Chemistry Review (Entropy & Free Energy) d) the temperature at which a reaction is spontaneous.

Principles of Reactivity: Entropy and Free Energy e) the enthalpy change of a reaction.

1. If the reaction A + B C has an equilibrium constant greater than one, which of the Answer: c
following statements is correct?
4. Which of the following involves a decrease in entropy?
a) The reaction is not spontaneous.
a) the sublimation of carbon dioxide
b) The forward rate of reaction is fast.
b) the dissolution of NaCl in water
c) The backward rate of reaction is slow.
c) the decomposition of N2O4(g) to NO2(g)
d) The reaction is product favored.
d) the evaporation of ethanol
e) All of the above statements are correct.
e) the freezing of liquid water into ice
Answer: d
Answer: e
2. If a chemical reaction has a positive change in entropy, S, then
5. Which of the following substances is likely to have the highest standard entropy in
a) the disorder of the system increases. the liquid state?

b) the reaction is exothermic. a) CH2Cl2 b) CCl4 c) CH3OH d) C5H12 e) C8H18

c) heat goes from the system into the surroundings. Answer: e

d) the Gibbs free energy is negative. 6. A statement of the second law of thermodynamics is that

e) the reaction is spontaneous. a) spontaneous reactions are always exothermic.

Answer: a b) energy is conserved in a chemical reaction.

3. Thermodynamics can be used to determine all of the following EXCEPT c) the entropy of the universe is continually increasing.

a) the direction in which a reaction is spontaneous. d) the enthalpy of reaction is the difference between product and reactant enthalpies.

b) the extent to which a reaction occurs. e) the Gibbs free energy is a function of both enthalpy and entropy.

c) the rate of reaction. Answer: c

7. Of the following product-favored processes, which are endothermic? 10. Which reaction is likely to have a negative change in entropy?

1. the combustion of methane to produce water and carbon dioxide a) 2 NH3 N2(g) + 3 H2(g)

2. the expansion of an ideal gas b) CaO(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(g)

3. the melting of ice at temperatures greater than 0 C. c) NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 2 e) 2 and 3 d) N2O4(g) 2 NO2(g)

Answer: e e) 2 C(s) + O2(g) 2 CO(g)

8. All of the following statements concerning entropy are true EXCEPT Answer: b

a) entropy is zero for elements under standard conditions. 11. Calculate the standard molar entropy change for the combustion of methane.

b) entropy is a state function. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

c) a positive change in entropy denotes a change toward greater disorder. Species S (J/Kmol)

d) entropy values are greater than or equal to zero. CH4(g) 186.3

e) the entropy a substance in the gas phase is greater than the solid phase. O2(g) 205.1

Answer: a CO2(g) 213.7

9. All of the following processes lead to an increase in entropy EXCEPT H2O(g) 188.8

a) increasing the temperature of a gas. a) 5.2 J/K b) 1.0 J/K c) +1.0 J/K d) +5.2 J/K e) +11.1 J/K

b) freezing a liquid. Answer: a

c) evaporating a liquid. 12. Calculate the standard entropy change for the following reaction,

d) forming mixtures from pure substances. 2 Ag2O(s) 4 Ag(s) + O2(g)

e) chemical reactions that increase the number of moles of gas. given S[Ag2O] = 121.3 J/Kmol, S[Ag(s)] = 42.6 J/Kmol, and S[O2(g)] = 205.1 J/Kmol.

Answer: b a) 205.1 J/K b) 126.4 J/K c) +126.4 J/K d) +132.9 J/K e) +205.1 J/K
Answer: d a) H > 0 and S > 0

13. The standard entropy of formation of CCl4(l) is 235.48 J/Kmol. Calculate the b) H > 0 and S < 0
standard molar entropy of CCl4(l) given S[C(s)] = 5.74 J/Kmol and S[Cl2(g)] = 223.07
J/Kmol. c) H < 0 and S > 0

a) 687.36 J/K b) +6.67 J/K c) +216.40 J/K d) +465.02 J/K e) +687.36 J/K d) H < 0 and S < 0

Answer: c e) Not enough information is provided to answer this question.

14. For the following reaction at 25 C, Answer: a

N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) 17. Predict the signs of H, S, and G for the combustion of hydrogen gas at 25 C.

Calculate given = 24.8 J/K and = 181.8 kJ. 2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l)

a) -585 J/K b) +24.2 J/K c) +157 J/K d) +174 J/K e) +634 J/K a) H < 0, S < 0, G < 0

Answer: a b) H < 0, S > 0, G < 0

15. Use the following thermodynamic data c) H < 0, S > 0, G < 0

Species H (kJ/mol) S (J/Kmol) d) H > 0, S < 0, G < 0

H2O2(l) -187.78 109.6 e) H > 0, S < 0, G > 0

H2O(l) -285.83 69.91 Answer: a

O2(g) 0 205.14 18. Predict the signs of H, S, and G for the melting of ice at 50 C.

to calculate for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at 25 C. a) H < 0, S < 0, G < 0

2 H2O2(l) 2 H2O(l) + O2(g) b) H < 0, S > 0, G < 0

a) 657.9 J/K b) 532.3 J/K c) +125.7 J/K d) +435.8 J/K e) +783.8 J/K c) H < 0, S > 0, G < 0

Answer: e d) H > 0, S < 0, G < 0

16. Predict the signs of H and S for the evaporation of water at 35 C. e) H > 0, S > 0, G < 0
Answer: e c) H < 0, S > 0, G < 0

19. If G < 0 for a reaction at all temperatures, then S is ________ and H is ________. d) H > 0, S > 0, G < 0

a) positive, positive e) H > 0, S < 0, G > 0

b) positive, negative Answer: b

c) zero, positive 23. Above what temperature would you expect a reaction to become spontaneous if H
= +322 kJ and S = +531 J/K?
d) negative, positive
a) 171 K
e) negative, zero
b) 209 K
Answer: b
c) 606 K
20. The dissolution of ammonium nitrate occurs spontaneously in water. As NH4NO3
dissolves, the temperature of the water decreases. What are the signs of H, S, and d) The reaction will be spontaneous at any temperature.
G for this process?
e) The reaction will NOT be spontaneous at any temperature.
a) H < 0, S < 0, G < 0
Answer: c
b) H < 0, S > 0, G < 0
24. At what temperature would you expect a reaction to become spontaneous if H =
c) H < 0, S > 0, G < 0 +67.0 kJ and S = -131 J/K?

d) H > 0, S > 0, G < 0 a) T < -511 K

e) H > 0, S < 0, G > 0 b) T > 238 K

Answer: d c) T > 511 K

21. Diluting concentrated sulfuric acid with water can be dangerous. The temperature d) The reaction will be spontaneous at any temperature.
of the solution can increase rapidly. What are the signs of H, S, and G for this
process? e) The reaction will NOT be spontaneous at any temperature.

a) H < 0, S < 0, G < 0 Answer: e

b) H < 0, S > 0, G < 0 25. For a reaction, H = +265 kJ and S = +271.3 J/K. At what temperature will G =
0.00?
a) 6.30 K b) 102 K c) 359 K d) 719 K e) 977 K 2 H2O2(l) 2 H2O(l) + O2(g)

Answer: e given [H2O2(l)] = -120.35 kJ/mol, [H2O(l)] = -237.13 kJ/mol, [O2(g)] = 0 kJ/mol.

26. If a process is endothermic and spontaneous, which of the following must be true? a) 714.96 kJ b) 543.91 kJ c) 438.23 kJ d) 233.56 kJ e) 67.03 kJ

a) G > 0 and H < 0 Answer: d

b) G < 0 and H < 0 30. The for the following reaction is 70.9 kJ.

c) G < 0 and S > 0 SO2(g) + O2(g) SO3(g)

d) H < 0 and S > 0 Given [ SO2(g)] = -300.2 kJ/mol, calculate [SO3(g)].

e) H > 0 and S < 0 a) 371.1 kJ b) 229.3 kJ c) 158.4 kJ d) + 88.2 kJ e) +229.3 kJ

Answer: c Answer: a

27. Calculate for the reaction below at 25.0 C 31. Calculate for the reaction below at 25.0 C.

2 H2S(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) + S(s) 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

given = -442.4 kJ, and = -175.4 J/K. Species (kJ/mol) (J/Kmol)

a) 438.0 kJ b) 390.1 kJ c) 321.9 kJ d) +3943 kJ e) +5182 kJ Fe(s) 0 27.78

Answer: b O2(g) 0 205.14

28. Calculate for the reaction below at 25.0 C Fe2O3(s) -824.2 87.40

Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO a) 1629 kJ b) 1484 kJ c) 780.8 kJ d) 659.7 kJ e) +1629 kJ

given = -1203.4 kJ, and = -216.6 J/K. Answer: b

a) 2076 kJ b) 1421 kJ c) 1139 kJ d) +2888 kJ e) +63390 kJ 32. Calculate for the reaction below at 25.0 C.

Answer: c PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g)

29. Calculate for the reaction below at 25.0 C Species (kJ/mol) (J/Kmol)
PCl3(g) -287.0 311.8 36. For a chemical system, and are equal when

Cl2(g) 0 223.1 a) the equilibrium constant, K, equals 1.

PCl5(g) -374.9 364.5 b) the equilibrium constant, K, equals 0.

a) 1432.6 kJ b) 930.1 kJ c) 879.0 kJ d) 50.8 kJ e) 37.1 kJ c) a system is at equilibrium.

Answer: e d) the reactants and products are in standard state concentrations.

33. Calculate for the reaction below at 25.0 C. e) the reactant and products are in the gas phase.

C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) Answer: d

Species (kJ/mol) (J/Kmol) 37. The free energy change for a given reaction is +15.0 kJ. What is the equilibrium
constant for the reaction at 75 C? (R = 8.314 J/Kmol)
C2H5OH(l) -277.7 160.7
a) 5.60 10-3 b) 6.82 10-1 c) 1.01 d) 5.18 e) 178
O2(g) 0 205.1
Answer: a
CO2(g) -393.5 213.7
38. The free energy change for the formation of the complex ion AlF63- is 140. kJ at 25
H2O(l) -285.8 69.1 C. What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction?
a) 1325 kJ b) 365.1 kJ c) 141.3 kJ d) +1038 kJ e) +2435 kJ a) 2.9 10-25 b) 5.65 101 c) 3.5 1024 d) 5.2 1029 e) 2.3 1056
Answer: a Answer: c
34. If < 0, then 39. What is the equilibrium constant for formation of carbon dioxide at 25 C? (R =
8.314 J/Kmol)
a) K >1 b) K = 0 c) K < 1 d) K = 1 e) K < 0
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) = -3.90 102 kJ/mol
Answer: a
a) 5.7 101 b) 5.4 1013 c) 2.9 1024 d) 4.9 1042 e) 2.3 1068
35. All of the following substances have a free energy of zero EXCEPT
Answer: e
a) He(g). b) O(g). c) S8(s). d) Cu(s). e) Cl2(g).
40. The equilibrium constant for a reaction at 298 K is 9.3 10-12. What is G? (R =
Answer: b
8.314 J/Kmol)
a) 2.54 kJ b) +2.54 kJ c) +5.28 kJ d) +62.9 kJ e) +87.1 kJ 44. The total energy of the universe is constant. This is a statement of the ________
law of thermodynamics.
Answer: d
Answer: first
41. Calculate G for the following reaction at 298 K,
45. A chemical reaction with an equilibrium constant greater than one is said to be
N2O4(g) 2 NO2(g) ________- favored.
given K = 0.15. (R = 8.314 J/Kmol) Answer: product
a) +1.15 kJ b) +4.70 kJ c) +8.13 kJ d) +38.1 kJ e) +87.0 kJ 46. The change in entropy for any process is not dependent upon the pathway by which
the process occurs. In other words, the change in entropy for any process is a ________
Answer: b
function.
42. Given that
Answer: state
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) G = -394.4 kJ
47. For any process, the change in entropy of the universe equals the sum of the
CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) G = -257.2 kJ entropy changes to the system and the ________.

calculate G for the following reaction. Answer: surroundings

C(s) + O2(g) CO(g) 48. The entropy of a pure crystal at 0 K is ________ J/K.

a) 651.6 kJ b) 137.2 kJ c) +1.53 kJ d) +45.3 kJ e) +651.6 kJ Answer: 0

Answer: b 49. Does the formation of complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids from
more simple molecules break the second law of thermodynamics?
43. Calculate for CaCO3 given the following information.
Answer: No. The formation of complex molecules involves a decrease in entropy
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) G = -394.4 kJ locally. This local decrease is offset by an increase in entropy to the universe.

CaO(g) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) G = -130.4 kJ 50. At the boiling point, liquid and gas phases exist at equilibrium. In addition, for a
system at equilibrium G = 0. Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization of water at its
Ca(s) + O2(g) CaO(s) G = -604.0 kJ normal boiling point if S [H2O(l)] = 69.9 J/Kmol and S [H2O(g)] = 188.8 J/Kmol.

a) 1128.8 kJ b) 340.0 kJ c) 130.4 kJ d) +868.0 kJ e) +1128.8 kJ Answer: 44.3 kJ/mol

Answer: a