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Functions

DifferentiationandContinuity

Inoneofourpreviouspages,wehaveseenthatiff'(x0)exists,thenforxclosetox0,wehave

Thisisthe"linearapproximation"doneviathetangentline.Obviouslythisimplies

whichmeansthatf(x)iscontinuousatx0.Thusthereisalinkbetweencontinuityanddifferentiability:Ifafunctionisdifferentiableat
apoint,itisalsocontinuousthere.Consequently,thereisnoneedtoinvestigatefordifferentiabilityatapoint,ifthefunctionfailstobe
continuousatthatpoint.

Notethatafunctionmaybecontinuousbutnotdifferentiable,theabsolutevaluefunctionatx0=0isthearchetypicalexample.

Thisrelationshipbetweendifferentiabilityandcontinuityislocal.Butaglobalpropertyalsoholds.Indeed,letf(x)beadifferentiable
functiononanintervalI.Assumethatf'(x)isboundedonI,thatisthereexistsM>0suchthat

TheMeanValueTheoremwillthenimplythat

forany .ThisisthedefinitionofLipschitzcontinuity.Inotherwords,iff'(x)isboundedthenf(x)isaLipschitzianfunction.
Conversely,itisalsotruethatLipschitzianfunctionshaveboundedfirstderivatives,whentheyexist.SinceLipschitzianfunctionsare
uniformlycontinuous,thenf(x)isuniformlycontinuousprovidedf'(x)isbounded.

Nevertheless,afunctionmaybeuniformlycontinuouswithouthavingaboundedderivative.Forexample, isuniformly

continuouson[0,1],butitsderivativeisnotboundedon[0,1],sincethefunctionhasaverticaltangentat0.

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