
f mwJ?h q&mpGrf;u azazudk &nfp;l +y;D uAsmawG pyf&mrSm aemif
wpfacwf a'gif;zwfp mrSm okH ;zk d@qdk+yD;-2007ck ESp f-rwfv(27) zufqpf *syef
awmfveS af &;ae@ txdr;f trSwtf jzpfAdvk cf sKyaf usmaf Zm qdw
k ahJ cgi;f pD;eJ@ uAsm wyk'f
vnf;ygifcyJh gw,f? tJ'DuAsm azazudk zwfjyawmh uAsmxJygwhJ txufyg pmom;
av;udk azazuuufvcS sn-hf jzpfomG ;ygw,f?
wcgq&m&J-wifrdk;&JaemufqkH;qENqdkwJhuAsm 2011-rdk;rcrSm
ygvmjyefawmh-u|erf u azazudk zwfjyrdygw,f? tJ'DuAsmxJ u
aZmraocif - igzl; csif w ,f
eifeJ@igwdk@oGm;&atmif qdkwht
J ydk'af &mufawmhazaz rsuf&nfawGus
vmygw,f?
wu,fawmh-q&mu azazhta=umif;uAsmawG tawmfrsm;rsm; a&;zl;
ygw,f? azazarG;ae@awGrmS jzpfjzpf txdr;f trSwf &ufawGrmS jzpfjzpf a&;wwfygw,f?
azazuG,fvGefwm(1)ESpfjynfh (2013)txdrf;trSwftjzpfxkwfacJhwJh olwdk@
&ifxuJ Adv
k af usmaf Zm pmtkyrf mS qd&k if-q&m&JuAsm(5)yk'ef @J aqmif;yg;(2)yk'f ygyg
w,f? tJ'Daqmif;yg;(2)yk'fvH;k [m azazuG,v f Gef+y;D rS a&;wmawGyg? wyk'u f AGD-
tdk-at ouf}uD;pum;tcef;rSm zwfcJhwJh aqmif;yg;jzpf+yD; aemufwyk'fuawmh
161
azazpmtkyt f wGuf trSww f &a&;ay;wJh aqmif;yg; jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtrSww f &
aqmif;yg;xJrmS - u|erf txl; owdyvdu
k w
f hJ tcsuaf wG&ydS gw,f? q&m&Jazazhtay:
xl;jcm;wJh tuJjzwfr_rsm;yg? tJ'Dtcsuaf wGuae u|efr qufpOf;pm; rdwmawG
&Sdygw,f?
1? Adkv fc sKyfa tmifq ef; eJ@ azazt=um;qufq Ha &;
wu,fawmh-&Jabmfo;Hk usyd f ifawGxrJ mS azaz[m toufti,fq;Hk awG
xJrmS ygygw,f? ygomG ;wkef;uvnf; omref ausmif;om;av;wufuv_yf&mS ;ol
tqifhavmufuav;yg?
azazwdk@*syef([dkief ef)rSm ppfynmawGoifae&pOfu AdkvfcsKyfuajymp&m
qdkp&mawG&d&S if-azazwd@k ti,ftkyfukd olud, k fpm; Adv k f&efEdkif(&efukew
f uUov dk f
or*~rS udx k eG ;f &Sed )f udk tajymcdik ;f wwfa=umif;azaza&;xm;wmawG awGzl;ygw,f?
oabmuawmh azazeJ@ Adv k cf sKyft=um;rSm tqift h & tvGeu f mG jcm;wmudk awGEdik f
ygw,f? 'gayrJ-h jynfwiG ;f jyefa&muf+yD;-wdik ;f jynfwiG ;f ta&;}uD; ta=umif; awGay:
wdki;f AdkvfcsKyf[m azazudkac: wmefay;avh&Sdwwfwm-udq k &mpGrf; uaxmufjy
xm;ygw,f-
[kwyf g&J ? u|erf vnf;tJ'aD wmhrS owdxm;rdw,f? q&mpGr;f axmufjywJ-h
azazudAk v kd cf sKyu f ppfoifwef; ausmif;awGziG chf ikd ;f wJuh pd /P 1944-zwyvzGJ zd@k ocifp;kd udk
ac:cdkif;+yD; azazhycJ l;tdrfrSmyJ awGqkHwJhudpP/ 1945-uENpD mcsKyf csKyfzdk@(tem*wf-
wyfrawmf wnfaqmufa&;twGu)f toGm; ac:oGm;wJu h dpPawGtjyif wjcm;udpP
awGvnf;&Syd gao;w,f?
azazppfoifwef;pay;&wm[m-(1941-'DZifbm)bD-tdik -f atpzGJ +y;D +y;D csi;f
,dk;',m; (xdik f;)rSm pkpnf;&&SdwJh-ppfom; opf (xdkif; a&muf xdik ;f ArmrsKd ;qufawG-
xdik ;f &Sr;f )awGyg?
azazu [dkief efu|ef;rSm ppfynmawG oif&pOfuwnf;u(1941-arv)
awmufav#muf ae@pOfrSwfwrf; a&;cJholjzpfygw,f? t"duuawmh Armjynfjyef
a&muf&if-vl-olpkaqmif;+y;D wyfzGJ zd@k -jyefoifwef;ay;zd@k qk+d yD;-oifwef; ta=umif;
t&mawG tao;pdwfa&;xm;wmyg? wjcm;aexdik fpm;aomufa&;awG-*syefawGeJ@
qufqaH &; tjzpftysuaf wGvnf; a&mygae vd@k -tJ'aD zaz&J ae@pOfrw S w
f rf;av;[m
ordik f;t& tifrweftzdk;wef+yD; tckwyfrawmfarmfuGef;kH;rSm &Sdaeygw,f? tJ'D
162
rSww
f rf;aus;Zl;a=umifyh J azazuppfoifwef;awGuk-d pepfwusoifay;Edik cf w hJ myg?
&JabmfokH;usdyfifxJrSmvnf; ae@pOfrSwfwrf;a&;olu azazwa,muf
wnf;yJ &SdchyJ gw,f? azazwd@k -bD-tdki-f at wyf}u;D &efuek jf yefa&mufwmeJ@ Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;u wyfujkd yefvnfzJG pnf;+y;D *syefwyfe@J twl txufArmjynfukd qkwcf mG
xGufajy;wJh t*Fvyd w f yfrsm;udk vdkufwku d =f uygw,f? &efukefrSm azazhudk atmuf
Armjynfwmefct H jzpf wmefay;cJh+y;D Adkvo f ifwef;ausmif; zGizhf k@d vnf; wmefay;cJh
ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf tawmf*kpdkuf vkyf
aqmifcJh&mrSm azazudk tvGeftm;xm;cJhwm awG&ygw,f? Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;
upHjywyf&if;udk wnfaxmif+yD;azazudk udkiaf pcJhygw,f? wyf&if;toD;oD;u-
tvm;tvmaumif;wJh t&mSd-t=uyf(20) pD yd@k vw $ f&+yD; ppfynm(6)v oif&yg
w,f? oifwef;qif;+y;D ud, k wfh yfu, kd jf yef wnfaqmufz@dk jzpfygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfu az
azhudk- r*Fvm'HkAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;tkyaf y;zdk@ jyifqifcJhayr,fh-ocifpdk;u (Adkvf
ausmfaZmu odypf pfom;pdwf}uD;w,f-qdkwJhta=umif;jycsufeJ@) uef@uu G fcJhvdk@-
(tJ'uD mvu *syefawmfvSeaf &;twGuf ajratmufv_y&f Sm;r_awGudk tjyif;txef
vkyfae&csdeyf g?) ausmif;tkyfrjzpfch&J ayrJh-xyftopfzGJ wJh wyf&if;rsm;&J ppfynm
oif=um;a&;twGuf azazyJ wmef,cl &hJ ygw,f? 'gawGukd =unf&h if-tapmydik ;f Armh
wyfrawmf wnfaqmufa&;awGrSm azazudk Adv k cf sKyfub,fvt kd m;xm;+yD; b,fvkd
wmefawG ay;cJw h ,f qdkwmawG awGEdik yf gw,f?
2? q&m}uD; ocifudk, fawmfr_dif; &J vufkH; wqlj zpfv mjcif;
q&mpGrf;&Jazazhta=umif;aqmif;yg;rSm u|efrowdxm;rdwJh aemuf
wcsuu f awmh1957rSm azazppfwyfu txkwf cHvku d &f ayrJ-h ywWjrm;rSef&if-
!Gerf mS epfapawmh-rnpfwt hJ a&mif-wd;k vd@k omajymifqdo k vd-k azaz[m q&m}u;D
ocifu, kd fawmfri_d ;f &Jvuf;kH wpfql tjzpf jynfwiG f;+ird f;csrf;a&;eJ@ urBm+h ird f;csr;f a&;
udpPawGudk aqmifGu&f if; jynfolawGt=um; jynfwiG f;+idrf;csrf; a&;v_yfmS ;r_ acgif;
aqmif ppfom;}u;D tjzpf ydkrakd wmufajymifxifmS ;vmw,f qdkwt hJ csufyg?
'gukd u|efr pdwfifpm;rdwht J a=umif;u Syd gw,f?
azazyifpif,&l +y;D u|erf wd@k rod m;pk prf;acsmif;rSm ajymif;vm+y;D aemuf azaz
qD uH&ifuHovdkifvm vnfywfolawG &Sdygw,f? wyfxJu apmapmuxGuf
163
oGm;=uolawG/ &Jabmfa[mif;awGpojzifh-vuf&dw S yfeJ@ rqdik =f uawmhwo Jh rl sm;aygh?
tJ'DvlawGyJ vm&Jwmyg? (tJ'DvlrsdK;awGyJ aemufydkif; azaz&J jynfwiG f;+idrf;csrf;a&;
tzGJwd@k e,fcsJeJ@ wkwjf zLusL;ausmrf _ qef@usifa&;tzGJ wdk@rSm wwyfwtm; ygif
vmcJ=h uygw,f?)
1949-tif;pdew f u kd yf w
JG iG ;f wuUov kd yf nmwydik ;f wpeJ@ wyfxJ ifvm=u+y;D -
aemufyikd ;f rdb vufiw k v
f uf&if; pD;yGm;a&;vkyzf @kd wyfu xGuo f mG ;olawGxu J wcsKd
olawG tJovdv k mvnfwwfygw,f? wae@awmh-tJ'v D kd vla[mif;wOD; vm vnfyg
w,f? olue,frmS aeoljzpfawmh&efuek af &muf&if awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwf-rqv
acwfrsm;rSm }uD;}uD;rmpwm jzpfukefae=uwJh rdwfa[mif;aqGa[mif; ppfAdkvfawGqD
ifv,fwwfygw,f? olrdk@vm&if-owif;pkH=um;&wwfygw,f? tJwae@awmh
oluazazudkAdkvcf sKyfa&/ u|efawmf 'Dae@awmh Adkvcf sKyfatmif}uD; qdik f a&mufcJh
w,f? Adv k (f )ac:oGm;vd@k av? atmif}u;D udwq f w
kd mpm;cJ&h w,f? eHrnf}u;D vnf;}u;D
avmufygw,f? wu,faumif;ud;k wJ?h +y;D awmhou l yJ-tJ'q D ikd rf mS Adv
k af tmif}u;D
udk,fwdkifOD;pD;+yD; pm;yGJxdk;p&m&Sd pm;yGJifxdk;rkef@zkwfp&mSdrkef@ifzkwf-yvmwm
e,fp&m&Sd yvmwmife,feJ@wu,fhudkbufpkH&wJh vufzuf&nfqdkif tvkyfo
rm;}uD; wa,mufvdk vkyu f dkifaewmpwmawGqufajymjyygw,f? +yD;awmh ol
uu|eaf wmfah c:oGm;wJ-h Adv k (f )u Adv k cf sKyfatmif}u;D wa,muf tJovd-k tvkyf
awG vkyfaewmjrifawmh a=omf-oHa*&p&maumif;vdu k fwmuGm? umvdbuf
aemufy;dk wufqw kd m-'grsKd ;udak c: wmaerSm vd@k qw dk ,f?
qdkprf;ygtkH;-tjynfhtpkHav;vd@k qufar;awmh oluZmwfpHk ajymjy yg
w,f? tJ'AD v dk (f )ajymjywJh ta=umif;t&mawG udkjyefajymjywmyg?
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmwyfuxGufawmh owif;pmawG/ *sme,fawGuvnf;
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm b,favmufawmfa=umif; b,favmuf dk;om;a=umif;
atmufajcppf om; awGtay: b,favmuf aumif;a=umif;pwJt h a=umif;awGyJ
trsKd ;rsdK; tzkzH aHk &;=u/ om;=u-wyfwiG ;f rSmvnf; 'gawGyJ wD;wd;k wD;wd;k ozef;yd;k awG
rsm;aewmaygu h mG ? wyfxrJ mS b,forl aS wmh us,u f s,af vmifavmifawmh rvky&f =J u
ygbl;? wyfxm;wJhyk'rf uvnf; a=umufp&m? uGefjrLepfe@J qufwh-J yk'frqdkawmh
wkwfqufrSm a=umuf&ao;wmukd;? 'gayrJh b,forl Srausvnfbl;? rw&m;cH&
w,fqk+d yD; rauseyf=uwm? 'gukd AdkvfcsKyfatmif}uD;wd@k tyk u f tawmfrcH r&yfEidk f
jzpfae=uwm? wae@awmh-wyfrLS ;rsm;tpnf;ta;}u;D wckt+y;D vlpk ruGcJ ifav;rSm-
164
b,fvu kd b,fvkd ta=umif;t&m qufpyfoGm;vJrodb;l ? Adkvcf sKyf atmif}uD;u
jzpfaevdkuf=uwm? AdkvfausmfaZm-AdkvfausmfaZmeJ@? rif;wdk@=unfh xm;=u?
igajymvdkurf ,f? aemuf(6)v/ (1)ESpfavmuf =um&if-'Dvlu-vrf;ab; a&muf
oGm;r,fv h luGvdk@udk a'g}uD;arm}uD;eJ@ajymcsvu dk fwmAsm? tHah &m? ajym&ufvu dk f
wmrsm;? tJ'w D ek ;f u olu-VCGS ('kumuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKy)f jzpfpav? tckawmhou l -
'Db0a&mufae&&Sm+yDvdk@ajym+yD; tawmfudkw&m;usaewmyJwJh? ('gawmif
aemufyidk f;prlqm Adv k fatmif}uD;tac:cH&wmwd@k ew/ etzacwfawGrSm bJOr_eJ@
axmifus&wJhtjzpfawG ruH&ao;bl;?) 'gawGuawmh u|efru q&mpGrf;&J
azazhaqmif;yg; zwft+yD; qufawG;rdwhJ ta=umif;t&mawGyg?
tJ'aD qmif;yg;&&Sad =umif; aus;Zl;wifa=umif; u|efruq&mqD zke;f eJ@ quf
pum;ajym&if; u|efr qufpyfpOf;pm;rdwJh ta=umif;t&mawG (txufygrsm;)
udak jymjyrdygw,f? 'Dawmhq&mu aemifuH&if tJ'gawGa&;OD;Asm vd@k wu dk w f Gef;zl;
ygw,f? [kwu f hJ vdk@ uwday;vduk rf v
d k@d tck tcgtcGio
fh ifv
h mawmh q&mh touf
80 jynfharG;ae@rSm trSww f & jyefa&;vduk f&ygawmhw,f?
q&ma&? q&mhnD udak usmaf qG(u|erf wd@k tac:-&Jabmfoed ;f if;)u/ 2017
azazmfg&DrSm u|efawmft h pfudk touf (80) jynfhr,f? tJ'g ta;a&muf rdom;pk
ifrsm;/ Edik if aH &;e,fy,f/ pmaye,fu nDtpfukd armifESprf rsm;u arG;ae@ trSwfw&
tjzpf u|eaf wmfwk@d a&;Edik folrsm;u a&;ay;r,fh pm/ uAsmwd@k e@J tpfudk@pmwcsKd
pkpnf;+yD; trSwfw& pmtkyfav; xkwfcsif w,fvdk@ v_@H aqmfvmygw,f? u|erf wdk@
wawGeJ@ oleJ@u tESpf 40 avmuf twlae/ twlpm;/ twltvkyfvky=f u/ ajymqdk
a&;om;=u/ jiif;ckef=ueJ@ vkyfvmcJholav? +yD;awmh u|efruvnf; rddk;zvm
Ak'b< momifwa,mufqakd wmh touftG,f g}u;D olrsm;udk *g&w&m;xm;jcif;[m
r*Fvmwyg;vd@k cH,yl gw,f? 'ga=umifh q&mh touf 80 jynfharG;ae@ twGuf *g&y
pmwrf;wapmifa&;ygw,f? a&;&if;a&;&if;u azazhta=umif; rsm;oGm;ygawmhw,f?
udak usmaf qGukd tusKd ;ta=umif; ajymjy+y;D awmif;yefawmh-olu td-k tpfuu kd vnf;
uufrSmyg? a&;csiw f mom a&;ygAsm/ arG;ae@rSm a&;awmh ydktrSwfw& jzpfwm aygh
vd@k ajymygw,f?
q&mudk,fwdkifvnf;-u|efrudkem;vnfEdkifr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhygw,f?
q&m&Jpmtkyaf zefcsuf wapmifrmS (&Jabmf(3) usyd f if wcsKd &JorD;rsm;u zcifrsm;
ta=umif ; a&;om;xm;wJ h pmtk y f r sm;ta=umif ; azef c suf ) - tJ ' D x J r S m
165
vSausmaf Zmu uH taumif;qk;H ? touftSn}f u;D ae&wJh zcif}u;D eJ@ rcGrJ cGm aecJ&h
w,fvd@k q&mu qdx k m;ygw,f? [kwyf gw,f? u|erf u azazeJ@ t=um}u;D twlwl
aexdkif&kHru/ aemufydkif;azaza&;om;or# pmapmifpmwrf;awG(udk,fwdkifa&;
twKy`wt dW yg) twGujf yifqif &mrSma&m azazu owif;rD', D m trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ yvkywf hJ
awGqkaH r;jref;cef;rsm;twGuf jyifqif&mrSma&m u|erf u ulnv D yk af qmif ay;cJ&h wm
jzpfawmh/ 'Dordkif;if jzpf&yfawGyJjzpfjzpf/ tJ'Dtay: azaz&JokH;oyfcsufrsm;yJjzpfjzpf
u|erf u &if;ES;D u|r;f ifaeygw,f? 'gah =umifh u|erf u bmta=umif;yJa&;a&; ajymajym
azazta=umif;u qufpyfygif aeyg awmh w,f? 'ga=umifyh gq&m&,f? cGihv f w
$ fyg?
'gtjyif jynfol uAsmq&m/ azefa&;q&mwa,mufjzpfwhJ q&mhukd *g&0
yzd@k u|erf rSm q&mhpmayeJ@ywfoufvk@d vkHvHak vmufavmuf xdawGzd@k tcGifhrom
cJyh gb;l ? uAsmta=umif;vnf; em;rvnf/ q&mu pmayazefa&;q&mtjzpf v#r;f
v#r;f awmufvmcsed rf mS vnf; u|erf wd@k u awmxJa&mufaejyefv@kd q&mhpmay awGe@J
vnf; reD;pyfcjhJ yefygb;l ? (ckawmh rd;k rc ufqb dk fuwqifh q&mhpmrsm;eJ@ xdawGcGi&fh
aeyg+yD)? q&meJ@ jynfwiG f;rSm vlcsif;r&if;ESD;cJhayrJh Armjynf 'Dru dk a&pDa&;udk aqmif
Gufaeolcsif;qdkawmh jynfyrSm qufo, G fcGifh &if;ESD;cGihf uH&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh quf
oG,fzdk@ ta&;udpaP wG ay:vmwwfvk@d r=umc% zkef;eJ@ qufoG,rf dygw,f? 'DrSm
u|erf owdxm;rdwmwck&ydS gw,f? q&m&J u|erf wd@k ta;a&mufawG tay:xm;&Sw d hJ
apwemyg? q&mhqD zke;f qufcsed rf sm;rSm wcgw&H{nfo h nfawG (jynfwiG ;f uvmolrsm;)
a&mufaewmeJ@ uHwwfygw,f? tJvdktcgrsdK;rSm q&mutJ'DvlawGeJ@ twif;
rdwq f ufay;/ twif;pum;ajymcdik f;wmawG vkyaf y; wwfygw,f?
wcguvnf;-q&mwifr;kd qk;H awmh u|erf uazazud, k pf m; rf;enf; pum;
ajymzd@k / udak tmifapmOD;uwqifh pDpOfygw,f? udak tmifapmOD;u q&mwifr;kd orD;awG
oGm;ac:aewke;f -zke;f em;&Sad ewJq h &mhprG ;f eJ@pum;pjrnfajym&if; u|erf u q&mwd@k vm
awmhr,f =um;xm;vd@k -u|erf wd@k u-q&m(3)qlvm&if(q&mwifr;kd -q&mpGr;f -q&m
if;az) wef;pDxidk cf idk f;+yD; uefawmh=ur,fvdk@ }udr;f xm; =uwm? tckawmh q&m
wifr;kd u yJo h mG ;+yaD emfvd@k ajymrdygw,f? 'Dwif-q&mu[kwv f m;? [kwv f m;? cifAsm;
tJ'gav;ud/k wifr;kd orD;awGe@J pum;ajymwJt h cg xnfah jymjyvdu k af emf vd@k rmS ygw,f?
q&mu vli,fawGu u|erf wd@k ta;a&mufawGtay: &Sad umif; &SEd ikd w f hJ txiftjrif
v$rJ Sm;r_awGukd ajzav#mah y;csifyH&k ygw,f?
166
 'Dvykd q
J &meJ@ ywfoufqufpyfro d r#av;awG jyefajymif;awG;awm&if; q&mh
udk azaztwGuf a&;ay;cJw h uhJ Asm/ aqmif;yg;tapmifapmiftwGuaf &m/ u|erf pmtkyf
azefa&;rsm; twGuaf &m u|erf wd@k ta; a&mufrsm; tay:xm;&Sw d hJ apwem arwWm
rsm;twGuaf &m/ tm;vkH;tm;vk;H twGuf aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajym=um; vdkygw,f?
q&mwa,muf pdw. f csrf;omjcif; udk,f.usef;rmjcif;wd@k jynfph +kH yD; wdkif;
yjynfypmayrsm; (tckv)kd tqufrjywf a&;om; Edik yf gapa=umif; qk awmif; arwWmyd@k
tyfygw,f?
q&m}u;D armifprG ;f &nf touf&mausm&f Snaf paomf?

vS a usmf a Zm
2-1-2017?

167
 pmayppfonf armifpGrf;&nfodk@
csnefh @J vlabmif acwftarSmifudk
avSmifajymifx;kd ESuf csKd ;zsuf}u&H nf
pmayppfonf armifprG ;f &nf?
q&marmifpGrf;&nf touf 80 jynfrh nfqdkawmh uAsmwyk'feJ@*k%fy ylaZmfr,f
pdwful;rdygw,f? 'gayrJh uAsma&;&if; aqmif;yg;a&;csifpdwf ay:vmw,f? a&;p&m
ta=umif;t&mawGu trsm;om;qdak wmh bma&;&rvJ? jzpfEidk &f if q&m armifprG ;f
&nf&J vuf&muAsm/ pmayawGukd jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk avhvm+y;D olb0/ olpmay ok;H oyf
csuf a&;csifwmyg? tJovdkqk&d if aqmif;yg;wyk'fpm rubJ pmwrf;wapmifpm jzpf
oGm;r,f? olwoufwm a&;om;xkwv f kyfcJhwmawGukd pkaqmif;zdk@uvnf; tcsed f
tawmf,&l rSmyg?
ud,k rf vkyEf ikd af o;awmh wa,mufa,muf vkyEf ikd rf ,fq&kd if rf;omp&mygy?J
tckawmh rwdkrSnf pmwyk'fe@J yJ ylaZmf*% k f yvdkuf&ygw,f?
armifprG f;&nf qdkwJh emrnfudk p+yD;=um;zl;wkef;u OD;if;azqdkwJh emrnf
t&if;yg wG+J yD; odciG fh uHcyJh gw,f? jrif;+cHom;jzpfwm/ olrSm pmaynDtudkawG/ awmf
vSeaf &; nDtudk awG trsm;tjym;&Sw d mvnf; =um;odc&hJ w,f? olZmwdjzpfwhJ jrif;+cu H
xGe;f awmufwhJ yk*Kd~ vfawGta=umif; odz;l / =um;zl;/ uzH ;l / xdawGzl;wm awG uawmh
trsm;}uD;ygyJ? wu,fh pHjyyk*~dKvfawG/ pmayol&J aumif;/ awmfvSeaf &; ol&Jaumif;
awGyg? tm;usp&m/ =unf!pdk &m/ *k%f,lpx H m;zG,&f m yk*dK~ vfawG jzpfygw,f? q&m
armifpGrf;&nfwdk@armif ESrawG[mvnf; e,fy,ftpkHu O,smOfrSL;;awGvdk@ ajym
vdk@&ygw,f? ynma&;e,fy,f/ pmaye,fy,f/ Edkiif Ha&;e,fy,f pojzifhyg? wdik f;usKd ;
jynfy wynfah wG/ awmfveS af &; &JabmfawG jzpfvmatmif ypkysKd ;axmif aumif;r_yEdik f
olawGyg? r[kwrf cH trSew f &m; bufu jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnfwhJ pdw"f mwfawG
udk vnf; olw@kd armifESrwawGrmS txiftSm; awG&ygw,f?
q&marmifpGrf;&nf[m pmaye,fy,f/ EdkifiaH &;e,fy,frSm a&S@rDaemufrD
yk*Kd~ vf}u;D yg? acwftpk/H pepftpku H kd jzwfoef;cJyh g+y?D J-,m-tv,fu Edik if aH &;orm;
tpk/H pmayorm; tpkeH J@vnf; xdawGcJ+h yD;+yD? 'Dvydk k*Kd~ vfrsKd ; ouf&x dS if&mS ; &Sdao;wm
uae@acwf vli,fawGtwGuf tifrwef tzd;k wefygw,f? tckxd uavmifpGrf;&nf
168
jywke;f rd@k vil ,fawG rodvku d f rrDvkud w
f Jh tjzpftysufawG/ vlyk*~dKvfawGta=umif;/
pmayavmu/ Edik if aH &;avmuta=umif;/ uAsmpmayv_y&f mS ;r_/ Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_awG
ta=umif; ol pmawGuwqifh avhvmzwf_ciG &fh aew,f/ oif,lqnf;yl;cGihf &ae
w,f? vlomtdkayr,fh uavmifu EkysKd xufjrufwke;f ? aemifESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmvnf;
uavmifxuf/ uavmifoGuaf eOD;rSmvd@k ,H=k unfygw,f?
tnmajr wrmwef; jrif;+c/H ref;/ &efuek rf o S nf tar&duef a&mufawmhvnf;
pmayordkif;/ EdkifiHa&;ordkif;/ pmayavmu/ EdkifiHa&;avmuta=umif;awGudk
pOfqufrjywf ajymEdik /f a[mEdik /f a&;Edik fwmawGawmh tifrwef rf;om tm;wufrd
ygw,f? ordik f;a&;&myJjzpfjzpf/ EdkifiaH &;&myJjzpfjzpf/ bmompum;/ ynm&yf qdki&f m
yJjzpfjzpf pum;wvkH;qdk&ifwvk;H axmufjy oGeo f ifay;wwfoyl g? acwfqk;d / pepfqk;d
tqufqufrmS }u;D jyif;jzwfoef;vmol vli,fawG owdvufvw G f a&;rSm;ajymrSm;/
trSwrf mS ;wwfwmawGvnf; q&marmifprG ;f &nfu axmufjywnfrh wfay;wwfw,f?
tifrwef tzd;k wefygw,f? uae@acwfvli,fawG vlr_ueG f&ufrmS a&;aeajymae =u
wmawG/ ,Ofaus;r_yidk f;/ bmompum;ydki;f eJ@ordkif;a&;/ oabmw&m;a&;/ tawG;
tac:ydkif;awGudkvnf; azefa&; ay;apcsifrdygw,f? EdkifiaH &;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_eJ@
tawG;tac:ydki;f qdki&f m azefwnfrh wf ay;EdkifwhJ pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&m}uD;
awGvnf; wjznf;jznf; avsmeh nf;wdr;f yg;uke+f yrD @kd q&marmifprG ;f &nfvkd ouf&x dS if&mS ;
&Sad eao;wJh pmayppfonfawmf}u;D awG u tJ'u D uG vf yfukd tm;jznfah y;apcsiyf gw,f?
r=umao;cifuyJ Armjynfukd wcgwacguf jyefa&mufw,fv@dk o&d w,f?
olZmwdcsuf au jzpfwhJ jrif;+cu H v
kd nf; a&mufcyhJ gao;owJ?h jrif;+cq H w kd m pmaye,f/
Edkiif Ha&;e,frSm xifSm;ygw,f? q&marmifprG f;&nf tygtif oleJ@acwfyifjzpfwJh
pmayrsKd ;quf/ Edik if aH &;rsKd ;qufawG[m tJovdk r*k%/f e,f*% k af qmifco hJ al wGxrJ mS
xif&mS ;olawG jzpfygw,f? tJ'rD sKd ;qufawG&J emrnfawG r&Gwaf wmhygb;l rSww f rf;wif
*k%f yxdkuf ol wcsKd rawmfwq arhusefcrhJ mS pd;k vd@k yg? jrif;+co H m;awGu jrif;+cq H wdk m
aq;ayghvdyf xGufw,f/ uGejf rLepfxGufw,fvk@d *k%, f l+yD; ajymavhw Sd ,f? jrif;+cHu
vlxb k ufom; pmay tEkynmorm;awGvnf; xGufw,fqdkwmyg jznfhpu G cf sif
ygw,f? tzdESdyfcH vlxk bufu &yfwnfc/Jh &yfwnfaeqJ uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m/
awmfveS af &;orm;awG ay:xGu&f m a'oyg? tJovdk tm%m&Siu f w kd eG ;f vSe/f rw&m;
r_ukd tmcHwhJ pmayppfonf/ pmay&JabmfawGxrJ mS q&marmifprG ;f &nfvnf; tygtif
jzpfygw,f? tckawmh &Sm;&Sm;ygyg; ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &Sdaeao;wJh vlxkbufom;
pmay&Jabmf}uD;awGxu J wOD; aygh?
Armjynfvkd acwftqufquf rsKd ;qufe@J cs+D y;D tawG;tac:awG/ todynm
169
awG oif;uGyfcH&/ tm%mSiftvdkus ykHoGif;cH&/ ynma&;pepfvnf; pepfwus
zsufqD;cH&wJh wdik ;f jynfrSm =oZmSdwh/J tzdEySd fcH vlxb k ufu/ trSew f &m;bufu
&yfcw H hJ pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&m/ owif;pmq&m}uD;awG&J tcef;uu tifrwef
ta&;}u;D ygw,f? vlxu k kd trdu k af rSmifuae ke;f xGuEf ikd af tmif aSaqmifvrf;jy=uwJh
rD;;wefaqmifawGyg? olwk@d crsmvnf; 'ga=umifhyJ rif;jypfrif;'%f oifh=u&ygw,f?
axmifwef;us/ !SO;f yef; ESyd pf ufc=H u&/ wu|e;f yd@k c&H / wjynfwGm rif;qd;k rif;npfe@J a;
&moGm;+yD;aexdki=f u& qdkwmrsKd ;yg? uavmifvufeufukd tm%m&Siftqufquf
a=umuf';l wkef=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh uavmifxufoal wGqdk enf;rsKd ;pkHo;kH +y;D zdEdyS fypf
wmyg?
'Dvzkd Ed ydS w
f ikd ;f vufeufrcs/ t_;H ray;bJ uavmifvufeufukd pGpJ +JG r+J rJ udik pf +JG y;D
a&muf&mt&yfuae tzdEdyS cf Hvlxt k wGuf qufvufwku d yf GJ ifolawGxJrmS q&m
armifprG ;f &nfvnf; ygygw,f? ta;a&mufaeayr,fh enf;ynmtpGr;f xufwhJ tifwm
euf acwfr@kd q&mhaqmif;yg;awG/ pmawGuAsmawGudk jynfwiG f;rSm vG,fvifhwul
zwfc_ Gifh&vmw,f? vlo;kH rsm;vmwJh vlr_ueG f&ufrSm r#azwf=uzd@k v, G fvmw,f?
pmaypD;qif;r_ vG,fvmygw,f odk@ayrJh pmaumif;ayaumif;awG pD;qif;zd@k tcGifh
tvrf;uawmh enf; ygao;w,f? tifwmeufuvnf; raumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;uvnf;
c|wf cu H sqrJ @kd zek ;f eJ@tif wmeuf ok;H =u&olu trsm;pkyg? 'Dvq kd akd wmh qlv, G ef yfv,
G f
pmwdak ypav;awGom zwf=u/ r#a=u vky=f uwmu rsm;ygw,f? 'D=um;xJ tifwm
eufukd pdwf uufo;Hk / aumif;aumif;ok;H Edkiw f Jh tkypf ;kd olvlwef;pm;u g'jzef@csda&;udk
wGifwGiv f kyfygao;w,f? pmzwfol/ vlr_ueG f&uf ok;H olawGtwGuf tqdyjf zpfr,fh
pmwdak ypawGu v_id v f id_ x
f u G af ewmyg? 'gawGukd wefjyefwu kd yf JG if=u&OD;rSmyg? tJovdk
wduk yf t JG wGuf g&ifo h rBm&ifh pmayppfonfawmf}u;D awGjzpfwhJ q&marmifprG ;f &nfw@kd vkd
yk*Kd~ vfrsKd ;awG vdt k yfygw,f? 'ga=umifh q&marmifprG ;f &nfwa,muf jynfol tusKd ;y
pmayawG tckxufy+kd y;D a&;om;Edik yf gapa=umif; qkreG af umif;awmif;&if; 'Dpmwdak v;
udk ed*;kH csKyfvku d fyg&ap?
uavmifprG f;&nfxufwJh q&marmifpGr;f &nf touf 120 ru &Snaf p
aomf?

Edkifv if;
14/ 'DZifbm/ 2016?

170
 armifpGrf;&nf okd@r[kwf
(1)
'Dwcg q&marmifprG ;f &nf tar&duok@d a&mufvm&rnfh tvSnyhf guvm;?
b,fvf*sD,ef&Sd a'gufwmrkd;rkd;ESif; xHwGif q&marmifpGrf;&nf a&muf&dS
ae+yDqo kd nfh owif;ukd =um;v#if=um;csif;yif aumufcsucf srdonf? ed*;Hk qGJ=unfrh d
onf? ed'ge;f awGu &S+d y;D om;? q&m0if;az(OD;aZmf0w d )f / q&mwifr;dk / q&marmifom&/
a':rmrm at;/ q&marmifopfqif; ponfh yk*Kd~ vfawGrmS tar&duef ok@d / wcsdK@
=opa=w;vswGif ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; a&mufvmcJh=u+yD; jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh
armifprG ;f &nf&@J tvSn?fh
tar&duokd@ a&mufvmcJh=uonfhwdik fatmif rAmjynf jyefoGm;=uonf
vnf; &So d nf? ol@upd eP @J oyl ?J q&mrEkE&k nf(tif;0)/ q&matmfyu D s,/f q&m cspOf ;D ndK/
q&mukd;dk uGe@f / q&marmifomEk;d wd@k jzpfonf? aemufwa,mufu q&marmifarmif
atmif? ol@ tpDtpOfukd rod&ao;?
q&marmifpGrf;&nfuaum tar&duukd a&mufvmcJhayr,fh qufaerSm
vm;/ jyefrmS vm;? xko d @dk awG;rdawmh apmapmu aumufcsucf s ed*;kH qGcJ o hJ nfh qifjcifykH
onf ysujf ym;oGm;onf? b,fv*f s, D efo@kd a&muf&daS eonfh q&mhukd zkef;qufum
E_wqf ufpOf q&mjyefrmS vm;/ jyifyurBmrSm qufaerSmvm; ar;=unfrh o d nf?
u|eaf wmf pOf;pm;aeqJygAsm csw D cHk swjHk zpfaewke;f u|eaf wmfw@dk twGuf
t}u;D rm;qH;k jy\emuawmh pma&;cGirfh &awmh wmyJAsmuavmifawGudk ku d cf sKd ;
vkduw f myJ ukpd ;kd csdeaf &
q&mhywf0ef;usifu tdrfawGaum q&mhtdrfudyk g twif;t"rR 0kdif;
zsuv f u dk =f uw,f tzsucf &H w,fv@dk =um;&w,f tm&ftufzaf t a&'D,u dk ae
uko
d ed ;f xku d Of ;D u q&mh uAsmawG &Gwq f +dk y;D wJah emuf ,ckq&dk if q&marmifprG ;f &nf
wa,muf b,fqDa&mufae+yDvJ b,fudkrsm; a&mufaeygvdrfhvkd@ ar;awmh
u|eaf wmf&h ifxJ usicf eJ jzpfomG ;w,fq&m q&mwk@d rdom;pk b,fa&mufv@kd b,f
ayguf ae=u+yDvJvd@k
171
 q&mu jzpfa=umif;ukefpif &Si;f jyonf? w,fvDzek f;ajymaepOfrmS uJhod@k yif
w,fvzD kef;ajym+yD;onfhaemuf q&mwkd@wu kd fyGJukd jrifa,mif=um;a,mifaerdonf?
cGeftm; ac|;pufwd@k jzifh w&pf+yD;w&pf txyfxyfwnfaqmuf zGJ@pnf;xm;cJ&h onfh
tk;d tdrw
f @dk udk tm%m&Siwf @dk acsrzG suo
f rd ;f aomtcg tb,fo@kd remusif rxdcu dk b
f J
&SdyghrvJ? u|efawmfu q&mhukd ac|;odyfajzodrho f nf? jyifyurBmrSm qufaernf
qkdv#ifvnf; pmawG a&;EkdifrmS jzpfw,f? q&mhuavmif[m toufjyef0ifvmrSm
jzpfw,f u|eaf wmfwd@k pmayavmutwGuf odyu f dk tusdK;aus;Zl;}uD;rm;rSmyg
q&m[k q&mhukd tm;wif;ay;rdonf? wu,fu r0HHhr&J awmif; qk=d unfjh cif;ygyJ?
(2)
2002 'DZifbmwGif e,fomvefodk@ q&ma&mufvmonf? e,fomvef&J@
+rdK@awmf trfpwm'rf&Sd av'if(Leiden) wuUov kd f wGif pmwrf;zwf&efjzpfonf?
pmay,Ofaus;r_ zvS,fonfyh ?GJ 'DZifbm 5 rS 9 txd/ Armjynf0wKpmayrnfod@k
pwifpD;qif;cJhyHkukd q&mu pmwrf;wifzwf=um; wifoGif;onf? xkdaemuf
b,fv*f s, D ef &Sd a'guw
f mrk;d rk;d ESi;f xH ta&mufomG ;cJ+h y;D yJ&pfEiS b hf &yfqo J @dk oGm;a&muf
vnfywfonf? q&mha&mif;&if; oli,fcsi;f q&mOD;wifr;dk u ,k;d ',m;wGif a&mufae
onf? *syefrw S qifh befaumuf/ rJaqmufo@dk a&mufaejcif;jzpfonf? 2003 Zefe0g&D
wGif q&mtar&duod@k a&mufvmonf? q&mOD;0if;az &S&d m 0g&iS w f efo@kd a&mufonf?
+yD;rS tDvED GKdu/f &Sud m*kd? u|efawmfh tdrw f Hcg;aygufukd zGihv f duk fpOf q&mhukd OD;pGmawG@
&onf? wae&mwGif tcsed ;f tqufvyk u f m vmcJ=h uojzifh q&mOD;wifr;kd om;oruf
udak usm0f wk@d vnf; waygi;f wnf; ygvmonf? udak usm0f u q&mr rk;d csKd oif;.
cifyeG ;f ?
&moDOwku at;pufaeqJ? avxJwGif a&cJjrm;wHawGu ypfcwfaeqJ?
ta&jym;ukd azmufxGi;f um kd;wGi;f csOfqDxt J xd at;pufudu k cf Japonfh a&cJjrm;
wHawG? xk@d a=umifh q&mhudk tdrt f jyifxu G uf m r}uKd qkEd idk af wmh? wHcg;ayguf t0if0rSm
wef;pD+y;D }uKd =u&onf? wc%Y {nfch ef;wckv;kH vljynfo h mG onf? &,farmoHawGu
om v$r;f rk;d aeonf?
q&mwifr;dk u {nfch ef;xJ&dS xkid cf kw H iG f xkid v
f u dk fuwnf;u xrvmcJah wmh?
q&marmifprG f;&nfu ol@uakd y;tyfxm;aom tdrcf ef;xJwiG f ypPn;f xm;vku d /f xGuf
vmvku d f/ jyifqifvkduf/ &,farmum pum;ajymvkduf? t0wftpm;vJvdu k Ef Sifh ?
172
v_yf&Sm;r_ awGu oGuv f ufqJ ? tiftm;&SdaeqJ ?
{nfhonfawGu wzGJzGJ jyefomG ;=u/ wzGzJ JG a&mufvm=u?
nbufwGif q&marmifopfqif;ESifh udkaZmfodef;wdk@ a&mufvm=uonf?
aoG@ajcmufajcmuf tdrfuav;onf oku d f+rdKufpnfum; vmavonf? aqmif;ESif;
ESi;f aiG@w@dk jzifh aiGa&mifawmufyaeaom ae@&ufrsm;/ odyo f nf;at;cJ aiGa&mifrsm;onf
ua&muf aEG;axG;vmonf?
q&mpGrf;twGuf txdr;f trSwf q&mhtwGuf txdr;f trSwf
y,if;a&mif zefom;E_wcf rf;jcif; xdvu dk =f uavonf? q&marmifopfqif;eJ@
ukad Zmfoed ;f wk@d u wywfrmS wcgr# aoG;aE$; ae=u? pm;aumif;aomufaumif;zG,rf sm;
zefw;D =uum pum;azmifz@JG ae=u? u|eaf wmfu olw@dk tjrnf;ukd wpGypf yG f E_u d pf m;um
aysmyf u kd fae=u? q&mpGr;f a&mufvmonfh aemufydik ;f y,if;a&mif0kdif;ao;ao;
uav;onf ykdIpnfyifvmavonf? q&mpGr;f u aiGa&mif/ a&$a&mif,rumwk@d ukd
tenf;tusO;f aomufum tpm;tpm tjrnf;rsm;ukd rsm;rsm;pm;wwfo/l oH;k a,muf
pvHk;rSm tl;trl; aomufwwforl sm; r[kwf? pm;aumif;/ aomufaumif;/ ajym
aumif;/ aysmaf umif;Ho k m? olw@dk ukd tm;usrad omfvnf; teH@ rcHEidk ?f ESmacgi;f udyk w
d /f
wk;d 0if+y;D tjrnf;pm;&onf? u|eaf wmfrmS olw@kd EiS t fh wl &,farmaeavonf?
(3)
q&m OD;wifrkd;ESifh udak usmf0wdk@u odyf=um=umraebJ taemufbuf
urf;ajc umvDz;dk eD;,m;ok@d xGucf mG oGm;=u+y?D q&m armifprG ;f &nfu u|eaf wmfEiS t hf wl
usef&pfcJhavonf? ol@oli,fcsi;f q&mOD;wifrkd;ukd oHa,mZOf}uD;ol/ tcspf}uD;ol/
wwd,t&G,fxJ wpxufwp wk;d ouf0ifa&mufvmcJ=h uIvm;/ b0wlcsif;awG
jzpfaeIvm;rod? tm;xm;rScD rdk _ twG,t f wm oHa,mZOfu}u;D rm;avonf? q&m
armifpGrf;&nfudk q&mOD;wifrk;d u ac:roGm;Ekid af o;? umvDzd;k eD;,m;ukd oGm;a&muf
um ajrprf;c&rf;ysdK;jcif; jzpfonf? b0 tcsdK;tauG@awGu =urf;wrf;or# wnf+idrf
atmif renf;vkyf,&l rSm jzpfonf?
tm;wif;+yKH ;xm;aom t+yKH ;&dyaf wGatmufrmS q&mpGr;f rnfo@dk cHpm;&rnf
ukd odonf? q&mu EGr;f usroGm;atmif tm;wif;xm;onf? u|efawmfuvnf;
tm;wif;ay;onf? u|eaf wmfh pdwt f wGi;f wGif &Sad eonfh twGi;f pdwu
f dk xkwjf y&onf?
b,foal wG b,fvkjd zpfap/ u|efawmfu uHaumif;wJh oly?J &efukerf Sm wywfwcg
173
vlcsi;f qHzk @kd / awG@z@dk b,favmufc, hJ Of;ovJ? tck q&mhudk u|eaf wmfu t+raJ wG@&+y?D
rdbawGe@J cGJcGmae&wm q,fhig;ESpf &So d Gm;+yD?
tck q&ma&mufvmwm rdbawG a&mufvmwmyJayghq&m? +yD;awmh
q&mu u|efawmfhq&m u|efawmfh&Jabmf}uD;? u|efawmfah vmuf uHaumif;wm
b,f&ySd grh vJ? a[m orD;av;twGuf q&ma&mufvmwm tbkd;tbGm; a&muf
vm wmyJ? 'Dtrd rf mS bmrS tm;i,fp&m r&Sb d ;l ? (ZeD;jzpfol ZifZifa&mufvmaomtcg
q&mhtwGuf orD;wa,muf xyfwd;k vmcJhjyefonf?) q&mhbufu uHaumif;zdk@
vkdawmhw,f ? q&mhudk u|efawmfu xko d @kd tm;wif;ay;onf?
at;cJat;puf aqmif;ESif;pufrsm;ukd ausmfvGefvmonfESifh q&mu
vrf;av#muf xGuo f nf? a'oukd avhvm&if; wvrf;0if wvrf;xGuf vrf;av#muf
onf? ckepfEpS o f rD; ajr;ruav;ukd ac:um yef;+cx H w
J iG f oGm;ajy;onf? aqmif;ESi;f rsm;
zdv$rf;xm;&mrS jrufcif;u pdrf;vef;Edk;xvmp? ajrom;ajruGufrsm;ay:wGif
jrufyifw@dk jzifh tpdr;f a&mifjc,fop? xkjd rufcif;pdr;f ajrv$may: wGif orD;av;ESit hf wl
q&mu ajy;v$m;v_y&f Sm;onf? tdrfukd jyefa&mufawmhvnf; r+yD;ao;? wukd,af &
ukd,fvufv_yf&Sm;r_ qufvkyfonf? toufSLawG =urf;wrf;vmonfhtxd
armoG m;atmif tm;upm;vky f jyef onf? wae@wnf ; w&uf wnf ;r[k wf /
ae@pOfae@wdik ;f avhusiho f nf?
uk, d uf ydk ufvufveS u f m ajcESpaf csmif; uwufrvmapbJ uk, d t f ay:ykid ;f ukd
rwif auG;,l jyefxvkdu/f jyefvcSJ svkduf? 0rf;Akduo f m;/ uufom;awG tqD"mwf
csweJh nf; / t}udrfaygi;f av;ig;q,f &atmif vkyo f nf? a&mufwhaJ e&mwGif xkdok@d
avhusifh avonf? q&mu aq;vdyfraomuf/ tpm;tpmukd a&G;cs,fwkdif;qum
pm;avonf? tcsKd jyif;jyif; tiHjyif;jyif;udk a&Smifonf? a&Smif&ef aqmif&ef pnf;cs
xm;onf? kycf E<mukd }uHch ikd af p&eftwGuf usef;rmvef;qef;ap&ef xdo k d@k txyfxyf
wnfaqmufavonf? kycf E<m kyb f 0u oefprG ;f }uchH idk vf monft h wGuf pdw"f mwfuyg
oefrmvmavonf? EG,yf ifE, G rf #ifvdk xm0& wG,frrD _udk rvdck sif? pma&;q&m}uD;
r[maqG. Zmwfaumif/ q&m}u;D rif;aqG. ol&aJ umif; ZmwfaumifawGudk owd&
aponf? e,fcsJ@qef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; pdwf"mwfEiS fh kyb f 0ukd zG@H +zKd ;
vmap&ef zG@J E@JG xm;onfh ZmwfaumifawG/ q&mpGr;f u xdu k o
hJ @dk aom ZmwfaumifrsKd ;
[k qdk&vdfrfhrnf? wu,fvnf; q&marmifprG f;&nfw@kd rsdK;qufu trsdK;om; vGwf
ajrmufa&;/ 'Drdu k a&pD v_y&f Sm;r_EiS hf wqufwnf; wpyfwnf; r[kwfvm;? q&mh
174
kyfyHkv$mu xkdrsdK;quf. kyfykv
H m$ / ckcHawmfvSeaf &; pdwf"mwfEiS fh kyfb0. trSwf
tom; kyyf vkH m$ ?
(4)
q&marmifpGrf;&nf. pmaypdw"f mwf/ Edkiif Ha&;pdw"f mwfudk ol@ pmaywGif
awG@&onf? u|efawmfx h H q&ma&mufvmcJI h rdom;pk jzpfomG ;um q&mhudk odjrif&
onfh tcsdef rusa&mufrDuwnf;uyif q&mhpdwf"mwf tawG;tac:ukd ol.
a0zefa&; pmayxJ rSwqifh xdawG@&avonf?
olzefw;D jc,foonfh uAsm/ 0wK/ aqmif;yg;/ uav;pmay/ uav;uAsm/
okawoepmwrf;rsm;/ ynma&;qkid &f m oif;dk ne;f wrf;rsm; trsm;tjym; &Sad vonf?
pmaykyfyHkv$m/ pmaya0zefa&;pmtkyfawGukdvnf; xkwfvkyfcJhol? 1960 wGif
pd=wuAsmpm tkyu f dk q&m=unfatmifEiS hf wGx J w
k cf o
hJ nf? 1964 wGif teDEiS t hf jym
uAsmpmtkyfjzifh trsKd ;om;pmayqk &&Scd o hJ l? txufwef; ausmif;om;b0 uwnf;
uyif uAsmawGudk pwif oDu;kH cJho?l 1953-54 rEav; trSwf (1) txufwef;
ausmif;wGif ausmif;or*~ pmapmif xkwfa0onf? xkpd mapmifwGif uAsmrsm; pwif
a&;cJh&mrS pmayavmuxJ a&mufvmcJo h ?l
q&mhpmay tEkvuf&mawGu xm0&awmufy +ydK;jyufaerSm jzpfonf?
xkdvuf&mrsm;xJrS pmayavmuukd v_yfcgaponfh Armjynfukd vif;vufapcJhonfh
ol. pmayrSm a0zefa&;pmay jzpfonf? wkid ;f jynfEiS chf sI D ajym&jcif;rSm ol@pmayonf
Armjynf pmayavmu w&yfvHk; 'Dru kd a&pD iwfrGwfaom trsdK;om; jynfolvx l k
w&yfv;kH ESihf oufqidk q f ufE, G af eaoma=umifh jzpfonf? trsKd ;om;jynfow l @dk . &&Srd nfh
'Drudk a&pD tcGithf a&;rsm; wpxufwp qH;k _;H vmaomacwf/ tarSmifysKd ;aomacwfrS
tarSmifacwfqo D @dk csO;f eif;0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? tm%m&Sit f kypf k vufxw J Gif tm
%mvHk;0 usa&mufoGm;csed fwGif Armjynfvnf; acwfqk;d acwfysuf jzpfvmcJo h nf?
xdak cwfpmayavmuwGif jyKjyifa&;pmay ay:xGuv f monf? tnHch H t_;H
ay;a&;pmayESihf tnpftywf tzspt f owf/ typftcwfpmayESihf ky&f iS rf sm; ay:xGuf
vmcJhonf? pmzwfy&dowfvx l u
k dk xdpk mayjzifh tdyfarG@cschoJ nf? xHkxdik ;f apcJo h nf?
t&if;cH xkd ta=umif;w&m;a=umifh vl@b0/ vl@todukd Ekd;xaponfhpmay/
npfErG ;f a[mif;tkad om vl@tzG@J tpnf; vl@b0udk opfviG af p&ef jyefvnf wnfaqmuf
apvdkonfhpmay vlr_wkd;wufa&; tjrifjzpfonfh jynfol@pmayvnf; arG;zGm;
175
ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf?
'kwd,urBmppfumvuwnf;u pmayavmuxJwGif pmaywkdufyGJu
us,jf yef@vmcJo h nf? tEkynmonf tEkynmtwGuf jzpfonfqkad om t,ltq
v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf tEkynmonf jynfot l wGuf jzpfonfqkad om t,ltq v_y&f mS ;r_u
wkdufyGJomef aqmifvmonf? vlr_wkd;wufa&;tjrifygonfh awmfvSefpmay/
jynfo@l pmayonf q&m}u;D ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f acwfrpS I t[ke}f u;D rm;vmcJo h nf?
tEkynmonf jynfo@l twGujf zpfonfqadk om v_y&f mS ;r_wyfO;D . yxrwyfrLS ;}u;D rSm
awmfveS pf may/ jynfo@l pm ay acgi;f aqmif}u;D q&m}u;D ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f jzpfonf?
r_id ;f ae0ef;}u;D u ArmjynfEiS hf pmayjrpfra&pD;ay:wGif uG,v f eG cf ahJ omfvnf;
jynfo@l pmay tvHuidk w f yfO;D wyfrrSL;awGu q&m}u;D xHrS vufqifu h rf;um ,lc=hJ u
onf? xif&Sm;onfh pmaywyfO;D acgif;aqmifrmS q&m'*kefwm&mESihf q&m armifprG ;f
&nf? pmayacgif;aqmifqo dk nfrmS a0zefa&;pmayuko d m 'Dae&mrSm uGufI ajymcsif
onf? armifpGr;f &nf. a0zefa&; pmtkyfrsm;onf ol@twGufaum pmayavmu
twGuyf g rSww f idk rf sm;jzpfonf?
1964 wGif xkwaf 0vku d o f nfh jynfo@l a_ xmifh pmtkyaf 0zefcsurf sm;onf
pmayavmuukd wke[ f D;yJhwifaponfh wkduyf GJ tajrmufoHjzpfonf? 1973 wGif
'kwd,ajrmuf a0zefa&;pmtkyf *,ufukd ypfv$wfcJhonf? wwd,ajrmuf
a0zefa&;pmtkyjf zpf onfh Armpmay bmvJ/ b,fvJukd 1976wGif xkwfa0onf?
typftcwf/ tzspftowf/ tnpftywf pmayukd ol. tajrmufqefrsm;/ avmif
csm'Hk;ysHrsm;ESifh ypfv$wf +zdKzsufonf? typftcwf/ tzspftowf/ tnpf tywf
qdok nfh a0g[m&onf q&m. a0zefa&;pum;vH;k jzpfonf? wDxiG x f m;onfh pum;
vHk; pmpkudk &Gwfum&Gwfum q&mhudk *k%fjyKcJh=uonf?
pmaytnpfta=u; tr_dufokdufrsm;ukd av#mfzGwfoef@pifypfonfh
oef@pifpuf? q&mu ol. xko d ef@pifpufudk wpku d rf wfrwf armif;ESio f ?l pmayavmu
twGu/f ArmjynftwGuf tusKd ;aus;Zl; }u;D vSayonf? npfax;&mrS pmu oef@vm
onf? t&if;&Sifpmay. c|wfcsHKusr_rsm;ukd rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifcJhonf? jynfolwkd@.
vGwaf jrmufa&;c&D;ukd vrf;jyay;cJo h nf? xk@d a=umifo h u l oef@pifpufarmif;ol? a0zef
a&;pmay rD;SL;wefaqmifudk jrifrh m;vSpmG xGe;f ncd o hJ ?l q&mu pmaya0zefa&;ae0ef;eD
rD;SL;wefaqmif?
ArmjynfwiG f pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mwk@d r&Sm;yg;vSyg? vlO;D a& tcsKd ;tpm;/
176
vlr_wkd;wufr_tqifhtwef;/ pmzwfy&dowf ta&twGuf taysmfzwf pmzwf
y&dowf/ vl@b0 wk;d wufajymif;vJa&;qDo@dk OD;wnfonf/h av;eufonfh pmayuko d m
zwf=um;onfh pmzwfy&dowfponfh tcsKd ;tpm;rsm; ude;f *%ef;rsm;t& pma&;q&m/
uAsmq&m ta&twGufrSm enf;ao;onf? a0zefa&;q&m/ a0zefa&;pmayukd
a&;om;zefwD;olrSm tvGefenf;yg;vSonf? uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m jzpfvmzkd@
vG,u f El ikd af omfvnf; pmaya0zefa&;q&m jzpfvmzd@k rmS tawmfu h dk cufcv J o
S nf?
q&mu rmhupf 0f g'D pmaya0zefa&;q&m/ t&if;&Si0f g'D pmay a0zefa&;q&m
r[kw?f ya'o&mZf tusKd ;jyK pmaya0zefa&;o rm;vnf; r[kw?f tode;f toef;aom
v,form;/ vufvyk fvufpm;rsm;/ wk;d wufaom ynmwwf/ trsKd ;om; vkyif ef;&Sif
uav;rsm;ponfh tzdESdyfcHjynfolwkd@bufu &yfwnfckcHonfh a0zefa&;q&m?
zdEySd o
f El iS hf tzdEydS cf w
H @dk . wku d yf yJG dyuQwiG f tzdEydS cf b H ufrS &yfwnfo?l pmayw&yfudk
odyeH` nf;us cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmonfh a0zefa&;"mwfccJG ef;wGif wv$mjcif;/ wckjcif;/ wpdw f jf cif;
pdwfjzmcJo h l? xkd@ a=umifh olu rmhufpf0g'D a0zefa&;q&m?
pmaya0zefa&;ukd b,foabmw&m;ay:rSm pku d x
f rl nfenf;? oabmw&m;
tawG;tac:u trsKd ;rsKd ;/ a0zefa&;enf;uvnf; trsKd ;rsKd ;/ Armjynf vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif
vlwef;pm; ydyuQu }u;D rm;onf? aoG;pkyzf Ed ydS o f /l ppftyk pf Ek iS hf aoG;pkyjf c,fv, S rf u _ dk
cHae&onfh trsKd ;om; jynfov l x l ?k xko
d rkid ;f xkyd dyuQu awmif;qkv d u dk o
f nfh pmay
a0zefa&;aA'/ pmaya0zefa &; tawG;tac:u rmhuf pf0g'Drsm; ukdi fpGJo nfh
axmifhaygif;pHk a=umif;usKd ; qufpyfa0zefa&;(Contextual Criticism) jzpf onf?
tEkynmvuf&m. twGi;f bufEiS hf vuf&m. jyify&Sd vl@tzG@J tpnf;/ vlrp_ epf wk@d udk
tjyeftvSef qufpyf a0zefa&;jzpfonf? typftcwf/ tnpftywf/ tzspf
towfpmay/ xHx k idk ;f awG a0pmay/ azmufjyefonfh pmayrsm;twGuf taumif;qH;k
av#mzf w G o f e@pf ifpuf? q&m'*kefwm&mu pmaya0zefa&;omru yef;cs/D yef;yk/ *Dw
tEkynm&yf toD;oD;ukd qef;ppfa0zefr_rmS xif&Sm; ausm=f um; vSol? q&marmif
pGr;f &nfu pmaya0zefa&;uko d m aZmufcs jyKvyk cf o hJ ?l pmaya0zefa&; orm;/ a0zefa&;
ynm&Sif tjzpf xif&Sm;ausm=f um;ol?
r=umao;rD 2004 'DZifbm 13u e,l;a,muf+rKd @ Open Society Institute
wGif usif;yonfh e,fomvifb&k ifhpmay qkay;yGJokd@ oGm;a&mufcho J nf? e,fom
vifoH ;kH aumifppf0efc&dk m( Consulate General Cora Minderhoud ) u u|eaf wmfEh iS hf
ZeD;ZifZifukd qkay;yGJokd@ wufa&muf&ef zdw=f um; onf? uAsmq&m}uD; wifrd;k ukd
177
pmay,Ofaus;r_qk qkcsD;jrihyf ?GJ xkyd GJudk wufa&muf vmonfh {nfhonfawGxJu
tkdit f 0kd gwuUokdvf ( University of Iowa ) rS uAsmq&m 'gu kd fwm ( Christopher
Merril ) ESifh Ekid fiHwum ynma&;Xme( International Institute of Education ) rS (
Robert Queen )wk@d ESpO f ;D ESit
hf wl q&marmifprG ;f &nfEiS hf u|eaf wmfw@dk pum;vufqu kH s
jzpf=uonf? olw@dk EpS Of ;D u q&marmifprG ;f &nfudk pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&m/tjzpfEiS o hf m
od&dS aecJh =uonf? pmaya0zefa&;orm; qko d nfudk odcsirf o S rd nf? u|eaf wmfu q&m
armifpGr;f &nf. pmaya0zefa&;ESifh xufjrufpl;&Sonfh pmaya0zefa&;orm;wOD;
jzpfa=umif; &Si;f jy&onf? olw@dk EpS Of ;D u q&marmifprG ;f &nfudk =unfu h m &,f+yKH ; aeav
onf? pma&;q&mjzpfzkd@u vG,Of D;r,f a0zefa&;q&mjzpfzd@k u rvG,b f l;
payodyy`H nm&SifyJ pmay,mOfut dk aumif;qHk; armif;Ekid fatmif jyifqifay;&wJh
pmayodyy`H nm&Sif xkdod@k yif twnfjyKajymjzpf=uonf?
u|efawmfah cgif;xJwGif tawG;wck vif;vufoGm;onf? pmaya0zefa&;
odyyH` nm&Siq f /k ok@d r[kwf a0zefa&;pmayqk wDxiG af y;tyfcs;D jri jhf cif;rsKd ; rawG@ &ao;?
rnfo@kd qakd p ArmjynfpmayavmuESihf Armjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;twGuf tusKd ;aus;Zl;
txktxnf jyKcJo h nfh q&mha0zefa&;pmaytwGuf q&mhudk pmayae0ef;wqltjzpf
*k%jf yKOD;nGw+f y;D om;?
(5)
q&mu ref;wuUodv k u f dk 1956 wGif a&muf&o Sd nf? aemufwESpf 1957
wGif q&mwifr;dk u ref;wuUov dk u f dk a&mufvmcJo h nf? q&marmifpGr;f &nfEiS hf twl
1956 wESpfxJrmS ref;wuUodv k o f @dk a&mufvmcJ=h uolawGrSm q&m =unfatmif/
armifr;kd ol/ uom0if;u,f/ ukad v;armif/ nGe@f at;(tif;0) wk@d jzpfonf? xku d Asmq&m
pma&;q&m ig;OD;wd@k rmS q&m armifprG ;f &nfEiS hf wESpx f J ref;wuUov kd af &mufvmcJh rkH u
1937 wESpx f J arG;vmcJoh al wG? toufEpS fq,f vli,fawG?
rEav;wuUodv k fu olw@kd udk axG;ayG@}udKqkv d du
k fonf? 1953 uwnf;u
xGuaf y:vmcJah om rEav;wuUov dk f uavmif&iS f toif;uvnf; olw@dk uadk yG@zuf/
1950 rSm pwifarG;zGm;vmcJo h nfh wuUov dk f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~(wuo) ESifh
ausmif;om; wyfO;D uvnf; tv_duv f qJS ;kH }udKqdvk u kd f=uonf? wuUokv d qf w
kd mu
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh oD;jcm;&yfwnf cGJxGufaejcif; r[kwf? Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf
aoewforH sm;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/ +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf wqufwnf; jzpfaeonfh
178
 ausmif;om;v_yf &Sm;r_rsm; jzpfwnf&m wuUov kd ?f
'kwd,urBmppfu +yD;qHk;oGm;+yD? od@k ayrJh a'oqkdi&f m ppfyJrG sm;u usef&pf
aecJoh nf? e,fcs@J vuf0g;}u;D tkyf t&if;&Sirf sm;jzpf=u onfh +Aw d o d #/ jyifopf/ 'wfcsu
f
ta&S@awmiftm&S Ekdiif aH wGrS wjzKwfjzKwfxu G cf GmoGm;=uaomfvnf; e,fcsJ@ tar&d
uefu wpwp 0ifvmcJhonf? ,kd;',m;/ AD,uferf/ uk&d D;,m;/ zdvpfykdif/ rav;&Sm;
+yD;awmh Armjynf? Oyrm1957 =o*kwf 31 wGif e,fcsJ@+Adwdo# u rav;&Sm;ukd
vGwfvyfa&; ay;onf? ok@d aomf &mref( Rahman ) tpkd;&onf +Adwdo#ESifh tar&d
uef tvku d s vkdufemaqmif&u G f &onf? e,fcs@J +Adwo d #qifEcJ$ haJ om uGejf rLepf qef@
usifa&;/ trsdK;om;qef@usifa&;ppfyGJukd &mreftpkd;&u qufvufqifE$J&onf?
a'oqkid &f m ppfyw GJ ck jzpfvmcJo h nf?
Armjynfonf ta&S@awmiftm&S. a'owck? e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;u r+yD;
qHk;rDrmS bJ 'Dru dk a&pDESihf vGwv f yfa&;wkduyf rGJ sm; aoewforH sm;u v$rf;vmcJhonf?
ta&S@awmiftm&S. aoewfo/H Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfaoewfoEH Sifh +idrf;csrf;a&;
awmif;qkd [pfau;oHrsm;u rEav;wuUov kd f acgifrkd;od@k vma&muf kducf wfae
avonf?
rEav;wuo tr_aqmiftzG@J OuUrSm 0if;u,f (uom0if;u,f) 1957-
58 umv? twGi;f a&;rSL;u armifwifa&$ (rH&k Gmwifa&$-pma&;q&m/ trsdK;om; 'Drdk
ua&pD tzG@J csKyf A[kt d vkyt
f r_aqmif tzG@J 0if)/ 1958-59wGif twGi;f a&;rSL;u armif
omEk;d / wGb J uftwGi;f a&;rSL;u armifpGrf;&nf? xkdpOfu OuUrSm qk&d S,ferD S uko d m
vS(OD;omvS) jzpfonf? q&m armifpGr;f &nf touf ESpq f ,ft&G,f wuU okdv
af &mufp/ wuowGif pwifvy_ &f mS ;p Ekid if aH &;orm;b0ukd Tod@k awG@&onf? wuo
Hk;cef;ok@d t+rJa&mufwkdif; tr_duv f /SJ tr_u d faumuf/ aomufa&jznf?h wuoukd
cspfjrwfEd;k jcif;ESit
fh wl wuo. taptyg; tjzpfc, H lxm;cJo h nf? wuo vkyfief;
awGukd aqmif&Guf&if; wuo acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfvmcJhonf? ,cktcg kd;pif;
wufuaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif. kyyf kv H m$ ukd orkid f;xJwGif jyefvnf awG@&&Sd
avonf?
1958-59/ rEav;wuUov kd f ESpfvnfr*~Zif; aumfrwDudk zG@J pnf;pOf q&m
armifprG ;f &nfu twGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfvmcJo h nf? jrefrmpm t,f'w D mrSm armifoed ;f Edik f
(*k%x f l; OD;ode;f Ekid )f / t*Fvyd pf m t,f'w D mu q&m=unfatmif?
1959-60/ rEav;wuUokv d f uavmif&iS frsm;toif; zG@J pnf;pOf OuUu
179
0if;u,f? twGi;f a&;rSL;u armifprG ;f &nf/ wuUov dk f jyifywGiv f nf; pmayv_y&f mS ;r_u
&Sdaeonf? xkdv_y&f mS ;r_xw J Gif uavmifemrnf armifprG f;&nf/ armifvl'ifEiS fh uAsm
aqmif;yg;awG a&;ae+yD; wu,fu 1956 wuUodv k o f @dk a&mufvmpOfuyif rEav;
wuUodv k f ESpfvnfr*~Zif;wGif uAsm/ 0wKwkad wG a&;aecJ+h yD? wuo &eH@oif;aom
wuUodv k rf *~Zif;xJwiG f q&mhuavmifu arG;zGm;vmcJ/h }u;D jyif;vmcJo h nf? wuo
acgif;aqmif/ wyfOD;acgi;f aqmif jzpfcaJh omfvnf; EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif jzpfrvmcJh?
pmayv_y&f mS ;r_/ pmaya&;om;xkwv f yk rf u _ ydk J xufoefvmcJo h jzifh pmayacgi;f aqmif
om jzpfvmcJhonf? tpOftvmt& wuUodkvaf usmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm
trsKd ;om; Ekid if aH &; acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ uGejf rLepfygw/D qk&d , S v f pfygwaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;om
jzpfvmcJ=h uonf? =unfh ? ocifatmifqef;/ ocifA[de;f / ocifEk/ udAk aqG? 88wGif
rdk;oD;ZGet f xd? wuUov kd fausmif;xGuf 'kw, d wef;EkdifiaH &; acgif;aqmifawGvnf;
&Sdcho
J nf? q&marmifpGrf;&nfu ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_/ Ekdiif aH &;v_yf&mS ;r_xJrmS tm;
oefcahJ omfvnf; ol.Ekid if aH &;ukd aemufyidk ;f umvwGif pmayv_y&f mS ;r_wiG f azmfjycJah v
onf?
1956 wGif wuUokdvfa&mufvmonf? 1966 wGif 0dZmbG@J &onf? 1959
xd q&m0efavmif; aq;ausmif;om; jzpfcahJ o; onf? aemufawmh q&m0efjzpfa&;
vrf;a=umif;ay:rS v$JxGufcJhonf? wuUov kd fausmif;om; q,fESpfumvtwGif;
bGJ@vufrw S f &&Sad &;xuf wuo v_y&f mS ;r_ pmayv_yf&mS ;r_xw J Gif tav;teufjrKyf
ESx
H m;cJo h nf?
ausmif;om;b0rSmyJ vlxkowif;pm owif;axmufjzpfae+yD? 1958-62
txd vlxo k wif;axmuf? 1960-61 rSm ref;wuUov dk f uavmif&iS rf sm;toif;rSm
twGi;f a&;rSL;xyfjzpfjyefonf? wuUov dk af usmif;om; b0rSmyJ armfueG ;f r*~Zif;/ *vdpm
apmif/ acwf*sme,fpwJh 60 ckESpfywf0ef;usifrSm xkwfa0onfh rEav;r*~Zif;
pmapmifawGrmS / uAsm/ aqmif;yg;/ 0wKa&;aecJh onfrmS tawmf t&Sed &f ae+y?D 1964
rSm trsKd ;om; pmayuAsmqk &&Scd u Jh ykd =J unfh? 1964-68 rSm vlxkowif;pmxJrSm
pmayoHk;oyf csuf ( Book Review ) awG a&;aeyg+yD? xif&Sm;ausmf=um;onfh
pmaya0zefa&; ae0ef;eD}uD; jzpfvmzd@k tpysdK;jcif;jyKcJyh g+yD? touf 27 wGif pmayqk
&&Sdco Jh nfh xif&mS ;ausmf=um;p uAsmq&m jzpfae+y?D
(6)
180
 q&mu wuUov dk f y&0k%t f wGi;f rS xGuv f mcJph Of yxrwGif usL&Sif ausmif;
Y usL&Sifq&m? aemufawmh tpk;d & ynma&;0efxrf; ausmif;q&m? 1960rS 70
txd q,fEpS f rEav;wGif usifvnfco hJ nf? pD;yGm;a&;orm;/ }uD;yGm;a&;orm;awmh
r[kw?f xk@d aemuftajccHynma&;Xme oifd;k a&;qGJa&;tzGJ@0if? orkid ;f bmom&yf
oifd;k a&;qGJa&; tzGJ@0if? 1971 rS 2000 jynfhtxd 29 ESpf twGif; oifd;k a&;qGJol?
pm=unfw h udk rf LS ;/ pm=unfw h u dk w
f m0efc?H okawoe pmtkyx f w k af 0a&; aumfrwD0if?
xkEd pS of ;kH q,fumv(ESpf 30) ukd +rKd @awmf&dS ynma&;XmewGif jzwfoef;cJo h nf? ynma&;
e,fy,f avmuxJwGif (39) ESpf=um jzwfoef;cJhol? q&m}uD;aZmf*sD/ q&m}uD;
rif;ok0%fw@dk uo hJ @dk tpkd;&0efxrf;/ ynma&;avmu ynma&;0efxrf;?
wu,fu vlxyk nma&;rSL;vkyif ef;ukd vufawGvyk u f idk cf o
hJ nfh vlxyk nm
a&;rSL;/ orkdif;bmom&yf oifkd;a&;qGJuwnf;u wkdufyGJjzifhp=u&onf? tkyfpkd;
oltjrifEiS hf a&;rSmvm;? "rR"d mefusonfh vlxt k jrifEiS hf a&;qGrJ wS w f rf; wifrmS vm;?
wzufwGif acsmufurBm;}uD;u &Sdae+yD;om;? q&mu xkdwkdufyGJxJu ynma&;
rSL;jzpfvmcJo h ?l orkdi;f &So d l? orkid ;f odol ynma&;rSL;?
q&mhkyfyv Hk m$ u ynma&;avmuESifh pmaytEkynmavmu/ avmu
ESpcf u k dk wv$mwnf;jzpfatmif aygif;pyfxm;avonf? wu,fuvnf; xkd avmu
ESpcf ok nf wqufwnf; wpyfwnf; qufpyfrDw S ,G af eonf?
pmaytEky nmavmuwG if rE av; txuf wef; ausmif ;om;b0/
ausmif;om;or*~pmapmifwiG f pwifa&;om;cJo h nfu h mv 1953 rS ,ae@umv 2005
txdEpS af ygi;f ig;q,fEh pS Ef pS (f 52ESp)f wkid f ke;f uefjzwfoef;cJo h nf? ,ckvnf; jzwfoef;qJ?
pmayavmuxJwGif uAsmq&m/ t,f'w D m/ pmtkyfxkwfa0ol/ pmayorkdif;ESihf
pmaytEkynm&yfudk okawoejyKpko/l pmwrf;rsm; jyKpko/l uav; uAsm a&;zGo J nfh
uAsmq&m/ bmomjyef pma&;q&m/ tufaq;/ uAsm/ 0wKwdk qka&G;cs,f a&;tzGJ@
tpnf; toD;oD;wGif =oZmwuUrd }u;D ol/ pmayynm&Sipf ojzifh tcef;cef;wGif yg0ifco hJ l
jzpfonf?
q&marmifprG ;f &nf. pmayv_y&f mS ;r_/ xkwaf 0jzef@csrd _ t&yf&yfonf tm;us
p&m/ tm;&p&maumif;onf? ol. aqmif&u G f }uKd ;yrf;r_/ v_y&f mS ;r_u }u;D rm;cJoh nf?
txufArmjynf pma&;q&mrsm; pmayv_y&f mS ;r_ro S nf trsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH ESihf ouf

181

qkid o
f nfh pmayv_y&f mS ;r_onf 'Dru
dk a&pDa&;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;qDo@dk pD;qif;cJo
h nf? Armpmay
zG@H +zdK;a&;/ pmaytEkynm &Sio f ef zGH@+zKd ;a&;qDo@kd OD;wnf&if; 'Drdu k a&pDa&;wGif pkpnf;
aygi;f qHkonfh 88 rwkdirf Du xkdvy_ f&Sm;r_rsm;onf 88 &mZ0ifa&;ajymif;vJr_ ta&;
awmfy}Hk uD;wGif oGm;a&mufqkq H nf;cJh=uonf?
xdt
k a&;awmfy}Hk uD;wGif tajccHynm0efxrf;rsm;or*~/ urm&Gw+f rdK@e,f
pma&;q&mrsm;or*~wGif or*~tzGJ@0if/ xkdor*~rsm;ESifh zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhonfh
oydwfaumfrwDwGif aumfrwD0iftjzpf yg0ifvmcJhonf? zufqpftm%m&Sifpepf
qef@usiaf &;/ zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGuf pma&;q&m ynm&Sirf sm;. vufrw S rf sm;ukd pkpnf;
aumufc&H if; qef@usio f /l oydwaf rSmuform;/ 'Dru dk a&pDw&m; a[m=um; jzef@jzL;ol?
wkduyf 0GJ ifvmcJhol? wu,fu 1959 ausmif;om;or*~tzGJ@0if/ wuUokdvf wuo
acgiaf qmif/ wyfO;D acgi;f aqmifb0onf 88 ta&;awmfyx kH rJ S ta&;awmfykH wyfom;/
zufqpfppftm%m&Sif pepfqef@usifa&;wkdufyJ0G if oydwfom;b0ESifh wqufwnf;
jzpfonf? tu,fIrsm; 88ta&;awmfyw kH yfom; jzpfrvmcJyh gu q&mh kyyf v kH m$ onf
orkid ;f wjcrf;yJh jzpfaevdrrhf nf? ,ckawmh jynfph o kH nfh kyyf vkH m$ jzpfomG ;+yD?
xdk@a=umifh zufqpfppftkyfpku q&mhuavmifukd kdufcsdK;vkdufonf?
'Dru dk a&pD w&m;a[monfh E_wu f kd ydwv f u dk o
f nf? Armjynf tusO;f axmifwu dk x
f rJ mS
E_wq f w
d /f uavmifyw d cf cH @J &mrS jynfyurBmok@d a&mufvmonfEiS w hf +yKd ief uf uavmif
wHcg;/ E_ww f Hcg;wd@k onf [if;vif;yGio fh Gm;onf? jynfyurBma&muf 'Dru kd a&pDa&;
v_y&f mS ;r_cE<mtdr}f u;D xJwiG f vGwv f yfa&;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;/ zufqpf tm%m&Sipf epf qef@
usif a&; q&mhpmayv_y&f mS ;r_onf aoG;a=umwacsmif; jzpfvmcJo h nf? xk@d jyif olonf
awmf vSeaf &;wyfO;D . a&S@wef;ppfrsuEf mS wGif &J@0ef@cn hH m;pGm &yfum wku d yf 0JG ifaeonfh
pmayacgi;f aqmif}u;D ?
(7)
u|efawmf 'DvkdpOf;pm;rdw,fq&m&J@ uAsm&GwfqkdyGJ wyGJavmufvkyf
csiw
f ,fzk@d w0de;f rSm vkycf siw
f ,f zk@d w0f ef;+rKd @u uAsm0goem&Sif vli,fawGvnf;
yg0if&atmif zdk@wf0de;f rSmyJ vkyfcsiwf ,f aemuftpDtpOfwckuawmh wdwfacG
wacGpm pkaygi;f uAsm&Gwfqdck sifw,f? b,fhE, S hfvJq&m trSwfw&jzpfatmif
q&myg uAsm&Gwfqd&k vdrfhr,f
u|eaf wmfarmif;aeonfh um;u trSwf 80-90 ta0;ajy;um;vrf;ray:wGif
w&dy&f dyf ajy;aeqJ? &moDOwk tajctae od&&Sd atmif zGix fh m;aom a&'D,kdukd
182
ydwvf u dk o
f nf? a&S@wl u l dk pku
d af i;=unfu h m wckck pOf;pm;awG;awmaeaom q&mhudk
pum;pvku d of nf? q&mu ukd,u f kd wcsufvy_ f a&$@vkdufonf?
aumif;wmayghAsm tJ'DtpDtpOfukd vkyfjzpfatmif vkypf rf;yg ukdpkd;csed f
wckawmh &Sw d ,f? ukw d ifr;dk ukd yg &Gwcf idk ;f &r,fAs odvm; wu,fu h dk trSww f &
jzpfomG ;rSm
b,faomtcgrSmrS ol@oli,fcsif;ukd arhroGm;/ oli,fcsif;jzpfol q&m
OD;wifrdk;ukd oHa,mZOf}uD;jcif;ESiht f wl 'kuQay;aeaom aq;vdyfukd wpGJwvef;
aomufaeoludk tpdk;&drf}uD;aom q&m?
pdwcf syg q&m&,f q&mhabmf'g}uD; rygvd@k rjzpfygb;l apmapmu
q&mOD;wifrd;k emrnf xnfhrajymvku d frdvk@d yg q&m +y;D awmh tnm"avh
tnmtaiG@toufygwhJ zufqpfpepfatmufu vlrb _ 0ukd zG@J E@JG whJ uAsmrsKd ;awGudk
&Gwfcsif w,fq&m u|efawmfajymcsifwmu awmifay:ajrjyef@ jrpf0u|e;f ay:pwJh
a'oawGu vlxkawG&@J b0eJ@ t&yfa'o taiG@touf awG a&m,SufzJEG J@G xm;wJh
uAsmrsdK;awGayghq&m q&m&J@ tnmaus;vuf tzGJ@tEG@J awGrsdK;aygh
q&mhukd vSrf;=unfhawmh +yHK;&dyo f ef;aeaom q&mhukd awG@&onf? q&mh
Zmwdu tnmaus;vufa'o? rEav;wkdi;f / jrif;+cH ckdi/f uefqif&h Gmonf q&mh
Zmwd&mG ? rlvwef;ausmif;tkyq f &m OD;ode;f az/ trda':wif=unfw@dk u ol@udk arG;zGm;
onf?
q&mharG;ouU&mZfrmS 1937 azazmf0g&D 17 &uf? q&mhudk rarG;zGm;rD 1934
wGif 'kd@Arm tpnf;tHk; yxrqH;k aom nDvmcHudk a&eHacsmif;rSm usi;f yonf? xkdnD
vmcHwGif q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif; ocifbGJ@ukd cH,lonf? uavmiftrnf
armifprG f;&nf/ armifvl'if/ vlxkarmif+yHK;/ OD;0if;az(ynma&;wuUodv k f pm=unfh
wkdurf SL;) jzpfvmawmhrnfh armif0if;azonf trsdK;om; vGwaf jrmufa&;/ e,fcsJ@
qef@usif a&; orkid ;f umvxJwiG f arG;zGm;}u;D jyif;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? armif0if;azarG;zGm;onfh
1937 azazmf0g&D 17 &uf tvGef {+yD 1 &ufae@rmS Armjynfudk tdE, dN tifyidk , f mxJuae
+Adwod # e,fcs@J u cGx J kwf/ 'kid ftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ukd zsuo f drf;/ 91 Xme tkycf sKyfa&;ukd
ay;cJoh nf?
xdt
k yk cf sKyaf &;pepfudk rvkv d m;onfh Armvlx}k u;D u {+yv D rwkid rf u D wnf;u
pwifqef@usif v_yf&Sm;ae=u+yD? armif0if;azudk arG;zGm;onfh azazmf0g&v D xJrSmyJ
ArmEkdiif HvHk;qkid f&m 'kd@Armtpnf;tH;k tr_aqmiftzGJ@u qHk;jzwfcsufcscho J nf? 91
183
Xmetkycf sKyaf &;ukd qef@usio f nfth aejzifh 'k@d ArmawG pdwrf ausreyf/ pdwrf csr;f omaom
txdr;f trSwt f jzpfjzifh tvky&f yfp&J ef/ tvHw0ufx&l ef w&m;yGrJ sm; usi;f y&ef qH;k jzwf
=uonf? &efuek +f rKd @vnf vrf;rrsm;ay:wGiv f nf; vlxw k u dk yf rJG sm; pvmcJo h nfh umv/
e,fcs@J pepf ysupf ;D ygap91 Xmetkycf sKyaf &; kyo f rd ;f avmh vGwv f yfpmG a[majym
=uavmhtkyfcsKyfa&;vufcHol aoG;pkyfaumif}uD;rsm; z,f&Sm;=uavmh? xkdau;
a=umfoHrsm; ykdpwmrsm;u vlxkwkdufyGJxJwGif v$rf;um [def;aeonfh umv/
armifprG ;f &nfjzpfvmrnfh armif0if;azonf xk&d mZ0if trSwt f om;rsm; orkid ;f oifcef;
pmrsm;u ol@uadk rG;zGm;pOf uyfnyd gvmcJo h nf?
1938-39 (1300) jynfh ta&;awmfyHkumv}uD;wGif armif0if;azu
wESpo f m;/ tcgvnfom;/ 1939 =o*kwv f wGif uGejf rLepf ygwu D dk xlaxmifvu kd pf Of
ocifatmifqef;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL ;/ 1942 wGif zufqpf*syefacwf
a&mufvm? 1945 rwfvwGif zufqpfawmfvSeaf &; p+yD? xkdpOfu q&m 8 ESpo f m;?
&SpEf pS o
f m; uk;d ESpo
f m;rSmyJ e*g;eDtoif;u xkwaf 0onfh pmtkyrf sm; wtky+f y;D
wtkyf zwfaecJ+h y?D pl;prf;aecJ+h y?D Oyrm-vDeif/ xk@d jyif wkwu f eG jf rLepfygw/D OuUarmf.
'Dru dk a&pDopf? ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwx D w
k f jynfo@l tm%m/ tvHeu D eG jf rLepfygwx D wk f
*sme,f/ 1946 rSm pwifxw k fa0cJhonfh vlxk*sme,fawG/ bk0H g'/ aAmfv*grS **Fgok@d
ponfh vuf0pJ mayawGudk avhvmoif,al e+y?D vl@tzG@J tpnf;awGukd avhvm oif,l
ae+y?D vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESihf pmayukd pwifprf;oyfjcif;jzpfonf?
zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;t+y;D wGif trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; pdw"f mwfawG
u ykI d yifjrifw h ufvmcJo h nf? ppf+y;D umv aus;vufa'o&Sd v,form;rsm;/ v,ful
vD/ ypPnf;rJhtvkyform;rsm;rSm olw@dk b0udk vGwaf jrmufaponfh uGefjrLepf0g'ukd
,H=k unf ESpcf sKd u=f uonf? xkpd Ofuwnf;u OD;ode;f azuk, d w f ikd uf 'k@d Armtpnf;tH;k 0if
ocifode;f az/ +yD;awmh ausmif;q&m/ tdrfajcESpf&m ausmf&do S nfh uefqifhaus;&Gm
ol}u;D rif;? rdcifa':wif=unfbufrmS armifbmG ; tpfudk OD;}u;D awGu jynfo@l &J abmf
awG/ Armjynf uGef jrLepfygw0D ifawG/ yDuif;jyef Akv d x f eG ;f +ird ;f ESihf oHr%darmifarmifw@dk u
rdcifa':wif=unf. aqGrsKd ;awG?
Tokd@tm;jzifh e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &; v_y&f Sm;kef;uefr_ESihf wkdufyJrG sm;xJwiG f
armif0if;azu }uD;jyif;vmol? armif0if;az. uav;b0wjzpfvJu vli,fb0/
wuUov fkd fausmif;om;b0wGif trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ESihf wqufwnf;jzpfaom
'Dru dk a& pDa&;/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;u ay:vmonf? xku d mv? ausmif;om;b0
184
wGif rmhufpf0g'/ tdef*s,f/ vDeif/ pwmvif/ armf tawG;tac:wkd@ukd armif0if;az
avhvmaecJ+h y?D aemufawmh rmhupf 0f g'ukd ESpo f uf,=kH unfol armifprG ;f &nf jzpfvmcJh
onf? pmayb0/ vlrb _ 0? xkyd wf0ef;usiu f xkud o hJ @dk yif zefqif;jymef;vku d =f uonf?
u|efawmf q&mhywf0ef;usifukd avhvm&if; [kdwcsuf 'Dwcsuf qufpyfum
aumufa=umif;qGJ=unfah erdonf?
uJukdp;dk csed af & tm&ftufzaf t ukw d ifatmifcidk hq f u D zkef;0ifvm+yD
vrf;ab;rSm um;&yfay;ygOD;Asm w,fvzD kef; wD;vH;k toHukd =um;vkdu&f onf?
um;ukd vrf;ab;wGif xk;d &yfvdu k o f nf? zdk@wf0de;f wGif y'krRmpm=unfhwkdufu }uD;rSL;
usi;f yaom 84 }urd af jrmuf trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG e@ ,ae@ 2004 'DZifbm 4 &ufae@rmS yJ
usif;yrSm jzpfonf? xkt d crf;tem;twGuf q&mhudk yifzh dwfac:vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?
toGm;tjyef q,fem&Dc&D;?
toHvi$ ahf qmif;yg;ukd zwf=um;&eftwGuf um;&yfay;vku d &f onf? Armjynf
xJwiG f zufqpf trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG e@EiS t hf wl b,fEidk if aH &;ae@urkd S vlxt k pnf;ta0;
usi;f ycGirhf ay;cJ?h tjywfyw d yf if zdEydS x
f m;onf? xdv k x l tk wGuf jynfyYtwk;d cs usi;f
y=u& onf? q&mu ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f . trsKd ;om;atmifyaJG e@EiS hf oufqidk o f nfh
r[mav;csdK;}uD;ukd &Gwzf wftoHoGif;onf? vrf;wzufrSmu acsmuf? acsmufEw _ f
crf;wGif &yfxm;aomum;ukd yGw&f yS jf zwfomG ;aeaom um;awG. toHawGu um;xJ
pdr0fh ifvmonf? q&mu xku d m; toHrsm;ukd v$rf;atmif yDoatmif toHjriu fh m
&Gwzf wfonf? u|eaf wmfu q&mhtwGuf pm&Guaf wGudk tpDtpOftwkid ;f ukid x f m;um
toifjh yifay;&onf? trsdK;om;atmifyJaG e@ukd &Sif;vku d f/ r[mav;csdK;ukd &Gwfvkduf/
v_dufv_duv f SJvSJ q&mh uAsm&GwfoHu &ifacgif;oH ygvmonf? uAsmudk b0ESifh
em;axmif/ &ifjzifh em;axmifc&hJ m cE<muk, d af oG;awG ylaEG;qla0vmonf? u|efawmfh
vkdyJ ArmjynfolawG/ 'Drkdua&pDEiS fh vGwfvyfr_udk iwfwD;rGwo f dyfoal wG aoG;awG
qla0vm=uvdrrhf nf?
2003 rwfv 16 &uf wHwm;eDae@- zkd@wf0ed f;+rdK@ tcrf;tem;wGif q&mESifh
u|efawmf uAsmtwl&Gwcf o Jh nf? xkdpOfu ukd,fwdik af &; uAsm&Snaf wGukd ukd,w f ikd f
&Gwq f dk oDz@JG =ujcif;jzpfonf? vlxw k u dk yf /JG ausmif;om;wku d yf x
JG u
J ausmif;om;vlxk
aoG;v$r;f kyyf v kH m$ awG/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_awGudk zG@J qx dk m;onfh
uAsmawGjzpfonf?
q&mhuAsm&Snfukd tm&ftufzfat toHv$ifhXmeu q&m&Gwfqkdonfh
185
twkid ;f yif toHvi$ chf o
hJ nf? 2004 =o*kwfv 8 &ufwiG f usa&mufco hJ nfh &Spaf v;vH;k
ta&;awmfyk}H uD; 16 ESpfjynfhtcrf;tem;wGif q&mu uAsm&Snw f yk'fudk oDuHk;
&Gwfqkdjyefonf? awGa0 +idrfoufaeaom aoG;O/ aoG;uvmyfpnf;awGukd Ekd;x
wufuvmaponfh uAsm/ awmfveS fa&;oewfou H dk zGJ@aom uAsm? &ifukd v_di;f x
apum b0wckvHk;ukd ajymif;ypfvkdpdwaf wG arG;zGm;vmaponfhuAsm? &Spfav;vHk;
t"dmefuAsm&Snu f dk &Gwqf adk omtcg vlxak wGrmS em;axmif +ird of uf=u? od@k aomf
jrefqefjyif;jyaom ESv;kH aoG;ckeo f u
H dk =um;vkdu&f onf?
ppfAv kd fu/ ppfAv
dk t f vkyfukd rvkyf
"m;jyAdv k v
f kyo
f rkd@ jzKwfcs
jynfoluwif; jynfolu jiif;vsuEf iS hf
twif;zuf/ twif;zsu/f twif;&ufpuf
twif;wuf+y;D ppfrif;quf wnfaxmif
ppfr;D awGavmifv@dk ?
awmck+d yD;/ aoewfukd ukid fEikd f&if ukdio f mukid f
rudkiEf idk f&if vrf;ay:xGufrvm;
vrf;ay:xGuf+yD; toufpGe@f Edik &f if pGe@f
rpGe@f Edik f rpGe@f &&J if vrf;xJrxGuf
v#Kd @0u
S fpnf;vH;k / tdrw f Gi;f ykef; awmfveS fvd@k &wmyJ?
awmfveS af &;tp
'k@d tdrf 'k@d tcef; 'kd@vrf;rSmyJ pvkduf=upk@d
'kd@awm 'kd@awmif 'k@d acsmifuyJ p=upkd@?
zkd@wf0ed f;+rdK@ tm;upm;Hk; cef;r}u;D xJwGif q&mhuAsm&GwfoHu yJw h ifu kd f
cwfaeonf? Armjynfxo J @dk yJw
h ifou
H 0ifa&mufomG ;um v_id ;f wHy;dk xaeayvdrrhf nf?
xdkuAsmrsm;uJo h d@k awmfveS fpmay/ jynfol@pmayonf a&'D,dk toHv_dif;
xJwiG f =um;=u&onf? pmrsuEf mS rsm;ay:wGif zwfc_ pH m;=u&onf? ESpif g;q,fausmf
avhvmcJ/h pkrw S o
f akd vSmifcahJ om OD;aESmufueG yf sLwm/ tonf;ESv;kH bmwku d rf S ,ck
tcg xkwv f yk fco hJ nfh pmaywk@d onf r&yfrem; xGuv f mcJo
h nf? tzdEdyS cf H vlr_b0ESihf
a&mpyfxm;onfh pmay?
186
 q&mu tarSmifacwf&J@ vrf;jyrSL;? tarSmifacwfxJu pmayae0ef;eD/
jrifjh rwfonfh jynfo@l uAsmq&m? 2003 zd@k w0f ed ;f +rKd @ rdom;pkueG jf rLewDo}ueF t f zG@J u
q&mOD;wifrdk;tygt0if q&marmifpGrf;&nfwkd@ukd oHcsyfxkd;avonf? tqkdif
vifav#mufwhJ q&m}uD;awG wkdi;f jynfrsuEf Sm jyef=unfhygOD; tar&d uefwiG f
ekid if aH &;cdv
k cH_ iG hf &&Scd o
hJ nfudk oa&mfcsKd ;zJjh cif;jzpfonf? q&mwk@d udk csKd ;zJah yrJh jrifjh rwfonfh
jynfo@l uAsmq&mukd ku d cf sKd ;Ir&? &efou l zk@d w0f ed ;f oHcsyzf @JG EiS hf twlwuG vufwu JG m
xkdokd@yif csdK;zJ@cJhzl;onf? r& ? q&mu }uD;jrwfonfh jynfol@uAsmq&m/
pma&;q&mb0u wqHjcnfr# av#mhyg;roGm;? ol@yk fyv Hk $mukd olqufvuf xkqpf
aeqJ? jc,foqJ?

armifpkd; csde f
orkdif;jzwfoef;jcif;xJu kyfyHkv$mpmtkyfrS?
Zefe0g&D 2/ 2005?

187
 tpfukd ukd0if;az(armifprf;&nf) touf 80 jynfh
ar;ae@okd@ uefa wmhyef; pmvm
(1)
2017 azazmf0g&D 17 &ufae@[m tpfu(kd ukd0if;az/ i0uf armifpr;f &nf - uAsmq
&m/ pmaya0zefa&;q&m) touf 80 jynfh r*Fvm tcgor, ae@x;l ae@jrwf jzpfyg
w,f?
tpfud@k ukd taz OD;odef;azeJ@ tar a':wif=unfwkd@u jrif;+cHckdif/ jrif;+cH
+rKd @e,fxu J jrif;+c+H rKd @e@J aus;vuftac: 3 wkid (f 6 rkid )f tum/ +rKd @&@J ta&S@vufrmS &Sw d hJ
uHqifhawmif&mvkd@ ac:wJh &mi,fav;w&mrSm ar;zm;cJhwmyg? tcktcsdef jyef
vSn=fh unfhvkdufawmh tazhbufrmS a&m/ tarhbufrSmyg tpfukdeJ@ oufwl&,w f l
aqrsKd ;&if;csm&,fv@dk wa,mufwavr# toufxif&mS ; r&S&d mS =uawmhygb;l ? a=uuJ
pdwx f cd u
dk pf &myg? tpfuw dk OD;wnf;om ZeD;onfa&m om;orD; ajr;pHv k ifpm / rdwaf q
taygi;f toif;pHpk m eJ@ tar&duef/ e,l; a,mufrmS rdr0d goemyg&m uAsm/ pmayrsm;
a&;om;jyKpk/ uavmifvufeuf pJukdif&if; ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd wkdufyJ0if&if;
usef;use;f rmrm aexkid fvsuf&Sdaew,fvkd@ =um;odae&ygw,f? ukov kd fxl;ol w
a,mu fjzpfw,fvkd@ qkd&rSmyg? 'ga=umifh tpfukd@ touf 80 jynfh/ ae@x;l ae@jrwf
r*Fvmtcgor,rSm tpfukd/ ZeD;- om;orD; ajr;rsm;eJ@twl touf&mausmw f ikd f
usef;use;f rmrm &SEd ikd fygapa=umif; ta0;a&muf nDi,fwa,muftaeeJ@ qkawmif;
yxemjyK&if; 'Daqmif;yg;ukd a&;vku d yf g w,f?
(2)
tpfudk ukd0if;az[m azazOD;odef;az/ tra':wif=unf(u|efawmfw@kd u
tarukd trvkd@ac:ygw,f?) wkd@&J@ wtlwq
Hk if; ar;csif; 12 a,mufteufrS pwkw
188
om;&wemyg? tpfu@kd udk rar;cif tara':wif=unfu armifom"k/ armifud}k uD;eJ@
rrd;k qdw
k hJ ueaf wmfw@dk nDi,f/ ESri,faw rjrifb;l vku d w
f hJ om;orD;&wem 3 OD; ar;zm;
cJhygao;w,f? ('D 3 a,muf }uD;pOfi,fvdu k f [kwfr[kwf rrSwfrad wmhyg/ tar
a':wif=unf toufxif&Sm; &SdpOf ajymjyxm;wJh ukd,f rjrifbl;vkdufwJh tpfukd
tpfrawtjzpf rSwfom;xm;wJh trnfawom jzpfygw,f?) tJ'D 3 a,muf tzwf
rwifbJ pwkwa jrmufar;vmwJh tpfudk uk0d if;azukd ueaf wmf rjrifb;l vku d w
f hJ tbk;d
OD;bk;d xD(azazh taz) u r,fwif=unf - nnf; t&ifuav;awvnf; wa,mufrS
tzwfrwifbl;/ 'ga=umifh r,fa&$oifhrmS vnf; vuf&ESd @kd pk@d uav;&Sad ew,f/ nnf;
om;eJ@ rwdr;f r,drf;yJ? ol@udk Ek@d wu dk far;ckid ;f vku
d yf gvkd@ qdo
k wJ?h tar a':wif=unf
[m a&S@rmS vnf; wa,mufrS tzwfrwifwmeJ@ tpfu@kd udk rr,foifh qD Ek@d wu dk af r;zk@d
ay;xm;cJ&h wmvk@d odc&hJ ygw,f? 'Dvedk @J tpfu@dk i,femrnfuv dk nf; aus;vufawrmS
uav;tzwfrwif&if ay;avh&w Sd Jh twkdif; i0ufvk@d trnf ay;cJhwm jzpf[efwl
ygw,f? 'ge@J tpfuadk tmufu qufwu dk af r;vmwJh orD;ukv d nf; azazeJ@ trwd@k u
rdac;vkd@ ay;cJhyHk&ygw,f? uefawmfwkd@ac:wmuawmh taX;wJh? wu,f
emrnfuawmh cifaX;&D raX;&Dyg? tJ'Daemuf qrajrmuf orD;&wemukad wmh
uav;&Srd eS ;f awmif rod&atmif at;vkd@ rat;vk@d trnfay;cJyh gowJ?h tckawmh
tpfukd@&J@ 'DESr 2 a,muf/ uefawmfwdk@&J@ 'Dtpfr}uD; 2 a,mufpvHk;vnf;
u,fvefukef=uyg+yD? tJ'Drat;/ uefawmfwkd@ tac: rrat; atmufrSm
om;a,musmf ;av;wOD; tara':wif=unfu ar;cJjh yefygw,f? Akv d af tmifqef;vd@k
ac:ygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acwfpm;aewJh umvrSm ar;cJyh &Hk ygw,f? (aocsm
rar;jref;cJhb;l ay;r,fh jzpfEdik yf gw,f/ tazhnDawu Ekdiif Ha&;orm;awyg)? olvnf;
i,fi,f&, f&,f qHk;yg; om;yHk&ygw,f? uefawmfhtaeeJ@ ukd,fhtxufu tpfudk
tpfrtjzpf pm&if;rSm rSwfom;xm;wmavmufyJ &Sdygw,f? tJ'DaemufrSm
orD;&wemwOD; xe;f um; cJjh yefygw,f? wifoed ;f =unfvk@d ac:ygw,f? tazeJ@ tar
emrnf 2 ckaygi;f pyfxm;wJh trnfav;yJ? ueaf wmf wk@d u t=unfvk@d ac:wmyg?
olvnf; touf 50 ywf0ef;usirf mS qH;k yg;om;cJ&h mS w,f vk@d qydk gw,f? ueaf wmfu
1978 ckESpf aESmif;ykdif;avmufuwnf;u vufeufuikd f awmfveS fa&;orm;tjzpf
rdom;pkeJ@ ccJ mom;cJhol jzpfaeawmh rdom;pkudpaP w pHkpkv H ifvif rodEkdifawmhygb;l ?
ol@e@J ueaf wmfe@J u qufwdu k yf g? uefawmfu ol@atmufrmS ol@armifav; tjzpf
189
ar;vmolyg? trnfu ausmaf qyg? 'Demrnf ay;cJo h ul txufrmS a&;cJw h hJ tpfudk
uk0d if;az (i0uf) ygw?hJ acwfysurf mS awm}uKd tH=k um; a&mufvmwJh ky&f iS f a=umfjim
w&ufukd tpfukdaw@ owJh? tJ'DrSm kyf&Sifrif;om; ausmfaqeJ@ausmfazwkd@u
&Sr;f abmif;bD teufaw0wfxm;+y;D "m;ckwaf ewJh yHak waw@&awmh oabm usowJ?h
ky&f iS v
f nf; =unfch siw
f hJ qENjzpfaerd+y;D 'Dtrnfawudk pJvrf;aerdowJ?h tJ'w D ek ;f u
aqrsdK;xJrSm uefawmfeJ@ rD;0ifr;D xuf rD;zm;xm;ol om;a,musfm;av; wa,muf
uvnf; &Sdaeyg+y?D 'geJ@ tJ'D 2 a,mufukd ausmfaqe@J ausmaf zvk@d emrnf ay;vku d fyg
owJ?h 'gayrJh uefawmfwd@k taz&J@nD Ekdiif aH &;orm;awu ocifp;kd ukd av;pm;ol
awjzpf=uawmh ausmaf zukd ausmfp;kd vdk@ ajymif;ypfygw,f? 'ge@J ausmaf qe@J ausmaf z
jzpfrvmbJ/ ausmaf qe@J ausmpf ;dk jzpfom ;cJyh gw,f? Armxk;H pHrmS ae@oifeh o H ifh trnfay;
w,fqdak yr,fh ueaf wmfwk@d rdom;pktwi;f rSm tJ't D pOftvm ody&f ySd rHk &ygb;l ?
uefawmhfatmufu ESri,fuawmh jrjroef;wJh? tJ'Demrnfuawmh *syefacwfrSm
azazu tr_wckeJ@ axmifusowJh/ 'geJ@ a&S@aeiSm;awmh tJ'DrSm qufpyfay;wJh
vl&J@ZeD;u jrjroef;wJh? tJ'gukd owdw&tjzpfe@J jrjroef;vdk@ arG;vmwJh orD;ukd
emrnfay;vku d w
f mygw?hJ jrjroef;atmufrmS ar;vmwJh ueaf wmfw@dk nDav;uawmh
vSxef;atmifwJh? oltoufr&Snfygbl;? i,fi,fav;rSmyJ qHk;yg;om;cJh&Smw,f?
tJ'DatmufrSm ESrti,fqHk; wa,muf&Sdygw,f? jrwfrefwJh? kyf&Sifrif;orD;
tu,f'rDjrwfref acwfpm;csed f ar;vkd@ ay;vkduw f Jh trnfyg? 'gayrJh aemifrmS awmh
ol@trnfa&S@rmS cifwvH;k wk;d vm+y;D cifjrwfre f jzpfaeygw,f? ac:awmh jrwfre yf J
ac:wmygyJ? 'ga=umifh txufrSm ajymovkd ae@oifheo H ifh tpOftvm r[kwb f J
acwfpm;aewmawukd xif[yfay;vkdufwmaw jzpfaewmukd aw@&ygw,f?
jyefaw;awmh ae@oifheo H ifjh zpfatmif jrwfrefukd wevFmorD;rdk@ cifqkdwmav;
jznfv h ukd fovm;vk@d tck jyefaw;rdygw,f? tJ'g ueaf wmfwk@d taz OD;odef;azeJ@
tara':wif=unfwdk@u ar;vku d fwJh tpfudk armifpr f;&nfeJ@ wtlwkq H if; nDtpfukd
armifESr 12 a,muf trnf pm&if;ygyJ? wenf;qkd&if tazOD;odef;azeJ@ tar
a':wif=unfwd@k wnfaqmufcJhwJh rdom;pk taqmufttHk}uD;vk@d qk&d rSmaygh?
tck toufxif&mS ; use&f pfoq l v kd @dk tpfudk uk0d if;az/ ueaf wmf ausmaf q/
ESr jrjroef;/ jrwfref - 'D(4) a,mufyJ useyf gw,f? tpfukdu tar&duef e,l;
a,mufrSm? uefawmfu wkwfjynf a&$vDrSm? ESrav;ESpfa,mufuvnf;
190
wa,mufu jrif;+crH mS / wa,mufu &efuek rf mS wJ?h wa,mufwurBmpD jcm;aeqJyg?
'gayrJh acwf}u;D u urBm&h m acwfr[kwv f m;? owif;aw uawmh =um;ae odae&
wmaygh?
tarukd ueaf wmfwk@d t}uD;awu trvk@d ac:ayr,fh/ tck useaf ewJh
ti,fqHk; orD;ESpaf ,mufu tarac:ygw,f? azazu uefawmfw@kd i,fi,f
uwnf;u u,v f e of m ;cJwh myg? 'Dawmh tdru f pd aP wa&m/ awmifov l yk if ef;udpaP wyg
olwOD;wnf; OD;pD;ae&wmyg? 'ga=umifh ueaf wmfwd@k wcgwav tvkyt f m;aewJh
tcsed rf mS treJ@ rdom;pk =unf=unfE;l El; pum;pjrnfajym=u&if; tru ol@q;kH om;wJh
om;orD;awta=umif; wrf;wrf;ww ajymwwfw,f? tJ'v D dk ajym&if; trar;wm
rsm;vkdufwm 12 a,mufawmifrSaemfvdk@ ajym&if [J-h [Jh-r[kwfwm/ rvkyfyge@J /
tJ a vmuf r rsm; ygbl ; vk d @ txd w f w vef @ ajymwwf y gw,f ? tJ ' D a wmh r S
uefawmfwkd@u [if-tpfryJ ajymxm;wmav/ 'DrSm a&=unfhr,favqdk+yD;/
olajymxm;wJh emrnfawudk tpOfvu dk f a&wujf yrS olu &Supf Ek;d &,fygw,f? tck
wkid f;wyg;rSm wukd,fwnf; aexkdifae&if; wcgwav tm;vyfaeawmh i,fpOf
awmifaus; uav;b0u tjzpftysuaf wG [kdaw;'Daw; aw;&if; trta=umif;
a&mufom ;&if tJ'gav;ukd jyefowd&wwfygw,f?
tJ'gav;eJ@ wqufwnf; tarvlxka':trmajymwJh 'kdArmjynfu
trsKd ;orD;awu uk, d chf ifye ;f twuf om;orD;aw trsm;}u;D ar;ay;w,f/ tJ'ge@J wif
tm;r&ao;bl;/ rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;twuf cifyef;vkyfpmeJ@ ravmufi&ifvnf;
wzuf wvrf;u xGuf+yD;0ifai&Sm/ om;orD;awudk vkyaf u;ao;w,f/ odyfowWd
aumif;wmvkd@ qkw d hJ oabmrsKd ; a&;cJw h mukd om;owd&rd wwfw,f? wu,fyJ
trvnf; 'Dvydk gy?J azazu (ueaf wmfw@dk u tazukd azazac:ygw,f?) u ueaf wmf
wkd@ i,fi,f/ ol@touf 40 ausmrf Sm qHk;om;cJhwmqdak wmh tpfru rkqd;k rtjzpfeJ@
om;orD;awudk vlvm;ajrmufatmif ke;f uef au;ar;cJ&h mS wmyg? ckawmh aqGrsKd ;awGe@J
cG+J y;D wkid ;f wyg;rSm aeae&awmh tdru f v
dk r ;f wkid ;f uk, d w
f idk f tpfreJ@twl &mrSm ausmif;
tm;&uf ausmif;ydw&f ufawrmS armifErS waw ke;f uefvy_ &f m;cJ&h wmawudk owd&
aerdw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; tpfu}kd u;D tzt&mtpfr}u;D trdt&m qdw k hJ
pum;twkid ;f tpfuedk @J tpfrawu wm0efauspm tckaemufq;kH txd ueaf wmft h ay:
apmifh a&Smuf cJh/ apmifha&Smufaer_awukd owd& aw;rdwdik ;f tpfuw dk k@d ZeD;armifEHeS J@
191
u,fveo f m;wJh rdbESpyf g;eJ@twl taX;/ rrat;eJ@ t=unfw@dk udk pdwef J@tmHkjyK
uefawmhaerdygw,f?
tpfu@kd touf 80 jynfah r;ae@udk tmHjk yK&if; uk, d w f idk v
f nf; 70 em;eD;vmyg
ayghvm;vkd@ owdxm;ae&if;uae tpfrukd ueaf wmfh ar;ouU&mZfukd ar;&if olu
rif;u ausmpf d;k eJ@ rD;0ifr;D xuaf r;wmvk@d yaJ jymwwfwmukd owd&rdygw,f? 'Dvydk J
jrjroef; ar;ouU&mZfar;&ifvnf; olu vSped w f @kd tvSLae@ ar;wmvk@d ajzwwf+y;D
rrat; ar;ouU&mZfukdawmh ukdboif qHk;wJhae@/ bkdauaomif; tdrfa&muf
vmwJhae@vk@d ajzwmyg? 'g[m aus;awmol tarwa,mufu ol@om;orD;aw&J@
ar;ae@rw
S ef nf;jzpfw,f? 'gav;awG[m tr&J@ om;orD;ar;ae@ tv,w f ul rSwef nf;
av; awtjzpf tpfrtwuf trSwfw&av;awtjzpf pdwt f mHrk mS t+rJvef;qef;
vwfqwfaeqJygy?J uefawmfwd@k tdrrf Sm Zmwmpepfqw dk mrsKd ; pepfwus r&Sdygb;l ?
azazu ausmif;q&mqkad wmh 'kid , f m&Da&;avh&v dS @dk ol@'idk , f m&DawxJ a&;rSwcf w hJ mrd@k
tJ'DxJrSmom twdtus &Sdwmyg? 'DvkdeJ@ uefawmfwkd@waw ausmif;aeawmh
tJ'Dar;ouU&mZfudk ukd,b fh mom rSw/f o,faqmifc=Jh uwmygy?J
(3)
i,fpOfb0awudk jyefaw;=unfah wmh tpfuedk @J twlae&wm tveef nf;vS
w,fvd@k qk&d rSmygyJ? tpfuked @J rrat;wdk@u tdrfeJ@cJ+yD; +rdK@om; ausmif;wufae&ol
awud;k ? taX;uawmh tdrrf Sm azazeJ@ trwd@k e@J twl awmifol vkyfief;awvkyfzd@k
usecf ohJ q l akd wmh taX;eJ@ twl i,fpOfb0 ae&wmu ykrd sm;w,fv@dk qd&k rSmayg?h i,f
b0awe@J ywfoufv@dk ausmif;ydw&f uf tpfudk tdrjf yef a&mufawmh azazu tpfu@dk udk
atmufoufausatmif a&xrf;ckdif;vkd@ tpfru ol@om;ausmif;om;}uD;ukd
a&xrf;cdkif;&rvm;qdk+yD; rsuf&nfpufvuf jzpfaewJh tpfrukd tpfukdta=umif;
pOf;pm;&if; pdwt f mHrk mS jyefay:vmw,f?
wcgaEausmif;ydw&f ufrmS o&ufo;D cwfom;=uwmukv d nf; rSwrf dw,f?
vlrsm;rsm; rygb;l ? azaz&,f/ tpfu&dk ,f/ ukv d 0S idk ;f (taX;cifye ;f ukv
d 0S if;) &,f/ uef
awmf &,f 4 a,mufy?J tpfrt+rJ &wq f akd vh&w
dS hJ a&'ek ;f o&uf wjynfv;kH rufqdw k hJ
o&ufyifrSmaygh? ukdvS0ikd f;u o&ufoD;wufcwf&if; ukdif;usdK;uswm/ tpfukdu
ukv
d 0S ikd ;f usvm&if zrf;zk@q d +kd y;D atmufuae [efwjyifjyif vkyaf ewm? ukv d 0S idk ;f uvnf;
192
xef;orm;om;vnf;jzpf/ oufvuf zswv f wfolvnf;jzpfawmh ukid ;f usKd ;usayr,fh
atmufusrvmbl;? usefwJho&ufukdif;wckukd vSrf;qJckdxm;vkdufw,f? tJvkd
r[kw&f ifawmh atmufus&if toufaysmuf+yaD ygh? opfyifay:rSm ukdv0S ikd f;u wJ
avsmif; &Sad eawmhrS tpfuu dk rif;usvmvnf; igu zrf;xm;rvd@k jyifaewmvd@k ajym
awmhrS azazvnf; &,farmEkid af wmhw,f? tJ'o D x J w
d f&ifzkd jzpf&yfudv k nf; rarhb;l ?
tpfuu dk wuUov dk af usmif;om;}u;D jzpfom ;awmh wuUov dk f t&ef wyf&if;
rSm ppfa&;avhusifhcJh&vkd@ tckeftysHaw tavhtusifh&vmwmukd;? tJ'Dawmh
&mjyefvmvkd@ nDtpfudk o&ufawmaw xef;awmawbufxu vf @kd &mab; ajymif;
jymacsmif;xJa&mufwmeJ@ urf;yg;,Hawu ckefcsjy/ ajy;wufjyeJ@ uefawmhukd
owW&d daS tmifvdk@qd+k yD; avhusiafh y;wmaw owd&aeqJyg?
aemufxyf uefawmf rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0aygh? tpfudk&J@rdwfaq
ukdwifarmife@J twl olwdk@Zmwd e*g;aygufqkw d Jh &mukd om;vnfawmh uefawmfhukd
vnf; ac:om;wmayg?h 'gayrJh ueaf wmfu tdref @J rczJ ;l olqadk wmh 3-4 &ufavmufae
awmh tdrfvrf;+yD; ikdikdaevdk@ tpfudkeJ@ udkwifarmifvnf; =um=umrae&awmhbJ
jyefvmcJ&h w,f? tpfuu dk rif;awmh aemufac:vd@k rjzpfygb;l qd+k y;D ajymcJh ao;w,f?
tJ'vD vdk dk i,fi,fuwnf;u tdru f dk vr;f wwfow l a,muf[m tckawmh wkid ;f wyg;
rSm uk,
d , hf =kH unfcsut f wuf tvr;f awudk &ifrmS odr;f qnf;&if; qufvuf wku d yf 0J if
aeqJ? tvr;f awudk ArmAD' , D dk Zmwfum;awudk =unf&h if; vr;f p&m &S&d ifvr ;f vku d /f
rsu&f nfusp&m&S&d if usvu dk ef @J nDtpfuakd rmifErS aw wa,mufwae&m wajrpDjcm;
ae&wJ h ta=umif;&if; jzpfwJ h wkd if; jynfuk d jynf w if; ppf tw if; w ef; yk d@cJhw Jh
azmufjyefa&;orm; zqyv vuf,mqkd&S,fvpf*% kd f;/ jynfwi f;ppfudk oufqkd;
&Snaf pwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf/ ppftpk;d t&/ ppftyk fp*k % dk ;f awjzpf=uwJh rqv/ e0w/
etzwk@d tay: emusn;f a'gojzpfra_ wudk tiftm;tjzpf ajymif;&if; vr;f p&m awe@J
ajzae&awmh wmygy?J
tJ'v D dk tvr;f aw=um;uyJ ESr ti,fq;kH av; jrwfre if ,fi,fu yH&k yd w f ckudk
jyefowd&rdjyefw,f? tpfudek @J jrwfre u f touf 20 avmufum=uwm? tpfuu kd
wuUodv k af usmif;ydwfvdk@ tdrfjyefa&mufvmwJh wESpf/ tdrfay:rSm t*Fvdypf maw
pdwxf u J zwfekH @J tm;r&awmh toHxu zf wfrwd muk;d ? ab;rSm &Sad ewJh jrwfre af v;
u tdraf y:/ tpfuadk b;em;u qif;vm+yD; tarh tpfuu dk tdraf y:rSm qJae w,f
193
qdk+yD;vmwkdifw,fav? ckawmh jrwfrefuvnf; ajr;aweJ@jzpfae+yD? tpfukd@ESr
tJ'gjyefajymjy&if w[m;[m; &,faerSmukd jrifa,mifaerdao;w,f?
tpfukdu uefawmfwkd@wawtm;vHk;ukd ynmwwfawjzpfvmatmif
twwfEkdifqHk; }udK;pm;ay;cJhwJh jzpf&yfawukdvnf; jyefowd&rdw,f? rrat;eJ@
ukdv0S ikd f;u twef;wl? olwdk@ESpfa,muf pwkww ef; twlatmif=uwm? 'Dawmh
aEausmif;ydwrf Sm tpfuu kd t*Fvdyfpm oifay;cJw h m? ESpfa,mufpvH;k ynmxl;cef
olawyg? ukv d 0S ikd ;f u pwkww ef;paumvm;&Spf &ol? 'gayrJh aemufyidk ;f azazu vnf;
r&Sad wmh ueaf wmfw@dk trd u f vnf; ol@udk rulnED idk jf zpf+y;D ynmwykid ;f wpjzpfom ;&wm?
rrat;uawmh wuUokdvf0ifwef;a&mufawmh tpfukdu rEav;ac:om;+yD;
yu
J ek ;f tvwyf nmoifausmif;rSm xm;ay;awmh wuUov dk 0f ifwef;ESpcf si;f atmifchJ
wm? tJ'g azaz qH;k wJhESpyf J? 'ga=umifh rrat; wuUokdvfqufwufa&; tcufjzpf
om;&&Smw,f? wzufrSm tpfuu kd vnf; wuUov kd w
f ufaewm ausmif; r+yD;ao;/
azazvnf; r&SdawmhwmeJ@ rrat;u rdom;pk uoDvifw rjzpfatmif rlvwef;
q&mrav;xuv f kyf&mS ygw,f? tJ'Dvdv k yk f/ 0ifai&mS +yD; tpfrukd ulnDch&J &Smwm?
armife@J nDrav;awudk xde;f ausmif;&if; wuUov dk w f ufaewJh tpfu@dk uv dk nf; wzuf
wvrf;u jyefun l aD y;cJ&h &Smwmyg?
'Dta=umif;aw aw;ae a&;ae&if;u azazu,v f e w f ek ;f u tjzpftysuf
wcsdK@jyefowd&vmw,f? azazu ol@wkd@nDtpfukd armifESrawu wa,mufrS
toufr&SnfbJ olyJusecf w Jh mqdkawmh oltpfr/ ol@n&D J@ om;orD;awukd odyfcspf
&Smwmuk;d ? ol@aqrsKd ; &if;csm qkv d @kd uvnf; 'D 3 a,muf/ uku d (dk xe;f az)/ rrat;oef;/
r=u, (f cifpef;=u, f) wk@d yJ &Sw d mav? azaz a&m*gtjyif; txefjzpfvmawmh rjzpf
awmhbl;qdk+yD; awmifom&Sd rrat;oef;(rat;oef;) eJ@ r=u,fwkd@ukd vlv$wf
ac:vku d af wmh a&mufvmw,f? a&mufa&mufcsi;f azazaewJh tdrf bufu0dk ifom ;+y;D
bborD;wd@k a&mufvm+yq D +dk y;D E_wqf ufawmh rsupf d zi=hf unf&h mS w,f? tajctae
raumif;rSe;f odv@kd rrat;oef;eJ@ r=u,fwd@k nDtpfr ol@cw k ifab; xkdifuefawmh
vkd@vnf;+yD;a&m azaz[m toufxuf/ u,fvefom;cJhw,f? 'Djzpf&yf[m
ueaf wmfhtmHkrmS b,fvdrk S arhazsmufypfvkd@r&bl;? ol@wrl av; ESpfa,mufukd
azaz[m oHa,mZOf}uD;vSygvm;? ol@wlrav;aw ra&mufrcsif; toufatmifh
xm;+y;D / ol@wrl av;awudk aemufq;kH jrifaw@ E_wq f uf+y;D rS ccJ m om;yg uvm;vk@d vl
194
om; wa,muf&J@ oHa,mZOfaESmif}udK;qdw k mukd qifjcifrdvmw,f?
wqufxJ a&;ae&if;uae rrat; jyefajymjywmawudk owd&vmw,f?
tpfudk EkdifijH cm;rxurf Dw&uf? &ifom;uifqm ukae&&SmwJh rrat;em; wae@vk;H
vmjyKpkapmifha&Smuf+y;D / aemufae@rS tpfukd Ekid fiHjcm;xuo f m ;+yD; jyefvmawmhrSm
r[kwaf wmhb;l qdw k m odawmh w_wf w _ if v
kd udk &f wmwJ?h wu,fyJ tckawmh ol@crsm
tpfuedk @J jyefrqHEk idk &f mS bJ xm0& co J m ;&&Sm+yu D ;dk qd+k y;D a&;ae&if; ueaf wmf rsu&f nf
vnfrdw,f? olaemufqk;H rusef;rmrm jzpf+y;D rEav;rSm aq;ukae&w,f qkad wmh
ueaf wmf r=umr=um zke;f qufjzpf w,f? olu rif; aeaumif;atmifae/ rrat;
rif;qDvmcJrh ,f vk@d wzz ajymae&Smwm? 'Dvkd ajymae&if;u rrat; qHk;om;+yD
qkwd hJ w,fvzD ek ;f 0ifvmawmh ikd u kH vv J @dk bmrS rwwfEidk yf gb;l tpfu?dk rrat; rqH;k rD
wcgqkjH zpfw,f? uefawmf awmckdom ;+yDqkdawmh tpfru rrat; qDa&mufvm+yD;
nDtpfrwaw armifESrcsi;f jyefqaHk wmhrmS r[kwfvd@k ik=d uowJ?h 'Dawmh tpfru
nnf;wd@k rikdeJ@? ighom;u aumif;wJu h dpPom ;vkyw f m/ nnf;wdk@ rsuf&nfu tyl?
ighom;xdcdkufw,fvkd@ ajymowJh? tJ'aD emufom;armifausmfaq ab;roD&ef
rcygapeJ@vk@d t+rw J rf; qkawmif;aewmvk@d ajymjyygw,f? rdcifrsm;&J@ om;orD;tay:
xm;wJah rwWmoHa,mZOfudk yked m; vnf yk+d y;D aE;ax;r_udk cHpm;rdygw,f? ykad =uu&J w,f?
tpfudu k uAsmq&mhtaz/ uAsmq&mhtar qkw d Jh pmtkyfuav;rSm
tr[m om;a,mufsm;av;aweJ@ tusdK;ray;&Smbl;qdkwmrsdK; a&;cJhwmukd
jyefowd&w,f? [kwyf gw,f? ar;vmwJh tpfr&J@om;trsm;pk[m ar;cJ&h ayr,fh tzwf
rwif&mS bl;? touf &Sifcw Jh hJ tpfud@k udv k nf; uk, d w f ikd af y@ydu
k f rdcifE@kd csKdwu
kd f rar;cJh
&&Smbl;? touf&iS v f mjyefawmh &mrSm ausmif;r&Sdv@kd ausmif;&S&d m aqrsKd ;aw qDy@kd
xm;+yD; ynmoifay;cJ&h vkd@ cJaecJ&h wm? 'ga=umifh tpfuykd ifpif,+l yD;aemuf tpfud@k
tdrfrSm tcsdef umvwck ac:xm;+yD; tpfrukd jyKpkapmifah &Smufxm;awmh tpfru
om;&,f taru rif;ukd i,fi,fwek ;f uvnf; &ifci rf mS ay@yu dk f jyKpak pmifh a&SmufchJ
&wm r[kwb f ;l ? ckryS J twlae&wm/ igo h m;ukd ay@yu dk yf g&apOD;qk+d y;D yifpifpm;om;ukd
ay@zuferf;_wfw,f qkw d mukd zwf&awmh ridkdbJ raeEkid b f ;l tpfud?k
uefawmfu tr(tarh)&ifcifxu J xufvm+yD; 'Drdu k a&pDa&;twuf
wkdufyJ 0ifaeol? trcrsm uefawmfhukdawmh rdcifEkd@csdKwkduf au;Ekdifayr,fh
vlvm;ajrmufatmif tv,w f ul ar;cJ&h wm r[kwb f ;l ? usew f o hJ m;awvdk touf
195
qHk; yg; rom;&atmif tpfr[m ol@ toufeJ@xyfar;cJh&&Smwmyg? uefawmf
av;bufwm ;t&,rf mS ausmufayguyf gowJ?h tvejf yif;xefygw,f? acwfuvnf;
acwf ysuyf g? jynfwi ;f ppfumvtpyg? rdom;pktm;vH;k &mrSm aevk@d rjzpfv@kd awmxJ
a&Smifae&wmwJ?h tJ'w D ek ;f u ausmufa&m*gqw kd m uyfab;wckr@dk tm;vH;k u pk;d &dryf g
w,f? 'ge@J userf o d m;pk0ifawyg ul;pufrukeaf tmif tr[m rdom;pkwckv;kH eJ@ccJ m +y;D
ueaf wmfw@dk rdom;pk aexkdi&f m wku d uf dk om;trd jyefvmowJ?h wku d xf rJ mS tr[m
uefawmfu h dk ay@yduk f+y;D ol@ukd ul;pufrmS vnf; enf;enf;rS rpkd;&drb f J ol@toufe@J vJ
jyKpk&wmwJh? ausmufa&m*gu jyif;xefve f;awmh r=unfh&ufEikd fawmhvd@k tpfr[m
iSufaysm&uaf y: ueaf wmfu h dk wifxm;+y;D bmukrd S pk;d &draf =umuf&@H / &&H SmraeawmhbJ
&if;ao;om;&wemav;&J@ cE<muk, d af y:u jynfw&&J jJ zpfaewJh ausmufzak v;awudk
ol@v#meJ@ vsuaf y;aeowJ?h 'Duyfa&m*gudk ukEidk w f ahJ q; r&Swd ahJ cwfrmS rdcifarwWm
qkwd hJ obm0aq;pr;f a=umifh touf&iS cf &hJ ygw,f? av;bufajy;aewJh ueaf wmf[m
ausmufayguf vkduw f ma=umifh csnefh J@om;+yD; av;bufrajy;EkdifwhJ b0 jyefa&muf
om;owJ?h pum; ajymawmhvnf; tpfraw=um; }u;D jyif;cJw h mrk@d rde;f uav;awajym
ovkd a[mawmf-a[mfawmfvk@d yJ ajymaeawmhwmyJw?Jh tpfukd a&;cJw h Jh om;
a,mufsm;av;aweJ@ tusdK;ray;&Smbl;qkdwmuae aw;rdvu kd fwmyg?
'gayrJ h ajzomwmav;wckawmh& Sdygw,f? u|efawmf txufwef;
ausmif;om; b0u tr rEav;aq;Hk}uD;rSm cGpJ dwfrw _ ckvkyfawmh aoG;vkdawmh
u|eaf wmfah oG;uvnf; (bD) tpfr&J@aoG;uvnf; (bD) rk@d om;eJ@tar aoG;csi;f wlv@dk
u|efawmfaoG;vSLcJ&h wJh aumif;r_uav;eJ@ trukd owd&wkid ;f ajzrdygw,f?
azazuvnf ; apmapm u , f v e f o m ;&? om;orD ; aw u k d v nf ;
ynma&;a=umifh cx J m;&? uk, d wf idk u
f awmh cifye ;f onf acgi;f csc&hJ m &mutdru f av;
rSmyJ olwwfEikd w f mav;aw wukwu f wk v f yk &f if; om;orD;awukd wwfEdik for# t
axmuftuljyKEkid fzkd@ tr[m woufvk;H }udK;pm;aexkdio f m;cJh&mS w,f? uefawmf
awmrckrd (D usL&Siq f &mvkyaf ecsed )f ueaf wmfw@dk qD wcgwcg a&mufa&muf vmwwf
w,f? ueaf wmfq h rD mS orD;ti,fq;kH 2 a,mufa&m/ ol@tcspq f ;kH ajr;OD; 2 a,ufa&m
twlae=uwmyg? a&mufvmwkid ;f aemufwae@ reufapmapmx tdraf b;u aps;rSm
0,fcsi&f maw 0,fvm+y;D csujf yKwfau;wmygyJ? ae@cif; ol@orD;awvpfwmeJ@ uef
awmfeh m; uyfvm+yD; zuferf;&Smwmygy?J tckawmh 'DrmS &Jabmfaw/ rdwaf q rdom;pk
196
awe@J twlae&if; tarvkyo f al wu om;awukd ykdcspfwwf+y;D / tazvkyf olawu
orD;awudk ykcd spw f wfw,fqw kd hJ obm0ukd aw@aejrifae&awmhrS tpfr&J@ om;aw
tay:xm;wJh rdcifarwWmukd ykdem;vnf vmrdw,f ykdeufeufeJeJ cHpm;rd vmw,f
tpfu?kd
tpfu@kd touf 80 jynfhar;ae@twuf uefawmhyef;qifzdk@ tmHkjyKae&if;
uae ueaf wmfwd@k &J@ u,fveo f m;&Sm+yDjzpf=uwJh arG;ozcif/ ar;ordcif aus;Zl&iS f
taztareJ@ tpfrrsm;jzpf=uwJh taX;/ rrat;eJ@ t=unfwkd@uv kd nf; tmHkjyKaerd
w,f? olwd@k udv k nf; wygwnf; tmHjk yKuefawmhryd gw,f? olw@kd ukd,fpm; tpfuykd J
om"kac:ay;ygawmh tpfu?kd
wcgrSmawmh taX;orD;av;eJ@ qHkjzpfawmh olu OD;0ufu tdrfrSm
0dik ;f usL&Sif zix
hf m;ay;wm? 'ga=umifh orD;wk@d armifErS waw q,fwef;atmifwmvk@d
ajymjyvk@d nDaw/ ESrawudk jyKpyk sKd ;axmifchJ rkH u wlawwrl awuydk g qufvuf jyKpyk sKd ;
axmifay;Ekid cf w hJ m od&vk@d 0rf;omrdw,f? tpfu@dk udk aus;Zl;wifrw d ,f? wqufwnf;
olu OD;0ufu wjcm;0kid ;f usL&Siaf wu jyefvm&ifvnf; tdrf bufvn S 0hf ifwwfw,f
OD;av;aq? tdraf &S@a&muf&if OD;0ufu taX;a&vk@d toHay;vku d w f meJ@ taru
vnf; tpfudkav;a&vkd@ xuf}udKvkdufwm? tdrfay:a&mufwmeJ@ armifESrESpf
a,muf pm;p&Sw d m w,af wmhwmyJvk@d tm;&yg;& ajymjyzl;w,f? tJ'g rdpd;k ajymjy
wmyg? taX;u tpm;taomuf 0goemygoq l adk wmh tpfuw kd @kd armifErS pm;aomuf
0kdif;ukd t=um;eJ@udyk J ta0;uae oa& usaerdw,f?
tpfuu dk ausmif;ydwf&if &mjyefvmwwf+yD; olzwfxm;wJh pmtkyfaw
tm;vHk;jyefo,fvmwwfwmukdvnf; owd&aerdw,f? 'ghtjyif oluAsma&;vkd@
pmrl&Sit f jzpf &xm;wJh aiwm&Dr*~Zif;wdk@/ _r0 r*~Zif;pwmawygw,f? rEWav;
wuUodv k f ESpfvnf r*~Zif;aw vnf; tpfud, k v l mvk@d aw@zl;jrifz;l zwfz;l vmw,f?
wkwjf ynfu xkww f hJ vuf0g;avmuf&w dS hJ t*Fvyd b f momeJ@ xkwaf 0wJh kyjf y pmtkyf
av;awvnf; ygw,f? tJ'pD mtkyaf v;awuv dk nf; pmrsuEf mS tvku d f ueaf wmfw@dk
zwf&atmif tpfukdu Armvkd jyefa&; ay;xm;w,f? wkwfaus;vuf yHkjyifpmtkyf
awygovkd vlxkwdu k x f kwf vlxOk D;vS&J@ wkid f;&if;om;yHkjyifpmtkyfaw/ tnmaus;
vufyjHk yif/ ausmif;uefteD;u yHjk yifpojzifh pmtkyfrsKd ;pHkvw S ,f? uefawmf tv,f
wef;ausmif;om;b0rSm 'Dpmtkyaf wudk pwif zwf&if; pmzwfwhJ tavhtusihaf w
197
&vmw,fv@dk ajym&if rrSm;bl;? owdt&qH;k awuawmh vlxOk ;D vS&@J yHjk yifpmtkyaf w
zwf&wm/ wkwfaus;vuf yHkjyifxJu tmzefxD; yHkjyifrsm;ukd zwf&wm trSwf
rdqk;H ygy?J (tmzefxD;yHjk yif[m Armjynfu ay:OD;yHkjyifv[ kd mrsdK;awyg)? wuUokv d f
ESpfvnfr*~Zif;rsm;ukd zwf&if; r*~Zif;rSmyg0ifwhJ ref;wuUov dk &f @J ausmif;om; or*~
"mwfyrkH Sww f rf;/ ref;wuUov kd f uavmif&iS o f if; "mwfykpH wJh ref;wuUov dk f ausmif;
om;v_y&f mS ;r_"mwfyaHk wudk tm;usaerdwmygy?J 'D"mwfyakH wxu J wcsKd @u tdrx f &H
ay:rSm tdrw f ikd af w ay:rSm cswd q
f x
J m;wmrk@d ae@pOfe@J tr# ref;wuUov dk u
f dk &if;ESD;ae
wm/ wuUov kd fqkw
d mukd tdyfruf rufcJh&wmyg? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; tpfudu k
ausmif;ydw&f if ol@taygi;f oif; rdwfaqawudyk g tvnftywf ac:vmawmh wuU
okdvaf usmif;om;}uD;awukd teD;uyf aw@jrif &if;ES;D ci&fh vmwm? tm;uswmaw
jzpf&ygw,f?
uefawmf txufwef;ausmif;om;jzpfawmh &mrSm aevkd@ rjzpfawmhvd@k
jrif;+c+H rKd @ay: ajymif;a&@ pmoif&ygw,f? uk0d if;az (armifpr ;f &nf) &J@ nDtjzpfe@J rdwaf q
awwkd;vmygw,f? 'Dvedk J@ (uAsmq&m udkav;armif-uku d kd;u|ef;tmZmenf) &J@
nDjzpfwJh uefawmfwkd@tac: ZH}uD; (nDaprif;)eJ@ pwif&if;ESD;cJhw,f? aemufESpf
e0rwef;a&mufawmh tpfuu dk rrat;wke;f uvkyd J ueaf wmfu h dk rEav; ac:ygw,f?
aejynfawmf tvwfynm txufwef;ausmif;rSm xm;ay;ygw,f? uefawmfu h dk
ykdrsufpdyi fh em;yifh tjrifus,fvmapygw,f? txl;ojzifh uAsmq&m}uD;wifrd;k eJ@
*k%x f ;l ode;f Ekid w
f @kd e@J pmoif=um;ci&hf cJo h vkd &if;ES;D civ
hf nf; &cJyh gw,f? txufArmEdik if H
pma&;q&m toif;&J@ taemuf usKH ;vrf;/ "rRArd mefrmS usi;f yjyKvkyw f hJ pmqdak wmfae@
tcrf;tem;rsm;eJ@ ESppf Of xdaw@ci &hf vmygw,f? 'Dvedk @J txuf ArmEkid if H pma&;q&m
toif;rS pma&;q&m uAsmq&mwcsdK@ukdvnf; eD;eD;uyfjrifaw@ci fh&vmygw,f?
armifprf;&nf&J@ nDtjzpf OD;av; vlxkOD;vSeJ@ a':a':vlxk a':trmwkd@eJ@vnf;
&if;ESD;cifh&ygw,f? tJ'De0rwef; wufaewJh ESpfrSmyJ tpfudkarmifprf;&nftdrfukd
ukdzd;k oHacsmif; wacgufa&mufvmwm aw@vu kd fzl;ygw,f? &if;ESD;cifh r}uHKygb;l ? 'g
'kw, d t}urd f aw@jrifvu dk jf cif;ygy?J yxrt}urd f uawmh ueaf wmf trwef; ausmif;
om;b0? uefawmfwkd@+cHxuf pyspfoD;rsm;ukd rEav;vma&mif;wJh tacgufrSm
tpfudu k uefawmfu h dk olaecJzh ;l wJh ref;wuUodv k f a&jynfat;aqmifudk vkdufjy&if;
a&jynfat;aqmif&@J tv,fu =uufawmif upm;ui;f rSm =uufawmifupm;aewJh
198
ukzd ;dk oHudk vufnKd ;xk;d jywmyg? ueaf wmfu
h dk jrifz;l w,f&adS tmifjywJo
h abmyg? 'Dvedk @J
tpfukdudpk rf;&nf&@J awmom;nDi,f[m wpwp vlra_ &;e,fy,f us,fjyef@vm
w,fvd@k qd&k awmhrSmygyJ?
e0rwef;([ku d pf ul;zkid ef ,f-wef;jrifah usmif;xGupf mar;yG)J atmif+y;D wuU
odkv0f ifwef; (tajccHynmtxufwef;) ukd aejynfawmfausmif;rSmyJ qufvuf
wufa&muf ynmoif,yl gw,f? tpfud@k tdrfrmS yJ qufvufaexkid f ynmoif,lcJh
wmyg? 'DumvawrmS tpfuw kd @kd ZeD;armifEHS pdw'f u k aQ &mufatmif vkyaf qmifrcd hw J hJ
ueaf wmf&@J qk;d or;f rku d rf rJ a_ wudk ra&;vk@d rjzpfygb;l ? uk, d t hf pfurdk S tpfuv
dk @dk xif+y;D
tpfukd@ZeD;ukd tpfrwa,mufvkd oabmrxm;bJ *spfwpfwpfvkyaf ewJh awmom;
vlrvdrrf m ueaf wmfv h yk &f yfawtwuf tcktcg ta0;uae vuftyk cf su D efawmh&if;
civ
fh wfygv@kd yJ awmif;yefyg&apawmh? tpfuw dk @kd ZeD;armifESHuawmh ueaf wmfu
b,fvydk J jzpfaeae tpfu}dk uD; tzae&muae ueaf wmfw@dk ynmoif=um;Ekdiaf &;ukd
enf;rsKd ;pHek @J ajz&Si;f ay;cJwh ,f? rr+yKH ;uvnf; tpfudk vkyo f r# tqifajyatmif vku d f
avsm ay;cJw h ,f? cifye ;f onfudk nDtpfudk armifErS awtay: wm0efauswhJ tpfu}dk u;D
wa,mufjzpfatmif tpfudv k yk o f r#ukd jznfhqnf; ay;cJw h t hJ wuf tcktcg tvef
aus;Zl;wifrad eygw,f? tpfu&dk @J tdraf xmifzufaumif; ZeD;onfaumif; trsKd ;orD;
tjzpf av;pm; *k%, f al erdygw,f?
ueaf wmf wuUodv k af &mufawmhvnf; wuUov kd uf oli,fcsi;f q&maw
xHtxd tpfuu kd vku d v f H tyfEaHS y;cJwh ,f? q&mawuvnf; oli,fcsi;f &J@ nDtjzpf
apmifah &Smufay;cJ=h uygw,f? wuUov kd af emufq;kH ESpf pmar;yu J sawmhvnf; pdwyf suf
tm;i,f rom;apbJ ausmif;wuf&if; wzufu jrefrmpm *k%x f ;l OD;ode;f Ekid f usL&Sirf mS
pmppftvkyu f v dk yk &f if; 0ifaitenf;yg;&atmif vkyaf y;+yD; ausmif;wufapygw,f?
'DDvkdeJ@ jrefrmpmeJ@ ykdrkdxdaw@cifh&vmcJh+yD; wuUokdvfausmif;qif;awmh usL&Sif
q&mjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'g[m uefawmfb h 0xJu bufwzufyg?
tjcm;bufwzufuawmh wkd;wufwJh awmfvSew f pJh mayawe@J ykdrdkxdaw@
cifh&vmw,f? tpfudkwkd@ q&mwifr;kd wkd@aemufu wqufwnf;ay:aygufvmwJh
jrif;+cHom; uAsmnDaemifjzpfwJh armifvS0if;(jrif;+cH)/ armifvrl eSd (f jrif;+cH) wkd@tpkeJ@yg
ukdausmfZHvrS Swqifh qufpyfrdvm+yD; jrif;+cH&J@ rmhufpf0g'avhvma&;tkypf ktjzpf
199
wpwp jzpfwnfvmw,f? aemifrSm 69 uef;q,fta&;tcif;rSm tzrf;cH&wJh
pufr_wuUokdvfausmif ;om; ukdwif0if;/ ref;wuUok dvf&lyaA'ausmif;om;
ukdaomif;wif/ aemifrSm jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygwD A[kpd nf;Hk;a&; aumfrwD0ifjzpfwJh
usL&Sifq&m udck ifarmifat;/ 4828 tz@0J iftjzpf usqk;H om;wJh ukdaomif;xe;f /
awmckzd @dk a&Smif&if;wdr;f &if; usq;kH om;wJh ud&k jJ rifw h @dk [m ueaf wmfw@dk rmhupf 0f g' avh
vma&; tpk&@J tzJ@0ifawyJ?
1970 ckESpx f JrSm OD;atmifol tif;pdefaxmifu vwfvmw,f? rEWav;
a&mufvm+yD; wnrSm ukdausmZf HvSu uk0d if;aznD tjzpf rdwfqufay;vkd@ a&S@ucsD
wufaewJh awmfvSeaf &;rsKd ;qufeJ@ uefawmfpwif qufpyfrdvmw,f? tJ'aD emuf
oleJ@tr_wJ OD;jroif/ tJ'daemuf a':jrifhjrif(h tck Armjynf uejf rLepfygwD tz@J 0if)
wk@d e@J vnf; armifpr;f &nf&J@ nDtjzpf pwifrw d q
f ufay;=uvk@d &if;ES;D cihf &wmygq&dk if
vnf; rrSm;ygb;l ?
'geJ@ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ ukdukd;uef;jyef ukdzkd;oHacsmif; tif;pdef
axmifu vwv f mw,f? ueaf wmfw@kd tpkxu J ae armifpr ;f &nf&@J nDvnf;jzpfv@kd
vlxw k ukd f0ifxufzd@k vnf; oifhawmfolwa,muftjzpf uefawmfhukd wm0efay;vkd@
ukdzd;k oHudk om;a&mufaw@qkH E_wq f ufz@kd jzpfvmygw,f? ay;vmwJh wm0eft&
ueaf wmfvx l w k u dk u
f dk om;awmh OD;av;vlxOk ;D vSu armifpr ;f &nf&@J nDtjzpf odxm;
vk@d csucf si;f yJ ukzd ;dk oHe@J tcef;wcef;xJrmS aw@qpkH um;ajymzk@d ppD Ofay;cJyh gw,f? 'Dvedk @J
ukzd ;dk oHe@J vnf; tqufto,&f +y;D / uku d ;dk ue;f &Jabmfrsm;&J@ wkud yf 0J ifpwd "f mwfeJ@
wkduyf aJ wukv d nf; tao;pdwf em;vnfci &hf vku d yf gw,f? wqufwnf; 'gawudk
0g'vnf; jzef@cyhJ gw,f? aemuf udak tmif+ird ;f (jrif;+c)H vnf; vwv f mygw,f? ol@aqrsKd ;
rdwfaqaweJ@ twl jrif;+cHblwmukd om;a&muf}uKdqckd yJh gw,f? aemufq;Hk rSmawmh
ukad tmif+ird ;f acgi;f aqmifwhJ Armjynfue jf rLepfygwD ajratmuftpkwpk jrif;+crH mS tckid f
trm jzpfwnfvmawmhw,f? wzufrSmvnf; uefawmfu usL&Sifq&mtjzpf rdrd
uk,d f ukd zH;k u,x f m;vku d yf gw,f? 'gawe@J ywfouf vk@d uawmh ajratmufpnf;H;k a&;
pnf;urf;t&rk@d tpfukd armifpr ;f &nfudk bmrSvnf; rajymjy? ajymjyvk@d vnf; rjzpfEidk f
ygb;l ? a&&Snjf rK yEf aHS &;rlt& xde;f odr;f xm;ygw,f? usL&Siq f &mb0eJ@&efuek af &muf&if
usL&S i f q &mrsm;jzpf w J h OD ; tk e f ; ausmf e J @ ZD 0 a=u;rH k O D ; &J x G w f w k d @ qD r S m om
0ifxu G af vh&ydS gw,f? 'gayrJh ueaf wmf ol@qaD &mufvm&ifawmh tpfuu dk Armjynf
200
uefjrLepfygw/D A[kad umfrwD&@J tmabmf jynfo@l toHu xkwv f i whf Jh owif;aw/
aqmif;yg;aw ul;,l 0g'jzef@wphJ mapmifawudk txyfvu dk f ueaf wmfv h ufxJ xnfah y;
avh&ydS gw,f? wu,fawmh ueaf wmf[m ygw&D @J ajratmuftz@J 0if wa,muftjzpf
tJ'Dwke;f u jynfol@toHu xkwv f ifhor#ukd uufqufwvHk;eJ@ zrf;,l jyefvnf
ul;ay;a&; wm0ef,al eol wa,mufqw kd mawmh tpfudk rod&mS ygb;l ? nDtpf udck si;f
pdwfcs&olwa,muftjzpfeJ@ zwfapcsifvkd@ ay;aew,fyJvkd@ uefawmfuvnf;
cH,cl whJ myg?
'Dvekd J@ 1978 ckESp/f pufwifbmrSm txufArmjynf ajratmufwm0efcH
tz@J 0ifwOD;ukd ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u owif;azmfxw k f vku d v f zH rf;qD;wJh tjzpftysuf
ay:vmw,f? tJ'Dvl[m ajy;ae&if;u rdrdbmom trdcH ygwDeJ@ &Jabmfawukd
opPmazmufom ;awmhw,f? 'ge@J jrif;+caH jratmuftz@J 0ifaw[m tz@J cJ+ y;D +rKd @ay:u
pepfwusqw k cf m/ ygw&D J@ vufeufudik af 'oaw qif;zkd@jzpfvm&w,f? uefawmf
&Srf;jynfbufukd uefawmfwm0ef,l&r,fh &Jabmf(a':jrifhjrifheJ@twl) a&Smifwdrf;
tqufto,f&Smayr,fh tqifrajycJhbl;? &Jabmf(a':jrifhjrifh) vnf; ol@tdrfu
pdwfrcsvd@k vku d f&Smac:vk@d awG@wmeJ@ jyefxnfhay;vku d &f w,f? aemufqk;H u|efawmf
wOD;wnf; &efukefa&mufygw,f? usL&Sifq&mwa,muf tdrfrSm wnf;ckd+yD;/
a&mufwn Jh q&mwifrkd;qD om;aw@ vku d af wmh rif;ukd ar#mfaewm/ rif;tdrfu
vwfvkdufvd@k rif;wla&mufaew,f? rif;ukd axmufvrS f;a&;u vkdufzrf;aew,f?
rif;jyefrvmzdk@ rif;ukdvkduf&Sm ajymaewm? rif;awmcdak wmhrSm r[kwfvm;? rif;
cifarmifjzL rSwrf w d ,fr[kwv f m;? awmif}u;D u tmumusL&Siu f dk om;vku d ?f rif;
tpfudek @J a&m aw@csifao;ovm;? aw@csif&if ol@usL&Sifudk reuf 7 em&DvmcJh vkd@
0rf;omtm;&eJ@ w&pyfajymaeygawmhw,f? uefawmfvnf; pdwfat;&+yDrdk@
wnf;ckt d rd uf dk pdwcf svufcs jyefvmcJw h ,f? aemuf ae@reuf tpfuu dk sL&Sizf i xhf m;wJh
ae&m urm&w/f vSn;f wrf;bufudk om;a&muf qufo, v f u dk yf gw,f? tpfuv dk nf;
0rf;omtm;& vufcaH w@q+kH y;D rif;awm ckrd ,fq&dk ifvnf; pdwaf t;vufat;om;yg?
trukd tpfukd wm0ef,lr,f? rif;wlaw usL&Sifwufaew,f? aw@OD;rvm;?
awmckrd ,fqdk&if ukdwifr;dk ajym+yD;+yD r[kwfvm;? awmif}uD;u tmumusL&Sifukd
om;vkdufvkd@ wnf+idrfat;aq;pm ajymygw,f? uefawmfh wlaweJ@vnf;
raw@awmhovkd &efuek rf mS &Sw d hJ ESr ti,fq;kH eJ@a&m tpfrt}u;D qH;k ukyd g/ b,fox l rH S
0ifa&mufE_wfqufraeawmhbJ tJ'aD e@rSm wnf;ckdtdru f kd jyefvmcJhw,f? tdrf&iS feJ@
201
wkdifyifaq;aE;+yD; aemufwae@ reuftapmrSm &efukefukd E_wq f uf+yD; tpfukdeJ@
q&mwifr kd;wk d@u uefa wmfhu kd awmckd zkd@ ay;vkdufw Jh vrf;a=umif; twkd if;
vufeufudik af wmfveS fa&;xJ qif;zk@d xucf mvmcJyh g w,f? tJ'g 1978/ pufwifbm
aESmif;ykid ;f &ufw&ufygy?J awmfveS af &;orm;wa,muf/ uejf rLepfwa,muf jzpfcw hJ m
ESpf 30 ausmf 40 eD;yg; wkid fcJhyg+yD?
tcktcg urBmtESH@rSm a&mufaewJh Armjynf uefjrLepfygwD&@J wwd,
rsdK;qufxJu touf 60 ausmf 70 oufwef;xJu axmifrusbl;wJh uefjrLepf
wa,muftjzpf ay;tyfxm;wJh wm0efrsm;ukd ueaf wmf xrf;aqmifae ygw,f
tpfuk?d nDuaxmifrusbl; wJh uejf rLepf/ tpfuku d axmifrusbl;wJh uAsm
q&m? nDtpfuEkd Spfa,muf q&mwifrd;k &J@ tvSu, kd fpDuAsmrSm a&;z@J xm;cJhovkd
obm0v#if/ tvSukd,fpD/ prf;&nfukdi/ vufaqmifiS. vkd@ qdk&awmhrSmyg?
Armjynfvl@tzJ@tpnf;twuf ukd,Ef kdifwJhwm0efukd xrf;aqmifae=u wmyJvkd@
rSw, f x l m;wmyg?
uefawmf vufeufudik af wmfveS fa&;umvukd jzwfoef;aepOf/ A[kdXme
csKy&f &dS m yefqef;rSm/ wae@ Akv d u
f siaf rmifac: &Jabmfxe ;f u ac:,l+y;D armif pr;f &nfe@J
qufo,fcsifw,f cifAsm;rSm taxmuftxm;jyzkd@ bm tcsuftvufrsm;
ay;vkd@&Edik frvJvkd@ ar;vmzl;ygw,f? 'geJ@ uefawmfhqrD Sm bmrS r&Sdb;l ? armifvS0if;
(jrif;+cH) ajy;&if;vm;&if; tpfuedk @J qHv k d@k olwd@k uAsmq&mcsif; ay;vku d fwJh ywfum;
azmifwed fwacsmif; armifv0S if; (&JabmfcsKd ) xHrmS &Sdw,fv@kd ajym+yD; &Jabmfxe ;f xH
ay;cJzh l;w,f? aemifwESpf avmuf=umawmh tJ'aD zmifwed fav; jyefa&mufvmw,f?
tJ'Dwke;f u &Jabmfxef;u armifprf;&nfeJ@ rEav; bkef;}uD;ausmif; wausmif;rSm
[kw d ek ;f u qHzk ;l w,f? oluawmh ueaf wmf Akv d u f siaf rmifreS ;f rodygb;l vk@d w&if;wES;D
ajymjyzl;ygw,f? 'g[m tpfukd@b0xJu Armjynfuejf rLepfygwD&J@ yxrrsdK;quf
awxu J xdyw f ef;acgi;f aqmifwa,mufe@J tpfurdk odvu dk b
f eJ @J qufpyfrw _ cktjzpfe@J
ueaf wmfh tmHrk mS rSwo f m;xm;csuf wckjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tpfu[ dk m wcgrS Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygw&D J@ w&m;0if ygwt D zGJ@0ifawmh rjzpfczJh l;ygbl;?
ueaf wmfygwAD [kXd mecsKyf&&Sd m yefqef;ukd a&mufcgp/ 1979 ckEpS /f ESpv f ,f
avmuf&J@ w&ufrSm ukdcdik af tmif (Akdvaf usmfaZm om;ti,f-ukad usmfaZmOD;) u
Akdvaf usmfaZmeJ@ armifpr;f &nf nDvd@k rdwfqufay;ygw,f? olu rdwfqufay;&if;
202
q&mwifr;dk wk@d q&m pr;f wk@d vnf; awmfveS af &;xJqif;vm&if odyaf umif;rSmyJvk@d
ol@pdwfxJ&SdwJhtwkdif; ajymvkdufawmh AkdvfausmfaZmu tJ'Dvkd b,fjzpfrvJ?
vlwkdif;awmfvSefa&;xJ qif;vmvkd@rjzpfb;l ? olw@kd e,fy,frSm olwd@k vkyfp&maw/
olw@dk vyk Ef idk wf maw trsm;}u;D &Sad o;w,f vk@d ajymcJzh ;l wmukd owd&w,f? trSeyf ?J
tpfukd[m uAsmq&mwa,muf/ pmaya0zefa&;q&m (pmayorkdif;ynm&Sif)
wa,mufjzpfv@dk pmaye,frmS vkypf &maw trsm;}u;D &Sad o;w,fv@dk Akv d af usmaf Zm
ajymcJw h phJ um;ukd ckawmh ykad v;euf/ yko d abmayguef m;vnf cHpm;aerdw,f? 'Dae@vdk
Armpmukd a&;csio f vkda&;/ toHxu u f kd xucf sio f vkx d ufaewJh umvrSm tpfu@kd
taeeJ@ vkyo f ifv
h yk x
f u dk f wmaw/ vkyEf idk w f maw trsm;}u;D &Sv d rd Ohf ;D r,fv@dk ,H=k unf
vk@d ar;ae@&nfpl;+y;D Akdvcf sKyfausmfaZm xm;cJw h hJ pum;ukd ar;ae@uefawmh yef;tjzpf
vufaqmifyg; vku d &f ygw,f?
vufeufukid af wmfveS fa&;ae@&ufawGukd jzwfoef;&if; 1989 ckESpf o}uFef
t+y;D ESpqf ef;w&ufae@rmS ygw[ D m vlrsKd ;pkaw&@J ykeu f efru _ dk &ifqidk v f u dk &f +y;D e,fpyfudk
jzwfausmu f m ygwAD [ked @J twl u|eaf wmfvnf; wzufEidk if u H dk 0ifa&muf ckv d cH_ &hJ w,f?
'Dtawmtwi;f rSmyJ &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyt Hk +yD; wkid f;jynfu xufvmwJh uAsm
q&m 0if;wifhxef;eJ@ qHkcJh&w,f? q&mwifrkd;wkd@ tpfukdwkd@vnf; jynfwif;rSm
qufaevk@d roifhawmhwmeJ@ jynfyudk xufvmcJ=h u&w,f? tJ'v D kd xufvmawmh
Akv
d uf siaf rmifu q&mwifr;dk jzpfjzpf/ armifpr ;f &nfjzpfjzpf wu,fv@dk 'Duydk J vmaecsif
w,f qd&k ifvnf; ygwu D wm0ef,o l m ;r,fv@dk w&m;0if ygww D m0efcH au'g}u;D wOD;rS
wqifh ajym=um;cJw h mukd tpfu&kd @J ar;ae@ukd tmHjk yK&if; jyefvnf owd&vmw,f?
tpfuedk @J q&mwifr;dk wk@d [m qd&k , S vf pfwkwjf ynfuv dk nf; uk, d w f idk =f unfh
_jrifaw@csifwm&,f/ &JabmfoHk;usdyftzJ@0ifvnf;jzpf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
acgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpf+y;D ArmjynfuefjrLepfygwD&J@ acgi;f aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfwJh
AkdvfcsKyfausmfaZmukd jyef vnfaw@qkH *g&0jyKcsiw f m&,f/ ArmjynfuefjrLepfygwDukd
vufiif;wm0ef,al ewJrh sKd ;quf[m q&mwifr;dk eJ@ tpfuw kd @kd &if;ES;D ur;f 0ifol &Jabmf
awjzpf=u+yD; ESpf 20 ausmf 30 avmuf uJumaecJh=uolawjzpfv@kd jyefvnf aw@qHk
E_wq f ufcsif=uwm&,fwkd@a=umifh wkwfjynf ukd vmcsifwJh owif;=um;&awmh
uefawmfwd@k war#maf r#mjf zpfc&hJ w,f? a&mufvm&ifvnf; ueaf wmfw@kd ZeD;armifEHS
uawmh q&mwifr;dk wd@k tpfuw kd @kd udk xkid u f efawmhvu dk rf ,fv@dk armifv0S if;(jrif;+c)H eJ@
203
a':vSausmfaZmwk@d / uk0d if;wifx h eG ;f wd@k e@J ajymjzpfvu
kd af wmh olw@dk uvnf; wd@k vnf;
xkdiu
f efawmh vku d frmS aygv
h @dk ajym&if; ar#mfaecJh=uwmyg? 'Dvedk @J Akv d af usmaf Zmvnf;
u,v f e /f q&m wifr;dk vnf; u,v f e /f uefawmfZh eD;vnf; u,v f e cf =hJ u&&Sm+yDayg?h
ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh rqHjk zpfEidk fc=hJ uygb;l ?
'Dtawmtwi;f rSm uAsmq&m0if;wifx h e;f u tpfuw dk @dk q&mwifr;dk wd@k e@J
&if;ES;D vSwhJ yef;csaD usmw f OD;eJ@ wae&mrSmcsed ;f +y;D rdwq f ufay;ygw,f? tJ'yD ef;csq D &mukd
b,folb,f0geJ@ rdwfqufay;r,fvkd@ ajymac:vmwmr[kwfbJ uefawmfeJ@
aw@qakH y;+y;D cifAsm; 'gb,fox l ifwek ;f vk@d rdwq f ufay;ygw,f? tJ'yD ef;csq D &mu
b,foljzpf&rSmwkef;/ 'DkyfrsdK;u odomw,fav? ukdpr f;&nf nDjzpfrSm ayghvkd@
uefawmfhukd vufqJE_wfquf&if; ajymvkdufawmh uefawmf rEav;wuUokdvf
wuf&if; 'DtjzpfrsdK; }uHKvkdufrw d mukd jyefowd &vkdufrdw,f? uefawmf wuU
okv d yf xrESpaf yg?h ref;wuUov dk tf 0if rde;f vrf;r}u;D / a&eD;ajrmif;ukd rjzwfrD vrf;ab;/
aAm"dukef;buf rSm vrif;w&m pmtkyt f iSm;qkid fav;wqkid f vmzihw f ,f? zifhwJh
olu OD;apmvi(f wuUov kd f armifapmvi)f ? txufArmEkid fipH ma&; q&m toif;&J@
toif;0ifwa,mufrkd@ txufArmEkdifiHpma&;q&m toif;v_yf&Sm;r_aw uae
uefawmf ol@udo k ad ewmyg? oluawmh ueaf wmfhukd rodygbl;? w&uf uefawmf
ol@qdik x f J 0ifvmwm/ aw@wmeJ@ olu aumufcgiifcg cifAsm;u b,fZmwdvJ vk@d
azmfa& &if;eD;pm E_wfqufygw,f? uefawmfuvnf; ol@ukd r&if;ESD;ay;r,fh
vlyk*~Kv d ft& od+yD;om;rkd@ trSet f wkdi;f jrif;+cHom;ygvkd@ ajzvkduf ygw,f? olu
wquf w nf; rif ; i0uf nD v m;/ ody f w l wmyJ vk d @ ajymcJ h zl ; wmuk d vnf ;
wqufwnf;jyefvnf owd&rdvmygw,f? ueaf wmf usL&Siq f &m b0u rrat;eJ@
twlaewmyg tpfukd? rrat;u r=umr=um ajymavh&dw S mu rif; tpfukdav;eJ@
kyw f ifrubl; &,fov H nf; tpfuadk v;eJ@ wlw,fwJah v? rwlwmuawmh tpfuu dk
azaz&J@ ADZao;jzpfwhJ azazjzpfcsiw f hJ uAsm q&m/ pma&;q&mjzpf+y;D ueaf wmfu
OD;av;aw&J@ ADZao;jzpfwJh awmfvSefa&;orm;jzpfvmjcif;wkd@ygyJ? (taza&m
tarbufuyg OD;av;awG[m tvHeaD &m/ tvHjzLbufrmS yg yg0ifc=hJ u+y;D trsm;pk[m
tapmykdif;uwnf;u usqHk;oGm;ukefyg+yD? wOD;wavuawmh vufeufcscJhwm
&Szd ;l ygw,f?)

204
 (4)
awmfvSefa&;qkdwmuawmh _H;vkduf/ xyfwkdufvkduf/ xyf_H;vkduf xyf
wku d fvu kd f/ aemufq;kH atmifyJc q H w
dk hJ w&m;twkdi;f csw D ufaewmygy?J 'g[m trSef
w&m;ygy?J 'g[m opPmw&m;ygyJ? 'g[m vlom;vltzJ@tpnf; jzpfay:wkd;wufr_&J@
orkid ;f aA'jzpfw,f? wenf; orkid ;f ky0f g'jzpfw,f? 'gudk ueaf wmf ppJ +J r+J rJ ,H=k unfw,f?
tpfuv dk nf; 'Dorkid ;f ky0f g'ukd ,H=k unfpu J idk +f y;D Armjynf azmufjyefa&; tpk;d & tquf
qufudk qef@usifwdu k yf 0J ifcw
Jh ,f? zdEdyS o f leJ@ tzdEySd fcH&ol/ buf 2 zufrSm tzdEdyS cf H
bufu &yfcH+yD; uavmifvufeuf ukid fpJumjynfol@ pmayvrf;a=umif;ay: wuf
vSrf;cJw h ,f? rqv/ e0w/ etz ppftm%m&Sit f qufqufudk qef@usiw f hJ jynfol
awmfvSefa&;t&yf&yfudk &yfc+H yD; uAsmz@J w,f? azmufjyefwJh pmayawudk a0zef
wkducf u kd f&if; jynfol@pmayvrf;a=umif; twuf ckwfxi&f Sif;vif;ay;w,f? 'DvkdeJ@
jynfo@l uAsmq&m/ jynfo@l a0zefa&;q&mqkw d hJ b@J x;l ukd aemufq;kH rSm tpfuydk idk q
f idk f
om;Ekid yf g vdrrhf ,fv@dk ueaf wmf,=kH unfaeygw,f? tpfuadk v#mufvrS ;f vmwJ/h av#muf
vSr;f aewJh vrf;a=umif;[m rSeu f efwv hJ rf;a=umif; jzpfv@kd qufvuf+y;D av#mufvrS ;f
Ekdiyf gapvkd@ qENjyK&if; 2017 azazmf0g&D 17 &ufae@rmS touf 80 jynfah wmhr,fh
tpfudu k d0k if;az(armifpr f;&nf)&J@ touf 80 ar;ae@ukd &nfpl;&if; tpfukdwkd@ ZeD;
armifEu SH dk uefawmhvu dk yf gw,f?
tpfukd uk0d if;az(armifpr f;&nf)wd@k ZeD;armifESH touf&mausmf &Snfygap?

ausmf a q
2016/ 'DZifbm 29 &uf?

205
 olonf typftcwf/ tnpf
tywf / tn p f towfr sm;ukd
wifjyxm;onfrSm &J&ifh ay
onf ? pmayavmuY ol.
,if; . pum;vHk; onf acwf
oHk; a0g[m& jzpf aeay+yD?

ol @ tawG; u &J w,f? jywfo m;

w,f? tawG; &Jo vkd uavmif
vnf; &J w,f? jywf om;w,f?
vGwfvyf+yD;jzpfonfh TEkdifiHY wkdif;jynf}uD; at;csrf;om,mI/ i,f
&G,folwkdif; pmoifcef;0okd@ a&mufvmEkdif=uonfh tcsdefrsdK; qdkygv#if
TvkdvSyonfh yef;uav;awG ra&Ekdifatmif tb,fr# yGifh=uzl;=u
ayvdr fhr nfe nf; [k ar#mf r Se f ; wrf; wrd&awmho nf?

uAsmq&m. jynf o l @ tay:wG i f xm;&S d a om apwem/

ayG @ yk d u f x m;aom tbd "rR m . rS e f u ef r _ w k d @ onf ay:vG i f x if y
aeacsvsuf jynf o l @ uk d , f p m; jynf o l @ toH uav;rsm;onf
wvG i fv G i f jrnf usL;aeavawmh o nf ?

xd x d r d r d a &;wwf a om armif p G r f ; &nf quf v uf I &G m oG e f ; +zd K ;ap

ownf ; ?
ysd K &G , f o l w k d @ Y tawG @ t}uH K rus,f 0 ef ; vS a o;aomf v nf ;
pd wf ul ; um; us,f0 ef ; onf ? tawG @ t}uHK rcrf; em;vSa o; aomf
vnf ; pd w f u l ; um;crf ; em;onf ? tawG @ t}uH K rqef ; =u,f v S
ao;aomfv nf ; / pd w fu l; um; qef; =u,fo nf ?

206